5G Massive MIMO and Planning
Hadi Ismanto
5G Massive
MIMO
MIMO Concept
With MIMO
4 × 4 MIMO increases the speed by 50% compared to 2 × 2 MIMO
Without MIMO
4x4 MIM is like adding
highway on top of a
highway
How 4x4 MIMO Improve capacity and coverage
4
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Massive MIMO Product
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Evolution from MIMO to Massive MIMO
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Massive MIMO Beamforming
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Massive MIMO 3D Beamforming
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Massive MIMO Beam Management
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Massive MIMO Beam Management
…
Digital BF
(Baseband)
…
…
Analog BF
(AAU)
Analog beam
Digital beam
Digital beam tracking
Get BF matrix from SRS or
PMI feedback.
Analog beam tracking
Get BF weights from best beam
ID feedback.
UE
UE feedback:
best beam ID
SRS, or PMI
1 PA drives 3 antennas.
Baseband
beamforming
64
RF chain
The figure on the left uses an AAU working on the C-band and
supporting 64T64R as an example.
For static beams, digital weighting is performed on the baseband part.
PA
RF chain
PAs
The Beam Management feature covers only static weights, that is, the
management of static beams.
PA
Antenna:
(8Hx12Vx2P)
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Massive MIMO can use either static weights or the dynamic weights.
•
Static weights: weights corresponding to static beams
① The UE provides the SSB index or the CSI-RS index. SSB is short
for SS/PBCH block and CSI-RS is short for channel state
information-reference signal.
② The gNodeB obtains the static beam weight by using the mapping
relationship between the index and the beam ID.
•
Dynamic weights: SRS weights or PMI weights (SRS is short for
sounding reference signal and PMI is short for precoding matrix
indication.)
① The gNodeB obtains SRS weights based on the channel estimation
through SRS measurement and obtains PMI weights through the
PMI reported by the UE.
Massive MIMO Beam Management
NR broadcast beams are N narrow beams with different fixed directions. The broadcast beam coverage of the
cell is completed by sending different narrow beams at different moments. By scanning each narrow beam, the
UE obtains an optimal beam, and completes synchronization and system message demodulation.
#0
#1
#2
.
.
.
#N-3
#N-2
#N-1
Time
◼
For the initial cell search, the transmission period of the SSB
is 20 ms and each transmission is complete within 5 ms.
◼
The PBCH period is 80 ms, and the SSB is transmitted by
four times within 80 ms.
◼
There are a maximum of eight low-frequency SSBs.
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Massive MIMO SSB Beam
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Massive MIMO SSB Beam
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Massive MIMO SSB Beam
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Massive MIMO SSB Beam
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Massive MIMO Beam Management
Broadcast beams can be used in various scenarios, such as buildings and squares.
In square scenarios, wide beams are used at the
cell center to ensure the access. Narrow beams
are used at the cell edge to improve coverage.
For high-rise buildings, beams with wide vertical
coverage are used to improve the vertical coverage.
Massive MIMO cell
In business districts, there are both squares
and high-rise buildings. Beams providing large
horizontal and vertical coverage are used.
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Neighboring cell
In inter-cell interference scenarios, beams with
narrow horizontal scanning scope are used to
avoid strong interference sources.
Massive MIMO Beam Management
SRS-based Static Beam Measurement
•
•
Obtain an optimal beam through SRS static
beam measurement on the base station side.
It is applicable to reciprocal channels when SRS
channel quality near or at the cell center is good.
•
•
SRS static beam measurement
The SRS beam quality of
UEs at the cell edge is poor.
CSI-RS Beam Scanning
Obtain an optimal beam through
the scanning on the UE side and
feedback of CSI-RS beams.
It is used when the SINR of the
SRS at the cell edge is low.
Aperiodic
Periodic
SRS
√
√ (40 ms)
CSI-RS
√
N/A
CSI-RS scanning
Aperiodic: priority-based scheduling
√
CSI-RS 10 ms: four times
SRS
10 ms: four times
Proper beams cannot be selected for UEs at
the cell edge due to poor SRS channel quality.
√
Proper beams are selected for
UEs at the cell center.
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Proper beams are selected
for UEs at the cell edge.
Massive MIMO Beam Management
Beam Management Process
SSB beam scanning
PRACH beam
scanning
P1: Periodic SSB beam scanning is implemented
on the base station side. At the same time, wide
beam scanning is implemented on the UE side.
