IEEE Power and Energy Society
STANDARDS
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures
and Requirements for AlternatingCurrent Cable Terminations Used on
Shielded Cables Having Laminated
Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through
765 kV or Extruded Insulation
Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
Developed by the
Insulated Conductors Committee
IEEE Std 48™-2020
(Revision of
IEEE Std 48-2009)
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IEEE Std 48™-2020
(Revision of
IEEE Std 48-2009)
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures
and Requirements for AlternatingCurrent Cable Terminations Used on
Shielded Cables Having Laminated
Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through
765 kV or Extruded Insulation
Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
Developed by the
Insulated Conductors Committee
of the
IEEE Power and Energy Society
Approved 30 January 2020
IEEE SA Standards Board
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Abstract: Test procedures and requirements are provided for all indoor and outdoor cable
terminations used on alternating-current shielded cables having laminated insulation rated 2.5 kV
through 765 kV and extruded insulation rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV, except separable insulated
connectors, which are covered by IEEE Std 386™-2016 [B18]. Cable terminations and component
parts shall be capable of withstanding the tests specified in this standard.
Keywords: accelerated contamination testing, correction factors, dielectric field tests, environmental
exposure, IEEE 48™, nonstandard service conditions, rating, solar radiation, standard service
conditions, test requirements, ultraviolet light
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Participants
At the time this IEEE standard was completed, the P48 Working Group had the following membership:
William Taylor, Chair
Aaron Norris, Vice Chair
Brian Ayers
Thomas Campbell
David Crotty
Michael Dyer
Ankur Gupta
Jeffrey Helzer
David Hughes
David M. Jackson
Russell Kelly
Vinod Lad
Glenn Luzzi
Bas van Besouw
The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may have
voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.
John Ainscough
Saleman Alibhay
William Bloethe
Kenneth Bow
Demetrio Bucaneg Jr.
William Byrd
Robert Christman
Kurt Clemente
David Crotty
Gary Donner
Donald Dunn
Nadim Giotis
Craig Goodwin
Steven Graham
Randall Groves
Jeffrey Helzer
Lauri Hiivala
Werner Hoelzl
Sherif Kamel
Robert Konnik
Jim Kulchisky
Chung-Yiu Lam
Benjamin Lanz
Glenn Luzzi
Jeff Madden
Arturo Maldonado
William McBride
William McDermid
James Michalec
Rachel Mosier
Joe Nims
Aaron Norris
Howard Penrose
Christopher Petrola
Benjamin Quak
Lakshman Raut
Johannes Rickmann
Caryn Riley
Bartien Sayogo
Jerry Smith
John Smith III
Gary Smullin
Gary Stoedter
Peter Tirinzoni
Nijam Uddin
John Vergis
Martin Von Herrmann
Kenneth White
Jian Yu
Tiebin Zhao
When the IEEE SA Standards Board approved this standard on 30 January 2020, it had the following
membership:
Gary Hoffman, Chair
Vacant Position, Vice Chair
John D. Kulick, Past Chair
Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary
Ted Burse
Doug Edwards
J.Travis Griffith
Grace Gu
Guido R. Hiertz
Joseph L. Koepfinger*
John D. Kulick
David J. Law
Howard Li
Dong Liu
Kevin Lu
Paul Nikolich
Damir Novosel
Jon Walter Rosdahl
Dorothy Stanley
Mehmet Ulema
Lei Wang
Sha Wei
Philip B. Winston
Daidi Zhong
Jingyi Zhou
*Member Emeritus
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Introduction
This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 48™-2020, IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for
Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through
765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV.
This standard supersedes IEEE Std 48-2009, IEEE Standard Test Procedures and Requirements for
Alternating-Current Cable Terminations 2.5 kV through 765 kV.
This standard has been harmonized with IEEE Std 404™-2012 [B22]1 to allow for simultaneous testing of
terminations and joints.
Definitions specific to this standard are contained in Clause 3 and Annex B. All other definitions and
terminology used herein can be found in IEEE Standards Dictionary Online.2
In Clause 3 several definitions have been added: basic lightning impulse insulation level (BIL), basic switching
impulse insulation level (BSL), family of terminations, and insulation class.
Clause 4, Service conditions, has been updated with an expanded temperature range.
Clause 5, Rating, has been updated and simplified.
Clause 6, Product markings, has been substantially rewritten.
DC voltage design tests have been removed from 7.1. Family of terminations and range of approval
requirements have been added to 7.1.
In Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3, dc voltage tests have been eliminated.
In Table 1, Note 13 has been added with respect to requirements for tubular terminations intended for
application only within switchgear.
Table 5 has been replaced with Figure 1 and Figure 2. Table 6 has been replaced with Figure 3 and Figure 4.
Sublause 8.4.1.5, related to dc voltage testing, has been removed.
The content of Clause 9 has been moved to IEEE Std 1637™ [B23].
Annex C has been added to retain information regarding dc voltage tests.
The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex A.
IEEE Standards Dictionary Online is available at: http://​dictionary​.ieee​.org. An IEEE Account is required for access to the dictionary,
and one can be created at no charge on the dictionary sign-in page.
1
2
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Contents
1. Overview��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10
1.1 Scope�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10
1.2 Word usage����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10
2. Normative references�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11
3. Definitions������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11
4. Service conditions������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12
4.1 Usual service conditions��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12
4.2 Unusual service conditions����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13
5. Rating�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13
6. Product markings�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14
7. Test requirements�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15
7.1 Type tests�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15
7.2 Routine tests��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17
8. Test procedures������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 18
8.1 Preparation of test specimen��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18
8.2 Standard test conditions���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18
8.3 Correction factors������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 26
8.4 Type tests�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 27
8.5 Routine tests��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40
8.6 Electrical tests after installation���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 41
9. Application guide�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 41
10. Suggested environmental (weathering) tests������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 41
10.1 Solar radiation (ultraviolet [UV] light) testing��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 41
10.2 Accelerated contamination testing���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 42
10.3 Multiple stress testing����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 42
Annex A (informative) Bibliography�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 43
Annex B (informative) Glossary�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 45
Annex C (informative) DC test voltage reference������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 46
9
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IEEE Standard for Test Procedures
and Requirements for AlternatingCurrent Cable Terminations Used on
Shielded Cables Having Laminated
Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through
765 kV or Extruded Insulation
Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
1. Overview
1.1 Scope
This standard covers all indoor and outdoor cable terminations used on alternating-current shielded cables
having laminated insulation from 2.5 kV through 765 kV and extruded insulation rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV,
except separable insulated connectors, which are covered by IEEE Std 386™-2016 [B18].3
Cable terminations and component parts shall be capable of withstanding the tests specified in this standard.
1.2 Word usage
The word shall indicates mandatory requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform to the standard
and from which no deviation is permitted (shall equals is required to).4, 5
The word should indicates that among several possibilities one is recommended as particularly suitable,
without mentioning or excluding others; or that a certain course of action is preferred but not necessarily
required (should equals is recommended that).
The word may is used to indicate a course of action permissible within the limits of the standard (may equals
is permitted to).
The word can is used for statements of possibility and capability, whether material, physical, or causal (can
equals is able to).
The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex A.
The use of the word must is deprecated and cannot be used when stating mandatory requirements, must is used only to describe
unavoidable situations.
5
The use of will is deprecated and cannot be used when stating mandatory requirements, will is only used in statements of fact.
3
4
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
2. Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must
be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is
explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies.
IEC 60270, High-Voltage Test Techniques—Partial Discharge Measurements.6
IEEE Std 4™, IEEE Standard for High-Voltage Testing Techniques.7, 8
IEEE Std 82™, IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Impulse Voltage Tests on Insulated Conductors.
IEEE Std 835™, IEEE Standard Power Cable Ampacity Tables.
3. Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. The IEEE Standards Dictionary
Online should be consulted for terms not defined in this clause. 9
The definitions and terminology used herein apply specifically to cable terminations treated in this standard.
apparatus termination: A termination designed for use in sealed enclosures where the external dielectric
strength depends on liquid or special gaseous dielectric, and where the ambient temperature of the medium
immediately surrounding the termination may reach 65 °C.
NOTE—The temperature change from 55 °C to 65 °C was recommended to match the switchgear specification of 65 °C. 10
BIL (basic lightning impulse insulation level): The crest value of a lightning impulse voltage of a specified
wave shape that the high-voltage cable termination is required to withstand under specified conditions.
BSL (basic switching impulse insulation level): The crest value of a switching impulse voltage of a specified
wave shape that the high-voltage cable termination is required to withstand under specified conditions.
family of terminations: A family of terminations shall consist of a group of terminations with the same design
and rated for the same voltage. Being of the same design means that all the terminations in the family will
consist of the same materials and stress control, have about the same electrical stress at the cable insulation
shield step, have approximately the same hoop force at all minimum and maximum application diameters,
and have similar creepage distances due to the same number of skirts and/or approximately the same tubular
length.
high-voltage cable termination: A device used for terminating power cables having laminated or extruded
insulation rated 2.5 kV and above, which are classified according to the following:
a)
Class 1 termination: Provides electric stress control for the cable insulation shield terminus; provides
external insulation between the cable conductor(s) and ground; and provides a seal to the end of the
IEC publications are available from the International Electrotechnical Commission (http://​www​.iec​.ch) and the American National
Standards Institute (http://​www​.ansi​.org/​).
7
IEEE publications are available from The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (http://​standards​.ieee​.org/​).
8
The IEEE standards or products referred to in Clause 2 are trademarks owned by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
Incorporated.
9
IEEE Standards Dictionary Online is available at: http://​dictionary​.ieee​.org. An IEEE Account is required for access to the dictionary,
and one can be created at no charge on the dictionary sign-in page.
10
Notes in text, tables, and figures of a standard are given for information only and do not contain requirements needed to implement this
standard.
