Comparatives and superlatives Activity 1. Dr. Smith is __________ (knowledgeable) specialist I've consulted. 2. Aspirin is __________ (effective) than paracetamol for reducing fever. 3. This hospital has __________ (advanced) equipment in the region. 4. Among all the treatments available, this one is __________ (effective). 5. Surgery is __________ (expensive) option for treating this condition. 6. That clinic has __________ (friendly) staff I've ever encountered. 7. This new treatment is __________ (safe) than the previous one. 8. The side effects of this medication are __________ (serious) than we anticipated. 9. Regular exercise is __________ (important) than medication in preventing heart disease. 10. This book is __________ (informative) source on medical history. Conditional sentences Activity 1. If you take this medicine regularly, your symptoms __________ (improve). 2. If she studies hard, she __________ (pass) the medical exam. 3. If the patient's condition worsens, we __________ (call) the specialist. 4. If he had taken the medication earlier, his recovery __________ (be) faster. 5. If we increase the dosage, the side effects __________ (become) more severe. 6. If you don't follow the treatment plan, your condition __________ (not improve). 7. If they had known about the risks, they __________ (not agree) to the surgery. 8. If the hospital had more funding, they __________ (purchase) newer equipment. 9. If this treatment works well, it __________ (become) the standard approach. 10. If patients adhere to their medication schedule, they __________ (experience) fewer complications. Language spot Language spot Reported speech Language spot Reported speech Language spot Reported speech Activity 1 Activity 2 Activity 3 Passive voice Activity 1. Nurses administer vaccinations. 2. Doctors prescribe medication. 3. The dentist extracted the tooth. 4. The paramedics treated the injured patient. 5. Researchers discovered a new treatment. 6. Scientists are testing a new drug. 7. The therapist is monitoring the patient's progress. 8. The doctor was adjusting the medication dosage. 9. The laboratory has conducted the tests. 10. Specialists have diagnosed the patient's condition. 11. All children have been administered the vaccines. 12. The doctor had prescribed the medication before the patient arrived. 13. The hospital will schedule the therapy sessions. 14. Researchers will develop new treatments next year. 15. The medical team will discuss the results tomorrow. Word formation Word formation Activity Relative clauses Example: The book that is on the table belongs to me. •In this sentence, "that is on the table" is a defining relative clause that specifies which book is being referred to (the one on the table that belongs to me). Example: My sister, who is a doctor, lives in New York. •In this sentence, "who is a doctor" is a non-defining relative clause that provides additional information about my sister (the fact that she is a doctor). The core meaning of the sentence ("My sister lives in New York") remains intact without this clause. Activity 1. The doctor ___________ specializes in pediatric oncology will oversee the child's treatment. 2. The patient __________ arrived late missed their appointment with the neurologist. 3. The medication ______________ was prescribed yesterday has already started to alleviate the symptoms. 4. The surgeon, ____________ expertise is in orthopedic surgery, performed the knee replacement. 5. The nurse ____________ has been working here for over 10 years received the Nurse of the Year award. 6. The MRI scan, _____________ was conducted this morning, revealed a herniated disc in the patient's spine. 7. The patient, ______________ suffers from chronic asthma, carries an inhaler at all times. 8. The laboratory technician __________ processed the blood samples found abnormalities in the results. 9. The medication __________ the patient requested is not covered by their insurance. 10. The research study, ______________ focuses on Alzheimer's disease, received a grant from the National Institutes of Health. Connectors In medical contexts, connectors are crucial for explaining relationships between symptoms, conditions, treatments, and outcomes. Here are some connectors commonly used in medical writing, along with examples: 1.Cause and Effect: 1. Because: The patient developed a fever because of a bacterial infection. 2. As a result: The medication was stopped, and as a result, the patient's symptoms improved. 2.Comparison: 1. Similarly: Patients with diabetes are similarly at risk of developing cardiovascular complications. 2. Likewise: The treatment was effective in reducing pain; likewise, it improved the patient's mobility. 3.Contrast: 1. However: The surgery was successful; however, the patient experienced postoperative complications. 2. On the other hand: The drug showed promise in early trials; on the other hand, long-term side effects need further study. 4.Time Sequence: 1. Firstly, Secondly, Finally: Firstly, the patient underwent diagnostic tests. Secondly, treatment options were discussed. Finally, surgery was scheduled. 2. Subsequently: The patient received antibiotics, and subsequently, her symptoms began to improve. 5.Condition: 1. If: If the patient continues to experience pain, a follow-up appointment is recommended. 2. Provided that: Surgery will proceed provided that the patient's condition remains stable. 6.Purpose: 1. In order to: The medication was prescribed in order to reduce inflammation. 2. For the purpose of: The study was conducted for the purpose of evaluating the efficacy of the new treatment. 7.Emphasis: 1. Indeed: The test results confirmed the diagnosis; indeed, they showed a severe infection. 2. Notably: The patient's response to treatment was notably positive. Activity Complete with the following connectors: HOWEVER- AFTER- DUE TO-HOWEVER- THEREFORE- DUE TO- IN ORDER TO- SHORTLY BEFORE- WHILEPROVIDED THAT 1. Cause and Effect: The patient's blood pressure dropped significantly ___________ the administration of the antihypertensive medication. 2. Comparison: Patients with Type 1 diabetes often require insulin injections, ___________ those with Type 2 diabetes can sometimes manage their condition through diet and exercise. 3. Contrast: The initial test results were inconclusive; ___________, further diagnostic imaging was required. 4. Time Sequence: ___________ the patient was admitted to the emergency room, she complained of severe chest pain. 5. Condition: The surgeon will proceed with the operation ___________ the patient's vital signs remain stable. 6. Purpose: The study was conducted ___________ evaluate the long-term effects of the experimental drug. 7. Emphasis: The patient's condition deteriorated rapidly; ___________, immediate intervention was necessary. 8. Comparison: Both treatment options have their advantages; ___________, surgery offers a more permanent solution. 9. Cause and Effect: ___________ the patient's persistent cough, a chest X-ray was ordered to rule out pneumonia. 10. Time Sequence: ___________ starting the new medication, the patient reported significant improvement in her symptoms. Past perfect Activity 1. By the time the patient arrived at the ER, she ____________ (already / develop) a high fever. 2. The surgeon reviewed the patient's history and noted that she ____________ (previously / undergo) a major cardiac procedure. 3. After the medication was administered, the patient ____________ (report) feeling dizzy and nauseous. 4. By the time the specialist arrived, the patient's condition ____________ (significantly / deteriorate). 5. The laboratory results showed that the patient ____________ (not / respond) well to the initial treatment. 6. Before the surgery, the patient ____________ (already / experience) severe pain in her abdomen. 7. Once the infection was identified, the medical team ____________ (begin) a course of antibiotics immediately. 8. By the time the test results arrived, the patient ____________ (already / discharge) from the hospital. 9. After the accident, the patient ____________ (suffer) from multiple fractures in her leg. 10. The attending physician noted that the patient ____________ (previously / complain) of similar symptoms.
