Knowledge Management A Short History • In 1955 there were 13 nursing journals indexed in the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) • In 1996 there were 356 nursing journals in this index • Since 2016, there is nearly 1000 nursing journals worldwide ▫ The majority of them are available electronically What is important about this information? • Illustrates movement from Industrial Age into the Information Age • Verifies the vast body of nursing knowledge • Raises the question: How can we access and use all this knowledge? Learning Outcomes • Explain the linkages between data, information and knowledge • Define knowledge and knowledge management • Identify the essential link between knowledge management and nursing practice • Describe the impact that advances in healthcare knowledge and technology have on nursing practice Knowledge Management Pyramid Knowledge Information Data Data • Discrete, objective facts • Data alone has little relevance or purpose Information • Changes the way something is perceived • Informs and gives shape to data • Converting data into information requires ▫ Context – why were the data gathered? ▫ Categorizing – what are key components of the data? ▫ Calculating – do the data have to be mathematically analyzed? ▫ Correcting – errors must be removed from the data ▫ Condensing – can the data be summarized more concisely? Knowledge • A fluid mix of experience, values, contextual information and expert insight • A framework that helps people incorporate new experiences and information • Humans transform data and information into knowledge ▫ Comparison with other situations ▫ Does this knowledge help in making decisions and taking action? ▫ How does this knowledge relate to other knowledge? ▫ What do others think about this knowledge? Illustration of the Pyramid 1. 34.2 degrees 2. 34.2 degrees Celsius 3. 45 year old man 4. Man was found in lying in the street, totally wet from the cold rain 5. An examination revealed that he was hypothermic (34.2⁰), dehydrated and confused to place and time Illustration #2 1. 64 2. 64 kg 3. 64 kg female 4. 64 kg female, aged 31 years 5. Admitted to hospital 6. Discharged 2 days later, weighted 55 kg at discharge 7. Left with husband, new baby and 3 balloon bouquets. Types of Knowledge • Tacit - internal to the individual; beliefs, understandings, skills and practices acquired through learning and experience ▫ Ex. I know the techniques for inserting needles into veins • Explicit - written or recorded in some way; also called formal knowledge; increasingly electronic ▫ Ex. I have written an article about advanced nursing practice in Lebanon. • Institutional - embedded in routines, procedures, practices and in the minds of people who work in an organization ▫ Ex. I have been involved in developing curricula for nursing education. Knowledge Management Anderson & Willson, 2009 • A dynamic process that brings together unconnected data and information to form meaningful knowledge • An approach to managing the information and knowledge explosion confronting healthcare professionals • **Getting the right knowledge to the right place at the right time** Accessing this Knowledge • View the recorded tutorials by the Health Sciences Librarian on Blackboard • Practice how to access nursing knowledge that is written via the online LAU Libraries • What types of health information have you accessed on your mobile? Evaluating Information Sources • All web searches demand that you evaluate the information you find • https://olinuris.library.cornell.edu/ref/research /webeval.html • “Googling” a topic is not the best approach! • Authority - is the author listed with information about his/her background? • Affiliation – who created the web site? • Currency – is the material dated? • Purpose/audience – who is the intended audience – professionals, lay, buyers… Attributes of Knowledge Management • Active process • Requires learning ▫ Individual level ▫ Organizational level • Enhanced through use of computer and information technology • The process fosters improvement, learning and creation of new knowledge • It is evolving quickly, so you can anticipate many changes, even in the terminology electronic medical record (EMR) information age telehealth clinical information system smart technology decision support systems informatics information literacy personal health information Knowledge Management robotics Exemplars & Definitions • Information literacy - recognizing when information is needed and being able to locate, evaluate, and use it effectively • Informatics – right knowledge, right place, right time, through computerization • Smart technology – self-monitoring analysis and reporting technology • Information age & the digital age– the current era, with access to and control of information as the defining characteristic • Telehealth – delivering health services via telecommunications. Increased significantly during COVID-19 ▫ Examples https://www.aafp.org/media-center/kits/telemedicineand-telehealth.html • EMR – electronic medical record • CIS – Clinical information system • Personal Health Information (PHI) • Clinical information system – the EMR and more • Decision support systems – software that can analyze data and make it available to the health professional for decision making (better decisions, made more quickly) • Robotics - from patient support services, to automated teaching, to surgery….. • Artificial Intelligence – lately being used in healthcare – check out this article: Jiang F, Jiang Y, Zhi H, et al. Artificial intelligence in healthcare: past, present and future. Stroke and Vascular Neurology 2017;2: e000101. doi:10.1136/svn-2017000101 • The Internet of Things– Physical objects/ “things” are now connected with a network of sensors, technology, and software, allowing for exchange of data over the internet. Examples expand from household devices and appliances to healthcare wearable devices and monitors.