6
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
cable against the entrance of the external environment; and maintains the operating design pressure, if
any, of the cable system. This class is divided into the following three types:
1)
Class 1A: For use on extruded dielectric cable
2)
Class 1B: For use on laminated dielectric cable
3)
Class 1C: Expressly for pressurized cable systems
b)
Class 2 termination: Provides electric stress control for the cable insulation shield terminus, and
provides external insulation between the cable conductor(s) and ground.
c)
Class 3 termination: Provides electric stress control for the cable insulation shield terminus.
indoor termination—dry: A termination intended for use where it is protected from solar radiation and
precipitation and not subject to periodic condensation, or other excessive humidity (90% relative humidity
[RH] or more). May be installed in air-conditioned or heated areas.
indoor termination—wet: A termination intended for use where it is protected from direct exposure to both
solar radiation and precipitation, but is subjected to climatic conditions that can cause condensation onto the
termination surfaces. These are Class 1A, 1B, or 1C terminations.
insulation class: The nominal phase-to-phase operating voltage of a three-phase cable system where the
device may be applied that reflects the associated design tests and impulse insulation levels.
NOTE—High-voltage cable terminations may be applied on other than three-phase circuits if the rated maximum design
voltage-to-ground is not exceeded.
outdoor termination: A termination intended for use where it is not protected from direct exposure to either
solar radiation or precipitation. These are Class 1A, 1B, or 1C terminations.
outdoor termination—polluted: A termination intended for use where it is not protected from direct exposure
to either solar radiation or precipitation, and is exposed to nonstandard (unusual) service conditions such as
extreme seacoast salt deposits, solid precipitates, etc. Often requires extra maintenance, such as washing or
extra creepage length.
termination insulator: An insulating housing used to protect each cable conductor passing through the device
and provide complete external leakage insulation between the cable conductor(s) and ground.
weathersheds: The external part of the termination insulator that protects the core and provides the wet
electrical strength and leakage distance, also called skirts.
4. Service conditions
4.1 Usual service conditions
4.1.1 Introduction
Today’s cable termination designs are considered suitable for use under the following service conditions;
however, it should be understood that this list was compiled based more on user and manufacturer experience
than on specific requirements of this standard. It is not meant, in any way, to imply that any or all of these
conditions are fully verified in this standard. For specific questions regarding these or other service conditions,
the manufacturer should be consulted.
12
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
4.1.2 Physical conditions
The following are normal conditions in which terminations would operate:
a)
b)
Temperature.
1)
The temperature of the medium in direct contact with the outside of the termination shall not be
less than –40 °C, nor more than 65 °C.
2)
For apparatus terminations, the temperature of the medium in direct contact with the termination
(ambient inside enclosure) shall not exceed 65 °C. The devices designed for this service will be
connected to the equipment bus, which may, at full load, reach a maximum temperature of 85 °C.
The altitude shall not exceed 1000 m (3300 ft) where atmospheric air is part of the thermal or dielectric
system or both.
4.1.3 System conditions
The nominal power system frequency is not less than 48 Hz nor more than 62 Hz.
4.2 Unusual service conditions
4.2.1 Unusual physical conditions
The following service conditions may require special consideration in design or application of the cable
terminations, and should be called to the attention of the manufacturer:
a)
Temperature of the surrounding medium (ambient temperature) less than –40 °C or more than 65 °C.
b)
Altitude exceeding 1000 m (3300 ft) where atmospheric air is part of the thermal or dielectric system
or both (see IEEE Std 1637™).
c)
Damaging fumes or vapors, excessive or abrasive dust, explosive mixtures of dust or gases, steam, salt
spray, excessive moisture or dripping water, salt on roadways, etc.
d)
Unusual mechanical conditions such as vibration, shock, cantilever loading, wind loading, icing, etc.
e)
Unusual transportation or storage conditions.
f)
Unusual space limitations.
g)
Unusual internal pressures.
h)
Unusual maintenance difficulties.
i)
Service conditions not specified in 4.1.2.
4.2.2 Unusual system conditions
Nominal power system frequency less than 48 Hz or more than 62 Hz.
5. Rating
The rating of a high-voltage cable termination shall include the following items, where applicable:
a)
Maximum design voltage-to-ground. The maximum steady-state voltage-to-ground at which the
high-voltage cable termination is designed to operate continuously under normal conditions.
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
NOTE—It is not intended that this maximum voltage limit be applied to transient overvoltages or unusual service operating
conditions where the system voltage may exceed these values for only short periods of time.
b)
Rated internal pressure. The nominal internal pressure for which the termination is designed to operate
when this pressure is greater than one atmosphere absolute under standard conditions.
NOTE—Regarding continuous current rating (ampacity), the application of various types of cable terminations requires
engineering consideration as to the ampacity of the completed installation. A cable termination by itself cannot be assigned
a design or nominal current or ampacity rating since this parameter completely depends on the type and material of the
cable conductor, the thickness and type of cable insulation, the maximum allowable cable conductor temperature for the
type of cable insulation involved, and the anticipated maximum ambient temperature of the medium surrounding the cable
termination.
IEEE Std 835™ will indicate the wide range of ampacities permitted under the various conditions anticipated
in service with different voltage ratings and maximum cable conductor temperature limitations.11
Class 1 and 2 terminations on high-voltage cables require the addition of insulating materials for dielectric
purposes, which may change the thermal resistance heat flow from the cable conductor to the surrounding air
or other medium. The types and amounts of dielectric or other materials are generally a function of the type of
cable being terminated, the insulation class, the range of cable sizes that can be accommodated, and operating
service conditions.
The supplier of cable terminating devices or material should be consulted for the ampacity of the design for the
intended application with a specific type and size of cable.
It is recommended that the ampacity of the cable termination (barring any other terminating material
limitation) be equal to or greater than the cable ampacity at conductor rated temperature established for the
particular cable insulation involved.
6. Product markings
Manufacturers shall supply a permanent label, packaged with the termination, which can be attached to the
termination upon installation. The label shall be resistant to solar radiation and environmental weathering such
that it will last a minimum of 40 years. The label shall contain the following information:
a)
Manufacturer’s name and/or logo
b)
Part number
c)
Date of manufacture (month and year) and/or date code
Logic for the above: It is not practical to mold this information into the termination body because tubular
terminations are typically extruded (not molded) and the tubes are used on several voltage classes of
terminations. The molded skirts are also typically used on more than one voltage class of terminations. For
example, a four-skirt molded part can be used for a 15 kV rated termination, but two of the same part can be
combined together to make an eight-skirt 35 kV termination.
In addition to items a), b), and c), the following information shall be contained on at least one of the following:
the termination, the termination components, the termination label described above, or the packaging material:
—
“Use before” date and storage conditions, if applicable
Information on references can be found in Clause 2.
11
14
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
—
Maximum phase-to-phase or phase-to-ground voltage rating
—
Cable insulation diameter range
The following additional information is suggested for termination packaging labels, where required/applicable
or specified by the user:
—
Manufacturer’s name
—
Type
—
Designation number
—
Manufacturing date, or date code
—
Maximum and minimum cable conductor size
—
Basic lightning impulse insulation level (BIL)
—
Rated internal pressure (gauge)
7. Test requirements
7.1 Type tests
7.1.1 Introduction
Type tests are performed to qualify a particular product design, materials, and production process for the
general purpose or application covered in this standard. Type tests shall be performed on final production units
for the purpose of certifying that the process, as well as the materials and design, comply with the requirements
of this standard. Once a product design is qualified to the type test requirements, quality is verified (or ensured),
at a minimum, through the application of the production tests.
To claim conformance to this standard, a cable termination manufacturer shall:
a)
Qualify the particular termination design, including the specific termination insulating, stress control
and conductive materials, and the manufacturers’ installation details, according to the type tests of
Clause 7.
b)
Satisfactorily complete the testing sequences of the applicable flowcharts, Figure 1 through Figure 4.
c)
For all cable terminations designed for use on extruded dielectric cables rated 2.5 kV to 46 kV:
1)
Satisfactorily complete the type test on a specific termination, or comply with a range of approval
for a family of terminations.
2)
To qualify a family of terminations, a minimum of two of the terminations in the family shall be
tested. One termination shall be tested using the closest available cable to its minimum application
diameter and one using the closest available cable to its maximum application diameter. The
smallest available cable (insulation diameter) shall be used for the test closest to the minimum
application diameter, and the largest available cable (insulation diameter) shall be used for the
test closest to the maximum application diameter. If the same termination in the family is used to
test both the minimum and maximum applications, then a second termination in the family shall
also be tested at either application, so that at least two termination bodies in the family pass the
qualification testing. For the environmental sealing portion of the test, if a lower voltage
termination has the same application diameter range and has had its environmental seal tested,
then that result can be used for this termination, otherwise, this termination shall be tested for the
15
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
environmental seal at the end of the electrical qualification test. If the above requirements are
met, the family is qualified for all voltage classes less than or equal to the voltage class tested.
NOTE 1—Logic for the above is that frequently, higher voltage rated terminations are used in highly
contaminated areas in order to help ensure long life. For example, a typical 1/0 AWG 35 kV cable will have
a typical insulation diameter of 1.10 in or more, whereas a small 35 kV rated termination may have an
application diameter range of 0.72 in to 1.29 in, which means if the smallest termination in the family was
used for the test, the cable would be closer to the top of the application range instead of close to the lower
end of the range. The same type of issue can occur on the largest termination. So the above provides latitude
for the manufacturers to meet the intent of the standard, while not necessarily testing the smallest or largest
terminations in the family.
NOTE 2—Terminations shall be tested on cables with 100% insulation level, as defined in AEIC CS8‑13.
