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level
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-
level
=
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:
theory
PL :
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:
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ps :
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ys
ics
P}
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"
Mike Cwndell
a
"
sang
E
.
David
by
Physics
C
LA
SS
M
AT
E
Ahmet
& Volz
C
Pacific Physics
Understanding Physics
EX
C
EL
LE
N
Volt
RS
PU
R
FO
ER
N
RT
PA
R
U
o
U
IN
G
•
YO
{
•
by
:
by
Ka
sh
an
p,
*
Ra
sh
id
level
A
Jim
Breithaupt
.
Theory &
planning
→
100 marks
Analysis
I
30 marks
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurements
Quantities
Non
-
Physical Quantities
,
spirituality
,
Units
Basit
SI
length
1.
.
Quantities
Physical
Basic
quantified
measured
be
cannot
taste
,
measured /
be
can
that
Quantities
:
feelings pain
7-
that
Quantities
:
meter ( m )
2. Mass
kilogram 1kg )
3. Time
second
Thermodynamic
Temperature
5.
Electric
6.
Luminous
7.
Amount
Ampere
(A )
Candela
( ed )
moles
( mot )
Ph
ys
ics
Intensity
of Substance
Quantities
and
base
up of
E
C
LA
SS
M
AT
E
made
Ik )
Kelvin
Current
Quantities
(s)
by
Ka
sh
an
4.
Ra
sh
id
Physical
quantities
units
called
are
Derived
Derived
Units
.
G
EX
C
EL
LE
N
C
their
called
are
Joules
FO
R
PU
RS
U
IN
>
Walt
ER
>
PA
Power
Newton
N
Energy
>
RT
Force
.
U
in
terms
of
unit less
Area
"
"
R
1
derived
YO
Representing
Units
Units
SI
Base
2
Volume
.
I
A
A- lxb
-
=
=m✗m
=
3.
m2
Density
IN
=
1m12
=
m2
A -_2Ñrh
=
=
4
.
V=Ñr2h
mtxm
V=L✗bxh
( m )/ m )
=
m2
mxmxm
=
Speed
5.
d-
=
m3
=
Acceleration
Dvp
my
v=
a =
at
t
-_
=
=
=
=
I
¥-3
kgm
Me
=
MS
MS
-1
s
-
'
-1-1
=
Ms
=
Ms
-3
-2
m3
Force
f-
7
Pressure
.
P=
ma
=
kg.ms
=
"
kgms
=
-2
ma_
kgms
m2
-2
Pa
9
Ep
✗ S
kgm's
=
=
I
-2
Power
11
-_
kfoms-2.hr
kgmts
s
-2
-2
Ek
mgh
Charge
.
E
.
-
.
-2
Izmir
=
Kg
=
Ph
ys
ics
kgms-2.me
C
LA
SS
M
AT
E
10
Energy
.
ma ✗ s
=
I
kgni
's
-2
-3+1+1
kgmi 's
=
by
Ka
sh
an
Work
__
Pa
kgm -2s
'
=
kgm
=
=
W= F
kgm-3.ms
=
A
=
8.
pgh
A=
☒
P=
F
Ra
sh
id
60
-2
Kym's
=
12
.
It
/ Ms -15
.
-2
Voltage
V
wt
e- As
=F÷
Fog
q
-
-
-
q
-
=
FO
R
PU
RS
U
IN
G
EX
C
EL
LE
N
C
F- I
ER
May
=
UH
13
.
=kgm{
s
N
RT
I
I
=
Kgm} -3A
-1
A
D=
Kgm } -3A
-2
Kgm }
-2
As
PA
-3
Resistance
R=
=
R
kgms-2.hr
YO
U
=
UH
=kgm2s -3A
"
m
-2
SI
Determining
①
Q
Units
of
②
MCAT
-
-
equation
in
variables
unknown
R=p¥
Q heat energy
:
R : resistance
mass
specific heat capacity
c :
DT :
C
=
temp
in
change
p
1
.
