ENGR1603 (Su2024) Test 2 NAME: SAMPLE SOLUTIONS Question 1: Compare and contrast the fundamental principles and applications of Mechanical Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Civil Engineering, and Environmental Engineering. Discuss how these domains overlap and how they differ in their approaches to solving engineering problems. Criterion Excellent Good Satisfactory Needs Improvement Unsatisfactory Understanding of Principles Clear and thorough explanation of the fundamental principles of all four engineering domains. Insightful comparison and contrast of the applications and approaches in the four domains. Specific, relevant examples provided to illustrate overlaps and differences. Depth of analysis on the significance of the similarities and differences in solving engineering problems. Mostly clear explanation with minor gaps. Good comparison and contrast with minor gaps. Mostly relevant examples with minor gaps. Good analysis with minor gaps. Basic explanation with some significant gaps. Limited understanding with many gaps. Basic comparison and contrast with some significant gaps. Basic examples with some relevance and clarity. Basic analysis with some significant gaps. Limited comparison and contrast with many gaps. Limited examples that may be unclear or not directly relevant. Limited analysis with many gaps. Little to no understanding demonstrated. Little to no comparison and contrast. Little to no examples provided or examples are irrelevant. Little to no analysis or reflection on the significance. Comparison and Contrast Examples Critical Thinking Engineering Domain Mechanical Engineering Aerospace Engineering Civil Engineering Environmental Engineering Fundamental Principles Applications in Airport Construction Approach - Mechanics and dynamics - Thermodynamics - Materials science - Fluid mechanics - Aerodynamics - Propulsion systems - Structural analysis - Avionics - Structural analysis - Geotechnical engineering - Transportation engineering - Construction management - Environmental impact assessment - Waste management - Water and air quality control - Sustainable design - HVAC systems - Baggage handling systems - Elevators and escalators - Fueling systems - Runway and taxiway design - Navigation and communication systems - Aircraft maintenance facilities - Safety systems for aircraft - Runways, taxiways, and aprons - Terminal buildings and control towers - Drainage and sewage systems - Roads and parking facilities - Environmental impact mitigation - Waste management programs - Water management systems - Air quality monitoring Focuses on functionality and efficiency of mechanical systems, ensuring smooth operation and safety. Concentrates on interaction between airport infrastructure and aircraft to enhance safety and performance. Provides foundational infrastructure, focusing on durability, sustainability, and regulatory compliance. Minimizes environmental footprint, ensures sustainable construction and operation, and compliance with regulations. Overlaps • Safety: All domains prioritize safety in their specific areas. • Sustainability: Each domain incorporates sustainability principles. • Collaboration: Interdisciplinary collaboration is essential for successful airport construction. Differences • Focus Areas: Each domain has a distinct focus: systems and machinery (Mechanical), aircraft and airspace (Aerospace), infrastructure and construction (Civil), and ecological impacts (Environmental). • Approach to Problems: Varies by domain: efficiency and mechanical reliability (Mechanical), performance and safety of flight operations (Aerospace), structural integrity and durability (Civil), and minimizing environmental impact (Environmental). ENGR1603 (Su2024) Test 2 NAME: SAMPLE SOLUTIONS Question 2: Explain the importance of understanding system boundaries in engineering problemsolving. Provide examples of different types of systems and how defining their boundaries aids in analysis. Criterion Excellent Good Satisfactory Needs Improvement Unsatisfactory Understanding of Concept Clear and thorough explanation of system boundaries and their importance in engineering problem-solving. Specific, relevant examples of different types of systems and their boundaries. Insightful analysis of how defining system boundaries aids in analysis. Mostly clear explanation with minor gaps. Basic explanation with some significant gaps. Limited understanding with many gaps. Little to no understanding demonstrated. Mostly relevant examples with minor gaps. Good analysis with minor gaps. Basic examples with some relevance and clarity. Basic analysis with some significant gaps. Limited examples that may be unclear or not directly relevant. Limited analysis with many gaps. Little to no examples provided or examples are irrelevant. Little to no analysis or reflection on the importance of defining system boundaries. Examples Critical Thinking Understanding