Decent Work Employment (NUR 112)
P 1
Decent work
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It is an employment that respects the
fundamental rights of the human person as
well as the rights of workers in terms of
conditions of work safety and renumeration,
respect for the physical and mental integrity
of the worker in the exercise of his/her
employment
 Do employers give respect to the
basic rights of the worker?
 Would the work place offer free PPEs
to promote work safety?
 Renumeration- Salary and wages are
extrinsic motivation to workers
o Workers should be properly
compensated
 Physical and mental- considers
holistic being of the worker
It involves opportunities for work that are
productive and deliver a fair income,
security in the workplace and social
protection for families, better prospects for
personal development and social
integration, freedom for people to express
their concerns, organize, and participate in
the decisions that affect their lives and
equality of opportunity and treatment for all
women and men (International Labor
Organization)
 A decent work should develop a
person’s personality and the
professional career (e. g. graduate
studies scholarships for professional
growth, in-service trainings and
seminars)
Four objectives of International Labor Organization’s
decent work
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To create jobs
 Greater job opportunities
 For better sustainable development
 To boost the economy
To provide guarantee in worker’s rights and
rights at work
 Employees should be well
recognized
 There should be no discrimination
To extend social protection to workers of all
categories
 Safety condition of all aspects
 Right to rest, day offs
To help workers in resolutions in conflicts and
promotion of social dialogue
 Conflicts will always arise in work
environments but should be well
managed
Types of employment in the Philippines
1. Regular or permanent employment
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Will not be fired immediately, unless you
violate rules
They enjoy the benefit of security of tenure
You will have the job, unless, you resign
After retirement, there will be
compensations
Labor code of the Philippines, Article 281
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The maximum length of probationary
employment shall be six months, and is
counted form the date an employee
started working
 Six months only for probationary but
if more than six months the person
should be already a candidate for
regularizations
 But for professors, three years is
needed to be a candidate for
regularization
2. Term or fixed employment
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It is when the employee renders service for a
definite period of time and the employment
contract must be terminated after such
period expires
Minimum time of service is six months
Up to the employers if they would rehire the
employee or not
Also called contractual employment
3. Project employment
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An employee is hired for a specific project
or undertaking and the employment
duration is specified by the scope of work
and/ or length of project
E.g., architects, engineers, nurse researchers
4. Seasonal employment
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The work to be performed is only for a
certain time or a season of the year and the
employment is only for that duration
E.g., board exam reviewers
There is a peak season where employees
are hired
5. Casual employment
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An employee performs work that is not
usually necessary or primarily related to the
employer’s business or trade
Outside works are usually done
Working conditions and rest periods, and hours or
work
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Nurses should only work 8 hours/day, 40
hours per week (5 days)
Some hospitals have 12 hours (4 days of duty
only) of duty especially in special areas
Article 83. normal hours of work
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The normal hours of work of any employee
shall not exceed eight hours a day
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Article 85. meal periods
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It shall be the duty of every employer to give
his employees not less than sixty minutes
time-off for their regular meals
Night differential
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Every employee shall be paid a night shift
differential of not less than ten percent of
their regular wage for each hour of work
between 10 o’clock in the evening and six
o’clock in the morning
10 pm-6 am duty or work
Article 93. Compensation for rest day, Sunday, or
holiday work
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An additional compensation equivalent to
their regular wage plus at least 25% thereof
Undertime not offset by overtime
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Undertime work on any particular day shall
not be offset by overtime work on any other
day
Overtime does not fix undertime
Emergency over time work
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When the country is at war
When it is necessary to prevent loss of life or
property (imminent danger to public safety)
When there is urgent work to be performed
When the work is necessary to prevent loss
or damage to perishable goods
 Food delivery
When the completion or continuation of
work started before the eighth hour is
necessary to prevent serious obstruction to
the business
Right to weekly rest day
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It shall be the duty of the employer, whether
operating for profit or not, to provide each
of his employees a rest period of not less
than 24 consecutive hours after six
consecutive normal working days
Article 92. When employee may be required to
work on a rest day
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In case of actual or impending emergencies
caused by serious accidents: fire, flood,
typhoons, earthquake, epidemic, or other
disasters or calamity to prevent loss of life
and property or imminent danger to the
public safety
In cases of urgent work to be performed on
the machinery, equipment, or installation to
avoid serious loss which the employer would
otherwise suffer
In the event of abnormal pressure of work
due to special circumstances, where the
employer cannot ordinarily be expected to
resort to other measures
When an employee is made or permitted to
work on his scheduled rest day, he shall be
paid an additional compensation of at least
30% of his regular wage
Article 94. Right to holiday pay
Overtime work
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To prevent loss or damage to perishable
goods
Where the nature of work requires
continuous operations
 Even when the employee is on leave
or on rest day they will be called to
report to work
The employer may require an employee to
work on any holiday but such employee
shall be paid a compensation equivalent to
twice his regular rate
The Basic Rights of Employees
Equal Work Opportunities for all
└ The state shall protect labor, promote full
employment,
provide
equal
work
opportunity regardless of gender, race, or
creed;
regulate
employee-employer
relations
Security of tenure
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Every employee shall be assured security of
tenure
No employee can be dismissed from work
except for a just or authorized cause, and
only after due process
 Dismissal is not permitted unless there
are breach to code of ethics and
rules
Work days and work hours
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The normal hours of work in a day are eight
hours
An employee must be paid his or her wages
for all hours worked
Weekly rest day
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A day-off of 24 consecutive hours after six
days of work should be scheduled by the
employer upon consultation with the
workers
Wage and wage related benefits
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An employer cannot make any deduction
from an employee’s wage except for
insurance premiums with the consent of the
employee
 Pag-ibig, SSS, Philheath
 Gross pay- total salary received
before taxes are deducted
 Net pay- total wage when taxes are
already deducted
 Premiums are deducted at the last
salary of the month (30th)
Payment of wages
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Employee’s compensation (EC) benefits for workrelated contingencies
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Wages shall be paid in cash, legal tender at
or near the place of work. Wages shall be
given not less than once every two weeks or
twice within month at intervals no
exceeding 16 days
 15th and 30th day salary
 According to DOLE, salary should not
be late but can be given early
Employment of women
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Night work prohibition unless allowed by the
rules
 In industrial undertakings from 10 pm
to 6 am
 In commercial/non-industrial
undertakings from 12 mn to 6 am
o Industrial workers
 In agricultural undertakings, at night
time unless given not less than nine
consecutive hours of rest
 For pregnant women, a month
before they should already file a
maternity leave till 90 days
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Types of leaves
Vacation leave
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Employment of children
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Minimum employable age is 15 years old. A
worker below 15 years of age should be
directly under the sole responsibility of
parents or guardians; work does not
interfere with the child’s schooling or normal
development
 For emancipated minors, they are
allowed to work since they are
already living independently
Safe working conditions
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Employers must provide workers with every
kind of on-the-job protection against injury,
sickness, or death through safe and
healthful working conditions
 All aspects of the work should be
secured of safety (holistic health,
building structure, etc.)
