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AS 1111.1-2015

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AS 1111.1:2015
ISO 4016:2011
AS 1111.1:2015
ISO metric hexagon bolts and screws—
Product grade C
Part 1: Bolts
This Australian Standard® was prepared by Committee ME-029, Fasteners. It was approved
on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 24 July 2015.
This Standard was published on 26 August 2015.
The following are represented on Committee ME-029:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Association of Accredited Certification Bodies
Association of Wall and Ceiling Industries of Australia and New Zealand
Australasian Corrosion Association
Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Australian Engineered Fasteners and Anchors Council
Australian Industry Group
Australian Steel Institute
Australian Technical Infrastructure Committee
Austroads
Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia
CSIRO
Employers and Manufacturers Association
Galvanizers Association of Australia
Materials Australia
National Association of Steel-Framed Housing
National Association of Testing Authorities Australia
New Zealand Heavy Engineering Research Association
Society of Automotive Engineers—Australasia
Steel Construction New Zealand
Swinburne University of Technology
This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR AS 1111.1:2015.
Standards Australia wishes to acknowledge the participation of the expert individuals that
contributed to the development of this Standard through their representation on the
Committee and through the public comment period.
Keeping Standards up-to-date
Australian Standards® are living documents that reflect progress in science, technology and
systems. To maintain their currency, all Standards are periodically reviewed, and new editions
are published. Between editions, amendments may be issued.
Standards may also be withdrawn. It is important that readers assure themselves they are
using a current Standard, which should include any amendments that may have been
published since the Standard was published.
Detailed information about Australian Standards, drafts, amendments and new projects can
be found by visiting www.standards.org.au
Standards Australia welcomes suggestions for improvements, and encourages readers to
notify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies or ambiguities. Contact us via email at
mail@standards.org.au, or write to Standards Australia, GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001.
AS 1111.1:2015
Australian Standard®
ISO metric hexagon bolts and screws—
Product grade C
Part 1: Bolts
Originated as AS 1111—1972.
Revised and redesignated (in part) as AS 1111.1—2000.
Second edition AS 1111.1:2015.
COPYRIGHT
© Standards Australia Limited
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written
permission of the publisher, unless otherwise permitted under the Copyright Act 1968.
Published by SAI Global Limited under licence from Standards Australia Limited, GPO Box
476, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
ISBN 978 1 76035 201 1
AS 1111.1:2015
ii
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee ME-029, Fasteners, to supersede
AS 1111.1—2000, ISO metric hexagon bolts and screws—Product grade C, Part 1: Bolts.
The objective of this Standard is to provide manufacturers, suppliers and users with the dimensions,
tolerances and material requirements for hexagon head bolts of ISO product grade C with ISO metric
coarse threads.
This Standard is Part 1 of a two-part series on ISO metric hexagon bolts and screws. Part 2 gives the
dimensions for screws.
NOTE: The product grade refers to the quality of the product and to the size of the tolerances where grade A
is the most precise and grade C is the least precise.
This Standard is identical with, and has been reproduced from, ISO 4016:2011, Hexagon head bolts—
Product grade C.
As this Standard is reproduced from an International Standard, the following applies:
(a)
In the source text ‘this International Standard’ should read ‘this Australian Standard’.
(b)
A full point substitutes for a comma when referring to a decimal marker.
References to International Standards should be replaced by references to Australian Standards, as
follows:
Reference to International Standard
Australian Standard
ISO
898
AS
4291
898-1
965
965-1
4018
4291.1
Mechanical properties of fasteners
made of carbon steel and alloy steel
Part 1: Bolts, screws and studs
ISO general purpose metric screw
threads—Tolerances
Part 1: Principles and basic data
1721
General purpose metric screw threads
Hexagon head screws—Product
grade C
1111
ISO metric hexagon bolts and
screws—Product grade C
Part 2: Screws
Mechanical properties of fasteners
made of carbon steel and alloy steel
Part 1: Bolts, screws and studs with
specified property classes—Coarse
thread and fine pitch thread
1111.2
4759
4759-1
Tolerances for fasteners
Part 1: Bolts, screws, studs and
nuts—Product grades A, B and C
5066
Tolerances for ISO metric bolts,
screws, studs and nuts—Product
grades A, B and C
Only normative references that have been adopted as Australian or Australian/New Zealand Standards
have been listed.
