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 Monkeypox is: a viral illness
 Caused by: Monkeypox Virus
 Transmitted through: close contact with a person or animal carries the Monkeypox
virus
 Causes: flu-like symptoms & Skin lesions
 Occurs in: endemic to west & central Africa, outbreaks occurred in several countries in
Europe & North America
Transmission
Monkeypox spreads through
close contact with
an animal or human that
carries the monkeypox virus
Animal-toHuman
Direct Contact with infected
Human-toHuman
Direct Contact with infected person
animal
o Bite
o Scratch
o Contact with lesions or
secretions
o
Indirect Contact
o
o
Bush meat preparation
Contaminated objects
Skin-to-Skin (Hugging,, Cuddling,
Massage)
o Face-to-Face (Talking, Coughing,
Kissing)
o Sex (vaginal, Anal, Oral)
o Pregnant-to-Foetus
Indirect
Contact
o Sharing materials of infected person
(Bedding, Clothing, Towels)
o Touching contaminated surfaces
Clinical symptoms
The incubation period (time from infection to symptoms)
is usually 7-14 days, but can range from 5-21 days
The illness typically lasts for 2-4 weeks
Stages of Monkeypox Symptoms
The patient is not
highly infectious
during incubation or
post-scabbing period
(time from
infection to
symptoms)
incubation
period
Prodrome
Skin Lesion Period
1-3 days
2 weeks
1-5 days
Infectio
n
Flu-Like
Skin
Sympto
ms
Rashe
s
recove
ry
Clinical symptoms
 Flu-Like Symptoms starts 1-2 weeks after exposure to infection
 Flu-Like Symptoms lasts 0-5 days
Fever
Headache
Muscle-Aches
Chills, Fatigue
Clinical symptoms
Swollen Lymph Nodes
•
•
Occurs with fever, 1-2 days before rashes
Affects submandibular, cervical, axillary or
inguinal LN, on both or either sides
The pattern of distribution of
Monkeypox-associated Lymph Nodes
enlargement
Clinical symptoms
Skin Lesions
•
•
•
Rashes starts 1-3 days after appearance of fever
Rashes starts in Face, Mouth, Hands, feet or Genitalia then spreads over the body (centrifugal in
nature)
Rashes progress through the following stages before falling off; starts flat “Macules”, then becomes
bumpy “Papules” and fluid-filled “Vesicles”, pus-filled “Pustules” and lastly scabs “Crusts”
95%
Face
75%
Palms/Soles
30%
1st–2nd day
3rd–4th day
5th–6th day
7th–8th day
9th–15th day
Genitali
a
The rash begins in the face then spreads
to other parts of the body
complications
Encephalitis
Corneal Infection/Scarring
Bacterial Superinfection/Cellulitis
Bronchopneumonia
Sepsis/Dehydration
Laboratory diagnosis
Viral Proteins … Rapid Antigen Test
Viral DNA … PCR test
•
•
More than one lesion should be sampled, preferably from different
locations on the body and/or from different lesions
Optimal diagnostic swap specimen are from exudate/crust of vesicular
lesions
Differential
Diagnosis
(Non-Zoonotic “Human” disease)
Chickenpox disease
(Zoonotic disease)
By: Varicella-Zoster virus
By: Monkeypox virus
illness lasts : 4-7 days
illness lasts : 2-4 weeks
NO Swollen LN
Death: rare
Swollen LN
Death: 1-10%
Monkey-pox disease
treatment
Home Isolation
NO specific
treatment for
Monkeypox
Supportive Treatment
Antiviral Dru
There are a handful of antivirals
and therapies for smallpox that
appear to work on monkeypox,
including the drug Tecovirimat,
which was approved for monkeypox
in the EU in January
Preventio
n
Avoid contact
NO specific Vaccine
for Monkeypox
with some one who has Monkey-like symptoms
- Avoid skin-to-skin, face-to-face, mouth-to-skin, sexual
Protect your self
If you need to travel abroad
- Follow the news in the country you travel to
- Report illness during travel or upon return to a health
contact
- Avoid touching rashes/scabs
- Clean hands, objects, surfaces, bedding, towels, clothes
professional
- Avoid contact with sick persons or sick animals
- Refrain from eating or handling wild game (bushmeat)
- WHO doesn’t recommend any restrictions for travel or trade
based on currently available information
- Wear a mask & gloves if you can’t avoid close contact and
when handling bedding, towels, clothes
- Encourage him to cover any lesions with a bandage or
clothing