 Protective equipment should be
provided by the company or
employer
Right to self-organization and collective bargaining
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Right to self-organization
 Right of every worker to form or join
any legitimate worker’s organization,
association or union of his or her own
choice
Labor unions and organizations of
employees
 They demand the rights of
employees
The employee’s compensation program is
the tax-exempt compensation program for
employees and their dependents
 Medical benefits for sickness or
injuries
o Health cards
 Disability benefits
 Rehabilitation benefits
 Death and funeral benefits
 Pension benefits
o Government workers highly
benefits this
Usually, only the regular workers may
experience these benefits
All employees, with the exception of casual
workers, are entitled of four weeks of
vacation per year
 This type of leave is paid
 In some companies, if vacation
leave is not used it may be
converted to cash
o Amount will be based on the
salary
Parental leave
All employees are entitled to unpaid
parental leave after working for 12 months
 Should be legal spouse
 Leave to attend school meetings of
children is an example of unpaid
parental leave
└ Female employees are entitled to 90
calendar days of maternity leave with full
pay
└ Male employees shall be entitled to 10
working days of paternity leave with full pay
during the period of maternity leave of their
legal spouse
Leave for personal
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If he/she is unfit for work due to personal
illness or injury (Sick Leave)
 Medical certificate should be
presented
└ If a member of the employee’s immediate
family suffers a serious injury or illness or dies (2
days paid care leave)
Study leave
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Study leave shall be granted by the university
only on the basis of the needs of the university
and the interests of staff development
Usually applicable to teachers and
professors
RA 9173 “the Philippine Nursing Law”
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Philippine nursing act of 2002
Sec. 32. Salary
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Clinical nursing
The minimum base pay of nurses working in
public health institution shall not be lower
than salary grade 15 prescribed under RA
6758 otherwise known as “Compensation
and Classification Act of 1989”
 SG15 = Php 32,000.00
 Government: Entry level is nurse I until
nurse V and salary is also increasing
 Not applicable to private hospitals
Sec. 33. Incentives and benefits
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The BON in coordination with the DOH and
other concerned agencies, association of
hospitals and the accredited professional
organization shall establish an incentive and
benefit system in the form of:
 Free hospital care for nurses and
their dependents
 Scholarship grants
 Other non-cash benefits
 PNA is the accredited professional
organization of nursing
Job Search in Nursing
Different fields in nursing
Clinical nursing
Community nursing
Refers to the practice of nursing in the local,
national, and city health departments which
include health centers and public schools
└ Focus: Families and Whole Community
└ Roles:
 Vaccinations
 Assessments of Children and
Pregnant Women
 Implementation of DOH programs
School health nursing
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Responsible for the school’s activities in the
areas of health service, health education
and environment health and safety
└ Focus: Students, Teachers, and Personnel
└ Roles:
 Health education
 Attend to the complaints of
Students, Teachers, and Personnel
Industrial/ occupational nursing
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Work alone in situations where they may
have to give immediate care to patients
with serious injuries, they need to be fully
informed about their legal responsibilities
Companies may have their own nurses
Emergency situations in the workplace,
especially needed when toxic or hazardous
products are handled in the company
HOSPITAL/ INSTITUTIONAL NURSING
└ Nursing in the hospitals and related health
facilities such as extended care facilities,
nursing homes, and neighborhood clinics,
comprises all of the basic components of
comprehensive patient care and family
health
└ Roles:
o OR/ ER/ DR
o Infection control
o Hemodialysis/ Renal
o ICU/ PICU/ NICU
o Pediatric
o Psychiatric Nursing
o Geriatric
o Nurse Midwife
o Nurse Anesthetist
└ Acute care settings
Clinic nursing
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Acts as the receptionist, answers phone,
does the billing, take x-ray and ECGs,
changes dressings, give injections (BCG,
DPT, measles), and assist in Physical
examinations
Attends the needs of the patients in the
clinic
Nursing informatics
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Is a field of nursing that incorporates
Documentation of e-health records,
information science
There is a levelling- beginning, advanced,
and expert levels
Forensic nursing
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Registered Registered nurses who received
specialized education and training to
provide care to patients who experienced
victimized or violence
Needs specialization before you can enter
this field
Medico-legal cases
Private duty nursing
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Is a registered nurse who undertakes to give
comprehensive nursing care to a client on a
one-to-one ratio
In any setting, ration is 1:1
Usually for long-term care and chronic
patients e.g., patients with TPN, NGT
Military nursing
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Provides comprehensive and quality nursing
care to all military personnel and their
dependents and authorized relatives
Army reserved personnel
Has to complete a general military course
In military hospitals, in order to become a
chief nurse, s/he should have a Colonel
Ranking
Nursing education
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Nurse who likes to consider teaching as their
field of expertise
According to RA 9173, for a nurse to
become a faculty in the CON a nurse
should have:
 At least 1 year of nursing experience
in the hospital
 A registered nurse with a master’s
degree
 Member of the PNA
 With good moral character
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Business should still be related to the
medical field
i.e., Review Center, Derma Clinic, Med tools
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Flight nursing
Responsible for patients, military or
otherwise, who have been evaluated from
battle areas to the nearest installation for
treatment
└ First aid management while transporting the
patient from one place to another
Independent nursing practice
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The nurse is self-employed and provides
professional nursing services to the
clients/patients and their families
Nurse may take different certifications to
have specializations then put-up business
that is inclined with to specialization
Considered as clinicians
Practiced more often in other countries
Nurse anesthetists
 Family members are not used
Interview preparation
 Attire should be business attire
Resume
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Nurse entrepreneur
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It is a formal document that provides an
overview of your professional qualifications,
including your relevant work experience,
skills, education, and notable
accomplishments
For fresh graduates and newly board
passers, related nursing experiences may be
placed
Provides the professional portfolio
Goal: to convince employers that you are
worth interviewing
Your resume is a valuable tool you can use
to highlight your experience to prospective
employers
 Any relevant trainings and
experiences may be highlighted
here
 First part of the resume should show
your strong points
Section
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Contact details
Career objective
Education
 Elementary and high school may not
be included
 College and post grad studies may
be included
Experience
Skills
Character references
Section 1: contact details
Resume
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A resume will get you through the door, but
the interview is what will get you hired
Job search tools
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Strong resume
Strong cover letter or application letter
 Always name the addressee of the
letter
 First paragraph- place your intention
why you want to apply, where did
you heart that they are hiring, why
did you choose the certain institution
 Last paragraph- summary of your
profile, experiences
3-4 professional references
 Recommendations from previous
employers, former professors, dean,
faculty
 But make sure they are informed that
they will be character references,
because the company will be calling
them
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First and last name
 Titles should be placed
Permanent address
Phone number
Email address
Section 2: career objective
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Change career objective with every job you