AS 1111.1:2015
iii
INTRODUCTION
This International Standard belongs to a complete group of product standards developed by ISO on external
hexagon drive fasteners. It comprises the following:
a)
hexagon head bolts (ISO 4014, ISO 4015, ISO 4016 and ISO 8765);
b)
hexagon head screws (ISO 4017, ISO 4018 and ISO 8676);
c)
hexagon nuts (ISO 4032, ISO 4033, ISO 4034, ISO 4035, ISO 4036, ISO 7040, ISO 7041, ISO 7042,
ISO 7719, ISO 7720, ISO 8673, ISO 8674, ISO 8675, ISO 10511, ISO 10512 and ISO 10513);
d)
hexagon bolts with flange (ISO 4162, ISO 15071 and ISO 15072);
e)
hexagon nuts with flange (ISO 4161, ISO 7043, ISO 7044, ISO 10663, ISO 12125, ISO 12126 and
ISO 21670).
AS 1111.1:2015
iv
NOTES
AS 1111.1:2015
1
AUSTRALIAN STANDARD
ISO metric hexagon bolts and screws—Product grade C
Part 1:
Bolts
1
Scope
This International Standard specifies the characteristics of hexagon head bolts with threads from M5 up to and
including M64, of product grade C.
If, in special cases, specifications other than those listed in this International Standard are required, they can
be selected from existing International Standards, for example ISO 724, ISO 888, ISO 898-1, ISO 965-1 and
ISO 4759-1.
2
Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 225, Fasteners — Bolts, screws, studs and nuts — Symbols and descriptions of dimensions
ISO 724, ISO general-purpose metric screw threads — Basic dimensions
ISO 898-1, Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel — Part 1: Bolts, screws
and studs with specified property classes — Coarse thread and fine pitch thread
ISO 965-1, ISO general-purpose metric screw threads — Tolerances — Part 1: Principles and basic data
ISO 3269, Fasteners — Acceptance inspection
ISO 4018, Hexagon head screws — Product grade C
ISO 4042, Fasteners — Electroplated coatings
ISO 4759-1, Tolerances for fasteners — Part 1: Bolts, screws, studs and nuts — Product grades A, B and C
ISO 8992, Fasteners — General requirements for bolts, screws, studs and nuts
ISO 10683, Fasteners — Non-electrolytically applied zinc flake coatings
3
Dimensions
See Figure 1 and Tables 1 and 2.
Symbols and descriptions of dimensions are specified in ISO 225.
www.standards.org.au
© Standards Australia
AS 1111.1:2015
2
Dimensions in millimetres
a
E
b
End without special requirements.
c
Incomplete thread u u 2P.
Reference datum for dw.
Washer face permissible.
d
e
15° to 30°.
Figure 1
www.standards.org.au
© Standards Australia
AS 1111.1:2015
3
Table 1 — Preferred threads
Dimensions in millimetres
Thread, d
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
M16
M20
Pa
0,8
16
22
35
0,5
6
5,48
4,52
6,74
8,63
3,5
3,875
3,125
2,19
0,2
8,00
7,64
1
18
24
37
0,5
7,2
6,48
5,52
8,74
10,89
4
4,375
3,625
2,54
0,25
10,00
9,64
1,25
22
28
41
0,6
10,2
8,58
7,42
11,47
14,2
5,3
5,675
4,925
3,45
0,4
13,00
12,57
1,5
26
32
45
0,6
12,2
10,58
9,42
14,47
17,59
6,4
6,85
5,95
4,17
0,4
16,00
15,57
ls and lgf
ls
lg
min. max.