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CSI-RS beam
measurement
SRS beam
measurement
P2: Precise CSI-RS beam scanning is
implemented on the base station side.
Beam
maintenance
Beam
recovery
P3: Narrow beam scanning is
implemented on the UE side.
Massive MIMO Beam Management
Beam Management Process
Step 1
The base
station
sends celllevel
narrow
beams
through
SSB polling.
Step 3
Step 2
The UE uses
wide beam
scanning to
determine the
optimal
receive wide
beam.
PRACH scanning
is used to obtain
the optimal
PRACH beam and
the optimal SSB
beam is implicitly
carried.
Step 15
Step 14
Step 13
The base station
sends downlink
beams according
to information
reported by the
UE, and delivers
specific DCI to
the UE.
The UE sends
a beam
recovery
request (similar
to PRACH) to
the base station
according to the
candidate
beams.
The upper layer
instructs the UE
to perform the
latest available
beam
measurement,
and selects
candidate
beams.
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Step 4
RAR and
MSG4 use
the
optimal
SSB
beam.
Step 5
Step 6
MSG3 and
MSG5 use
the same
PRACH
beam.
The UE in the
connected mode
actively triggers
SSB reporting.
Then, periodic
SSB
measurement is
performed.
Step 7
Step 8
Configure CSIRS secondary
beam scanning
to indicate the
optimal beams
of the PDCCH
and PDSCH.
The UE side uses
the corresponding
wide beam to
receive signals, and
measures and
reports the CRI and
RSRP
corresponding to the
optimal beam on the
base station side.
Step 12
Step 11
Step 10
Step 9
The UE fails
to detect the
beams and
sends an
indication to
the upper
layer.
The base
station sends
cell-level
narrow beams
through SSB
polling.
(Repeat step
1.)
The UE selects the
optimal narrow
beams, the base
station maintains
the optimal beam
set, and the uplink
and downlink beam
sets are maintained
separately.
The base station
uses the SRS to
measure the optimal
beam set maintained
in the downlink and
selects the optimal
beams for the
PUCCH and PUSCH.
Massive MIMO Beam Management
User-Level Beam Management
gBS/UE rough sweeping
(Step-1):
gNodeB uses SSB for celllevel wide beam sweeping,
and UE receives signals
using different wide beams.
gBS precise sweeping
(Step-2):
gNodeB uses CSI-RS for
narrow beam sweeping, and
UE receives signals using the
optimal wide beam.
UE precise sweeping
(Step-3):
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gNodeB uses precise CSIRS beam, and UE receives
signals using several narrow
beams.
Massive MIMO Network Planning
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Massive MIMO Network Planning
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Massive MIMO Network Planning
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Massive MIMO Network Planning
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Massive MIMO Network Planning
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Massive MIMO Coverage Scenario
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Massive MIMO Coverage Scenario
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Massive MIMO Coverage Scenario
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Massive MIMO Tilt Planning
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Massive MIMO Tilt Planning
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Massive MIMO Tilt Planning
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Massive MIMO Tilt Planning
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Massive MIMO Coverage Scenario
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Massive MIMO Coverage Scenario
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Massive MIMO Coverage Scenario
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Massive MIMO Coverage Scenario
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NR Optimization ACP
Tuning Parameter
Beam Scenario;E-Tilt/D-Tilt
Beam Scenario;E-Tilt/D-Tilt;D-Azimuth
Beam Scenario;E-Tilt/D-Tilt;D-Azimuth
Beam Scenario;E-Tilt/D-Tilt
Beam Scenario;E-Tilt/D-Tilt;D-Azimuth
Beam Scenario;D-Azimuth
Base Antenna Name
NR AAU5613 3.5G 64T SSB S0_H105V6 8to2ss51to54
NR AAU5613 3.5G 64T SSB S0_H105V6 8to2ss51to54
NR AAU5613 3.5G 64T SSB S0_H105V6 8to2ss51to54
NR AAU5613 3.5G 64T SSB S8_H65V12 Ord all
NR AAU5613 3.5G 64T SSB S0_H105V6 8to2ss51to54
NR AAU5613 3.5G 64T SSB S3_H65V6 Ord all
Tuning Parameter
Beam Scenario;E-Tilt/D-Tilt
Beam Scenario;E-Tilt/D-Tilt;D-Azimuth
Beam Scenario;E-Tilt/D-Tilt;D-Azimuth
Beam Scenario;E-Tilt/D-Tilt