apply
 Base it on the field you are applying
on
 Know the job description to base the
career objective there
 Also place what you can offer
 Summary profile may also be placed
Section 3: education
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Only include college and post grad studies
School names
 Address of the school should be
placed
 Place the date of when you
graduated
Highest degree earned, majors and minors
Course
GWA may be placed
Honor and accomplishments
 Positions held may also be placed
Section 4: experience
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List any relevant work experience you have
If fresh grad, related nursing experiences
may be placed
 Where you did your RLE duties
Include your title, the company you worked
for, years worked, and a bulleted list of your
key responsibilities and notable successes
Seminars and trainings may be placed here
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Pointers in preparing for an interview
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Section 5: skills
Include any resume skills you possess that
are relevant to the position
└ Communication skills, leadership skills
└ Be sure to use a strong mix of hard skills and
soft skills to demonstrate that you are wellrounded candidate
Guidelines in making a resume
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No more than 2 pages
 Should be stapled
 The second page should have a
name in the footer
No grammatical errors and typographical
errors
Update resume at least annually
 Include the seminars and trainings
attended
Make sure to keep in mid things like the type
of font, the consistency of margins, and the
styles of borders
Font recommendations: Arial or Times New
Roman; 10-12
Using resume template is discourage
Do not include personal information such as
birthrate, marital status, social security or in
good health
 Exclude hobbies, interests and
religion/ethnic backgroundUnless
necessary
Make sure your resume is readable
Maker sure the important facts are easy to
spot
 GWA, achievements, positions are
usually in bold
 Use of headers
Do a spelling and grammar check
Do not include pictures, fancy binders, or
personal references
Do not include salary information or hobbies
(unless they have contributed to your work
experience)
Do not include personal information such as
marital status such as weight, marital status
and number of children
Do not repeat yourself just to make the
resume longer. A good resume is lean and
to the point and focuses on your strengths
and accomplishments
 Only the strong points should be
placed
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Make an appointment either by mail or
telephone
 Date, time, and place of
appointment will be sent by the
employer
 Always keep your lines open
Be at the place at the appointed time
 Never be late! This will mark as a first
impression
Know something about the institution where
you will apply so that you can answer
intelligently
 Know the vision and mission of the
organization
 Organization chart, who are the
administrators (top-level managers)
Be at your best
 Not only your best attire but also the
best momentum (mood, psyche)
Knock before you enter
 As a sign of respect
Bring credentials such as registration card,
residence certificate tax account number
 Certificate of registration for nurses
as proof that you have already
passed the board exam
 PRC ID
 Board rating certificate
 Resume
 Photocopy of certificates for
seminars
 A portfolio of credentials
Ask questions about the job
 There are some employers who ask
for an expected salary, if they ask,
give your answer
Thank the interviewer for giving you some of
his or her time
 Sign of sincerity or respect
Give yourself time to think about the position
If the prospective employer does not
answer, you may write a follow-up letter
stating your interest in the position
 Following up in the status of
application
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 Beyond a week, you can write a
follow-up letter because 3-5 days
they already respond
Do not begin with questions about
vacations, benefits, or sick time. This would
leave the impression that these are the most
important part of the job to you and not the
work itself
 Knowing what to contribute, job
functions and responsibilities should
be asked first to show your interest
Do begin with questions about the
employer’s expectation of you. This will
leave the impression that you want to know
how you can contribute to the organization
Be sure you know enough about the position
to make a reasonable decision about
accepting an offer if one is made
 Know the scope of responsibility
Do ask questions about the organization as
a whole. This information is useful to you and
demonstrates that you are able to see the
big picture
 Philosophy, core values,
management
Do bring a list of important points to discuss
to help you if you are nervous
Phrase your questions appropriately and use
appropriate grammar and diction. Words
like “yeah”, “uh-huh”, “you know”, or “like”
are too casual for an interview
During the interview, use the interviewer’s
title and last name as you speak. Never use
the interviewer’s first name unless specifically
requested to do so
Additional tips
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Bring only essential items to the interview
(resume, references, portfolio, datebook,
Know location of office and how to get
there. Make a trial trip getting to the
interview
 To prevent from getting lost and
predict the time you can arrive to
the are
Arrive 15 minutes early for the actual
interview
 As much as possible, arrive their 30
minutes early
 Shows diligence and punctuality
 Also sets the mood
Be pleasant, polite, and friendly but
business-like to everyone you meet,
including office staff
Check your appearance before going in
Language used is in accordance to the
language of question asked
Professional dressing
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For women
 Wear a suit and tailored jacket, dress
with sleeves, or dress with jacket in
conservative style, color and fabric.
Be feminine, but business-like. Do not
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dress sensually unless sex appeal is
part of the job
 Hair is conservative style; nails
manicured, short to mid length, clear
or light color polish
 Keep make-up and accessories to
minimum; less is more
For men
 Wear a suit, blue or gray, in
conservative style. Blazer, slack and
shirt with collar but w/o tie are
acceptable in few instances. Freshly
pressed
 Shirts solid color; ties conservative
 Eliminate earrings, flashy jewelry, or
strong after-shave
 Conservative style hair, beard
 Dress style shoes, polished and
repaired
 Shoes should match color with the
belt
Non-verbal
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Always offer your hand; use a firm but not
crushing handshake
Use eye contact without starring; avoiding
contact is a sign of deception, disinterest, or
lack of confidence
If a place of sitting is not indicated, choose
a chair closest to the interviewer
Sit relaxed, but not slouch. Leaning lightly
forward shows interest but do not lean on
desk or knees
Use hands naturally to emphasize a point;
do not cover mouth, hold your head or twist
hands
 Hand gestures
Summary of deadly interview mistakes
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Arrives late for the interview
Indicates he is late because the directions
he was given were not good
Looks disheveled and inappropriately
dressed
Slouches in his seat
Does not maintain good eye contact with
interviewer
Assumes he will find out about the company
in the interview. Ask interviewer, “What do
you do here?”
Does not link what he can do with the needs
of the employer
Brags about how great he is, but cites no
evidence
Responses have no clear focus, seems
disorganized and rambling
Is low-key; does not provide enthusiasm nor
appear to want the job; what are you going
to do for me attitude
Answers most questions with short “yes” or
“no”
 Always provide explanations
Appears desperate for a job-- any job
Call the interviewer by his first name
repeatedly or uses the wrong name
Badmouths his former boss and the
company
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Gives memorized responses and forgets
parts
Asks “how am I doing? Are you going to hire
me?”
After the interview
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Review and analyze
Send a thank you note
Make a return visit or telephone call two or
three days after your interview
Common questions
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Review and analyze your performance.
Take notes, modify any items to improve
your next interview
Send a thank you note to the manager
immediately after the interview. Don’t put
this off
Make a return visit or a telephone call two or
three days after your interview
 Reintroduce yourself and remind
which job you interviewed for
 Add any additional thoughts you
may not have covered when
interviewed
 Emphasize your strengths for the job
 Find out if a hiring decision has been
made. If decision and you’re not it,
ask for suggestions for creating a
better impression.