1,75
30
36
49
0,6
14,7
12,7
11,3
16,47
19,85
7,5
7,95
7,05
4,94
0,6
18,00
17,57
2
38
44
57
0,8
18,7
16,7
15,3
22
26,17
10
10,75
9,25
6,48
0,6
24,00
23,16
2,5
46
52
65
0,8
24,4
20,84
19,16
27,7
32,95
12,5
13,4
11,6
8,12
0,8
30,00
29,16
b
c
b ref.
d
c
da
ds
dw
e
k
kwe
r
nom.
s
max.
max.
max.
min.
min.
min.
nom.
max.
min.
min.
min.
max.
min.
l
lg
max.
ls
min.
lg
max.
14
19
7
12
12
17
20
24
17
22
11,75
18
25
30
29
34
22
27
32
37
27
32
37
42
16,75
21,75
26,75
31,75
23
28
33
38
11,5
16,5
21,5
26,5
19
24
29
34
36,75
41,75
51,75
43
48
58
31,5
36,5
46,5
56,5
66,5
39
44
54
64
74
min.
25
23,95
26,05
5
9
30
35
28,95
33,75
31,05
36,25
10
15
40
38,75
41,25
45
50
55
60
43,75
48,75
53,5
58,5
46,25
51,25
56,5
61,5
65
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
63,5
68,5
78,5
88,25
98,25
108,25
118,25
128
138
148
156
176
195,4
215,4
235,4
254,8
274,8
294,8
314,3
334,3
354,3
374,3
394,3
413,7
433,7
453,7
473,7
493,7
66,5
71,5
81,5
91,75
101,75
111,75
121,75
132
142
152
164
184
204,6
224,6
244,6
265,2
285,2
305,2
325,7
345,7
365,7
385,7
405,7
426,3
446,3
466,3
486,3
506,3
www.standards.org.au
max.
ls
min.
nom.
ls
min.
lg
max.
ls
min.
lg
max.
ls
min.
lg
max.
ls
min.
lg
max.
For sizes above the solid, bold, stepped line,
ISO 4018 is recommended.
16,25
21,25
25
30
26,25
31,25
41,25
51,25
61,25
71,25
81,25
35
40
50
60
70
80
90
17
22
32
42
52
62
72
76
86
96
106
27
32
42
52
62
72
82
86
96
106
116
21,5
31,5
41,5
51,5
61,5
65,5
75,5
85,5
95,5
115,5
135,5
34
44
54
64
74
78
88
98
108
128
148
© Standards Australia
AS 1111.1:2015
4
Table 1 (continued)
Dimensions in millimetres
Thread, d
Pa
b
c
b ref.
d
c
da
ds
dw
e
k
kwe
r
nom.
s
max.
max.
max.
min.
min.
min.
nom.
max.
min.
min.
min.
max.
min.
M24
3
54
60
73
0,8
28,4
24,84
23,16
33,25
39,55
15
15,9
14,1
9,87
0,8
36
35
M30
3,5
66
72
85
0,8
35,4
30,84
29,16
42,75
50,85
18,7
19,75
17,65
12,36
1
46
45
M36
4
—
84
97
0,8
42,4
37
35
51,11
60,79
22,5
23,55
21,45
15,02
1
55,0
53,8
l
nom.
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
NOTE
a
b
c
d
M42
4,5
—
96
109
1
48,6
43
41
59,95
71,3
26
27,05
24,95
17,47
1,2
65,0
63,1
ls and lgf
ls
lg
min. max.
M48
5
—
108
121
1
56,6
49
47
69,45
82,6
30
31,05
28,95
20,27
1,6
75,0
73,1
M56
5,5
—
—
137
1
67
57,2
54,8
78,66
93,56
35
36,25
33,75
23,63
2
85,0
82,8
M64
6
—
—
153
1
75
65,2
62,8
88,16
104,86
40
41,25
38,75
27,13
2
95,0
92,8
ls
lg
ls
lg
ls
lg
ls
lg
ls
lg
min.
max.
min. max. min. max. min. max.
min. max. min. max.
23,95
26,05
28,95
31,05
For sizes above the solid, bold, stepped line, ISO 4018 is recommended.