Beam Scenario;E-Tilt/D-Tilt;D-Azimuth
Beam Scenario;D-Azimuth
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Base D-Azimuth
0
0
0
0
0
-10
Optimized Antenna Name
NR AAU5613 3.5G 64T SSB S1_H110V6 8to2ss51to54
NR AAU5613 3.5G 64T SSB S3_H65V6 Ord all
NR AAU5613 3.5G 64T SSB S3_H65V6 Ord all
NR AAU5613 3.5G 64T SSB S1_H110V6 8to2ss51to54
NR AAU5613 3.5G 64T SSB S3_H65V6 Ord all
NR AAU5613 3.5G 64T SSB S8_H65V12 Ord all
Optimized D-Azimuth
D-Azimuth Difference
0
20
20
0
10
20
Base E-Tilt/D-Tilt
0
20
20
0
10
30
Base Beam Scenario
DEFAULT
DEFAULT
DEFAULT
SCENARIO_8
DEFAULT
SCENARIO_3
Optimized E-Tilt/D-Tilt
8
6
6
6
6
6
Optimized Beam Scenario
SCENARIO_1
SCENARIO_3
SCENARIO_3
SCENARIO_1
SCENARIO_3
SCENARIO_8
E-Tilt/D-Tilt Difference
4
8
9
9
9
6
-4
2
3
3
3
0
Antenna Scenario Change
Scenario 0
Scenario 14
Small
building
Small
building
High rise
building
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High rise
building
5G Planning
5G Planning Requirement
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eMBB Target Scenario
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eMBB Scenario
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5G Planning Target
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5G Planning Target
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5G Planning Target
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5G Planning Target
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5G Freq Band Planning
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3GPP-defined 5G Frequency Ranges and Bands
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5G Freq - Coverage
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5G Frequency - Rain
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5G Spectrum
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5G Dimensioning
LTE (800,1800,2600) /2G
(G900)/3G (U900/U2100)
1. Cost Hatta = 1.8 ~ 2.6 GHZ
2. Ukumura Hatta = < 1.8 Ghz
3. Cross wave (model tuning)
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Link Budget Overview
Analyze customer requirements
Coverage
requirements
Quality
requirement
Spectrum
information
Propagation
model
……
Determine input
parameters.
Service
models
Create link budget
User
number
planning
Maximum allowed path loss
Obtain the cell radius
Estimate capacity
Maximum cell radius
Calculate the coverage area of
a single base station
Estimate capacity
of a single cell
Estimate network
capacity
Maximum coverage area
of a single base station
Estimate site number based
on coverage requirements
Maximum number of BTSs
Estimate site scale
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Estimate site number based on
capacity requirements
No.
Function
1
Cell radius estimation based on the cell edge rate
2
Throughput estimation based on the coverage area
3
Coverage estimation of each common channel or
control channel
Key Differences Between 5G and 3G/4G Link Budgets
Link Factor
Cable loss
LTE Link Budget
RRUs are used with external antennas,
which lead to cable loss.
5G Link Budget
AAUs are used without external antennas, which do not lead to cable loss.
RRUs are used with external antennas, which lead to cable loss.
A physical antenna is associated with a
single TRX. The antenna gain of a
Base station antenna gain
single TRX is the gain of the physical
antenna.
An MM antenna array is associated with multiple TRXs. One TRX corresponds to multiple
physical antennas.
Total antenna gain = Gain of a single TRX antenna + Beamforming (BF) gain
Where,
• The antenna gain in the link budget is only the antenna gain of a single TRX.
• The BF gain is specified by the demodulation threshold.
• For details about antenna gains, see the product specifications by vising
Propagation model
Cost231-Hata
36.873 UMa/RMa 38.901Umi
Penetration loss
Relatively small
A higher frequency band indicates higher penetration loss.
Interference margin
Relatively large
The MM beam inherently has interference suppression effect. Therefore, it is subject to low
interference.
Body block loss
N/A
It needs to be considered when UEs are located at a low altitude and the traffic volume is
large, especially if mmWave is used.
Rain attenuation
N/A
If mmWave is used, rain attenuation needs to be considered in areas with intense and
frequent rainfalls.
Foliage attenuation
N/A
Foliage attenuation needs to be considered in areas with dense vegetation and in LOS
scenarios.