 Thank the interviewer for speaking to
you and for their time
If you are asked give me one good reason
to not hire you
 Answer it by saying a negative trait
that could be turned to positive
 E.g., micromanaging, does not stop
until something is finished
Common questions and answers
└ Tell me about yourself
 Highlight your background as it relates to
particular job
└ In what ways will your education or training help
you in this position?
 Demonstrates your capacity to make
practical application of formal knowledge
and training
└ Why did you specialize in your particular field?
 Solicits about basic value system
└ What do know about our company?
 Use company research
└ Why are you interested in working for this
company?
 Relate your skills to what you know about the
company
└ How does this position fit into future plans?
└ Where do you see yourself in three years?
 Demonstrate ambition, potential and
flexibility
└ In a job, what interests you the most/least?
 Relate to the position
└ Describe your best/worst boss
 Keep it positive
└ How others do describe you?
 Personal traits and characteristics,
adjectives
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What do you consider your single most
noteworthy accomplishment in your job?
Give me one good reason I should hire you.
Give me one good reason I shouldn’t hire you.
What qualifications do you have for this job?
If you were hired, what ideas/ talents could you
contribute to this position?
What do you consider your most outstanding
quality?
What evidence can you cite that demonstrates
your job effectiveness?
What would you most like to improve about
yourself?
What could you have done better on your last
job?
What can you tell me that best illustrates your
personal drive and motivation?
Questions an interviewee may ask
└ Were there any questions i didn’t provide an
adequate answer?
└ Is this new or replacement job?
└ As you think about this position, what aspects of
this job could be performed better?
└ What do you visualize as the major opportunity
areas for this position?
└ To whom does this report?
└ What is the background of my potential boss?
└ What qualifications does your ideal candidate
need?
└ What are the opportunities for personal growth?
└ If you were to offer me this job, where could i
expect to be in 5 years?
Compensation issues
└ Never ask about salary. The company will
discuss salary when appropriate
 Usually reserved for the second interview or
when there is a firm offer
 When the offer is made, ask: is there a signon bonus or commission in addition to
salary? How often are the reviews?
└ Benefits questions. Company benefits are offer
worth 25%-50% or more of cash salary offered.
 Ask: when am I eligible for the plan? Do I
have a choice of benefits available?
└ Negotiations. Everything can be negotiated
after you have received an offer. Know the
market and request consideration in terms of
salary; benefits and perks
Legal questions
P 2
└
Transcultural Nursing
└
Madeleine Leininger- proponent of transcultural
nursing theory
 Provides culturally-congruent care
 Care that fits or is sensitive to the culture
 If it is sensitive to the culture, people
tend to adapt and respond to it
 Highest and most universal care
construct is trust and should be
achieved when caring
└
Cultural transmission
└
└
Culture
└
└
└
└
Attitude of people who are geographically
grouped
Beliefs and behaviors
 What do they believe in, in certain
practices
Customs
A concept that encompasses beliefs and
behaviors that are learned by a group of
people
└
└
└
└
└
Culture can be learned
Shared to a certain group of people or
community
Cumulative
 Can be passed from one generation
to another
Diverse
 Cultures differ from place to place
 Naturally diverse in nature
Dynamic
 Culture changes with time
What are the components of culture?
└
└
└
└
Communication- transfer of information from
one person to another
 Uses nonverbal and verbal
communications
 Take note of the verbal, most
especially, the nonverbal
communication of a certain culture
Cognitive- composed of ideas and
knowledge
Materials
Behaviors- there are acceptable behaviors
and standards in a certain community
(norms)
Types of norms
└
└
└
Acceptable behavior of a society
Mores- moral values
 E.g., pagmamano, the use of po
and opo
 Even if you do not follow more,
sanctions are not done
Laws- among all types, this is the most formal
 If you do not follow laws, you may be
sanctioned
Enculturation- transmission of culture within/
inside the group (families)
 E.g., if one parent is a nurse, an
offspring will also be a nurse
Acculturation- transmission of culture to
another group
 When a person moves to another
country, a person may acquire
beliefs of the country
Assimilation- Removal or forgetting previous
culture
Immersion- acquiring culture when
immersed to a group of people
Cultural relativity
└
Characteristics of culture
└
└
Folkways- repetitive behavior of a certain
group of people
 E.g., the way Igorots dress, the way
Aetas eat
Rituals- ceremonies
 E.g., weddings, burials, baptisms
└
└
You cannot relate your culture to the culture
of others
 Because cultures are different and
diverse
Ethnocentrism- feeling of superiority
 White supremacists
Xenocentrism- feeling of inferiority
Biases of culture
└
└
└
Prejudice- negative feelings
Stereotype- negative opinions
 Generalizing a certain group with a
negative opinion
Discrimination- negative actions
Types of prejudice
└
└
└
└
└
└
└
Racism
Sexism
Heterosexism- discrimination of the third sex
Classicism- discrimination depending on
social status
Linguicism- discrimination based on
language
Ageism- discrimination of the older age
Lookism- discrimination based on physical
appearance
Dietary practices of certain religions
Buddhists
└
└
└
Natural foods of the earth are considered
most pure
They refrain from eating meat and a
vegetarian diet is desirable
Monks avoid all solid food on afternoon
Hindus
└
Beef, other meats, and fish are restricted or
avoided
└
└
Cow is sacred and cannot be eaten, but
products of the “sacred” cow are pure and
desirable
Alcohol is avoided
Islam
└
└
└
└
└
└
└
└
Halal- means “permitted”
Haram- means “forbidden”
Alcohol and all alcohol-containing foods
are haram
Coffee, tea, stimulants are haram
Pork and carnivorous/omnivorous meats are
haram
Animal blood, meat that has already been
dead are haram
Animal meats that have been properly
slaughtered with their blood drained are
halal
Ramadan- fasting during the day time
Mormons
└
└
└
Alcohol and beverages containing caffeine
prohibited
Caffeins is addictive and leads to poor
physical and emotional health
Fasting is the discipline of self-control and
honoring to God
Seventh-day Adventists
└
└
└
Pork prohibited, and meat and fish avoided
Alcohol, coffee, and tea prohibited
Vegetarian diet is encouraged
Born again Christians
└
└
Balut is restricted
Fasts from the new year to the mid-year
Jehovah’s witnesses
└
└
Any foods to which blood has been added
are prohibited (also INC)
Can consume animal flesh that has been
drained (no blood)
Judaism
└
└
└
└
└
Meats allowed include animals that are
vegetable eaters (cows) and animals that
are ritually slaughtered
Fish that have scales and fins are not
allowed
Any combination of meat and milk is
prohibited
Yom Kippur- similar to Ramadan
 Fasting for 24 hours (1 day)
 Pregnant women and those who are
seriously ill are exempted from fasting
During their pass over, the only thing they
can eat is the unleavened bread (no yeast)
Roman Catholicism
└
└
Avoid meat on Ash Wednesday and good
Friday but fasting is optional
During lent, discourage eating of meat on
Friday
Dietary preferences of different races
Africans
└
└
└
Fried foods
Pork, greens, rice
Some pregnant Africans engage in pica
Asians
└
└
└
Rice
Soy sauce
Raw fish- Japanese
Europeans