For application to cables with less than 100% insulation level, as defined in AEIC CS8‑13, consult the
manufacturer. Terminations qualified at a given cable insulation level shall qualify application on all higher
cable insulation levels for a given termination insulation class.
d)
For cable terminations designed for use on cables rated 69 kV to 500 kV, two terminations of each
type shall be qualified and the user should consult the manufacturer for applicability of the design test
report data as it pertains to the specific application.
e)
Perform the routine tests according to the requirements of 7.2.
7.1.2 Dielectric tests
The following dielectric tests are an integral part of the qualification testing process. See NOTE 9 and
NOTE 11 of Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3, and 4.1.
a)
b)
AC voltage 1 min dry withstand test in accordance with 8.4.2.2 (all classes), and the values specified
in one of the following:
1)
Table 1, column 4, for extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 2.5 kV to 46 kV
2)
Table 2, column 4, for extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 69 kV to 500 kV
3)
Table 3, column 3, for laminated dielectric cable terminations
AC voltage 10 s wet withstand test in accordance with 8.4.2.3, and the values specified in one of the
following:
1)
Table 1, column 5, for extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 2.5 kV to 46 kV
2)
Table 2, column 5, for extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 69 kV to 500 kV
3)
Table 3, column 4, for laminated dielectric cable terminations
This test is made on outdoor terminations only.
c)
d)
AC voltage 5 h or 6 h dry withstand test in accordance with 8.4.2.7 (all classes), and the values
specified in one of the following:
1)
Table 1, column 10, for extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 2.5 kV to 46 kV
2)
Table 2, column 9, for extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 69 kV to 500 kV
3)
Table 3, column 5, for laminated dielectric cable terminations
Partial discharge test for extruded dielectric cable terminations in accordance with 8.4.2.1, and the
value listed in column 3 of Table 1 or Table 2.
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
e)
Ionization factor measurements are to be used for laminated dielectric cable terminations in accordance
with Figure 3, Figure 4, Table 6, and 8.4.2.9.
f)
Radio influence voltage (RIV) testing in accordance with 8.4.2.10. The test voltage shall be raised to at
least 120% of the value listed in column 3 of Table 1 or Table 2, or at least 120% of the value listed in
column 2 of Table 3. This test is used if the termination is for use on laminated cable (all classes), or if
there is a question on external metallic hardware affecting the RIV if the termination is for use on any
other cable (all classes).
g)
Lightning impulse voltage withstand test in accordance with 8.4.2.6 (all classes), and the values
specified in one of the following (see note below for additional information):
1)
Table 1, column 6 (or column 7 for indoor tubular terminations), for extruded dielectric cable
terminations rated 2.5 kV to 46 kV
2)
Table 2, column 6, for extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 69 kV to 500 kV
3)
Table 3, column 9, for laminated dielectric cable terminations
NOTE—Some terminations, especially above 15 kV, may not meet impulse requirements in column 6 of
Table 1 or Table 2, or column 9 of Table 3—usually because of inadequate creepage length. If so, actual
values are agreed upon by manufacturer and user, but shall meet the BIL of the equipment connected to the
termination.
h)
Wet (or dry) switching impulse voltage withstand test (if applicable) in accordance with 8.4.2.11 (all
classes), and the values specified in one of the following:
1)
Table 2, column 12, for extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 69 kV to 500 kV
2)
Table 3, column 10, for laminated dielectric cable terminations
i)
See Annex C for dc test information that is no longer required.
j)
Cyclic aging test in accordance with 8.4.3 (all classes), and the values specified in one of the following:
k)
1)
Table 1, column 8, for extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 2.5 kV to 46 kV
2)
Table 2, column 7, for extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 69 kV to 500 kV
3)
Table 3, column 6, for laminated dielectric cable terminations
AC 5 min or 15 min dry withstand test in accordance with 8.4.2.8, and the values specified in one of
the following:
1)
Table 1, column 9 for extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 2.5 kV to 46 kV
2)
Table 2, column 8 for extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 69 kV to 500 kV
7.1.3 Leak tests
All Class 1 terminations shall be leak tested in accordance with 8.4.4 as follows:
a)
Fluid-filled terminations tested in accordance with 8.4.4.2
b)
Non-fluid-filled terminations tested in accordance with 8.4.4.3
7.2 Routine tests
NOTE—Because of the variety of termination designs and materials, especially with polymeric terminations, each
manufacturer generally specifies and performs its own particular routine and quality assurance tests. It is impractical to
establish standard routine tests that will be applicable to every situation. Therefore, other routine tests may be performed as
agreed upon by the manufacturer and user in addition to those listed herewith.
17
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
The following are common routine tests:
a)
Dielectric tests: See NOTE 9 of Table 1 or Table 2. A dielectric test on the termination insulator in
accordance with 8.5.1 (all classes).
b)
Partial discharge tests: As an option, partial discharge tests in accordance with 7.1.2 item d) can be
used. See NOTE 10 of Table 1 or Table 2.
NOTE—The following leak test applies only to factory-manufactured termination insulators. Termination
insulators fabricated on the cable in the field cannot be given this test.
c)
Leak tests: A leak test on all pressure-tight parts and factory-assembled seals in accordance with 8.5.2
(Class 1C).
8. Test procedures
8.1 Preparation of test specimen
The test specimen shall comply with the following requirements as specified in 8.4 through 8.6:
a)
It shall be clean and dry.
b)
Assembly of the specimens shall comply with item c) in 7.1.
It shall be assembled with cable of the type for which the high-voltage cable termination is designed,
filled (as applicable) with the grade and quantity of materials specified by the manufacturer, and
assembled with any electric stress-controlling features such as stress-relief cones, etc., in the manner
specified by the manufacturer. For production tests, a mandrel with insulation having the same
physical and electrical characteristics as that used on the cable may be substituted for cable, and the
test assembly shall include the standard types of external connectors (aerial lugs).
NOTE—It is recommended that pre-molded terminations that depend on maximum and minimum cable
insulation diameters for sizing should be tested using the minimum cable insulation diameter and maximum
conductor size.
c)
It shall be completely assembled. High-voltage cable terminations incorporating gland-type entrances
shall be assembled with a mandrel so that the cable seal is made by compressing the gland-sealing
material against the mandrel.
d)
It shall be mounted in a manner determined by the manufacturer, who shall consider typical service
conditions. All details of the test mounting shall be recorded and shall be available upon request.
e)
It shall have the high-voltage test connection leave the terminal of the high-voltage cable termination
in a direction approximately parallel to the axis of the device for a distance of not less than the dry
arcing distance over the insulator. No other object, except the supporting structure, shall be close
enough to the device to appreciably affect the test results.
f)
It shall be completely assembled with its own metal parts and have provision for admitting air or
other medium to the interior (if liquid medium is used) and provisions for measuring internal pressure
during the test, if possible. Units that are intended to operate with internal pressure, whether such
pressure is from the cable system or a separate source, shall be tested at the minimum pressure under
which the cable system or terminal would be expected to operate in actual service.
8.2 Standard test conditions
8.2.1 Atmospheric and precipitation conditions
The standard atmospheric and precipitation conditions are given in Table 4.
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Nominal
voltage-toground
(kV rms)
(NOTE 12)
Column 2
1.4
2.9
4.6
8.7
14.4
Column 1
2.5
5
8
15
25
22
13
7
5
2
Column 3
Minimum
partial
discharge
voltage level
(kV rms)
(NOTE 10)
65
50
35
25
20
Column 4
AC voltage
1 min dry
withstand
(kV rms)
60
45
30
25
20
Column 5
AC voltage
10 s wet
withstand
(kV rms)
(NOTE 3)
150
110
95
75
60
Column 6
Lightning
impulse
(BIL)
voltage
withstand
(kV crest)
(NOTE 4)
125
95
—
—
—
Column 7
Lightning
impulse
(BIL) voltage
withstand
(kV crest)
indoor rated
tubular type
(NOTE 13)
43
26
14
9
4
Column 8
Cyclic aging
(kV rms)
65
39
21
13
6
Column 9
AC voltage
5 min
withstand
(kV rms)
50
31
16
10
5
Column 10
AC voltage
5 h dry
withstand
(kV rms)
Table continues
52
35
23
18
9
Column 11
AC voltage
1 min dry
withstand
(terminations
and joints)
(kV rms)
Table 1—Standard dielectric test values for medium-voltage extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 2.5 kV to 46 kV
Insulation
class
(kV)
(NOTE 11)
IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.
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20.2
26.6
35
46
40
30
Minimum
partial
discharge
voltage level
(kV rms)
(NOTE 10)
120
90
AC voltage
1 min dry
withstand
(kV rms)
100
80
AC voltage
10 s wet
withstand
(kV rms)
(NOTE 3)
250
200
Lightning
impulse
(BIL)
voltage
withstand
(kV crest)
(NOTE 4)
—
150
Lightning
impulse
(BIL) voltage
withstand
(kV crest)
indoor rated
tubular type
(NOTE 13)
67
61
Cyclic aging
(kV rms)
100
91
AC voltage
5 min
withstand
(kV rms)
80
71
AC voltage
5 h dry
withstand
(kV rms)
80
69
AC voltage
1 min dry
withstand
(terminations
and joints)
(kV rms)
NOTE 13—Indoor rated, tubular-type terminations intended for application only within switchgear need only meet the lighting impulse (BIL) rating of the switchgear.
NOTE 12—For grounded systems.
NOTE 11—For use with 100% insulation level. Use cables with the thinnest insulation as defined in AEIC CS8-13 [B5]. To obtain test values for voltage classes that are not listed,
use linear interpolation between the two closest listed values and round off to the nearest whole kilovolt.
NOTE 10—The minimum detector sensitivity is 5.0 pC.
NOTE 9—Certain types of resistance or capacitance graded cable terminations are sensitive to prolonged overvoltage testing and may not be able to withstand some of the tests,
although they are perfectly satisfactory for service. In such cases, the manufacturer specifies and performs such other special tests as agreed upon by the user.