:
A : cross-sectional
Q
MIT
=
resistivity
length
:
#
tgmts
k
tf
-2
kgm } -3A
=
Rft
p=
o
e.
Mfs -2K
"
Ph
ys
ics
f.
4m÷Y
F-
-
④
F
m
Mu : mass
q,
distance
r:
constant
kgm } -3A
-2
fore
:
charges
q,
distance
:
K : constant
EX
C
nI÷
qin
R
FO
.
ER
tgms
tg Kg
PU
m2
=
N
-2
RS
U
,
=
FI
k=
G
-
IN
G-
EL
LE
N
C
E
:
m
Kathy
r:
C
LA
SS
M
AT
E
4
.
2
force
,
=
F-
F.
RT
.
PA
R
miss -2kg
Kgms
As
U
=
YO
③
kgm } -311--2 m2
by
Ka
sh
an
=
=
area
-2
Ra
sh
id
m :
-2
o
.
m2
As
-1
=
Kgm
3s -4A
-2
Proving that
①
P
P
Kp v2
=
P
K is unit less
K
units
②
I
Prove
.
=Kgm-
's
P=kpAv3
P
ma
speed
v :
-
no
=kgm
density
:
-
has
A
pressure
:
p
variable
a
p
-2
P
=
:
K
.
K
density
V:
is
unit less
=
P
F
.
velocity
Prove
.
PA V3
kgm 's
-
=
A : area
power
:
-2
kgm's
=
-3
kgm-3.hr?fms-1)3--Kgm-1s-2
Ra
sh
id
kgm -3.1ms -112
-3
kgm-3.hn 's
Kgm 's
kgm 1m35 3)
by
Ka
sh
an
=
-2
=kgm
kgm
"
-
=Kgm}-3-
-9¥
E
EX
G
IN
U
RS
PU
diameter
R
U
YO
the
kgm-3.ms
1
FO
velocity
viscosity
µ coefficient of
find
=
R
density
:
g- 4¥
C
EL
LE
d.
( unit
ER
v :
's
N
:
number
Reynold
)
constant
less
RT
y
:
PA
Re
1<=1
-
N
Re
C
③
1
C
LA
SS
M
AT
E
=
Ph
ys
ics
kgmzs.sk
units
of µ
µ
Kgm 's
-
=
-1
-
'
•
M
Homogenous Equations
exp
t
↳
same
1-2
1.
exp
=
2
exp
+
}
e.
g.
v2
units
41T¥
=
s= ut
2
-
L
52
=
length
a
velocity
=
S :
52
Homogenous !
¥
1=(5-2)+2
"
ms
-1=151
Homogenous
Non
P=
gi
"
=
g
+
Ph
ys
ics
kgm.ms#--kgmp-'as-2P:pressure.g:grav.acc
P
3.
=
.
density
v.
velocity
height
z :
:
C
LA
SS
M
AT
E
( Ms 12 -11ms 2) 1m12
N
'
EL
LE
-
s
-2
=
m
}
-2
+
m3s
PU
t"
R
-
-2
N
ER
t
FO
-
m
RS
U
IN
G
EX
-3
klgm
-
=
C
Klgm -152
C
E
p
m3 ,
+
-2
U
R
PA
RT
his -2
YO
MZS -2=1
Non
-
Finding
1
.
Ek
Homogenous !
unknown
21mV
=
powers
"
E-
=
over
mgh
variables
kg.ms?mkgm2s-2- kg.1ms-yx- kgm2s-2kgm2s-2- kgmxs=
"
{
Nfo
2
=
N
°
-
2
=
-
✗ = 2
N
+
gz
displacement
acceleration
:
msn.fm
:'-)
M¥g2
g-
=
zas
acceleration
.
MS
52
u2=
p
by
Ka
sh
an
g grau
:
:
Eat
'
V=
.
v :
F- time
+
Ra
sh
id
1
using
SI
Base
Units
D=
2.
P
"v 't
tgp
3
P=¥p"d"vZ
.