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5G Link Budget Factors
gNodeB
transmit power
Cable loss
gNodeB
antenna gain
Link budget factors: 5G and 4G have no difference in
basic concepts. However, 5G introduces the impact of
body block loss, foliage loss, and rain/snow attenuation
(especially for mmWave).
Antenna gain
Path loss
Margin
Loss
Penetration loss
Foliage loss
Path loss (dB) = gNodeB transmit power (dBm) – 10 x log10 (subcarrier
quantity) + gNodeB antenna gain (dBi) – gNodeB cable loss (dB) –
penetration loss (dB) – foliage loss (dB) – body block loss (dB) –
interference margin (dB) – rain/ice margin (dB) – slow fading margin (dB)
– body block loss (dB) + UE antenna gain (dB) – Thermal noise power
(dBm) – UE noise figure (dB) – demodulation threshold SINR (dB)
Body block loss
Slow fading margin
Interference
margin
Rain/Ice
margin
UE reception sensitivity
Body loss
Link budget involves 2 types of factors:
▪
Certain factors: Once the product form and scenario are
determined, the corresponding parameters are
accordingly determined (power, antenna gain, noise
figure, demodulation threshold, penetration loss, and
body loss).
▪
Uncertain factors: The impact of some uncertain factors
needs to be considered (such as slow fading margin,
rain/snow margin, and interference margin). These
factors do not occur anytime or anywhere, and are
considered as link margins.
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Interference Margin
Margin reserved to overcome
the increase of noise floor
caused by neighboring cells
and other external
interference. The value of this
parameter is equal to the
noise floor increase.
UE antenna gain
Rain/Snow/Ice
Margin
Margin reserved to overcome
the high probability of signal
attenuation caused by rain,
snow, and ice.
Slow Fading Margin
The signal strength varies slowly with the
distance (complies with the normal
logarithmic distribution), and is related to the
barrier of propagation, seasonal, and
weather change. The slow fading margin
refers to the margin reserved to ensure a
certain level coverage probability in longterm measurement.
Link Budget Analysis
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5G Statistical Propagation Model
5G NR uses the 3D propagation model defined in 3GPP 36.873. The UMa, UMi, and RMa models are applicable to frequency bands 2–6 GHz
and then are extended to 0.5–100 GHz in 3GPP 38.901.
Scenario
Path Loss (dB), fc (GHz),
Distance (m)
Applicability Range,
Antenna Height Default Values
3D-UMa
LOS
PL = 22.0log10(d3D) + 28.0 +
20log10(fc)
PL = 40log10(d3D) + 28.0 +
20log10(fc) – 9log10((d'BP)2 + (hBS hUT)2)
10 m < d2D < d'BP4)
d'BP < d2D < 5000 m4)
hBS = 25 m4), 1.5 m ≦ hUT ≦ 22.5 m4)
PL = max(PL3D-UMa-NLOS, PL3D-UMaLOS),
PL3D-UMa-NLOS = 161.04 – 7.1 log10
(W) + 7.5 log10 (h) – (24.37 –
3.7(h/hBS)2) log10 (hBS) + (43.42 –
3.1 log10 (hBS)) (log10 (d3D) – 3) +
20 log10(fc) – (3.2 (log10 (17.625))
2 – 4.97) – 0.6(h
UT – 1.5)
10 m < d2D < 5 000 m
h = avg. building height, W = street
width
hBS = 25 m, 1.5 m ≦ hUT ≦ 22.5 m, W
= 20 m, h = 20 m
The applicability ranges:5 m < H <
50 m, 5 m < W < 50 m, 10 m < hBS <
150 m, 1.5 m ≦ hUT ≦ 22.5 m
Explanations: see 6)
3D-UMa
NLOS
Path Loss (dB), fc (GHz),
Scenario
Distance (m)
Applicability
Range,
Antenna Height
Default Values
3D-UMi
LOS
PL = 22.0log10(d3D) + 28.0 +
20log10(fc)
PL = 40log10(d3D) + 28.0 +
20log10(fc) – 9log10((d'BP)2 +
(hBS – hUT)2)
3D-UMi
NLOS
For hexagonal cell layout:
PL = max(PL3D-UMi-NLOS, PL3DUMi-LOS),
PL3D-UMi-NLOS = 36.7log10(d3D) +
22.7 + 26log10(fc) – 0.3(hUT –
1.5)
Scenario
Building Height (m)
Street Width (m)
Dense urban