NOTE 8—When a termination is assembled with cable for its dielectric test in the equipment or in the apparatus in which it will operate, the applied test voltage is determined by
the tests required for the equipment or apparatus if these voltages are lower than the values listed in the table.
NOTE 7—When the dielectric strength of the cable termination depends on taping or the use of auxiliary insulation, such insulation is used for any type tests.
NOTE 6—The values in this table are for general use. It is recognized that cable terminations of higher or lower insulation class or BIL may be used where conditions warrant and
when specified and agreed upon.
NOTE 5—On assembled multiple conductor cable terminations, the tests are made between each conductor and ground with the terminals on adjacent conductors grounded.
NOTE 4—The required lightning and switching impulse values are met with both positive and negative polarity tests.
NOTE 3—Indoor cable terminations are not subjected to the ac voltage 10 s wet withstand test and the wet (dry) switching impulse (basic switching impulse insulation level [BSL])
voltage withstand test. Indoor cable terminations shall be tested at three times phase-to-ground voltage.
NOTE 2—All withstand values are test voltages without negative tolerance but may include an atmospheric correction factor.
NOTE 1—Power frequency includes any frequency from 48 Hz to 62 Hz.
Nominal
voltage-toground
(kV rms)
(NOTE 12)
Insulation
class
(kV)
(NOTE 11)
Table 1—Standard dielectric test values for medium-voltage extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 2.5 kV to 46 kV (continued)
IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.
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93.0
132.8
161
230
100
66.4
79.9
115
39.8
69
138
60
Column 2
Column 1
200
140
120
Column 3
Nominal
voltage-toground
(kV rms)
(NOTE 12)
Insulation
class
(kV)
(NOTE 11)
Minimum
partial
discharge
voltage level
(kV rms)
(NOTE 10)
460
365
310
230
175
Column 4
AC voltage
1 min dry
withstand
(kV rms)
445
315
275
230
145
Column 5
AC voltage 10 s
wet withstand
(kV rms)
(NOTE 3)
1050
750
650
550
350
Column 6
Lightning
impulse
(BIL) voltage
withstand
(kV crest)
265.6
186.0
159.8
132.8
79.6
Column 7
Cyclic aging
(kV rms)
400
280
240
200
120
Column 8
AC voltage
15 min
withstand
(kV rms)
332
232
200
166
100
Column 9
AC voltage
6 h dry
withstand
(kV rms)
Table continues
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Column 11
Wet (dry) switching
impulse (BSL) voltage
withstand
(kV crest)
(NOTE 3 and
NOTE 4)
Table 2—Standard dielectric tests values for high-voltage extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 69 kV to 500 kV
IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.
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199.2
288.7
345
500
435
300
Minimum
partial
discharge
voltage level
(kV rms)
(NOTE 10)
—
—
AC voltage
1 min dry
withstand
(kV rms)
1550
1300
Lightning
impulse
(BIL) voltage
withstand
(kV crest)
577.4
398.4
Cyclic aging
(kV rms)
725
500
AC voltage
6 h dry
withstand
(kV rms)
1175
1050
Wet (dry) switching
impulse (BSL) voltage
withstand
(kV crest)
(NOTE 3 and
NOTE 4)
NOTE 12—For grounded systems.
NOTE 11—For use with 100% insulation level. Use cables with the thinnest cable insulation as defined in AEIC CS9-15 [B6]. To obtain test values for voltage classes that are not
listed, use linear interpolation between the two closest listed values and round off to the nearest whole kilovolt.
NOTE 10—The minimum detector sensitivity is 5.0 pC.
NOTE 9—Certain types of resistance or capacitance graded cable terminations are sensitive to prolonged overvoltage testing and may not be able to withstand some of the tests,
although they are perfectly satisfactory for service. In such cases, the manufacturer specifies and performs such other special tests as agreed upon by the user.
NOTE 8—When a cable termination is assembled with cable for its dielectric test in the equipment or in the apparatus in which it will operate, the applied test voltage is determined
by the tests required for the equipment or apparatus if these voltages are lower than the values listed in the table.
NOTE 7—When the dielectric strength of the cable termination depends on taping or the use of auxiliary insulation, such insulation is used for any type tests.
NOTE 6—The values in this table are for general use. It is recognized that cable terminations of higher or lower insulation class or BIL may be used where conditions warrant and
when specified and agreed upon.
NOTE 5—On assembled multiple conductor cable terminations, the tests are made between each conductor and ground with the terminals on adjacent conductors grounded.
NOTE 4—The required lightning and switching impulse values are met with both positive and negative polarity tests.
NOTE 3—Indoor cable terminations are not subjected to the ac voltage 10 s wet withstand test and the wet (dry) switching impulse (BSL) voltage withstand test. Indoor cable
terminations are tested at three times phase-to-ground voltage. Indoor terminations rated 345 kV and higher will withstand dry switching impulse voltage (column 12). Outdoor
terminations rated 345 kV and higher will withstand wet switching impulse voltage (column 12). The BSL voltage test for outdoor terminations 345 kV and higher are performed in
lieu of a 10 s wet ac voltage withstand test.
870
600
AC voltage
15 min
withstand
(kV rms)
NOTE 2—All withstand values are test voltages without negative tolerance but may include an atmospheric correction factor.
—
—
AC voltage 10 s
wet withstand
(kV rms)
(NOTE 3)
NOTE 1—Power frequency includes any frequency from 48 Hz to 62 Hz.
Nominal
voltage-toground
(kV rms)
(NOTE 12)
Insulation
class
(kV)
(NOTE 11)
Table 2—Standard dielectric tests values for high-voltage extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 69 kV to 500 kV (continued)
IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.
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93.0
132.8
132.8
161
230
230
66.4
53.4
92.5
79.7
39.8
69
115
26.6
46
138
14.4
20.2
25
15
35
5.0
8.7
8.7
1.4
2.9
5
Column 2
Column 1
2.5
Nominal voltageto-ground
(kV rms)
(NOTE 11)
Insulation
class
(kV)
(NOTE 10)
460
390
365
310
230
205
175
120
90
65
50
35
25
20
Column 3
AC voltage
1 min dry
withstand
(kV rms)
445
380
315
275
230
190
145
100
80
60
45
30
25
20
Column 4
AC voltage
10 s wet
withstand
(kV rms)
(NOTE 3)
320
320
250
210
190
160
120
100
75
55
35
25
15
10
Column 5
AC voltage
6 h dry
withstand
(kV rms)
265
265
186
160
140
133
80
53
40
29
17
10
6
3
Column 6
Cyclic
aging
(kV rms)
500
500
500
500
450
400
300
200
150
100
50
50
50
50
Column 7
Radio
influence
voltage (RIV)
(µV )
See Figure 3,
Figure 4, Table
6, and 8.4.2.9.
Column 8
Ionization
factor (all
voltage classes)
(%)
1050
900
750
650
550
450
350
250
200
150
110
95
75
60
Column 9
Lightning impulse
(BIL) voltage
withstand
(kV crest)
Table continues
Column 10
Wet (dry) switching
impulse (BSL) voltage
withstand
(kV crest)
(NOTE 3)
Table 3—Standard dielectric tests for aminated dielectric cable terminations assembled and ready for service
IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.
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441.7
441.7
765
288.7
500
288.7
288.7
500
765
199.2
345
500
199.2
345
288.7
199.2
345
500
Nominal voltageto-ground
(kV rms)
(NOTE 11)
Insulation
class
(kV)
(NOTE 10)
1300
1300
750
750
690
575
575
575
520
AC voltage
1 min dry
withstand
(kV rms)
AC voltage
10 s wet
withstand
(kV rms)
(NOTE 3)
755
755
575
575
440
440
440
440
440
AC voltage
6 h dry
withstand
(kV rms)
663
663
435
435
435
435
300
300
300
Cyclic
aging
(kV rms)
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
Radio
influence
voltage (RIV)
(µV )
Ionization
factor (all
voltage classes)
(%)
2175
2075
1675
1675
1550
1300
1300
1300
1175
Lightning impulse
(BIL) voltage
withstand
(kV crest)
Table continues
1505
1435
1175
1110
1050
(1100)
900
825
(900)
Wet (dry) switching
impulse (BSL) voltage
withstand
(kV crest)
(NOTE 3)
Table 3—Standard dielectric tests for aminated dielectric cable terminations assembled and ready for service (continued)
IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.
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Nominal voltageto-ground
(kV rms)
(NOTE 11)
AC voltage
1 min dry
withstand
(kV rms)
AC voltage
10 s wet
withstand
(kV rms)
(NOTE 3)
AC voltage
6 h dry
withstand
(kV rms)
Cyclic
aging
(kV rms)
Radio
influence
voltage (RIV)
(µV )
Ionization
factor (all
voltage classes)
(%)
Lightning impulse
(BIL) voltage
withstand
(kV crest)
Wet (dry) switching
impulse (BSL) voltage
withstand
(kV crest)
(NOTE 3)
For grounded systems.
NOTE 10—For use with 100% insulation cable as defined in AEIC CS1-12 [B1]. To obtain test values for voltage classes that are not listed, use linear interpolation between the two
closet listed values and round off to the nearest whole kilovolt.
NOTE 9—Certain types of resistance or capacitance graded cable terminations are sensitive to prolonged overvoltage testing and may not be able to withstand some of the tests,
although they are perfectly satisfactory for service. In such cases, the manufacturer specifies and performs such other special tests as agreed upon by the user.
NOTE 8—When a cable termination is assembled with cable for its dielectric test in the equipment or in the apparatus in which it will operate, the applied test voltage is determined
by the tests required for the equipment or apparatus if these voltages are lower than the values listed in the table.
NOTE 7—When the dielectric strength of the cable termination depends on taping or the use of auxiliary insulation, such insulation is used for any type tests.