P
pressure
:
density
v.
speed
p
:
p
:
:
d : diameter
power
density
find
v.
speed
ngyandz
kgm-is-2-lkgm-3flms-ijtkgmts-3-lkgm-35.fm/Y.(ms-yZ
kgm-ts-2-kgkm-k.mys-ykgmZS-3-kgxm-H.MY
.
kgm-ts-2-kgfm-3x-ys-ykgms-3-kgx.ph
I
Or
.
1
N
=
-
2=
-
.
-1=-3×+4
y
-1=-311 )+y
y=2
g-
1¥
;= ,,
I
2
.
-3=-2
Ph
ys
ics
2=3
T=2Ñl"gY
4.
period
F- time
length
acceleration
g- grau
L:
EL
Y
1ms 2)
G
EX
-
.
C
"
.
PU
MYS -2g
FO
m
R
"
=
RT
-18g -2g
PA
"
R
m
U
.
YO
mis
N
ER
S
RS
U
IN
M
LE
N
C
E
C
LA
SS
M
AT
E
.
s=
{
Nfo
☐
1-
=
y=
-2g
-12
O=n+y
0=71-1-2
a-
Lz
-2
-3×+9+2.5-2
Ra
sh
id
I
.
Mo
2=-3×+9+2
-1131
2=-3 / 1) +
y
2=-3/-1 y -131
by
Ka
sh
an
KI
mzs
y=2
Instruments
Idp )
Precision
Range
Length
1.
Trundle Wheel
several meth
1cm
Measuring Tape
several meter
0.1cm
Vernier
01cm
1m
rule
Meter
Caliper
20 -25cm
0.01cm
( 0.1mm )
-2.5cm
0.001cm
( Oootmm)
Micrometer Screw
' ' ' '
f
Mass
2.
3
Electronic balance
0
Hm
0
0.1cm
Time
•
Stopwatch
-
•
Clock
balance
Electric current
Ammeter
°
Resistance
•
Spring balance
-
Thermocouple
•
CRO
6.
Galvanometer
•
E
•
Temperature
liquid in glass
5.
Newton meter
Compression
°
C
LA
SS
M
AT
E
•
Weight
.
o
Beam balance
o
4.
by
Ka
sh
an
' '
Ph
ys
ics
1 '
Ra
sh
id
Gange
Multimeter
C
N
thermometer
IN
Resistance
9
U
8
.
Volume
PU
.
RS
Voltage
FO
R
1.
G
EX
C
EL
LE
•
Voltmeter
•
multimeter
RT
PA
Measuring cylinder
Gas syringe
°
Multimeter
.
U
R
•
Ohmmeter
YO
0420
Cathode
•
N
ER
•
Ray Oscilloscope 1420 )
>
slide control
X-axis
translates graph
along x-axis
x-axis
>
wane
>
Time base
•
settings
14ms / division )
14ms / cm )
Graphical
representation
of
Voltage axis
I
1cm
"
Klem →
signals
>
Lf
<
Time axis '
Y-axis
Y
-
-
Y-axis slide control
<
translates
graph along y-axis
>
ojain settings
IN / division )
CZV / cm )
Determining the information from
12
f
-
50
4-
settings
¥
=
8-
o
using
CRO
a
=
I
-
T
1- =L
50
1- = 0.02s
C
EL
LE
N
C
E
C
LA
SS
M
AT
E
Ph
ys
ics
by
Ka
sh
an
Ra
sh
id
120ms )
G
EX
f- f-
IN
U
✓
✓
1-
=
2×5
so
f-
FO
R
PU
✓
RS
✓
✓
RT
N
ER
F- 10ms
=
1-
10×10-3
U
R
PA
=
f--1001-12
YO
•
7
=
8.5 waves
x
1Mff%%•
-
6×1 0ms
>
=
60ms
1s
8-5×1=>1×(60×103)
"
<
-
60ms
✗
=
%¥o
.
141.66
1401-12
.