33,75
36,25
38,75
41,25
43,75
46,25
48,75
51,25
53,5
56,5
58,5
61,5
63,5
66,5
68,5
71,5
78,5
81,5
88,25
91,75
98,25
101,75
31
46
108,25
111,75
41
56
118,25
121,75
51
66
36,5
54
128
132
55
70
40,5
58
138
142
65
80
50,5
68
36
56
148
152
75
90
60,5
78
46
66
156
164
85
100
70,5
88
56
76
176
184
105
120
90,5
108
76
96
61,5
84
195,4
204,6
125
140 110,5 128
96
116
81,5
104
67
92
215,4
224,6
132
147 117,5 135
103
123
88,5
111
74
99
235,4
244,6
152
167 137,5 155
123
143 108,5 131
94
119
75,5
103
254,8
265,2
157,5 175
143
163 128,5 151
114
139
95,5
123
274,8
285,2
177,5 195
163
183 148,5 171
134
159 115,5 143
294,8
305,2
197,5 215
183
203 168,5 191
154
179 135,5 163
314,3
325,7
203
223 188,5 211
174
199 155,5 183
334,3
345,7
223
243 208,5 231
194
219 175,5 203
354,3
365,7
243
263 228,5 251
214
239 195,5 223
374,3
385,7
248,5 271
234
259 215,5 243
394,3
405,7
268,5 291
254
279 235,5 263
413,7
426,3
288,5 311
274
299 255,5 283
433,7
446,3
294
319 275,5 303
453,7
466,3
314
339 295,5 323
473,7
486,3
334
359 315,5 343
493,7
506,3
335,5 363
Preferred lengths are defined in terms of ls and lg.
P is the pitch of the thread.
For lnom u 125 mm.
For 125 mm lnom u 200 mm.
For lnom ! 200 mm.
www.standards.org.au
e
f
ls
min.
lg
max.
77
97
117
137
157
177
197
217
237
257
277
297
317
107
127
147
167
187
207
227
247
267
287
307
327
347
kw,min 0,7 kmin.
lg,max lnom b.
ls,min lg,max 5 P.
© Standards Australia
AS 1111.1:2015
5
Table 2 — Non-preferred threads
Dimensions in millimetres
Thread, d
M14
M18
M22
M27
M33
Pa
2
2,5
2,5
3
3,5
b
34
42
50
60
—
c
40
48
56
66
78
b ref.
d
53
61
69
79
91
c
max.
0,6
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
da
max.
16,7
21,2
26,4
32,4
38,4
ds
max.
14,7
18,7
22,84
27,84
34
min.
13,3
17,3
21,16
26,16
32
dw
min.
19,15
24,85
31,35
38
46,55
e
min.
22,78
29,56
37,29
45,2
55,37
nom.
8,8
11,5
14
17
21
max.
9,25
12,4
14,9
17,9
22,05
k
min.
8,35
10,6
13,1
16,1
19,95
kwe
min.
5,85
7,42
9,17
11,27
13,97
r
min.
0,6
0,6
0,8
1
1
max.
21,00
27,00
34
41
50
min.
20,16
26,16
33
40
49
nom.
s
ls and lgf
l
nom.
min.
max.
ls
min.
lg
max.
60
58,5
61,5
16
26
65
63,5
66,5
21
31
70
68,5
71,5
26
36
ls
min.
lg
max.
ls
min.
lg
max.
ls
min.
lg
max.
ls
min.
lg
max.
For sizes above the solid, bold, stepped line, ISO 4018 is recommended.