└
└
Carbohydrates
Red meat
Hispanic Americans
└
└
└
└
└
Beans
Fried foods
Spicy foods
Tortillas
Carbonated beverages
American Indians
└
└
└
Blue cornmeal
Fish
Fruits and berries
End-of-life issues of different religions
Roman Catholicism
└
└
A priest anoints the sick
Other sacraments before death include
reconciliation and holy communion
 Confessions
Protestant
└
└
No last rites
Prayers are given to offer comfort and
support
Mormons
└
└
May administer a sacrament if the client
requests
They discourage cremation
Jehovah’s witness
└
└
└
Blood transfusion and organ donations are
prohibited
Do not believe in sacraments
Will be excommunicated if they receive
blood transfusions
Islam
└
Second-degree male relatives such as
cousins or uncles should be the contact
person and determine whether the client
and/or family should be given information
about the client
 If no second-degree families or no
family members at all are available
the doctors may decide
└
└
└
└
└
└
└
Client may choose to face Mecca
 West or southwest direction
The head should be elevated above the
body
Discussions about death are usually not
welcomed
Stopping medical treatment is against
Allah’s will
 DNR/ advanced directives are not
allowed
Grief may be expressed through slapping or
hitting the body
If possible, same-sex Muslim should handle
the body after death (or same sex if no
Muslim)
 Gloves are worn if the nurse handling
the patient is not a Muslim
Embalming is not done and should be
immediately buried
Judaism
└
└
└
└
Prolongation of life is important
 Life-support must remain so until
death
A dying person should not be left alone
Ravi (priest) is required
Autopsy and cremation are forbidden
└
└
└
Africans
└
└
└
└
└
└
└
Rituals include tying a thread around the
neck or wrist of the dying person, sprinkling
the person with special water, or placing a
leaf of basil on their tongue
After death, the sacred threads are not
removed and the body is not washed
They prefer cremation and ashes are cast in
the holy river
Buddhism
└
└
└
└
A shrine to buddha may be placed in the
client’s room
Time for meditation at the shrine is important
and should be respected
Clients may refuse medications that may
alter their awareness
 Opioids
 Anesthesia
After death, a monk may recite prayers for
one hour
End-of-life issues of different races
Hispanic and Latin groups
└
The family generally makes decisions and
may request to withhold the diagnosis or
prognosis from the client
 Several family members should be at
bedside of the dying person
 Even the extended family members
should be included in the end-of-life
care
 Pregnant women are prohibited to
attend funerals and take care of
dying persons
Members discuss issues with the spouse or
older family member
 The elderly is treated with high
respect they usually make the
decision for the client’s care
Family is highly valued and is central to the
care of the terminally ill
Open displays of emotion are common and
accepted
Organ and blood donation usually are not
allowed
Members prefer to die at home
Chinese
└
Hinduism
└
Vocal expression of grief and mourning is
acceptable and expected
Members refuse procedures that can alter
the body such as organ donation or autopsy
Members prefer to die at home
 If they know that their family member
will die, they will prefer to take the
family member home
└
Family members may make decisions about
care and often do not tell the client the
diagnosis or prognosis
 Because they believe that this can
aggravate the condition of the
patient
Dying at home may be considered bad luck
Native Americans
└
└
Family meetings may be held to make
decisions about end-of-life and type of
treatments that should be pursued
Some tribes avoid contact with the dying
Additional notes:
└
For races and religions who do not
encourage cremation, if the patient turns
out CoVid positive the patient may still be
cremated d/t exception to the general rule
Cultural Practices of Different
Races
ASIANS
└
Body built is petite, thin
Communication
└
└
└
Languages include Chinese, Japanese,
Korean, Vietnamese, and English
Silence is valued
 Especially the Chinese
Eye contact may be considered
inappropriate or disrespectful
 Koreans and majority of the Asians
practice this
└
└
└
 This means that when you look at
their eyes you are at their level
Criticisms or disagreements are not exposed
verbally
Head nodding does not necessarily mean
agreement
The word “no” may be interpreted as
disrespect for others
└
└
└
└
Interventions
└
Time orientation and personal space
└
└
└
└
Time orientation reflects respect for the past
but includes emphasis on the present and
the future
 Asian’s respect and value time
 When you say that you will be going
back at a specific time, go back to
that time
Usually, members do not touch others during
conversations
Touching is unacceptable with members of
the opposite sex
 Male nurses are assigned to male
patients and female nurses are
assigned to female patients
The head is considered to be sacred
 When you touch someone’s head it
means disrespectful
Social roles
└
└
└
└
└
└
Large extended family networks are
common
 Family-oriented people
 They honor loyalty to immediate and
extended family
Family unit is structured and hierarchical
 Most Asians practice patriarchal
families
Men have the power and authority
 They are the breadwinners, makes
decisions for the family
 Women are expected to be
obedient to men
Education is viewed as important
Religions include Taoism (Buddhism), Islam,
and Christianity
Social organizations are strong within the
community
Health and illness
└
└
└
└
Health is a state of physical and spiritual
harmony with nature and balance between
positive and energy forces
 Chinese- yin (femaleness, darkness)
and yang (light, maleness)
A healthy body is viewed as a gift from the
ancestors
Yin foods are cold and yang foods are hot
Illness to attributed to prolonged sitting,
lying, or to over exertion
 Moderate work is the standard
Health risks
└
Hypertension
 Asians like meat and salty foods
Heart diseases
Cancer
Lactose intolerance
Blood disorders- thalassemia
└
└
└
└
└
└
Avoid physical closeness and excessive
touching
 Unless necessary e.g., performing
procedures
 But inform the client that you will be
touching a body part
Limit eye contact
Avoid gesturing with hands
If possible, a female client prefers a female
health care provide and male nurse to a
male client
Be flexible in scheduling care
 They do not want rigidity when
scheduling care (Asians do not like
structure)
Alternative modes of healing may include
herbs, acupuncture, restoration of balance
with foods, massage, and offering of prayers
and incense
Encourage family involvement in the care of
the patient
AFRICANS
Communication
└
└
└
└
└
Members are competent in standard English
Head nodding does not necessarily mean
agreement
Direct eye contact may be interpreted as
rudeness or aggressive behavior
Be observant when it comes to their
nonverbal cues
 Nonverbal cues are important
because they are not totally
expressive
Personal questions asked on initial contact
with a person may be viewed as intrusive
 Explain well the importance of health
history taking and why certain
information is asked
Time orientation and personal space
└
└
Members may be late for an appointment
because relationships and event may be
deemed more important than being on
time
Members are comfortable with close
personal space when interacting with family
and friends
Social roles
└
└
└
Large extended family networks are
important
Many households are headed by singleparent women
Religious beliefs and church affiliations are
sources of strength
Health and illness
└
└
Religious beliefs profoundly affect ideas
about health and illness
Members believe illness can be prevented
by nutritious meals, rest, and cleanliness
└
└