system boundaries is crucial in engineering because it helps define the scope of analysis, identify relevant interactions, and isolate variables for effective problem-solving. Clearly defined boundaries allow engineers to focus on specific components and their interactions, ensuring comprehensive and accurate analysis. Engineering Domain Mechanical Engineering Aerospace Engineering Civil Engineering Environmental Engineering System HVAC System Aircraft Navigation System Runway Infrastructure Water Management System Boundaries Importance of Defining Boundaries Air handling units, ductwork, vents, temperature sensors Avionics, sensors, GPS, communication equipment Runway pavement, lighting, drainage, signage Isolates HVAC operations, ensuring efficient temperature control and air quality. Ensures precise navigation and safety by focusing on aircraft’s capabilities. Optimizes runway design and maintenance for aircraft operations. Manages water resources efficiently, ensuring sustainability. Stormwater drainage, wastewater treatment, recycling systems ENGR1603 (Su2024) Test 2 NAME: SAMPLE SOLUTIONS Question 3: Explain the importance of units and measurements in engineering. How do errors in measurement affect engineering outcomes? Provide an example to illustrate your answer. Criterion Excellent Good Satisfactory Needs Improvement Unsatisfactory Understanding of Importance Clear and thorough explanation of the importance of units and measurements in engineering. Insightful discussion on how errors in measurement affect engineering outcomes. Specific, relevant example to illustrate the impact of measurement errors. Depth of analysis on the significance of accurate measurements in engineering. Mostly clear explanation with minor gaps. Good discussion with minor gaps. Basic explanation with some significant gaps. Limited understanding with many gaps. Basic discussion with some significant gaps. Limited discussion with many gaps. Mostly relevant examples with minor gaps. Good analysis with minor gaps. Basic example with some relevance and clarity. Basic analysis with some significant gaps. Limited example that may be unclear or not directly relevant. Limited analysis with many gaps. Little to no understanding demonstrated. Little to no discussion on the impact of measurement errors. Little to no example provided or example is irrelevant. Little to no analysis or reflection on the significance of accurate measurements. Impact of Measurement Errors Example Critical Thinking Accurate units and measurements are crucial in engineering to ensure designs, constructions, and systems operate as intended. Consistent and precise measurements help in maintaining safety, efficiency, and reliability in engineering outcomes. Engineering Domain Mechanical Engineering Aerospace Engineering Civil Engineering Environmental Engineering Context HVAC System Design Aircraft Navigation Runway Construction Water Management Key Measurements Temperature, air flow rate, pressure Altitude, speed, distance Length, thickness, material strength Water flow rate, pollutant concentration, pH level Importance Ensures effective temperature control and air quality Vital for navigation, safety, fuel efficiency Ensures structural integrity and proper function Ensures effective treatment, compliance with standards Impact of Measurement Errors Inefficient performance, increased energy use, system failure Navigation errors, potential collisions, inefficient fuel use Structural failures, unsafe landing conditions, costly repairs Environmental contamination, legal penalties, public health risks ENGR1603 (Su2024) Test 2 NAME: SAMPLE SOLUTIONS Question 4: Based on your understanding of algorithmic thinking, describe the steps involved in developing an algorithm to solve a problem. Why is it important for engineers to think algorithmically? Provide an example of a simple algorithm and explain its significance. Criterion Excellent Good Satisfactory Steps of Developing Algorithm Importance of Algorithmic Thinking Example and Explanation Clear and thorough description of the steps involved in developing an algorithm. Insightful discussion on the importance of thinking algorithmically for engineers. Specific example to illustrate a simple algorithm and its significance. Depth of analysis on the application and significance of algorithms in engineering. Mostly clear description with minor gaps. Good discussion with minor gaps. Basic description with some significant gaps. Basic discussion with some significant gaps. Basic example with some relevance and clarity. Basic analysis with some significant gaps. Critical Thinking Mostly relevant example with minor gaps. Good analysis with minor gaps. Needs Improvement Limited understanding with many gaps. Limited discussion with many gaps. Limited example that may be unclear or not directly relevant. Limited analysis with many gaps. Unsatisfactory Little to no