80
78,5
81,5
36
46
25,5
38
90
88,25
91,75
46
56
35,5
48
27,5
40
100
98,25
101,75
56
66
45,5
58
37,5
50
110
108,25
111,75
66
76
55,5
68
47,5
60
35
50
120
118,25
121,75
76
86
65,5
78
57,5
70
45
60
130
128
132
80
90
69,5
82
61,5
74
49
64
34,5
52
140
138
142
90
100
79,5
92
71,5
84
59
74
44,5
62
150
148
152
89,5
102
81,5
94
69
84
54,5
72
160
156
164
99,5
112
91,5
104
79
94
64,5
82
119,5
132
180
176
184
111,5
124
99
114
84,5
102
200
195,4
204,6
131,5
144
119
134
104,5
122
220
215,4
224,6
138,5
151
126
141
111,5
129
240
235,4
244,6
146
161
131,5
149
260
254,8
265,2
166
181
151,5
167
280
274,8
285,2
171,5
189
300
294,8
305,2
191,5
209
320
314,3
325,7
211,5
229
340
334,3
345,7
360
354,3
365,7
380
374,3
385,7
400
394,3
405,7
420
413,7
426,3
440
433,7
446,3
460
453,7
466,3
480
473,7
486,3
500
493,7
506,3
www.standards.org.au
© Standards Australia
AS 1111.1:2015
6
Table 2 (continued)
Dimensions in millimetres
Thread, d
M39
M45
M52
M60
Pa
4
—
90
103
1
45,4
40
38
55,86
66,44
25
26,05
23,95
16,77
1
60,0
58,8
4,5
—
102
115
1
52,6
46
44
64,7
76,95
28
29,05
26,95
18,87
1,2
70,0
68,1
5
—
116
129
1
62,6
53,2
50,8
74,2
88,25
33
34,25
31,75
22,23
1,6
80,0
78,1
5,5
—
—
145
1
71
61,2
58,8
83,41
99,21
38
39,25
36,75
25,73
2
90,0
87,8
b
c
b ref.
d
c
da
ds
dw
e
k
kwe
r
nom.
s
max.
max.
max.
min.
min.
min.
nom.
max.
min.
min.
min.
max.
min.
ls and lgf
l
nom.
min.
max.
60
65
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
58,5
63,5
68,5
78,5
88,25
98,25
108,25
118,25
128
138
61,5
66,5
71,5
81,5
91,75
101,75
111,75
121,75
132
142
150
160
148
156
152
164
b
c
d
lg
max.
ls
min.
lg
max.
ls
min.
lg
max.
ls
min.
lg
max.
For sizes above the solid, bold, stepped line, ISO 4018 is recommended.
40
50
60
70
180
176
184
70
90
55,5
78
200
220
195,4
215,4
204,6
224,6
90
97
110
117
75,5
82,5
98
105
59
66
84
91
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
235,4
254,8
274,8
294,8
314,3
334,3
354,3
374,3
394,3
413,7
433,7
453,7
473,7
493,7
244,6
265,2
285,2
305,2
325,7
345,7
365,7
385,7
405,7
426,3
446,3
466,3
486,3
506,3
117
137
157
177
197
217
237
257
277
137
157
177
197
217
237
257
277
297
102,5
122,5
142,5
162,5
182,5
202,5
222,5
242,5
262,5
282,5
302,5
125
145
165
185
205
225
245
265
285
305
325
86
106
126
146
166
186
206
226
246
266
286
306
326
346
111
131
151
171
191
211
231
251
271
291
311
331
351
371
NOTE
a
ls
min.
67,5
87,5
107,5
127,5
147,5
167,5
187,5
207,5
227,5
247,5
267,5
287,5
307,5
327,5
95
115
135
155
175
195
215
235
255
275
295
315
335
355
Preferred lengths are defined in terms of ls and lg.
P is the pitch of the thread.
For lnom u 125 mm.
For 125 mm lnom u 200 mm.
For lnom ! 200 mm.
www.standards.org.au
e
f
kw,min 0,7 kmin.
lg,max lnom b.
ls,min lg,max 5 P.
© Standards Australia
AS 1111.1:2015
4
7
Specifications and reference International Standards
See Table 3.
Table 3 — Specifications and reference International Standards
Material
Steel
General requirements International Standard
Thread
Tolerance class
International Standard
Property classa
Mechanical property
International Standard
Tolerance
Product grade
International Standard
ISO 8992
8g
ISO 724, ISO 965-1
d u 39 mm: 4.6, 4.8
d ! 39 mm: as agreed
d u 39 mm: ISO 898-1
d ! 39 mm: as agreed
C
ISO 4759-1
As processed
Requirements for electroplating are specified in ISO 4042.
Finish — Coating
Requirements for non-electrolytically applied zinc flake coatings
are specified in ISO 10683.
Additional requirements or other finishes or coatings shall be agreed
between the supplier and the purchaser.