Health risks
└
└
└
└
└
└
└
Hypertension
Heart disease
Stroke
Sickle-cell anemia (crescent-shaped RBCs)
Cancers except skin cancer
Lactose intolerance
Diabetes mellitus
Interventions
└
└
└
└
└
└
Recognize the presence of many individual
subgroup variations
Build a relationship based on trust
Clarify the meaning of client’s verbal and
nonverbal behavior
They do not like rigid scheduling of care, be
flexible in scheduling
Encourage family involvement in care
Alternative modes of healing may include
herbs, prayers, and laying of hands
EUROPEANS
└
Body built is large and broad
└
Health risks
└
└
└
└
└
└
Languages include national languages and
English
Silence can be used to show respect or
disrespect for another, depending on the
situation
Eye contact is viewed as indicating
trustworthiness
Time orientation and personal space
└
└
└
└
Members are future-oriented
Time is valued
 Always on time
 Gets impatient when a person is not
on time
Members may be aloof and tend to avoid
physical contact
 When a patient requests to be
alone, respect the decision
Handshakes may be used for formal
greetings
└
└
└
└
└
The nuclear family is the basic unit
 Elderly is placed in nursing homes
The man is the dominant figure
 But it depends in the variation of
culture
Religion includes Judeo-Christian beliefs
Community social organizations are
important
Monitor and assess client’s body language
 They do not express if they feel pain
Respect client’s personal space
 Europeans are usually aloof
HISPANIC AMERICANS
Communications
└
└
└
└
└
Languages include Spanish and Portuguese
Members tend to be verbally expressive
Avoiding eye contact with a person in
authority indicates respect and
attentiveness
Direct confrontation is disrespectful and the
expression of negative feelings is impolite
Dramatic body language is used to express
emotion or pain
 Gestures, facial expressions are used
to express emotions and pain
Time orientation and personal space
└
└
└
└
└
└
Members are oriented more to the present
Members may be late for an appointment
because relationships and events are
valued more than being on time
Members are comfortable with close
proximity with family and friends
Members are very tactile and use embraces
and handshakes
Value physical presence of others
Politeness and modesty are essential
Social roles
└
Social roles
└
Diabetes mellitus (they are fond of
carbohydrates)
Cancer
Heart disease
Injury
Interventions
Communication
└
Health is usually viewed as an absence of
disease of illness (clinical model)
Members have a tendency to be stoical
when expressing physical concerns
 Does not show or express emotions
and physical pains
Members primarily rely on modern western
health care delivery system
└
└
└
Health and illness
└
The nuclear family is the basic unit
 But still takes regard of the extended
family
Needs of the family take precedence over
individual family members’ needs
Men are the decision makers
 They are the breadwinners
 Women are homemakers and
caretakers
Religions include Catholicism,
evangelicalism, Jehovah’s witness, and
Mormons
Social organizations and church affiliations
are strong within the community
Health and illness
└
└
└
└
Health may be a reward from God
 Health is also a sign of good luck
Health results from a state of balance
between “hot and cold” forces and “we
and dry” forces
Illness may be viewed as a result of God’s
punishment for sins
Members may adhere to folk medicine
traditions
Social roles
└
└
└
└
Health risks
└
└
└
└
└
Lactose intolerance
Diabetes mellitus
Parasites (diet is usually raw foods)
Hypertension
Heart disease
Interventions
└
└
└
└
└
└
Allow time for the client to discuss treatment
options with family members
Protect privacy
Offer to call clergy because of the
significance of religious practices related to
illness
Ask if it would be all right to touch a child
before examining him or her
Be flexible in scheduling care
Herbs, consultation with lay healers
(alternative modes of healing)
 Diet between hot and cold foods
should be balanced
NATIVE AMERICANS
Communications
└
└
└
└
└
Languages include English, Navajo, and
other tribal languages
Silence indicates respect for the speaker
 When another person speaks, the
person listening should be quiet
Members speak in a low tone of voice and
expect others to be attentive
 They value listening and
attentiveness
Eye contact is viewed as a sign of disrespect
 They are still listening even if they are
not looking at your eyes
Body language is important
└
└
Health and illness
└
└
└
└
└
Oriented more to present
Personal space is important
Members will lightly touch another person’s
hands during greetings
Massage is used for the newborn infant to
promote bonding between infant and
mother
Some tribes may prohibit touching of a
dead body
 Unless there is permission from family
members
Health is a state of harmony between
person, family and environment
 If you have conflict with family,
neighbor, community you are
considered unhealthy
Illness is caused by supernatural forces and
disequilibrium, between person and
environment
Traditional health and illness beliefs may
continue to be observed, including natural
and religious folk medicine tradition
Health risks
└
└
└
└
└
└
└
└
└
Alcohol abuse
Injury (physical; may be d/t nature of work)
Heart disease
Diabetes mellitus (too much carbohydrates)
Tuberculosis
Arthritis
Lactose intolerance
Gall bladder disease
Some American Eskimos are susceptible to
glaucoma
Interventions
└
└
└
Time orientation and personal space
└
└
└
Members are family oriented
Basic family unit is the extended family
Elders are honored
 Children are taught to respect this
tradition
 Involved in decision-making about
care
The father does all the work outside the
home and the mother assumes responsibility
for domestic duties
 The mother is the caretaker of the
family
Sacred myths and legends provide spiritual
guidance
Community social organizations are very
important
└
└
Clarify communication
Understand that the client may be attentive
even when eye contact is absent
Obtain input from members of the extended
family
 Include them in decision-making
Encourage client to personalize space in
which health care is delivered
 Allow them to include his/her
personal items
Alternative modes healing includes herbs,
restoration of balance between the person
and the universe, and consultation with
traditional healers
Complementary and Alternative
Therapies
Therapies are used in addition to conventional
treatment to provide healing resources and
focus on the mind-body connection
└ Included are high-risk (invasive) therapies and
low-risk (non-invasive) therapies
 E.g., Low-risk therapy: Meditation, Music
therapy, Massage, Aromatic therapy, Humor
Therapy, Relaxation techniques (deep
breathing exercises)
CATEGORIES OF COMPLEMENTARY AND
ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES
1. Alternative Medical Systems
2. Mind Body Interventions
3. Biological-based interventions
4. Manipulative and body-based interventions
5. Energy therapies
└
ALTERNATIVE MEDICAL SYSTEMS
ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE
 Focuses on preventing the harmful effects of the
environmental toxins
 focuses on the use of environmentally safe
products
 a multidisciplinary field involving medicine,
environmental science, chemistry and others,
overlapping with environmental pathology
 Environmental Medicine focuses on the causes
of disease in an environmental context
 i.e. health teaching, therapeutic diet,
detoxification, immunotheraphy, counseling,
use of environmentally safe products
HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE
 The modern field of environmental medicine
originated sometime around the mid-20th
century, when possible links between
environmental factors and human disease
gained increased recognition.