30
10
Urban
20
20
Suburban
10
30
Rural
5
50
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Scenario
Path Loss (dB), fc (GHz),
Distance (m)
10 m < d2D < d'BP1)
d'BP < d2D < 5000
m1)
hBS = 10m1), 1.5 m
≦ hUT ≦ 22.5 m1)
3D-RMa
LOS
PL1 = 20log10(40πd3Dfc /3) +
min(0.03h1.72,10)log10(d3D)
– min(0.044h1.72,14.77) +
0.002log10(h)d3D
PL2 = PL1 (dBP) + 40 log10(d3D
/dBP)
10 m < d2D < 2000
m2)
hBS = 10 m
1.5 m ≦ hUT ≦
22.5 m
3D-RMa
NLOS
Propagation Model
Applicability
Range,
Antenna Height
Default Values
10 m < d2D < 5 000 m,
hBS = 35 m,
hUT = 1.5 m,
W = 20 m,
H=5m
H = avg. building
height,
PL = 161.04 – 7.1 log10(W) + 7.5 W = street width
Applicability ranges:
log10(h) – (24.37 – 3.7(h/hBS)2)
5 m < h < 50 m
log10(hBS) + (43.42 – 3.1
5 m < W < 50 m
log10(hBS)) (log10(d3D) – 3) + 20
log10(fc) – (3.2 (log10(11.75 hUT))2 10 m < hBS < 150 m
1 m < hUT < 10 m
– 4.97)
Application Scenario
UMa
Macro dense urban/urban/suburban
RMa
Macro rural
UMi
Micro urban/dense urban
C-band 3.5 GHz Penetration Loss
Source: 3GPP 38.901
Source: Huawei tests
Classes
Material/type
Outer wall of an
office building
35 cm thick concrete wall
2-layer energy-efficient glass with metal frames
12 cm plasterboard wall
76 x 2 mm, 2 layers
229 mm, 3 layers
2-layer energy-efficient glass with metal frames
3-layer energy-efficient glass with metal frames
2-layer glass
Inner wall
Brick
Based on the preceding high loss formula, the 3.5 GHz penetration
loss is calculated as follows:
5 - 10 x log(0.7 x 10^(-(23 + 0.3 x 3.5)/10) + 0.3 x 10^(-(5 + 4 x
3.5)/10)) = 26.85 dB
Glass
Penetration Loss (dB)
From R-REP-P.2346






10 cm & 20 cm thick concrete slab:16 – 20 dB
1 cm coating glass (0°angle): 25 dB
External wall + one-way perspective coated glass: 29 dB
External wall + 1 internal wall: 44 dB
External wall + 2 internal walls: 58 dB
External wall + elevator: 47 dB
Concrete slab (dark room test)
3.5 GHz
Penetration Loss
28
26
12
24
28
26
34
12
Frequence
0.8
1.8
2.1
2.6
3.5
4.5
Denseurban
18
21
22
23
26
28
Urban
14
17
18
19
22
24
Suburban
10
13
14
15
18
20
Rural
7
10
11
12
15
17
Band(GHz)
Based on the test result and protocol definition, for the 3.5 GHz dense urban area, the loss of penetrating a wall is considered as 26 dB,
and those in urban and suburban areas are considered as 4 dB difference based on LTE networks.
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mmWave Penetration Loss
Source: 3GPP 38.901
Source: Huawei tests
Material
28 GHz
4
39 GHz
5
Ordinary glass door (0.8 cm)
3.5
4.5
Low-e metal coated glass (0.6 cm)
12
NA
2-layer low-e metal coated glass*
16
NA
Metal coated glass
23.5
NA
Window-shades + 2-layer glass
36.2
45.9
2-layer glass wall (1.8 cm)
Outer concrete wall (27.5 cm)
Inner concrete wall (42 cm)
Inner concrete wall (36 cm)
Hollow metal wall (0.8 cm)
Solid wooden door (4.5 cm)
Hollow wall
Wooden door (5 cm)
Pine board (2 cm)*
Hollow metal wall (0.8 cm)
White board*
Advertisement paper*
Thermal baffle*
Carton covered foam*
14.6
64.9
69.1
54
63
11.7
4.5
8.9
1
63
17.8
1
2
3.6
20.9
78.8
75.7
NA
68.5
18.4
NA
10.7
NA
68.5
NA
NA
NA
NA
1-layer glass (0.8 cm)
Based on the preceding high loss formula, the 28 GHz
penetration loss is calculated as follows:
5 - 10 x log(0.7 x 10^(-(23 + 0.3 x 28)/10) + 0.3 x 10^(-(5 + 4 x
28)/10)) = 37.95 dB
Penetration Loss (dB)
28 GHz
39 GHz
Dense Urban
38
41
Urban
34
37
Suburban
30
33
Rural
27
30
Concrete slab (dark room test)
Based on the test result and protocol definition, for the 28 GHz dense urban area, the loss of penetrating a wall is considered as 38 dB,
and those in urban and suburban areas are considered as 4 dB difference based on LTE networks.