understanding demonstrated. Little to no discussion on the importance of algorithmic thinking. Little to no example provided or example is irrelevant. Little to no analysis or reflection on the application and significance of algorithms. Thinking algorithmically is important for engineers because it allows them to break down complex problems into manageable steps, create systematic solutions, and ensure consistent, repeatable, and efficient outcomes. This approach facilitates the development of clear, logical procedures that can be easily translated into algorithms for automation, analysis, and implementation. Example: Baggage Handling System Developing an efficient baggage handling system for an airport requires optimizing the flow of luggage from check-in to loading onto the aircraft. An engineer who thinks algorithmically can design a solution that ensures timely and accurate delivery of baggage. 1. 2. 3. 4. Problem Definition (Clearly define the problem, objectives, and constraints): o Identify objectives: Ensure all baggage is transported efficiently from check-in to the aircraft. o Constraints: Time limitations, baggage handling capacity, security checks, and sorting accuracy. Decomposition (Break down the problem into smaller, manageable sub-problems): o Check-in process: Baggage collection, tagging, and initial sorting. o Transportation: Movement of baggage from check-in to sorting area. o Sorting: Categorizing baggage by flight and destination. o Loading: Transferring sorted baggage to the correct aircraft. Develop Logical Steps (Develop a step-by-step plan to address each sub-problem in a logical sequence) o Step 1: Collect baggage at check-in counters. o Step 2: Tag each piece of baggage with flight information. o Step 3: Transport baggage to the sorting area using conveyors. o Step 4: Sort baggage based on destination and flight number. o Step 5: Conduct security checks on sorted baggage. o Step 6: Transport sorted and checked baggage to respective aircraft loading zones. o Step 7: Load baggage onto the correct aircraft. Translate Steps into an Algorithm (Convert the logical steps into a formal algorithm that can be implemented using a programming language or system). o collected_baggage = collect_baggage(baggage_list) o tagged_baggage = tag_baggage(collected_baggage) o transported_baggage = transport_to_sorting_area(tagged_baggage) o sorted_baggage = sort_baggage(transported_baggage) o checked_baggage = conduct_security_checks(sorted_baggage) o loading_zones = transport_to_loading_zones(checked_baggage) o load_onto_aircraft(loading_zones) ENGR1603 (Su2024) Test 2 NAME: SAMPLE SOLUTIONS Question 5: Discuss the key strategies for effective communication in engineering. How do these strategies enhance collaboration and project success? Provide examples to support your points. Criterion Excellent Good Satisfactory Needs Improvement Unsatisfactory Understanding of Strategies Clear and thorough explanation of key communication strategies in engineering. Insightful discussion on how these strategies enhance collaboration and project success. Specific, relevant examples to support points. Mostly clear explanation with minor gaps. Good discussion with minor gaps. Basic explanation with some significant gaps. Limited understanding with many gaps. Basic discussion with some significant gaps. Limited discussion with many gaps. Mostly relevant examples with minor gaps. Good analysis with minor gaps. Basic examples with some relevance and clarity. Basic analysis with some significant gaps. Limited examples that may be unclear or not directly relevant. Limited analysis with many gaps. Little to no understanding demonstrated. Little to no discussion on the enhancement of collaboration and project success. Little to no examples provided or examples are irrelevant. Little to no analysis or reflection on the impact of effective communication. Enhancement of Collaboration Examples Critical Thinking Depth of analysis on the impact of effective communication in engineering projects. Effective communication is crucial in engineering projects like the construction of an airport. Clear, concise, and precise communication enhances collaboration, ensures all team members are aligned, and contributes to project success. Engineering Domain Mechanical Engineering Aerospace Engineering Civil Engineering Environmental Engineering Key Communication Strategy Description Detailed schematics and technical drawings Standardized documentation and protocols Regular site meetings and progress reports Environmental impact assessments and mitigation plans Create and share precise technical drawings and schematics Use standardized documentation for navigation systems and procedures Hold regular on-site meetings and provide detailed progress reports Communicate findings and mitigation strategies to all stakeholders Enhancement to Collaboration and Project Success Ensures understanding of