NOTE 6—The values in this table are for general use. It is recognized that cable terminations of higher or lower insulation class or BIL may be used where conditions warrant and
when specified and agreed upon.
NOTE 5—On assembled multiple conductor cable terminations, the tests are made between each conductor and ground with the terminals on adjacent conductors grounded.
NOTE 4—The required lightning and switching impulse values are met with both positive and negative polarity tests.
NOTE 3—Indoor cable terminations are not subjected to the ac voltage 10 s ac and BSL wet tests. Indoor terminations, 230 kV and less, to be tested at three times phase-to-ground
voltage. Indoor terminations rated 345 kV and higher will withstand dry switching impulse voltage (column 10). Outdoor terminations rated 345 kV and higher will withstand wet
switching impulse voltage (column 10). The BSL voltage test for outdoor terminations 345 kV and higher are performed in lieu of 10 s ac voltage withstand test.
NOTE 2—All withstand values are test voltages without negative tolerance but may include an atmospheric correction factor.
NOTE 1—Power frequency includes any frequency from 48 Hz to 62 Hz.
Insulation
class
(kV)
(NOTE 10)
Table 3—Standard dielectric tests for aminated dielectric cable terminations assembled and ready for service (continued)
IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.
25
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
Table 4—Standard atmospheric and precipitation conditions
Standard test
procedure
Conventional
procedure practice
in the United States
Standard or
conventional
procedure
(English units)
20 °C
20 °C
68 °F
Barometric pressure
101.3 kPa
760 mm Hg
29.92 in Hg
Humidity
11 g/m3
(see 8.3)
11 g/m3
(see 8.3)
6.867 × 10–4 lb/ft3
Average precipitation rate for
all measurements (vertical and
horizontal components)
1.0 mm/min to
1.5 mm/min
5 mm/min ±
0.5 mm/min
—
Limits for any individual measurement
(vertical or horizontal component)
0.5 mm/min to
2.0 mm/min
—
—
Temperature of collected water
Ambient temperature
±15 °C
Ambient temperature
± 15 °C
—
Air temperature at the time of the
test shall be between 10 °C and
40 °C (50 °F and 104 °F)
—
—
—
Resistivity of collected water
corrected to 20 °C (see NOTE)
100 Ω˙m ± 15 Ω˙m
178 Ω˙m ± 27 Ω m
—
Precipitation conditions
(IEEE Std 4™-1995, Table 3)
Air temperature
NOTE—For switching impulses, if the prescribed water resistivity cannot be obtained, a lower value may be used, but
the actual value is stated in the test report. For correction of water resistivity to 20 °C, refer to IEEE Std 4.
Where test conditions differ from those above, suitable corrections shall be made as outlined in 8.3.
8.2.2 Cable conductor temperature requirements during tests
All tests shall be run with the cable conductor at ambient temperature except for the lightning impulse voltage
withstand test at elevated temperature and the cyclic aging test.
8.2.3 Rate of voltage application for voltage tests
If not otherwise specified, the initial voltage shall not be greater than 20% of the test voltage. The applied
voltage may be quickly raised to 75% of the test value. The continued rate of voltage increase shall be such
that the time to reach the required test voltage shall be between 15 s and 30 s after 75% value has been reached.
8.2.4 Duration of voltage application
The required voltage shall be held for the specified time (Table 1, Table 2, or Table 3) after the full value has
been reached.
8.2.5 Testing equipment and voltage measurements
The character of the test equipment and the method of measuring voltage shall conform to IEEE Std 4.
8.3 Correction factors
Correction factors are used to either adjust measured voltages to standard conditions or to adjust voltage test
requirements at standard conditions to the atmospheric conditions that exist at the time a test is performed. The
use of correction factors provides a consistent basis for evaluation.
Correction factors for temperature, air density, and humidity per latest edition of IEEE Std 4 (see 13.2 in the
2013 edition), shall be applied for tests that could result in disruptive discharge through air when the test
26
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
conditions vary from the standard test conditions defined in 8.2.1. All three correction factors apply to the tests
defined in 8.4.2.2, 8.4.2.4 through 8.4.2.8, and 8.4.2.11 for dry testing only. The impulse voltage correction
factors defined in the latest edition of IEEE Std 4 shall be applied to the dry switching impulse voltage test
defined in 8.4.2.11. For the wet testing defined in 8.4.2.3, the temperature and air density correction factors
apply, but no humidity correction factor. Refer to the latest edition of IEEE Std 4 for the appropriate equations,
charts, and graphs for determining each correction factor and how it is applied. Subclauses 8.4.2.11, 8.4.2.9,
and 8.4.2.10 are tests for internal insulation systems within the termination. No correction factors apply to the
tests defined in these three clauses.
All data and the edition of IEEE Std 4 used in determining correction factors shall be recorded.
8.4 Type tests
8.4.1 Introduction
Type tests for extruded dielectric cable terminations are summarized in Figure 1 and Figure 2. Type tests for
laminated dielectric cable terminations are summarized in Figure 3 and Figure 4.
IEEE Std 48-2020 has been harmonized with IEEE Std 404™-2012 [B22] both for extruded and laminated
cables. It also allows for the simultaneous type tests of joints and terminations for extruded cables. When
simultaneous qualification is desired, the terminations should be installed on the cable first. With just the
terminations on the cable, the first three tests in Figure 1 or Figure 2 shall be performed:
a)
Partial discharge test
b)
AC voltage 1 min dry withstand test
c)
AC voltage 10 s wet withstand test
After performing these tests, the joints may be added to the test loops according to the test requirements outlined
in IEEE Std 404-2012. The tests outlined in the flowcharts in Figure 1 or Figure 2 shall be performed. This
test sequence and test values are the same as those indicated in IEEE Std 404-2012. For a set of terminations
and joints that have passed this test sequence, the terminations will be considered qualified under IEEE
Std 48-2020 and the joints qualified under IEEE Std 404-2012. It should be noted that IEEE Std 404-2012
specifies additional test requirements for some joint types. These tests shall be performed as appropriate.
27
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
Figure 1—Flowchart of type tests for extruded dielectric cable terminations 2.5 kV to 46 V,
sequence for Class 1A, 1C, 2, and 3
28
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
Figure 2—Flowchart of type tests for extruded dielectric cable terminations 69 kV to 500 kV,
sequences for Class 1A, 1C, 2, and 3
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
Figure 3—Flowchart of type tests for laminar dielectric cable terminations 2.5 kV to 46 kV,
sequences for Class 1B and 1C
30
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
Figure 4—Flowchart of type tests for laminar dielectric cable terminations 69 kV to 500 kV,
sequences for Class 1B and 1C
8.4.2 Dielectric tests
8.4.2.1 Partial discharge test
The test specimen shall be prepared for test in accordance with 8.1 items a), b), c), e), and f), and tested in
accordance with 8.2 and IEC 60270.
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
The partial discharge detecting apparatus shall be adjusted to have a sensitivity that will permit detection
of discharge pulses of 5.0 pC or less. The test voltage shall be raised to at least 120% of the value listed
in column 3 of Table 1 or Table 2. If the partial discharge is less than 5.0 pC, the sample passes the test. If
partial discharge exceeds 5.0 pC, the test voltage shall be lowered to the value listed in column 3 and shall be
maintained at this level for at least 3 s but not more than 60 s. The test specimen shall have successfully passed
the test if the partial discharge level does not exceed 5.0 pC during the 3 s to 60 s time period.
NOTE—Some cables may indicate a partial discharge extinction voltage lower than that specified in column 3 of Table 1
or Table 2. In such cases, another type of cable or equivalent insulated test mandrel may be substituted for noisy cable to
determine the true characteristics of the termination under test.
8.4.2.2 AC voltage 1 min dry withstand test
The test specimen shall be prepared for test in accordance with 8.1 items a), b), c), e), and f), and tested in
accordance with 8.2 and the values specified in one of the following:
a)
Table 1, column 11, for extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 2.5 kV to 46 kV
b)
Table 2, column 4, for extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 69 kV to 500 kV
c)
Table 3, column 3, for laminated dielectric cable terminations
If the test specimen withstands the specified test voltage for the specified time, it shall be considered as having
passed the test. If flashover occurs, the test shall be repeated. If the repeat test also results in flashover or other
dielectric breakdown, the test specimen shall be considered as having failed. If the specimen passes the repeat
test, the test specimen shall be considered as having passed the test.
8.4.2.3 AC voltage 10 s wet withstand test
The test specimen shall be prepared for test in accordance with 8.1 items a), b), c), e), and f), and tested in
accordance with 8.2 and the values specified in one of the following:
a)
Table 1, column 5, for extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 2.5 kV to 46 kV
b)
Table 2, column 5, for extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 69 kV to 500 kV
c)
Table 3, column 4, for laminated dielectric cable terminations
This test is required on outdoor terminations only. Wet tests shall be made in accordance with IEEE Std 4‑1995,
Table 3, conventional procedure—practice in United States for 10 s (preferred) or the standard test procedure
for 60 s. The method chosen shall be identified in reporting results. This test is not required if the wet switching
impulse withstand test is performed (345 kV and above).
If the test specimen withstands the specified test voltage for the specified time, it shall be considered as having
passed the test. If flashover occurs, the test shall be repeated. If the repeat test also results in flashover or other
dielectric breakdown, the test specimen shall be considered as having failed. If the specimen passes the repeat
test, the test specimen shall be considered as having passed the test.
8.4.2.4 AC voltage 1 min dry withstand test (applicable only for terminations for extruded
cables 2.5 kV to 46 kV when tested in conjunction with joints)
The test specimen shall be prepared for test in accordance with 8.1 items a), b), c), e), and f), and tested in
accordance with 8.2 and column 4 of Table 1. The test voltage shall be raised at a rate of 5 kV/s ± 3 kV/s to
the value specified in column 4 of Table 1. If the test specimen withstands the specified test voltage for the
specified time, it shall be considered as having passed the test. If flashover occurs, the test shall be repeated.