 Environmental Health (1950's) - emerged after
WW II as a public health discipline to study the
control of environmental factors harmful to
human health, focus on sanitation and control
of communicable disease.
 Environmental Science (1960's)- Pollution in air,
water and soil did not emerge as a discipline
until 1960's
 Environmental Medicine (1970's) - Focus on how
pollution enter the body and cause harm
FACTORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE
 Biological Factors - bacteria, virus, molds,
candida, parasites, food, animal hair, dust and
pollen from the trees.
 Chemical factors - Formaldehyde, phenol,
solvents, petroleum products, pesticides and
herbicides
 Physical Factor - Hot, cold, air cycle, noise,
electromagnetic radiation found on mobile
phones, nuclear explosion and exposure to
random gas.
 Psychosocial Factors - Prolonged psychological
stress due to work or personal relationships ex.
death of a close relative and lost of job.
HOW ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE WORKS
 Environmental medicine patients are told that
the world has made them sick.
o They blame their symptoms on
everything from cell phones to the very
walls of their houses, from air pollution to
food additives.
 The theory is that while one chemical might not
be a problem, many different chemicals and
substances overwhelm their ability to cope.
 Most Treatment plans for alternative medicine
include: avoidance, immunotherapy, nutritional
supplements, detoxification, restricted diets,
and drugs.
TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE
 focuses on restoring and maintaining a
balanced flow of vital energy
 A branch of traditional medicine in china.
 Traditional Chinese medicine or TCM for short
has evolved over thousands of years, with TCM
practitioners using various psychological and/or
physical approaches as well as herbal products
to address health problems.
 Traditional Chinese medicine is founded on the
concept that an energy called qi (pronounced
"chee") runs through the body along paths
called meridians
 i.e. acupressure, accupuncture, meditation, tai
chi, herbal medicines
ETYMOLOGY
 Era of the Shang dynasty period which was from
1766-1122 BC.
 Shang Di believes that "illness was caused either
by upsetting an ancestor and consequently
being cursed or that a demon or evil entered
the body and caused illness"
TYPES OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE
1. Acupuncture
 Procedure used in or adapted from
Chinese medical practice in which
specific body areas are pierced with
fine needles for therapeutic purposes or
to relieve pain or produce regional
anesthesia.
 The focus is the imbalance in the
patient, and the causality is always
multifactorial
 function of the points is described in
terms of TCM diagnosis
 According to WHO, acupuncture is
effective in:
o colds and flu
o bronchitis and asthma
o hay fever and sinusitis
o high blood pressure diabetes
and hypoglycemia
o constipation and hemorrhoids
o ulcers and colon infections
o indigestion and diarrhea
2. Diet Therapy
 Strict dietary discipline remains an
important aspect of treatment in all
branches of traditional Chinese therapy.
 TCM emphasizes that it is necessary for
people to keep a regular diet habit and
arrange a balanced diet according to
one's age, gender and constitution.
 The most basic principle of proper food
combining is to avoid conflicts of yin and
yang in the stomach.
 Examples of yin and yang food are:
o Yin = raw foods, fruits and
vegetables, alcohol, sugar
o Yang = meat, cooked food,
chicken and eggs, salt.
3. Herbal Medicine
 Chinese medical herbs are classified
according to their basic yinyang nature
(warming, cooling, or neutral), their Five
Elemental Energy identities as reflected
in the Five Flavors (pungent, sweet, sour,
bitter, or salty), and their primary
therapeutic properties (tonifying,
purging, concentrating, or dispersing)
 The method of preparation used for
each remedy depends on several
factors, including the nature of the
herb(s), the type of condition to be
treated, and the therapeutic effects to
be achieved:
o Raw
o Decoction (broth)
o Paste (gao)
o Pill (wan)
o Liquor (yao jiou)
o Ointment (yio)
4. Qi Gong
 exercise that focuses on breathing,
visualization and movement
 Which uses movement, breathing
techniques, and meditation
 Is believed to treat a variety of health
conditions, including high blood
pressure, heart disease, diabetes,
chronic fatigue, insomnia, and leg and
back pain, among others
 The concept of the “five elements”
(wood, fire, earth, metal and water) as
energetic archetypes whose cycles
affect the flow of energy in our bodies is
central to ancient Chinese medicine
and to its qigong health exercises.
5. Taichi
 Is often described as "meditation in
motion," but it might well be called
"medication in motion."
 There is growing evidence that this mindbody practice, which originated in
China as a martial art, has value in
treating or preventing many health
problems.
 Because tai chi integrates low physical
impact body movements with deep
breathing and mental concentration,
relaxation is possible, thus making it an
alternative option to conventional
anxiety treatments.
AYURVEDA
 Ayurveda, or ayurvedic medicine, is an
alternative medicine system promoting a
healthy-lifestyle system that people in India
 focuses on the balance of mind, body and spirit
 Emphasizes good health and prevention and
treatment of illness through lifestyle practices
 Ayurvedic medicine is holistic
 Goal of treatment is to cleanse your body
 Panchakarma = Cleansing process
o designed to reduce your symptoms and
restore harmony and balance
o To achieve this, an Ayurvedic
practitioner might rely on blood
purification, massage, medical oils,
herbs, and enemas or laxatives
 Ayurveda came from the Sanskrit words:
o "Ayur" meaning "Life"
o "Veda" meaning "Sacred"
o Ayurveda thus means Sacred Life
 i.e. yoga, breathing exercises
PRINCIPLES OF AYUVERDA
Five basic elements found in the universe:
Space
Air
Fire
Water
Earth
These combine in the human body to form three life
forces or energies, called doshas.
VATTA DOSHA
 Combination of Air and Space
 Most powerful Dosha
 Vatta controls:
o muscle and joint movement
o breathing and heartbeat
o anxiety and fear
o pain
o other functions of the nervous system
 Things that can disrupt it include eating
again too soon after a meal, fear, grief, and
staying up too late
 If vata dosha is your main life force, you’re
thought to be more likely to develop
conditions
o Anxiety
o Asthma
o heart disease
o skin problems
o rheumatoid arthritis
PITTA DOSHA
 Combination of Fire and Water
 Pitta controls:
o digestion
o metabolism
o intelligence
o skin color
 Pitta governs the emotions of anger, hate,
and jealousy.
 Things that can disrupt it are eating sour or
spicy foods and spending too much time in
the sun.
 If it’s your main life force, you’re thought to
be more likely to develop conditions
o Crohn’s disease
o heart disease
o high blood pressure
o infections
KAPHA DOSHA
 Combination of Earth and Water
 Kapha controls
o immune system
o muscle growth
o body strength and stability
o weight
 Kapha includes calmness, forgiveness, love,
and greed.
 You can disrupt it by sleeping during the
day, eating too many sweet foods, and
eating or drinking things that contain too
much salt or water.