complex systems, reduces errors, improves coordination Ensures consistency, facilitates clear communication, meets safety standards Keeps stakeholders informed, allows timely issue resolution, ensures schedule adherence Ensures understanding of environmental considerations, promotes sustainability ENGR1603 (Su2024) Test 2 NAME: SAMPLE SOLUTIONS Question 6: Describe the project lifecycle stages. How does each stage contribute to the overall success of a project? Criterion Excellent Good Satisfactory Needs Improvement Unsatisfactory Understanding of Stages Clear and thorough description of the project lifecycle stages. Basic description with some significant gaps. Limited understanding with many gaps. Contribution to Success Insightful discussion on how each stage contributes to the overall success of a project. Mostly clear description with minor gaps. Good discussion with minor gaps. Basic discussion with some significant gaps. Limited discussion with many gaps. Examples Specific, relevant examples to illustrate the stages. Critical Thinking Depth of analysis on the importance of the project lifecycle in engineering practice. Mostly relevant examples with minor gaps. Good analysis with minor gaps. Basic examples with some relevance and clarity. Basic analysis with some significant gaps. Limited examples that may be unclear or not directly relevant. Limited analysis with many gaps. Little to no understanding demonstrated. Little to no discussion on the contribution of each stage to project success. Little to no examples provided or examples are irrelevant. Little to no analysis or reflection on the importance of the project lifecycle. Each project lifecycle stage contributes to the overall success of an airport construction project by ensuring thorough preparation, meticulous planning, effective execution, continuous monitoring, and proper closure. This structured approach ensures that the project meets its objectives, stays on schedule, and adheres to quality and regulatory standards, ultimately leading to a successful and sustainable airport. Project Description Contribution to Mechanical Aerospace Civil Environmental Stage Project Success Initiation Formal start, Establishes project Assess HVAC and Evaluate airspace and Conduct site Perform preliminary feasibility foundation baggage handling runway requirements selection and initial environmental impact assessment, goals system requirements infrastructure assessments planning Planning Detailed planning of Provides roadmap, Design detailed Plan navigation Create detailed Develop environmental scope, timelines, allocates resources, schematics for systems and runway construction management and resources manages risks mechanical systems specifications blueprints and mitigation plans schedules Execution Construction and Translates plans into Install HVAC, baggage Implement navigation Construct runways, Implement development of tangible outputs handling systems, and and communication terminals, and other environmental protection deliverables other mechanical systems infrastructure measures and monitor components compliance Monitoring Continuous Ensures alignment, Monitor system Track progress of Oversee Continuously monitor oversight and identifies issues early, installation and runway and system construction quality environmental impact quality control keeps stakeholders performance implementation and adherence to and compliance with informed schedules regulations Closure Formal completion Ensures deliverables Final testing and Validate navigation Conduct final Verify that environmental and handover are completed, commissioning of systems and runway inspections of impact mitigation lessons learned mechanical systems functionality infrastructure measures are in place documented and effective ENGR1603 (Su2024) Test 2 NAME: SAMPLE SOLUTIONS Question 7: Explain the different strategies for achieving fault tolerance in engineering systems. Provide examples. Criterion Excellent Good Satisfactory Needs Improvement Understanding of Strategies Clear and thorough explanation of different strategies for fault tolerance. Specific, relevant examples to illustrate the strategies. Mostly clear explanation with minor gaps. Mostly relevant examples with minor gaps. Good analysis with minor gaps. Basic explanation with some significant gaps. Basic examples with some relevance and clarity. Basic analysis with some significant gaps. Limited understanding with many gaps. Limited examples that may be unclear or not relevant. Limited analysis with many gaps. Examples Critical Thinking Depth of analysis on the effectiveness of the strategies. Unsatisfactory Little to no understanding demonstrated. Little to no examples provided or examples are irrelevant. Little to no analysis or reflection on the effectiveness of the strategies. Fault tolerance is essential in engineering to ensure systems continue to operate correctly even with