If the repeat test also results in flashover or other dielectric breakdown, the test specimen shall be considered
32
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
as having failed. If the specimen passes the repeat test, the test specimen shall be considered as having passed
the test.
8.4.2.5 DC voltage 15 min dry withstand test
Refer to Annex C.
8.4.2.6 Lightning impulse voltage withstand test
The test specimen shall be prepared for test in accordance with 8.1 items a), b), c), e), and f), and tested in
accordance with 8.2 and the values specified in one of the following:
a)
Table 1, column 6, for extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 2.5 kV to 46 kV
b)
Table 2, column 6, for extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 69 kV to 500 kV
c)
Table 3, column 9, for laminated dielectric cable terminations
NOTE 1—A nominal 1.2 × 50 µs wave, both positive and negative, shall be used. The characteristics of the
impulse wave shall conform to the requirements contained in IEEE Std 4, except that the virtual front time shall
not exceed 5 µs in the cases where the capacitance of the test piece is such as to prevent attainment of requirement.
The test procedure (including sample conditioning) shall be as specified in IEEE Std 82™.
NOTE 2—Ten consecutive impulses at each polarity shall be applied to the test specimen with the conductor
temperature of the cable at ambient temperature, and then again with the cables at elevated temperature. The
elevated temperature is based on the maximum emergency operating conductor temperature of the cable. The
cable emergency operating temperature shall be determined by reference to the applicable standard (see Table 5).
If a flashover or other dielectric breakdown does not occur, the test specimen shall be considered as having passed
the test. If two or more of the applied impulse waves cause flashover, the specimen shall be considered as having
failed. If one of the applied impulses causes flashover, ten additional impulses shall be applied. If flashover or
other dielectric breakdown does not occur, the specimen shall be considered as having passed the test.
Table 5—Reference cable standards for temperature requirements
Cable type
Standard
1.0 kV to 69 kV paper-insulated metallic-sheathed
AEIC CS1-12 [B1]
69 kV to 500 kV high-pressure pipe type
AEIC CS2-14 [B2]
8 kV to 46 kV low-pressure gas-filled
AEIC CS3-16 [B3]
15 kV to 500 kV self-contained
AEIC CS4-18 [B4]
5 kV to 46 kV extruded ethylene propylene rubber
(EPR) and cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE)
AEIC CS8-13 [B5]
Above 46 kV through 345 kV ac
AEIC CS9-15 [B6]
> 46 kV EPR and XLPE
ANSI/ICEA S-108-720-2018 [B9]
NOTE—When a specimen is tested with a unidirectional impulse, the insulation under test sometimes
becomes polarized. It is suggested, therefore, that each set of impulses with a given polarity be preceded
by impulses of that polarity at approximately 50%, 65%, and 80% of the required value in Table 1,
Table 2, or Table 3. This procedure will neutralize the polarization effects of any previous tests. Refer to
IEEE Std 82.
8.4.2.7 AC voltage 5 h or 6 h dry withstand test
The test specimen shall be prepared for test in accordance with 8.1 items a), b), c), e), and f), and tested in
accordance with 8.2 and the values specified in one of the following:
a)
Table 1, column 10, for extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 2.5 kV to 46 kV
33
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
b)
Table 2, column 9, for extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 69 kV to 500 kV
c)
Table 3, column 5, for laminated dielectric cable terminations
If the test specimen withstands the specified test voltage for the specified time, it shall be considered as having
passed the test. If the test is interrupted, the total duration of voltage application shall be increased by twice the
duration of each interruption.
8.4.2.8 AC voltage 5 min or 15 min dry withstand test
The test specimen shall be prepared for test in accordance with 8.1 items a), b), c), e), and f), and tested in
accordance with 8.2 and the values specified in one of the following:
a)
Table 1, column 9, for extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 2.5 kV to 46 kV
b)
Table 2, column 8, for extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 69 kV to 500 kV
If the test specimen withstands the specified test voltage for the specified time, it shall be considered as having
passed the test. If flashover occurs, the test shall be repeated. If the repeat test also results in flashover or other
dielectric breakdown, the test specimen shall be considered as having failed. If the specimen passes the repeat
test, the test specimen shall be considered as having passed the test.
8.4.2.9 Ionization factor test
The test specimen shall be prepared for test in accordance with 8.1 items a), b), c), e), and f), and tested in
accordance with 8.2 and Table 6.
Table 6—Maximum allowable ionization factor values for laminated dielectric cable
terminations
Cable type
Rated voltage (kV)
Maximum ionization factor (%)
Class 1B terminations impregnated-paper-insulated cables solid type
PILC
15 to 20
0.6
21 to 34
0.4
35 to 45
0.2
46 to 69
0.2
Class 1C terminations
High-pressure
Low-pressure, gas-filled (at 0.70 kg/cm gage)
2
Low- and medium-pressure, liquid-filled
69 to 161
0.1
162 to 765
0.05
10 to 29
0.4
30 to 46
0.2
15 to 161
0.1
230
0.1
345 to 500
0.1
The ionization factor is the difference, at 60 Hz, between the percent dielectric power factor measured at an
average stress of 393.7 V/cm and the percent dielectric power factor measured at an average stress of 20 V/mil.
The measurement voltage is based on the insulation thickness of the laminated cable. The measurement shall
be made at 25 °C ± 5 °C.
34
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
8.4.2.10 Radio influence voltage test
The test specimen shall be prepared for test in accordance with 8.1 items a), b), c), e), and f), and tested in
accordance with 8.2 and IEC 60270.
The applied test voltage shall be the maximum design voltage-to-ground indicated in column 3 of Table 1
or Table 2 or column 2 of Table 3. The test specimen shall have successfully passed the test if the RIV does
not exceed the values specified (measured at 1 MHz) in Table 3, column 7 for laminated dielectric cable
terminations.
8.4.2.11 Wet switching impulse voltage withstand test
The test specimen shall be prepared for test in accordance with 8.1 items a), b), c), e), and f), and tested in
accordance with 8.2 and column 11 of Table 2 or column 10 of Table 3. This test is required on certain classes
of terminations only (see following NOTE), under wet test conditions as defined in IEEE Std 4‑1995, Table 3,
standard test procedure.
a)
A nominal 250 µs × 2500 µs wave, both positive and negative, shall be used.
b)
Ten consecutive impulses at each polarity shall be applied to the test specimen. If a flashover or other
dielectric breakdown does not occur, the test specimen shall be considered as having passed the test.
If two or more of the applied impulse waves cause flashover, the specimen shall be considered as
having failed. If one of the applied impulses causes flashover, ten additional impulses shall be applied.
If flashover or other dielectric breakdown does not occur, the specimen shall be considered as having
passed the test.
NOTE—This test applies to cable terminations rated 345 kV and higher only, and is used in lieu of the power frequency
voltage 10 s wet withstand test (see Table 2 and Table 3). In the case where the cable termination is classified as an indoor
type (see Clause 3), a switching impulse test is made, dry. The test values are referred to in column 12 of Table 2 and
column 10 of Table 3 in brackets.
8.4.3 Cyclic aging test
Cyclic aging test specimens shall conform to the following:
a)
The test specimen shall be prepared for test in accordance with 8.1 items a), b), c), e), and f).
b)
Each test specimen shall be assembled as follows:
1)
For single-phase terminations in insulation classes up to and including 46 kV, a total of four
terminations shall be tested with two on one length of power cable and two on another. For singlephase terminations in insulation classes above 46 kV, a minimum of two terminations shall be
tested with one on each end of a power cable. A minimum of 2 m (6 ft) of cable shall be used
between terminations. See Figure 5.
NOTE—A typical load cycle test circuit for single-phase terminations is shown in Figure 5. In this test
setup, the loading current and the high voltage are applied with separate, independent power supplies. The
metallic shield of each power cable is connected to a single grounding point to prevent current from
circulating in the metallic shield of either cable.
2)
For one piece, three-phase terminations, a total of two samples shall be tested on one length of
power cable. A minimum of 2 m (6 ft) of cable shall be used between terminations.
NOTE—A typical load cycle test circuit for three-phase terminations is shown in Figure 6. In this test setup,
the phases are connected in a series loop to easily facilitate the circulation of current through the conductors.
The loading current and the high voltage are applied with separate, independent power supplies. A test setup
using three-phase power is also acceptable. The cable connecting the terminations may be three single-
35
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
conductor cables or one three-conductor cable. In either case, the metallic shield(s) is interrupted and
single-point grounding is utilized to prevent circulating shield currents.
Figure 5—Single-phase terminations
Figure 6—One-piece three-phase terminations
The test configurations, shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6, are only examples of how the test may be performed.
Other test setups may be used to obtain the same goal.
For large, higher voltage cables, more than 2 m (6 ft) of cable may be required to prevent the conductor
temperature midway between the terminations from being influenced by the terminations. Up to 5 m
(approximately 15 ft) may be required.
36
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
c)
Testing shall be in accordance with 8.2 and the following:
1)
Applied test voltage for Class 1A extruded dielectric cable terminations shall be in accordance
with column 8 of Table 1 or column 7 of Table 2.
2)
Applied test voltage for Class 1B and 1C laminated dielectric cable terminations shall be in
accordance with column 6 of Table 3.
3)
Voltage shall be applied continuously to the test specimens for a 30-day period. See 8.4.3, item
c)1) or item c)2).
4)
Load current, in addition to voltage [item c)3) above], shall be applied to the test specimens.
During the current-on period, the cable conductor temperature midway between the terminations
shall be within 5 °C of the cable’s maximum rated emergency operating temperature for a period
of 6 h. During the current-off period, the conductor temperature midway between the terminations
shall drop to within 5 °C of the ambient air temperature.