Precision
It
°
to
are
.
improved by giving
in
be
can
close
one another
your
decimal
more
answer
e
o
-
g
4.5 ,
experiment
3.1 , 2.1 ,
,
is
errors
how
the
close
value
Difference between
true
e.
true
value
9. 6
11.0
,
,
.
called error
is
to
=
value
obtained
the
value
and
10.8 , 9.0, 10.2 , 10.5
E
g.
the
values are
C
LA
SS
M
AT
E
( accurate)
( inaccurate)
RS
U
IN
G
EX
C
EL
LE
N
C
9. 0,7-5,6-5 , 5.5, 5.4 , 3.1 , 7.9
.
☒
FO
R
PU
+
ER
✗
N
•
✗
X•✗
•
✗
×
.
+
R
PA
RT
•
+
U
•
in
YO
•
f imprecise )
6.8
random
precise )
.
Accuracy
the
true
to
•
7.6
,
to
(
4.8 , 5.0, 4.9 , 4.7
,
2- 6
due
Occurs
•
of
.
places
4.9 , 4.7
-
no
by
Ka
sh
an
valves
the
how
means
Ph
ys
ics
•
Accuracy
vs
Ra
sh
id
Precision
N n
N n
N n
I
1
✗
>
'
je
se
T
,
Neither Precision
Not
Precise
Accuracy
but
is
Nor
X
:
value
N
:
no
.
of
values
N n
:
.
i
.
accurate
>
1
Xt
Precise
not
but
accurate
A
'
:
I
µ
>
Xt
Accuracy
µ
&
Precision both
Error
obtained
value
Systematic
1.
introduced
of experiment
It
o
•
due
the values
than
the
true
Hence
it
cannot
value
°
error ,
add
or
Method
.
of
<
/
IN
U
RS
PU
readings
all
were
taken
eye
level
U
R
PA
that
-
-
error
error
from
Wrong marking on the
zero error
"
When
instrument
read
zero
no
R
FO
such
ER
N
error
RT
Parallax
of
E
C
N
o
EL
LE
error
EX
height
cause
and
does not
G
measuring
less
or
apparatus
systematic
C
LA
SS
M
AT
E
while
method
,
Apparatus
>
°
Wrong placement of
meter wee
greater
the
find
subtract the
experiment
Wrong counting of
YO
•
Error
.
oscillations
o
apparatus
by repeating
.
value
in
either
be
removed
be
systematic
it
eliminate
obtained
to
Ph
ys
ics
and
2. Random
.
To remove
•
fault
used
to
equations
or
all
causes
averaging
Systematic Error
Error
error
The
☐
value
C
1.
true
-
Ra
sh
id
=
error
by
Ka
sh
an
Error
types of
at
from
read !
r
bottom
o
e.
✓
wrong equation
9
.
1-2=4
✓
g
T=uñgI
measurement
being
Equation
✗
even
taken
"
.
when
is
Random
Error
N
introduced
external
to
due
speeds
This
to
type of errorthecauses values
mean value
about
fluctuate
Values obtained
•
well
as
The
error
error
.
large
.
both
are
the
than
smaller
can
andom
,
wind
☐
random
temperature
time
like
conditions
human reaction
or
the
True value
reduced
be
experiment
average
taking
>
x
.
by repeating
and
Y ^
times
several
an
error
higher as
,
small
n
variations in
Ra
sh
id
Error
°
+
.
+
•
Random
°
the results
in
data
as
precision in
reduce
errors
they create
a
scatter
by
Ka
sh
an
•
•
+
.
Ph
ys
ics
•
Uncertainty
E
.
scatter
C
data creates
of
uncertainty
answers
our
IN
G
EX
The
•
EL
LE
N
C
errors
C
LA
SS
M
AT
E
It is the doubt that occurs in the
result / obtained value due to random
°
RS
U
in
ER
N
RT
value
-
min
value
2
PA
Uncertainty
Max
=
YO
U
R
°
FO
R
PU
.