faults. Different strategies are employed across various engineering domains to achieve fault tolerance. Engineering Domain Mechanical Engineering Aerospace Engineering Civil Engineering Environmental Engineering Common Strategy Redundancy Fault-tolerant Design Redundant Pathways Parallel Processing Description Common Schemes Duplicate critical components to ensure continuous operation Design systems to continue operation despite component failures Design alternate routes or pathways for critical infrastructure Use multiple systems in parallel to handle environmental processes Hot Standby, Cold Standby Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR), Graceful Degradation Dual Runways, Multiple Access Roads Multiple Treatment Units, Diversified Treatment Methods ENGR1603 (Su2024) Test 2 NAME: SAMPLE SOLUTIONS Question 8: Explain the concept of cost-benefit analysis in environmental engineering. Provide an example of how it is applied in a real-world project. Criterion Excellent Good Satisfactory Needs Improvement Understanding of Concept Clear and thorough explanation of the concept of cost-benefit analysis. Insightful discussion on how cost-benefit analysis is applied. Specific, relevant example to illustrate the application. Mostly clear explanation with minor gaps. Good discussion with minor gaps. Basic explanation with some significant gaps. Basic discussion with some significant gaps. Basic example with some relevance and clarity. Basic analysis with some significant gaps. Limited understanding with many gaps. Limited discussion with many gaps. Application in Real-World Examples Critical Thinking Depth of analysis on the effectiveness and limitations of cost-benefit analysis. Mostly relevant example with minor gaps. Good analysis with minor gaps. Limited example that may be unclear or not directly relevant. Limited analysis with many gaps. Unsatisfactory Little to no understanding demonstrated. Little to no discussion on the application of cost-benefit analysis. Little to no example provided or example is irrelevant. Little to no analysis or reflection on the effectiveness and/or limitations. Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is a crucial decision-making tool in environmental engineering, especially for large-scale projects like the construction of an airport. This analysis helps to weigh the costs against the benefits, providing a quantifiable measure to determine whether the project is economically viable and environmentally sustainable. Costs Direct Costs: • Construction: $500 million for building runways, terminals, and other facilities. • Environmental Mitigation: $50 million for pollution control, waste management, and habitat restoration. • Operational: $20 million annually for energy, maintenance, and staffing. Opportunity Costs: • Land Use: $100 million potential revenue from alternative commercial or residential development. • Economic Activities: $10 million annually from industries displaced by airport construction. Benefits Profits: • Aviation Fees: $30 million annually from landing fees, terminal fees, and airline charges. • Commercial Revenue: $25 million annually from retail, restaurants, and parking. Expected Economic Benefits: • Job Creation: $15 million annually from new employment opportunities. • Tourism Boost: $20 million annually from increased tourism spending. • Business Growth: $10 million annually from new businesses and investments. Other Desirable Outcomes: • Improved Transportation Infrastructure: Estimated benefit of $25 million annually from enhanced connectivity and reduced trav el times. • Environmental Benefits: Long-term benefits valued at $5 million annually from sustainable practices. Cost-Benefit Analysis Summary Table Component Costs ($ million) Benefits ($ million) Direct Costs $550m initial + $20m annual - Opportunity Costs $100m initial + $10m annual - Profits - $55m annually Expected Economic Benefits - $45m annually Other Desirable Outcomes - $30m annually Conclusion By conducting a cost-benefit analysis, environmental engineers can determine the economic viability and sustainability of the airport construction project. This analysis helps balance the direct and opportunity costs against the potential profits, economic benefits, and other desirable outcomes. In the case of the airport, the total annual benefits ($130 million) significantly outweigh the combined annual costs, justifying the project from both an economic and environmental perspective. This structured approach ensures informed decision-making, promoting sustainable development and longterm profitability. ENGR1603 (Su2024) Test 2 NAME: SAMPLE SOLUTIONS Question 9: Explain the importance of technical writing in engineering. What are the key elements of a well-written technical report? Criterion Excellent Good Satisfactory Needs Improvement Unsatisfactory Understanding of Importance Clear and thorough explanation of