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Shadow Fading Margin
3GPP 38.901 Slow Fading Standard Deviation
Scenario
RMa
UMa
UMi - Street
Canyon
InH - Office
LOS/NLOS
LOS
NLOS
LOS
NLOS
LOS
NLOS
LOS
NLOS
Shadow Fading Standard (dB)
4
8
4
6
4
7.82
3
8.03
The following table lists the typical slow fading
margin of the UMa LOS/NLOS under the 95% area
coverage condition.
Scenario
Area Coverage
Probability
LOS
95%
85.1%
4
4.16
NLOS
95%
82.5%
6
5.6
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Edge Coverage
Slow Fading
Slow Fading
Probability
Standard Deviation
Margin
Empirical Value of Huawei's Slow Fading Standard
Deviation
Scenario
Dense Urban
Urban
Suburban
Rural
O2I
11.7
9.4
7.2
6.2
Considering the 95% area coverage, the shadow fading
margin in typical scenarios can be calculated as follows:
Scenario
Dense Urban
Urban
Suburban
Rural
LOS
O2I
9
8
7
6
5
O2O
8
7
6
5
4
Propagation Model
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Link Budget Factor
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Foliage Loss (High Frequency)
Expectation (Considering
Industry Experience)
Typical Value
A sparse tree
5–10 dB
8 dB
A dense tree
15 dB
11 dB (lower part)
16 dB (crown)
Two trees
(Top of one tree + crown of
another one)
15–20 dB
19 dB
3 trees
(Top of 2 trees + crown of 1
tree)
20–25 dB
24 dB
Scenario
Illustration
For 5G, especially high frequency, loss caused by foliage shading is very important. According to Huawei field test results, it is recommended that 17 dB be
used as the typical foliage loss value, which can be adjusted according to the actual situation in the planning scenario.
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Foliage Loss (Low Frequency)
Recommended value for 3.5 GHz
If the vegetation in the target area is
dense and the LOS scenario is involved,
it is recommended that foliage loss be
considered for sub-6 GHz link budget, for
example: 12 dB (penetrating multiple
trees).
Penetration Loss (dB)
3500 MHz
A camphor
8.46
A willow
7.49
2 trees
11.14
3–4 trees
19.59
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Body Block Loss
In WTTx scenarios, the block loss does not need to be considered for link budget.
In the eMBB scenario, the test results show that the body block loss on high frequency bands is affected by factors such as
people, receiver, relative position in the signal transmission direction, and altitude difference between the receiver and
transmitter. A larger the body blocking ratio indicates more severe loss. For 28 GHz, the typical body block loss is
approximately 15 dB. In NLOS scenarios, the multipath propagation of signals reduces the actual body block loss.
Therefore, the actual body block loss is approximately 8 dB.
Figure 1 Test Result of Body Block Loss in Typical Indoor LOS Scenarios
Figure 2 Test Results of Body Block Loss in Typical Outdoor LOS Scenarios
In typical indoor LOS scenarios, the body block loss test results are as follows:
5 dB with minor blocking, 15 dB with severe blocking.
In typical outdoor LOS scenarios, the body block loss test results
are as follows: 18 dB with severe blocking, 21 dB with more
severe blocking, 40 dB with the most severe blocking.
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Rain Attenuation Margin
This marge depends on the frequency, rainfall rate in the rain zone, propagation path length, and the probability of
reaching the guaranteed rate.