If the conductor does not drop to within 5 °C of the ambient during the off cycle, then every five
cycles the current (and voltage) shall remain off for 24 h. The load cycle shall be resumed at the
end of the 24 h period. (This procedure may be followed even if the 5 °C condition can be met if a
test facility prefers not to run the tests during the weekend.)
The test specimens shall complete 30 load cycles. If the extra 24 h off period is used, it is not
considered in the test cycles.
NOTE—One load cycle is 24 h long with a current-on period and a current-off period. The duration of the
current-on and current-off periods is governed by the amount of time it takes a given test specimen to
achieve the desired temperature. The current-on period will be determined by how long it takes to get to
conductor emergency overload temperature. For smaller cables it may only take 2 h, but for larger cables it
can take 3 h or longer to get to temperature.
The cable’s emergency rating temperature should be determined by reference to applicable
AEIC, NEMA, or ICEA cable specifications (see Table 5) or to the cable manufacturer in the case
of special use cables.
Temperature can be determined by measuring the jacket temperature midway between
terminations and comparing it to a “dummy” cable equivalent, where both jacket and conductor
temperature have been determined. Equivalent current loadings can also be useful.
5)
Partial discharge extinction voltage test level shall be determined for each specimen before the
30 load cycle test period is started and after completion of the 30 load cycle test period. Partial
discharge levels shall be determined in accordance with 8.4.2.1.
6)
After completion of the cyclic aging test and partial discharge (corona) extinction voltage test
level, each specimen shall be tested with lightning impulse voltage (10 shots at each polarity) in
accordance with 8.2, 8.4.2.6, and the values specified in one of the following:
i)
Table 1, column 6, for extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 2.5 kV to 46 kV
ii)
Table 2, column 6, for extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 69 kV to 500 kV
iii) Table 3, column 9, for laminated dielectric cable terminations
NOTE—For laminated dielectric cable terminations (Class 1B and 1C), the ionization factor test is
used in place of partial discharge in accordance with 8.4.2.9 and Table 6.
d)
Class 1B and 1C terminations shall show no visual indications of fluid leakage at the completion of
the cyclic aging test. If the two specimens (one specimen for 69 kV and above or for a three-phase
specimen) withstand all of the above specified test conditions for the specified time, they shall be
considered as having passed the test.
37
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
If the test is interrupted or otherwise affected, the cycle(s) affected shall be repeated. If dielectric
breakdown occurs in any test specimen, all test specimens shall be considered as having failed.
NOTE—The cyclic aging test is not intended to establish the current rating for a termination (see Clause 5).
8.4.4 Leak tests
8.4.4.1 Introduction
Leak tests are conducted for two reasons:
a)
To help assure that the termination seals will prevent leakage of internal fluids (gas or liquid) during
pressure rises that occur during normal operational temperature fluctuations. (This is the pressure leak
test.)
b)
To help assure that the termination seals will prevent the ingress of moisture or other environmental
contamination during pressure drops (vacuums) that occur during normal operational temperature
fluctuations. (This is the vacuum leak test.)
The design characteristics of fluid-filled and non-fluid-filled terminations are quite different; therefore separate
test procedures are used.
8.4.4.2 Fluid-filled terminations
8.4.4.2.1 Introduction
If a Class 1A termination incorporates the use of an internal fluid, a pressure leak test and a vacuum leak test
shall be performed.
8.4.4.2.2 Pressure leak test
The following comprise the requirements for the termination pressure leak test:
a)
The test shall be conducted at room temperature after all other type tests are complete with terminations
filled with fluid (liquid or gas) per manufacturer(s) installation instructions.
b)
If not already available, a fitting that provides access to the fluid compartment shall be installed.
c)
Pressurized gas (typically air, nitrogen, or SF6) shall be applied via the fitting to pressurize the fluid
compartment to 250 kPa.
d)
The pressure shall be maintained at 250 kPa ± 10 kPa for 1 h.
e)
During the 1 h test, soap, chalk, or other appropriate leak-detection material shall be applied to all
seams, seals, or other areas where the internal fluid is most likely to escape the termination. For
gas-filled terminations, it may be more appropriate to pressurize the termination with a gas that is
sufficiently different from air such that it can be detected with a leak-detection device designed to
detect the gas used for the test.
f)
Pass/fail criterion: There shall be no evidence that internal fluid leaked (escaped) the termination
during the 1 h test.
8.4.4.2.3 Vacuum leak test
The following comprise the requirements for the termination vacuum leak test:
38
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
a)
The test shall be conducted at room temperature after the pressure leak test. In the case of terminations
filled with liquid fluid, the liquid can be drained from the termination for the purpose of this test.
b)
The fitting used in the pressure leak test can be used for this test.
c)
A vacuum shall be applied via the fitting to a pressure of 10 kPa.
d)
A vacuum gauge with a resolution of at least 2 kPa shall be used to monitor the vacuum within the
termination.
e)
Once the specified vacuum is achieved, the vacuum pump (or other device that generated the vacuum)
shall be disconnected.
f)
The vacuum shall remain for 1 h.
g)
Pass/fail criterion: The final vacuum pressure shall be no more than 20 kPa at the end of 1 h.
8.4.4.3 Non-fluid-filled terminations
Most distribution class and some transmission class terminations generally do not have a fluid-filled interior,
so a pressure and/or vacuum test may not be appropriate. However, it is important to assure that moisture will
not enter the termination at any interfaces between the termination and the cable. To make this evaluation, the
following test is required for terminations that do not have a fluid-filled interior:
a)
After all other tests are complete, the test terminations shall be placed in a tap water–filled reservoir.
The water level shall be sufficient to completely cover the terminations. The terminations shall be
connected in series and load cycled in the same manner as the 30-cycle test for 10 cycles. Figure
7 shows how this might be accomplished using a water-filled tank. In some cases, it may be more
appropriate to place tubes (conduit or pipes) over the terminations and fill them with tap water. The
water temperature is not controlled.
b)
Remove the samples from the water and allow to air dry.
c)
Perform a room temperature, 1 h withstand test at 2 Vg ac, where: Vg = nominal voltage-to-ground.
d)
Pass/fail criterion: All four terminations shall withstand the 1 h application of voltage without failure.
39
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
Figure 7—Leak test setup using a water-filled tank for non-fluid-filled terminations
8.5 Routine tests
8.5.1 Dielectric tests
Dielectric tests shall be made on termination insulators prepared in accordance with 8.1 items a) and b), and
tested in accordance with 8.2. Any of the following procedures may be used at the manufacturer’s option:
a)
Using parts simulating external metal parts for the fully assembled cable termination, apply power
frequency voltage for 1 min using the value shown in column 4 of Table 1 or Table 2 for the specified
insulation classification. If flashover occurs, the test may be repeated. If puncture occurs, or if flashover
occurs on the repeat test, the insulator shall be rejected.
b)
Using parts simulating external metal parts of the fully assembled cable termination, maintain power
frequency voltage, column 1 of Table 1 or Table 2, for at least 3 min. The insulator shall be rejected if
the flashover causes puncture.
c)
Using a conducting member passing through the insulator (see NOTE) and a conducting ring
surrounding the insulator at the approximate midpoint, maintain power frequency voltage, column 1 of
Table 1 or Table 2, for at least 3 min. Any insulator that is punctured shall be rejected. Good insulators
for cable terminations rated 69 kV and higher might be punctured by this method, and therefore, these
insulators should be tested as prescribed in item d) below.
NOTE—Several insulators may be tested in parallel and, when so tested, the voltage control is such that a
continual flashover occurs and divides uniformly over the insulators under test. To meet this condition it may be
necessary to insert additional impedance in the testing circuit. High-frequency test voltage may be used for these
tests, in which case the test duration is at least 3 s. The high frequency is of the order of 200 kHz in damped trains,
but not less than 100 kHz.
d)
Using a conducting surface on the entire internal surface of the termination insulator and a series of
conducting rings surrounding the insulator at each minimum diameter of corrugation or petticoat,
40
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
apply a power frequency voltage for 1 min using an average puncture gradient of 28 kV/cm (70 kV/
in). Any punctured insulator shall be rejected.
NOTE—Most polymeric termination designs do not lend themselves to the preceding tests. Consult the
manufacturer(s) for specific procedures to determine insulator integrity.
8.5.2 Leak tests
NOTE—The pressures indicated below are gauge.
Routine pressure leak tests on parts and on factory-assembled seals shall be made in accordance with the
practice developed by the manufacturer. Class 1C components having a rated internal pressure greater than
100 kPa (15 lbf/in2) shall be subjected to an internal pressure of 2.5 times the nominal rating for terminations
rated up to 2000 kPa (300 lbf/in2) in accordance with the following:
a)
One hour on single-pressure zone terminations where the outer surface of the parts subjected to
leakage are exposed for visual examination.
b)
Twenty-four hours on multi-pressure zone terminations where the outer surface of the parts subject to
leakage are not exposed for visual examination, and leakage detection shall be determined by pressure
drop in the high-pressure zone or pressure rise in the low-pressure zone.
c)
For terminations with an internal pressure rating greater than 2000 kPa (300 lbf/in2), the test procedure
should be agreed upon by the purchaser and manufacturer.
8.6 Electrical tests after installation
Field tests are tests that may be made on the completely installed cable system (including the cable
terminations) by the user as an installation acceptance or proof test (all classes).
Direct voltage testing is not recommended and is no longer a required test, but the previously listed values are
shown in Annex C.
9. Application guide
Refer to reference guide IEEE Std 1637™-2010, Guide to Select Terminations for Shielded Alternating‑Current
Power Cable Rated 5 kV–46 kV [B23].
10. Suggested environmental (weathering) tests
10.1 Solar radiation (ultraviolet [UV] light) testing
Solar radiation can cause molecular scission to occur on most polymer surfaces unless adequately protected by
UV stabilizers. This degradation can shorten service life of polymers significantly.