Acceptability
a
5
Acceptance inspection is specified in ISO 3269.
Other property classes are specified in ISO 898-1.
Designation
EXAMPLE
A hexagon head bolt, product grade C, with thread M12, nominal length l
is designated as follows:
80 mm and property class 4.6
Hexagon head bolt ISO 4016 - M12 u 80 - 4.6
www.standards.org.au
© Standards Australia
AS 1111.1:2015
8
Bibliography
[1]
ISO 888, Bolts, screws and studs — Nominal lengths, and thread lengths for general purpose bolts
[2]
ISO 4014, Hexagon head bolts — Product grades A and B
[3]
ISO 4015, Hexagon head bolts — Product grade B — Reduced shank (shank diameter approximately
equal to pitch diameter)
[4]
ISO 4017, Hexagon head screws — Product grades A and B
[5]
ISO 4032, Hexagon nuts, style 1 — Product grades A and B
[6]
ISO 4033, Hexagon nuts, style 2 — Product grades A and B
[7]
ISO 4034, Hexagon nuts — Product grade C
[8]
ISO 4035, Hexagon thin nuts (chamfered) — Product grades A and B
[9]
ISO 4036, Hexagon thin nuts (unchamfered) — Product grade B
[10]
ISO 4161, Hexagon nuts with flange — Coarse thread
[11]
ISO 4162, Hexagon flange bolts — Small series
[12]
ISO 7040, Prevailing torque type hexagon nuts (with non-metallic insert), style 1 — Property classes 5,
8 and 10
[13]
ISO 7041, Prevailing torque type hexagon nuts (with non-metallic insert), style 2 — Property classes 9
and 12
[14]
ISO 7042, Prevailing torque type all-metal hexagon nuts, style 2 — Property classes 5, 8, 10 and 12
[15]
ISO 7043, Prevailing torque type hexagon nuts with flange (with non-metallic insert) — Product
grades A and B
[16]
ISO 7044, Prevailing torque type all-metal hexagon nuts with flange — Product grades A and B
[17]
ISO 7719, Prevailing torque type all-metal hexagon nuts, style 1 — Property classes 5, 8 and 10
[18]
ISO 7720, Prevailing torque type all-metal hexagon nuts, style 2 — Property class 9
[19]
ISO 8673, Hexagon nuts, style 1, with metric fine pitch thread — Product grades A and B
[20]
ISO 8674, Hexagon nuts, style 2, with metric fine pitch thread — Product grades A and B
[21]
ISO 8675, Hexagon thin nuts (chamfered) with metric fine pitch thread — Product grades A and B
[22]
ISO 8676, Hexagon head screws with metric fine pitch thread — Product grades A and B
[23]
ISO 8765, Hexagon head bolts with metric fine pitch thread — Product grades A and B
[24]
ISO 10511, Prevailing torque type hexagon thin nuts (with non-metallic insert)
[25]
ISO 10512, Prevailing torque type hexagon nuts (with non-metallic insert), style 1, with metric fine pitch
thread — Property classes 6, 8 and 10
www.standards.org.au
© Standards Australia
AS 1111.1:2015
9
[26]
ISO 10513, Prevailing torque type all-metal hexagon nuts, style 2, with metric fine pitch thread —
Property classes 8, 10 and 12
[27]
ISO 10663, Hexagon nuts with flange — Fine pitch thread
[28]
ISO 12125, Prevailing torque type hexagon nuts with flange (with non-metallic insert) with metric fine
pitch thread — Product grades A and B
[29]
ISO 12126, Prevailing torque type all-metal hexagon nuts with flange with metric fine pitch thread —
Product grades A and B
[30]
ISO 15071, Hexagon bolts with flange —Small series — Product grade A
[31]
ISO 15072, Hexagon bolts with flange with metric fine pitch thread — Small series — Product grade A
[32]
ISO 21670, Hexagon weld nuts with flange
www.standards.org.au
© Standards Australia
AS 1111.1:2015
10
NOTES
AS 1111.1:2015
11
NOTES
AS 1111.1:2015
12
NOTES
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