The principle of operation of
the computer
Von Neumannova scheme
John von Neumann
• American mathematician of Hungarian origin (born 28.12.1903
in Budapest, died 5.2.1957 in Washington DC)
• During World War II, he participated in solving the problems of
atomic bomb construction from a mathematical point of view
• In the years 1944 – 1945 he participated in the construction of
the first electronic computer called EDVAC, he was the director
of the project - Electronic Computer Project
• In 1945, together with his collaborators, he proposed a scheme
for the operation of a computer - the Von Neumann architecture
• Von Neumann's schematic of the computer was published in
1945 in the article "First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC"
• At the end of his life, he dealt with the possibilities of
connecting the human brain and the modern computer
Block diagram of the computer (Neumann
scheme)
Schema Blocks (Processing)
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
Memory (RAM)
Controller (computer control unit)
Input unit(s)
Output unit(s)
Communication elements (information flows)
Controller control signals
Controller Status Messages
Data Streams
The principle of operation of a computer
according to von Neumann
Rok 1945
Rok 2020
• A program is placed in the operating memory using
input devices (keyboard, mouse, hard drive, external
inputs), which will perform the required calculations.
In the same way, the necessary data is placed in
memory.
• The calculation itself takes place, and the individual
steps are performed by the ALU. This unit, along with
other modules, is controlled by the computer's
processor controller during the calculation. The
intermediate results are stored in the processor
registers and in the operating memory. The processor
controller evaluates the entered command, finds out
what operations can be solved, forwards this
information to the ALU.
• After the calculations are completed, the results are
sent via the ALU to the output devices using a
controller communicating with the peripherals.
Processor (Central Control Unit)
Bloková schémá procesora Intel 8086
Popis púzdra CPU 8086
• Control Unit (RJ) - controls the operation of the
entire processor by sending control signals and
processing status messages for the controller
within the processor, coordinates cooperation
and addressing memory, correct timing of
instructions
• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) – performs
arithmetic and logical operations. It contains
blocks for arithmetic operations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division, and blocks for logical operations such
as comparison, etc. The role of the ALU is to
execute a program stored in memory step by
step
• The processor executes the instructions of the
program sequentially, as they are addressed to
the RJ from the operating memory.
Controller
Controller)
(Peripheral
• The controller, together with the processor, is responsible
for communicating the components in the computer
• Memory controller (Northbridge) – its task is to send
control signals, process status messages and address
memory blocks of operating memory and graphics
memory
• I/O controller (Southbridge) – is designed to send control
signals, process status messages of peripheral devices
(disks, displays, keyboards)
• For the proper functioning of the processor, controllers
and peripherals, a clock generator is important, which
generates a clock signal used to synchronize devices in
the computer
Memory (RAM)
Dekódovanie adresy
na zodpovedajúce
riadky a stĺpce v
RAM
• The operating memory is used to store
program code and program data. At the same
time, intermediate calculations and results are
stored in it
• The values in the operating memory are
represented by the binary "0" and "1", which
are placed in the memory at different places –
addresses. The location addresses of the
values are decoded from the data from the
memory controller
• There are electronics in the memory module
that convert the address from the memory
controller to the coordinate of the memory
location determined after decoding the
corresponding row and column
• The operating memory is reset when the
computer is turned off, it is not used to
permanently store data.
Input unit (I/O devices)
Scanner
Klávesnica a myš
SSD disk M.2
SSD disk
Digitálny fotoaparát
• The input devices of the computers ensure the
input of data into the computer. The most
common input devices are keyboards, mice
• Scanners are used for document processing,
which use optical image capture and its
conversion to a computer. Digital cameras and
camcorders are used to input image data in
the form of images
• Various types of cables are used to connect
devices, e.g. (USB, PS/2, RJ45, IEEE 1394,
eSATA, SATA)
• I/O devices used for permanent data storage
are hard drives and newer SSDs and data tapes
Output unit (I/O devices)
• The output devices of computers provide data
output from the computer. The most common
output devices are monitors and printers
• The output data is displayed on a computer
monitor with the help of a graphics card, which is
controlled by the GPU, which allows you to
process office agendas, but also solve graphic and
design tasks.
• Printers usually provide output to paper or other
media, according to the printing technology they
are divided into laser, inkjet and other (e.g.
plotters, other specialized devices)
• Various types of cables are used to connect
devices, e.g. (USB, PS/2, RJ45, IEEE 1394, eSATA,
SATA)
Laserová
tlačiareň
LCD monitor
Atramentová
tlačiareň
3D
tlačiareň
Plotter grafický/rezací
Resource List
Internet:
John von Neumann https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann
John von Neumann's conception https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncepcia_Johna_von_Neumanna
Von Neumann's scheme https://oskole.detiamy.sk/clanok/von-neumannova-schema-3989
EDVAC https://www.thocp.net/hardware/edvac.htm
Central Processing Unit https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centr%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_procesorov%C3%A1_jednotka
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cipov%C3%A1_sada chipset
Electronic memory https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronick%C3%A1_pam%C4%9B%C5%A5
Monitor (screen) https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_(screen)
Computer Printer https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8D%C3%ADta%C4%8Dov%C3%A1_tisk%C3%A1rna