°
e.
g.
4.2, 4.8
4.0,
N=
Ax
=
4.8
4.3
,
,
4.1
-
-
-
4.0
so
AK
,
=
4.7 4.5
,
-10.4
2
N
=
4.4=10.4
+0.4
-0-4
4. 0
←
4.4
→
4.8
+
me.
points due
to random
error
in
of writing
Rules
ily
uncertain
with
principle value
.
4. 4+-0-4
d
↳
principle
uncertainty
value
the
should not be
Uncertaintyvalue
greater than
1.
principle
d.
or
p
of uncertainty
.
than
less
d.
p
.
should be either
to
equal
valve
of principle
.
4. 4+-0.41 ✗
"
" "
the
principle value and of uncertainty
of
should be the
same
✗
10
by
Ka
sh
an
3.
.
±
2716×105
7.65×1061=0.216×10
7. 65×10
'
1=0.22×106
with
uncertainties
and
subtraction
✗
✓
G
IN
U
RS
Addition
a + b
ER
N
RT
4.2 I 0.1
b=
1.5
y
y=
=
y
± 0.2
y
5.7
←
-
=
y=
By
Dy
The values
=
By
y= 5.7=10.3
a
-
b
4. 2- 1.5
2.7
Da + Db
for
s,
=
0.3
9=2.7-+0.3
,
ring
follows
as
and
on >
+
r,
are
t
<
7=11.73+-0.01 / on
rz= (2.57+-0.01) cm
t :b,
1-
=
-
the
value
t -0.84cm
and
of
2.57-1.73
-
-
-
=
At
=
Dr,
Dt
+
.
Drz
0.01+0.01
0.02
-10.84 -10.021cm
-
"
"
Dt
hi
t
0.1 +0.2
=
e
of
the
Calculate
if y
+b
4021-1.5
uncertainty
in
Example
PA
R
-
a =
if y= a
Da
+ Db
U
a
b / BY
=
YO
y
y=
=
FO
R
PU
①
EX
C
EL
LE
N
C
E
C
LA
SS
M
AT
E
Calculations
"
×
Ph
ys
ics
'
7065×10
Ra
sh
id
2.
>
② Coefficient multiplied with
variable
a
③ Multiplication
variables
.
11
variable
with
nxa
>
y
=
y
{
e-
of 1)
power
a
by
-
by
Anan
a-
-
-
dz
or
y
-
-
>
C=2ñr
^-Y%=Da%+Db%
g-
-
-
of
} DyY-✗t0=¥x✗0
y=a×b
n ✗ Da
-
and division
-1%1400
}
☐yY- Dad -11¥
=
Ra
sh
id
Example # I
-1
.
find the radius along with
=
1=14.5
-2
Dr
1--7.25 Un
Dr
0¥
I
Find
DAY
EX
Find
the
.
'
BLT
-1
G
.
RS
U
IN
Db%
PU
-
PA
RT
N
ER
-
+
U
and
uncertainty in
it
c=2Ñr
DC= 21T Dr
DC
C- 211-170251
DC
=
iii. DAY
DA
,
1¥ ¥ +1¥
3%1-685=1%-5 ¥%
r
.
C- dltr
(
=
.
R
cm
circumference
actual
ti
A =L ✗ b
'
FO
of
the circle
8=(725+-0.02)
is
Area
,
C
EL
Ii
YO
If
radius
I.
A = 36.685cm
un
R
Example
#2
-
A :( ✗ b
14.5×2.53
,
0.05
=
A- lxb
b
=
C
LA
SS
M
AT
E
1=(7.25+-0.05)
-_
1¥
Ph
ys
ics
Dr
E
dy
.
C
e-
uncertainty
1
b= 12.53 -10.021cm
N
actual
1=114.5-1-0.1)cm
'
LE
its
Example # I
by
Ka
sh
an
(d) =/ 14.5 -10.11cm
diameter
.
DA
=
=
21710.02)
iii.
=
DAY
.
