SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTs’ ADVISORY BOARD
PEER TUTORING PROGRAM
BASIC CONCEPTS IN PHYSICS
PHYSICS
● Science that deals with the relationship of
matter and energy.
ACCURACY AND PRECISION
● Accuracy
○ Refers to how close a measurement is
to the true or accepted value.
● Precision
○ Refers to how close measurements of
the same item are to each other.
UNCERTAINTY AND ERRORS
● Scientific Uncertainty
measurement
of
○ Quantitative
variability in the data.
● Errors
○ Differences between observed values
and what is true in nature.
VECTORS
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
● Number used to describe
phenomenon quantitatively.
a
physical
UNITS
● Measuring a quantity is required to be
compared with a reference standard
GRADE 12-FIRST sem-FINALS
PHYSICS I
SCALAR QUANTITIES
● Physical quantities
● Only consists of a magnitude
● Doesn’t have directions
● Examples
○ Mass
○ Distance
○ Time
○ Energy
○ Volume
○ Temperature
VECTOR QUANTITIES
● Physical quantities
● Consists of both magnitude and direction
● Examples
○ Acceleration
○ Displacement
○ Force
○ Weight
○ Gravity
VECTOR ADDITION
● Operation of adding 2 or more vectors
together into a resultant vector
● Head-to-tail method
● Obeys the commutative and associative laws
KINEMATICS
MECHANICS
● Motion of bodies under the action of forces
● Includes in which body remains at rest
KINEMATICS
● Subdivision of classical mechanics concerned
with the geometrically possible motion of a
body or system of bodies without
consideration of the forces involved
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTs’ ADVISORY BOARD
PEER TUTORING PROGRAM
TERMS UNDER KINEMATICS
● Position
○ Where an object is at any time
● Distance
○ Scalar quantity
○ How much ground an object has
covered during its motion
● Displacement
○ Vector quantity
○ How far out of place an object is
○ Object’s overall change in position
● Speed
○ Rate at which an object travels in a
certain distance
○ How fast an object is moving
● Velocity
○ Rate at which an object changes its
position
○ How far out of place an object is
● Acceleration
○ Rate at which velocity changes in
time in terms of both speed and
direction
GRADE 12-FIRST sem-FINALS
PHYSICS I
UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION (UAM)
● Movement of an object where the
acceleration is constant with the passage of
time
PROJECTILE MOTION
● Projectile
○ Object that is thrown horizontally or
at some angle
○ Any object with an initial horizontal
velocity whose acceleration is due to
gravity alone
● Trajectory
○ Path followed by a projectile
○ Parabolic path
CASES UNDER PROJECTILE MOTION
● CASE 1
○ Object thrown at a horizontal
MOTION GRAPHS
● Position vs Time (PT) Graph
●
●
●
CASE 2
○ Object throw above the horizontal
Velocity vs Time (VT) Graph
Acceleration vs Time (AT) Graph
CIRCULAR MOTION
● Movement of an object while rotating along a
circular path
● Can be uniform or non-uniform
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTs’ ADVISORY BOARD
PEER TUTORING PROGRAM
CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION
● Any object that is moving in a circle and has
an acceleration vector pointed towards the
center of the circle
CENTRIFUGAL ACCELERATION
● Any object that is moving in a circle and has
an acceleration vector pointed away from
the center of the circle
GRADE 12-FIRST sem-FINALS
PHYSICS I
●
●
BRANCHES OF MECHANICS
KINEMATICS
● Branch of physics concerned with motion
only
STATICS
● Branch of physics concerned with forces only
DYNAMICS
● Branch of physics concerned with both
motion and forces
○ Newton’s Law of Motion
○ Momentum and Impulse
○ Work, Energy, and Power
FORCE
FORCE
● An interaction between two bodies or
between a body and its environment
● Newton (N)
○ Equivalent to the unit kg ● m/s2
TYPES OF FORCES
● Contact Forces
○ 2 interacting objects are physically in
contact with each other
● Non-contact Forces
○ 2 interacting objects are not in
physical contact with each other
○ Able to exert force despite physical
separation
● Applied Force
○ Applied to an object by another
object or by a person
● Tensional Force
○ Transmitted through a string, rope, or
wire
Directed along the wire and pulls
equally on the objects on either end
of the wire
Normal Force
○ Support force exerted upon an object
which is in contact with another
stable object
Frictional Force
○ Force exerted by a surface as an
object moves across it or makes an
effort to move across it
○ Opposes the motion of the objects
Gravitational Force
○ Which any celestial body attracts an
object towards itself
○
●
FRICTION
● Static Friction
○ Acts when there is no relative motion
between bodies
● Kinetic Friction
○ Acts when a body slides or rolls over a
surface
MASS VS WEIGHT
● Mass
○ Amount of matter contained by the
object
○ Kg
● Weight
○ Force of gravity acting upon an
object
○ Changes depending on the location
INERTIA AND MASS
● Inertia
○ Resistance an object has to change in
its state of motion