The following test methods are recommended to evaluate effects of solar radiation on polymeric terminations
or exposed polymer compounds used with porcelain terminations:
a)
ASTM D2565-16 [B11]
b)
ASTM G154-16 [B12]
c)
ASTM G155-13 [B13]
41
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
Materials used in the construction of terminations shall have passed the appropriate materials testing
requirements to qualify them for use in termination construction. Manufacturer(s) should be consulted for
information regarding testing of materials used in termination construction.
10.2 Accelerated contamination testing
While there are a number of test procedures in use, none has been adopted as an industry standard.
Manufacturer(s) should be consulted concerning contamination test history of the product if there is a question
for use in areas having high contamination levels.
10.3 Multiple stress testing
General consensus is that multiple stress testing for environmental concerns is superior to individual
contamination and UV testing.
42
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
Annex A
(informative)
Bibliography
Bibliographical references are resources that provide additional or helpful material but do not need to be
understood or used to implement this standard. Reference to these resources is made for informational use
only.
[B1] AEIC CS1-12, Specification for Impregnated Paper-Insulated Metallic-Sheathed Cable, Solid Type
Rated 1 kV Through 69 kV—12th Edition.12
[B2] AEIC CS2-14, Specification for Impregnated Paper and Laminated Paper Polypropylene Insulated High
Pressure Pipe Type Cable—7th Edition.
[B3] AEIC CS3-16, Specification for Impregnated Paper-Insulated, Metallic-Sheathed Cable Low-Pressure
Gas Filled Type Rated 8 kV through 46 kV—4th Edition.
[B4] AEIC CS4-18, Specification for Impregnated Paper Insulated Low and Medium Pressure Self-Contained
Liquid Filled Cable—9th Edition.
[B5] AEIC CS8-13, Specification for Extruded Dielectric, Shielded Power Cables Rated 5 Through 46 kV—
4th Edition.
[B6] AEIC CS9-15, Specification for Extruded Insulation Power Cables and Their Accessories Rated Above
46 kV Through 345 kV—2nd Edition.
[B7] ANSI/ICEA S-94-649-2013, Concentric Neutral Cables Rated 5 Through 46 kV.13,14
[B8] ANSI/ICEA S-97-682-2013, Standard for Utility Shielded Power Cables Rated 5 Through 46 kV.
[B9] ANSI/ICEA S-108-720-2018, Extruded Insulation Power Cables Rated Above 46 Through 500 kV AC.
[B10] ASTM D1868-13, Standard Test Method for Detection and Measurement of Partial Discharge (Corona)
Pulses in Evaluation of Insulation Systems.15
[B11] ASTM D2565-16, Standard Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposure of Plastics Intended for Outdoor
Applications.
[B12] ASTM G154-16, Standard Practice for Operating Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV) Lamp Apparatus for
Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials.
[B13] ASTM G155-13, Standard Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of
Non‑Metallic Materials.
[B14] ICEA P-32-382-2007 (R2018), Short Circuit Characteristics of Insulated Cable.
AEIC publications are available from the Association of Edison Illuminating Companies (http://​www​.aeic​.org/​).
ANSI publications are available from the American National Standards Institute (http://​www​.ansi​.org/​).
14
ICEA publications are available from the International Childbirth Education Association (http://​www​.icea​.org/​).
15
ASTM publications are available from the American Society for Testing and Materials (http://​www​.astm​.org/​).
12
13
43
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
[B15] ICEA S-65-375-1988, Varnished-Cloth-Insulated Wire and Cable for the Transmission and Distribution
of Electrical Energy.
[B16] ICEA T-24-380-2013, Partial Discharge Test Procedure.
[B17] IEEE Std 97™-1969, IEEE Recommended Practice for Specifying Service Conditions in Electrical
Standards.16,17,18
[B18] IEEE Std 386-2016™, IEEE Standard for Separable Insulated Connector Systems for Power
Distribution Systems Rated 2.5 kV through 35 kV.
[B19] IEEE Std 400™-2012, IEEE Guide for Field Testing and Evaluation of the Insulation of Shielded Power
Cable Systems Rated 5 kV and Above.
[B20] IEEE Std 400.1™-2018, IEEE Guide for Field Testing of Laminated Dielectric, Shielded AC Power
Cable Systems Rated 5 kV to 500 kV Using High Voltage Direct Current (HDCV).
[B21] IEEE Std 400.2™-2013, IEEE Guide for Field Testing of Shielded Power Cable Systems Using Very
Low Frequency (VLF) (less than 1 Hz).
[B22] IEEE Std 404™-2012, IEEE Standard for Extruded and Laminated Dielectric Shielded Cable Joints
Rated 2.5 kV to 500 kV.
[B23] IEEE Std 1637™-2010, Guide to Select Terminations for Shielded Alternating-Current Power Cable
Rated 5 kV − 46 kV.
[B24] IEEE Std C57.19.00™-2004, IEEE Standard General Requirements and Test Procedures for Power
Apparatus Bushings.
[B25] NEMA 107-2016, Methods of Measurement of Radio Influence Voltage (RIV) of High-Voltage
Apparatus.19
IEEE Std 97-1969 has been withdrawn; however, copies can be obtained from The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(http://​standards​.ieee​.org/​).
17
IEEE publications are available from The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (http://​standards​.ieee​.org/​).
18
IEEE standards and products are trademarks owned by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Incorporated.
19
NEMA publications are available from Global Engineering Documents, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112, USA (http://​
global​.ihs​.com/​).
16
44
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
Annex B
(informative)
Glossary
The definitions and terminology used herein apply specifically to cable terminations treated in this standard.
For additional definitions, see IEEE Std 97™-1969 [B17].
breakdown: A disruptive discharge occurring through a dielectric.
chalking: The powdered surface on the polymeric insulator consisting of particles of filler resulting from
ultraviolet exposure or leakage current activity.
cracking: Rupture of the polymeric insulator material to depths equal to or greater than 0.1 mm.
crazing: Surface micro-fractures of the insulator material to depths less than 0.1 mm resulting from ultraviolet
exposure.
external connector (aerial lug): A connector that joins the external conductor to the current-carrying parts of
a cable termination.
field tests: Tests that may be made on a cable system (including the high-voltage cable terminations) by the
user after installation, as an acceptance or proof test.
flashover: A disruptive discharge around or over the surface of an insulating member, between parts of
different potential or polarity, produced by the application of voltage wherein the breakdown path becomes
sufficiently ionized to maintain an electric arc.
pressure-type termination: A Class 1C termination intended for use on positive pressure cable systems,
further categorized as follows:
a)
Single-pressure zone termination: A pressure-type termination intended to operate with one pressure
zone.
b)
Multi-pressure zone termination: A pressure-type termination intended to operate with two or more
pressure zones.
radio influence voltage (RIV): The radio noise appearing on conductors of electric equipment or circuits, as
measured using a radio-noise meter as a two-terminal voltmeter in accordance with specified methods.
type tests: Tests made by the manufacturer to obtain data for design or application, or to obtain information on
the performance of each type of high-voltage cable termination.
45
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
Annex C
(informative)
DC test voltage reference
For reference only, the following dc test voltages have been used in the past for design qualification testing of
cable terminations. Many standards-making bodies have eliminated the use of dc testing since industry data
has determined that ac testing is more appropriate for extruded dielectric cables. For direct voltages, the values
specified are average values and for a specified time.
Table C.1—Voltage ratings and reference dc test levels for medium-voltage extruded
dielectric cable terminations rated 2.5 kV to 46 kV
Insulation class (kV rms)a
DC voltage 15 min dry withstand (kV avg)
2.5
30
5
35
8
45
15
75
25
105
35
140
46
172
a
To obtain test values for voltage classes that are not listed, use linear interpolation
between the next higher and lower listed values and round off to the nearest whole
kilovolt.
Table C.2—Voltage ratings and reference dc test levels for highvoltage extruded dielectric cable terminations rated 69 kV to 500
kV
Insulation class (kV rms)a
DC voltage 15 min dry withstand (kV avg)
69
240
115
300
138
315
161
375
230
525
345
650
a
To obtain test values for voltage classes that are not listed, use linear interpolation
between the next higher and lower listed values and round off to the nearest whole
kilovolt.
Table C.3—Voltage ratings and reference dc test levels for highvoltage laminated dielectric cable terminations assembled and
ready for service
Voltage rating phase-to-phase, U (kV rms)a
DC withstand voltage 15 min (kV)
2.5
30
5.0
38
8.7
48
15
55
25
75
Table continues
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IEEE Std 48-2020
IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded
Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV
Table C.3—Voltage ratings and reference dc test levels for high-voltage laminated
dielectric cable terminations assembled and ready for service (continued)
Voltage rating phase-to-phase, U (kV rms)a
DC withstand voltage 15 min (kV)
35
100
46
125
69
175
92.5
225
115
275
138
325
161
375
230
450
230
525
345
588
345
650
345
650
500
650
500
775
500
838
500
838
765
1038
765
1038
a
To obtain test values for voltage classes that are not listed, use linear interpolation between the next
higher and lower listed values and round off to the nearest whole kilovolt.
The following wording was used to specify the dc testing in earlier versions of this standard:
The test specimen shall be prepared for test in accordance with 8.1 items a), b), c), e), and f), and tested in
accordance with 8.2 and column 11 of Table 1, Table 2, or Table 3.
a)
A direct voltage of negative polarity, having a ripple of less than 3% at the required test value, shall be
used.
If the test specimen withstands the specified test voltage for the specified time, it shall be considered as having
passed the test. If flashover occurs, the test shall be repeated. If the repeat test also results in flashover or other
dielectric breakdown, the test specimen shall be considered as having failed. If the specimen passes the repeat
test, the test specimen shall be considered as having passed the test.
47
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