0.126cm
DJ
=
=
✗
(45.6+-0.1)
=/ 36.7+-0.5 /
0.543
✗ 100
OR
cm
DAY
=
.
DAY
.
Dl% + Db%
=/ ¥ -1%1×100
=/ %! +9%31×100
-
,
DAY
.
-_
104802
cm
'
100
zg.gg,
45.55cm
C-
A-
0.543
=
1%
SO
DA%= 1.4802
( 1%1
Example # 2
?
•
t
Area
Surface
A=2Ñrh
Curved
8=(1.2+-0.1)
-
(14.3+-002) cm
Find
I. A
Area
I
,
cm
ii.
Iii
DAY
.
V
mass
=
=
A
=
Find
I
D=
dltrh
21T / 1. 2) ( 14.31
Ii
107.82 Unt
,
}
Iii Ad
Dd %
Ii
d
,
,
Mg
=
Dd%=Dm% +
( DIM
.
=/
+
¥/
=
DA -9.73%
-
=
100
100
✗
Ddt
10%
=
iii.
=
.
90,703-0×107.82
so
AA= 10.49
PU
RS
U
IN
G
EX
C
R
PA
RT
N
ER
FO
R
=/ 110 ± 10 / cut
U
Dd
5.905%
5.905%
=
=
YO
A
Dd
A
EL
A
of
+
✗
,
,
9.73%
✓%
by
Ka
sh
an
✗
Ph
ys
ics
DAY
+
=
=
D=
6%
of d
50,90%5-+0-42
0.0248
E
.
=/ ¥
glom
¥/
Ddi
:-( ¥ +21-51×100
Ah %
C
DAY
+
.
102¥
0.42
=
0.42
'
glom
N
.
,
(25+-1) cm
=
LE
DAY
Iii
Art
=
.
C
LA
SS
M
AT
E
DAY
,
.
,
IA )
Dd%=
Ii
( 10.5=10 2) g
=
DA
,
I
A-
1m )
Volume ( V )
'
&
sphere
D= m_
Ra
sh
id
h
-
#3
Example
a
-
± 0.02
100
}
over
"
y=a
Dy%=nDa%
>
y=✓I )
'
,
Dy→=n×¥
#
Dy_=n¥
along with
actual
its
or
Iii
2Dr%
=
.
DA_
A
"
V
DA_
2/0.005
1.28 )
=
5.147
0.0402
=
E
C
LA
SS
M
AT
E
A-
R
FO
/
R
PA
Ig
'
'
a-
it
U
-
YO
21T
RT
N
ER
Example # 2
PU
RS
U
IN
G
EX
C
EL
LE
N
C
A- =/ 5.15+-0.04 )cm2
=
-
T =/ 1.55 -10.021s
L
I
1=(62.5+-0.1) cm
I
-
the value
Determine
i.
glmlilii Dgi
I
1-2=4-1%1
.
,
g-
-
41T¥
of
Iii
Dg
u
,
g=
415×0.625
11.5512
9=10.2701
( 103m15 )
method !
Dg%=(0¥ -12,9%94×100
,
DL%=Dg%
Dg
2.74%
=
Dg=
g=(
ZDI
=
2
g%=DL%+2DT%
Dg%= 2.744=31
of g
=2;f÷× 1002701
DAY
"
A = 5.147cm
,
-
>
.
'
=
"z
2DT%=Dl%+Dg%
,
area
1-
correct
WWY Method !
Calculate the
-1112¥ )
1-
☐T%iDL%+iDg%
Dg%= # +21,1--1×100
-2
-2
2DT%
diameter (d) =/2.56+-0-01/ cm
-
>
is
,,
g
Example # I
A-
=
9=411-4
L
g
+
y
A :/Tr
21T
=
u
y
uncertainty
1-
,
Ra
sh
id
( A=1Tr
Ii
variable
a
by
Ka
sh
an
Power
Ph
ys
ics
④
0.2814
10.3 -10.31ms
-2
.