Item
Typical site distance (km)
Typical radius (km)
Rain zone
0.01% rainfall rate (mm/h)
Margin to be considered to ensure 99.99%
probability of the guaranteed rate
M
63
E
22
18.05 5.26 9.07 12.76 9.63
Canada
3
2
B
12
C
15
5.86
7.03
Performance
Deterioration
(Hour/Year)
Rate in rain attenuation (Mbps) - baseline 1 Gbps
0
481 182
0
149
429
330
0.1% rainfall rate (mm/h)
Margin to be considered to ensure 99.99% probability
of the guaranteed rate
35
6
22
6
3
5
6.82 1.99 3.43 4.82 3.64
2.21
2.66
Rate in rain attenuation (Mbps) - baseline 1 Gbps
346 767 603 512
589
746
698
1% rainfall rate (mm/h)
Margin to be considered to ensure 99.99% probability
of the guaranteed rate
5
0.6
0.5
0.7
1.88 0.55 0.95 1.33 1.00
0.61
0.73
777 937 882 838
928
912
Rate in rain attenuation (Mbps) - baseline 1 Gbps



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N
95
USA
1
0.67
E
K
22 42
12
0.6 1.5
4
876
0.876
8.76
87.6
Rain attenuation is related to the diameter of rain drops and the wavelength of signals. The wavelength of
signals is determined by the frequency, and the diameter of rain drops is closely related to the rainfall rate.
Therefore, rain attenuation is related to the frequency and rainfall rate. Rain attenuation is an accumulation
process and is closely related to the length of the propagation path of a signal in the rainfall zone. The
probability of reaching the guaranteed rate is also related.
The estimation of rain attenuation in the 5G WTTx scenario is the same as that in microwave. Both referred to
the calculation method in the ITU-R proposal. However, the margin requirement for microwave transmission is
strict, which corresponds to the time link interruption probability of the 0.01% in the planning area. In the 5G
WTTx scenario, the probability of reaching the guaranteed rate corresponding to reserved level margin should
be met based on the customer requirements.
The recommended value is 3 dB in the 28 GHz WTTx scenario.
Interference Margin
•
The interference margin (IM) is reserved to overcome noise increase caused by neighboring cell
interference. Based on the SINR calculation principle, the IM formula can be deduced as follows:
Downlink Interference
Signal of the serving cell
Uplink Interference
Downlink interference of a neighboring cell
UE uplink signal
UE uplink signal
Uplink interference
from the UE
Empirical IM Values
Frequency (GHz)
Scenario
Dense urban
Urban
Suburban
Rural
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3.5
O2O
UL
DL
2
17
2
15
2
13
1
10
Note:
28
O2I
UL DL
2
7
2
6
2
4
1
2
O2O
UL DL
0.5
1
0.5
1
0.5
1
0.5
1
O2I
UL DL
0.5
1
0.5
1
0.5
1
0.5
1
The empirical IM values are based on the following assumptions:
• 3.5 GHz 64T64R, continuous networking
• 28 GHz discontinuous networking
Link Budget Factor
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Link Budget Factor
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Link Budget Factor
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Link Budget Calculation
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Link Budget Calculation
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Link Budget Calculation
•
•
•
•
•
•
AAU output power = 160 Watt → 52 dBm
Antenna Gain = 10 dbi (antenna gain) + 15 dbi (BF) = 25 dbi
Cable Loss = 0
Penetration loss = 26 dBm
EIRP = Subcarrier Power + Antenna Gain
Subcarrier Power = AAU output power – 10 log (RB x12 sc)
= 52 dbm – 10 log (217 x 12)
= 17.8 dbm
Rx Sensitivity = SINR + Rx Noise Figure + Thermal Noise + 10 log
• EIRP = 17.8 + 25 = 42.8 dbm
10 (scs x 1000)
= -14.95 + 7 dB + (-174) + 10 log 10 (30 x1000)
Penetration loss = - 26 dB
= - 137.1 dBm
Interference Margin = - 17 dB
Human Body = - 3 dB
Min Signal Reception Strength (MsRs) = Rx Sensivity + Rx Body Loss +
Thermal Noise = -174 dB
Interference Margin
Noise Figure = 7 dB
= -137.1 + 3 + 17
Shadow Fading Margin = 8 dB
= -117.17 dBm
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MAPL = EIRP – MsRs – Penetration Loss – Shadow Fading Margin
= 42.8 – (-117.17) – (0 = LOS, 26=NLOS) – 8
= 125.97 dB
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Parameter
Planning
Timeslot
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Timeslot
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PCI
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PRACH
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PRACH
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PRACH
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PRACH
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PRACH
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PRACH
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Neighbor
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Cell Power
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Cell Power
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