○ Greater the mass, greater inertia
NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION
1ST: LAW OF INERTIA
● An object at rest tends to stay at rest
● An object in motion tends to stay in motion
● With same speed and same direction unless
acted upon by an unbalanced force
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTs’ ADVISORY BOARD
PEER TUTORING PROGRAM
2ND: LAW OF ACCELERATION
● An acceleration of an object as produced by
a net force is directly proportional to the
magnitude of the net force
● Inversely proportional to the mass of the
object
● F = ma
○ Net force is equal to mass times
acceleration
● Free-body Diagram or Force Diagram
○ Graphical illustration used to visualize
the applied forces, moments, and
resulting reactions on a body in a
given condition
3RD:
LAW
OF
INTERACTION
(REACTION-ACTION)
● For every action, there is an equal and
opposite reaction
IMPULSE-MOMENTUM THEOREM
●
States that the impulse is equal to the
change in the momentum of an object
MOMENTUM
● Refers to the quantity of motion that an
object has
● kg ● m/s
● Helps to understand the tendency of moving
objects to stop
● The faster the object is moving, the greater
the momentum
● The greater the mass of an object, the
greater the momentum
● The greater the momentum, the harder it is
for the object to change its motion or stop
IMPULSE
● The force acting on an object for a given
time
● Measured in N ● s
○ Newton second
GRADE 12-FIRST sem-FINALS
PHYSICS I
WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER
WORK
● Force applied to an
displacement
● Joule (J)
○ N●m
○ Newton meter
● Scalar quantity
object
causing
ENERGY
● Ability of a body or a physical system to do
work
● Joule (J)
○ N●m
● Types of Energy:
○ Potential Energy
■ Energy that is stored in an
object due to its position or
condition
○ Kinetic Energy
■ Form of energy that is due to
its motion
WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
● When work is done on an object, there will be
a change in that object’s kinetic energy,
where the kinetic energy is the energy in
motion
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
● Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
● Only converted from one form of energy to
another
POWER
● Capacity to do work
● Amount of work done per unit of time
● Watts (W)
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTs’ ADVISORY BOARD
PEER TUTORING PROGRAM
COMPILATION OF FORMULAS
●
GRADE 12-FIRST sem-FINALS
PHYSICS I
●
SPEED
VECTOR EQUATIONS
2
2
𝐹 = 𝐹𝑥 + 𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑋 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
−1 𝐹
θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 𝐹𝑦 )
s − speed(m/s); d − distance(m); t − time(s)
𝑥
●
VELOCITY
F − resultant ; Fx − horizontal component; Fy =
vertical component; θ = angle
●
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
●
NEWTON’S 2ND LAW OF MOTION
V − velocity; d− displacement; t − time
●
ACCELERATION
F = ma
a − acceleration ; ∆V − change in velocity; t − time
●
KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
F = force; m = mass; a = acceleration
●
FRICTIONAL FORCE
𝐹𝑓 = μ𝐹𝑛
Ff − frictional force; μ − coefficient of friction; Fn −
normal force
Vf = final velocity; Vi = initial velocity; a =
acceleration; t = time; d = displacement
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTs’ ADVISORY BOARD
PEER TUTORING PROGRAM
●
GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
GRADE 12-FIRST sem-FINALS
PHYSICS I
●
KINETIC ENERGY
𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔
𝐾𝐸 =
Fg − gravitational force weight; m − mass; g −
acceleration due to gravity
●
CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION
2
KE − Kinetic energy; m − mass; v − speed (energy
has NO DIRECTION)
𝑣𝑡
𝑎𝑐 =
𝑟
●
Wnet = net work; KEf = final kinetic energy; KEi =
initial kinetic energy
CENTRIPETAL FORCE
𝐹𝑐 = 𝑚𝑎𝑐
●
2
𝐹𝑐 =
𝑀𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸 + 𝑃𝐸
𝑟
2
1
𝑚𝑣
+ 𝑚𝑔ℎ
2
2
2
1
1
𝑚𝑣
+
𝑚𝑔ℎ
=
𝑚𝑣
+ 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑓
2
2
𝑖
𝑖
𝑓
2π𝑟
𝑡
Vt = tangential velocity; r = radius; t = time
WORK
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
W − work done; F − force; d − displacement; θ −
angle between the force and displacement
●
𝑀𝐸 =
TANGENTIAL VELOCITY
𝑉𝑡 =
●
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
(MECHANICAL ENERGY)
𝑚𝑣𝑡
Fc = centripetal force; m = mass; Ac = centripetal
acceleration; Vt = tangential velocity; r = radius
●
WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐾𝐸𝑓 − 𝐾𝐸𝑖
Ac = centripetal acceleration; Vt = tangential
velocity; r = radius
●
2
1
𝑚𝑣
2
POTENTIAL ENERGY
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
PE − potential energy; m − mass; h − height
ME = mechanical energy; KE = kinetic energy; PE =
potential energy
m = mass; g = gravity (9.8m/s^2); hi = initial height;
hf = final height Vi = initial velocity; Vf = final
velocity
●
POWER
𝑃=
𝑊
𝑡
P − Power; W − work done; t − time elapsed