the importance of technical writing in engineering. Detailed description of the key elements of a well-written technical report. Specific, relevant examples to illustrate the key elements. Mostly clear explanation with minor gaps. Mostly detailed description with minor gaps. Mostly relevant examples with minor gaps. Good analysis with minor gaps. Basic explanation with some significant gaps. Limited understanding with many gaps. Basic description with some relevance and clarity. Basic examples with some relevance and clarity. Basic analysis with some significant gaps. Limited description with many gaps. Little to no understanding demonstrated. Little to no description of key elements. Little to no examples provided or examples are irrelevant. Little to no analysis or reflection on the impact of technical writing. Key Elements Examples Critical Thinking Depth of analysis on the impact of technical writing on engineering practice. Limited examples that may be unclear or not directly relevant. Limited analysis with many gaps. Technical writing is crucial in engineering as it ensures clear, precise, and effective communication of complex technical information. It helps convey the objectives, methodologies, data, analysis, and conclusions of engineering projects to stakeholders, ensuring that all aspects of the project are understood and properly documented. Here’s a breakdown of each section and its importance, with specifics for the four engineering domains involved in airport construction. Section Importance Objective Defines purpose and scope, sets goals Methodology Describes approach and procedures Data Analysis Conclusions Presents raw data for review and analysis Interprets data to provide insights Summarizes findings, provides recommendations Mechanical Engineering Design and install HVAC and baggage systems Selection and installation processes Aerospace Engineering Optimize runway designs Temperature, air flow, energy consumption Efficiency and reliability assessments Performance summaries, improvement suggestions Runway usage, flight operations Safety and performance evaluations Runway design effectiveness Design and test navigation systems Construct robust infrastructure Environmental Engineering Minimize environmental impact Construction techniques and materials Structural integrity, material properties Structural soundness evaluations Environmental assessments and controls Pollutant levels, waste quantities Effectiveness of mitigation measures Construction success, future considerations Environmental impact and sustainability recommendations Civil Engineering ENGR1603 (Su2024) Test 2 NAME: SAMPLE SOLUTIONS Question 10: Match the numbered orthographic view with the appropriate lettered isometric image. DRAWING Front View A 10 B 1 C 11 D 4 E 7 F 6 (Top) Plan View 14 17 8 3 18 9 (Right) Side View 5 16 2 12 13 15 Examples of projects that could have been used to address all four domains covered in this test: Project Mechanical Engineering Aerospace Engineering Civil Engineering Environmental Engineering Airport Construction and Expansion Spaceport Development High-Speed Rail Network Smart City Development Renewable Energy Parks Sustainable Urban Transport Systems Advanced Manufacturing Facilities Military Base Development Disaster-Resilient Infrastructure Smart Grid Implementation HVAC systems, baggage handling Fuel storage and handling systems Train design and maintenance Efficient energy systems, building services Energy generation and storage systems Vehicle design and maintenance Production lines, robotics Runway and navigation system design Spacecraft operations and safety systems Aerodynamic optimization of trains Drones and urban air mobility integration Wind turbine design Environmental impact assessment and mitigation Ecosystem impact management Air transport options like air taxis Precision manufacturing techniques Runway, terminal, and infrastructure construction Launch pad and infrastructure construction Rail track and station construction Infrastructure development, urban planning Structural support, site development Roads, bridges, transport hub construction Facility construction, infrastructure development Operational support, logistics systems Emergency power, water supply systems Grid infrastructure, maintenance Airfield, aircraft maintenance facilities Early warning systems, aerial surveillance Integrating renewable energy sources Barracks, training areas, infrastructure construction Robust building, infrastructure design Substation, transmission line construction Compliance with environmental regulations Disaster impact assessments, recovery plans Reducing environmental impact, promoting sustainability Sustainable construction practices, impact assessments Green spaces, sustainable urban design Site selection, minimizing ecological impact Emission reduction, environmental impact management Waste management, sustainable practices