 If it’s your main life energy, practitioners
believe you may develop
o asthma and other breathing
disorders
o cancer
o diabetes
o nausea after eating
o obesity
USES OF AYUVERDA
 People use ayurvedic practices to maintain
health, reduce stress, and improve flexibility,
strength, and stamina.
 Practices like yoga and meditation can be
helpful for people with diseases such as asthma,
high blood pressure, and arthritis.
 Ayurveda stresses proper diet for maintaining
good health and treating disease.
 Herbal medicines are prescribed based on the
person's dosha type
IS IT SAFE TO USE AYVERDA
 Ayurvedic practices such as yoga and
meditation can be safe ways to promote
health. If you have a long-term illness, you may
be able to combine ayurveda with
conventional medical treatment.
 Ayurvedic herbal medicines, like conventional
medicines, may cause side effects, trigger
allergic reactions, or interact with other
medicines or herbs you are taking.
 Some ayurvedic medicines may contain high
levels of heavy metals, which may be harmful to
your body.
 Not all countries allow the entry/ practice of
Ayurveda
HOMEOPATHY
 uses of plants and mineral extracts
 the body can cure itself
 use tiny amounts of natural substances, like
plants and minerals
 developed in the late 1700s in Germany
 common in many European countries, not
popular in the United States
 Origin of Homeopathy > Greek Words :
o "Omoios" meaning "SIMILAR"
o "Pathos" meaning "Suffering"
 i.e. Hydrotherapy
TWO THEORIES OF HOMEOPATHY
1. LIKE CURES LIKE
 Large amount of substance that causes
an illness to a healthy person, can cure
illness in a very small dose to a sick
person
 stimulates a person's self healing
capabilities
2. LAW OF MINIMUM DOSE
 Serial dilution
 The more dilution occur, the more
potent remedy will be the outcome
HOW DOES HOMEOPATHY WORK
 come from plants (red onion, arnica [mountain
herb], poison ivy, belladonna [deadly
nightshade], and stinging nettle), minerals
(white arsenic), or animals (crushed whole bees)
 often made as sugar pellets to be placed under
the tongue; such as ointments, gels, drops,
creams, and tablets
 Homeopathic doctors weaken these
ingredients by adding water or alcohol
 “potentization.”
 transfers the healing essence
 believe that the lower the dose, the more
powerful the medicine
CONDITIONS HOMEOPATHY TREAT
 Allergies
 Migraines
 Chronic fatigue syndrome
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 Irritable bowel syndrome
 bruises, scrapes
 headaches, nausea
 coughs, and colds
IS HOMEOPATHY SAFE
 There are currently no homeopathic products
approved by FDA as of NOVEMBER 01,2021
NATUROPATHY
 Naturopathic medicine
 is a holistic approach to treating illness &
disorders of all kinds, by stimulating a body’s
self-healing mechanism
 It is a combination of multiple therapies
including acupuncture, herbs, massage,
physical manipulations, homeopathy,
hydrotherapy, nutritional counseling & much
more following the Naturopathic principles
 Naturopaths claim the ancient Greek "Father of
Medicine", Hippocrates, as the first advocate of
naturopathic medicine, before the term existed
 “Natura", Latin root for "Birth”"
 “Pathos" Greek root for "Suffering", which
suggest Natural Healing
 Naturopathic treatment plans focus on
Education and Prevention
o emphasize diet, exercise, and stress
management
 The practice of neuropathy is based on a belief
in the body’s ability to heal itself through a
special vital energy or force guiding bodily
processes internally
PRINCIPLES AND BELIEFS
1. Use the most natural, least invasive and least
toxic therapies.
2. Look beyond the symptoms to the underlying
cause.
3. View the body as an integrated whole in all its
physical and spiritual dimensions.
4. Trust in the body's inherent wisdom to heal itself.
5. Educate patients about the steps to achieving
and maintaining health.
6. Focus on overall health, wellness and disease
prevention.
NATUROPATHIC CARE
 Naturopathic physicians use a blend of
traditional treatment methods (such as ordering
labs or x-rays) and holistic therapies (such as
leveraging botanical medicine) to manage a
broad range of health conditions.
HYPNOTHERAPY
 involves attention and focused concentration
with a relative suspension of peripheral
awareness
 verbal repetition and mental images
 effective method for coping with stress, anxiety
and PTSD
 3 Aspects: Absorption, Dissociation and
Suggestibility
HYPNOTIC INDUCTION
 Relaxation technique
 Handshake Technique
 Eye Cues
BENEFITS OF NATUROPATHY
1. Disease Prevention
2. Treatment of disorders
3. Sleeping aid
4. Alternative therapies
5. Increases self-awareness
6. Changes the way one think
7. Safe & effective treatment
MIND-BODY INTERVENTIONS
 focus on controlling physical functions through
positive mental processes
 Mind-body medicine focuses on the
communication between mind and body and
the powerful ways in which emotional, mental,
social, and spiritual factors can directly affect
health.
 Mind-body interventions utilize the mind’s
capacity to affect the body and its
physiological responses. They thereby influence
health.
 include biofeedback, hypnosis, relaxation
therapy, meditation, music or art therapy,
qigong, prayer and mental healing
BIOFEEDBACK
 non-drug treatment in which patients learn to
control bodily processes that are normally
involuntary, such as muscle tension, blood
pressure, or heart rate
 the therapy is used to help prevent or treat
conditions, including migraine headaches,
chronic pain, incontinence, and high blood
pressure
 Biofeedback has been Scientifically Proven to
help with:
o Reduce the intensity and/or patterns of
mental health issues like drug and
alcohol addiction, depression and
eating disorders.
o Improve sleep quality by reducing
hyperarousal and insomnia.
RELAXATION THERAPY
 Relaxation technique is any method or process
that produces a relaxing effect to the body
lessening pain, stress, anxiety or anger.
 The stress response is a good example of how
systems cooperate to protect an individual from
harm through this it also triggers the sympathetic
response of our body.
o Where our muscles are tightened,
increase heart rate, in other words, our
body is in a fight or flight state
o relaxation response is indeed needed to
reduce the neural impulses to the brain
o It helps individuals to develop cognitive
skills to reduce negative ways in which
they respond within their environment.
o Relaxation enables individuals to exert
control over their lives.
o The long-term goal of relaxation therapy
is for people to know the indicators of
tension and release the tension in
various body parts.
 According to Potter and Perry (2017) research
shows that relaxation in combination with
imagery, yoga, and music reduces anxiety and
pain while improving well-being.
 It includes slow deep abdominal breathing.
 Research shows that relaxation effectively
triggers the parasympathetic response, lowering
blood pressure, heart rate, decreasing muscle
tension, and improving well-being.
 It can help improve one’s satisfaction in work
and relationships with others.
MEDITATION
 A practice that connects the mind and the
body which can produce a deep state of
relaxation and a tranquil mind to enhance
physical and emotional well-being
 2 Main Types
o Concentrative Meditation
o Mindfulness Meditation
MUSIC THERAPY
 A therapeutic approach that uses the naturally
mood-lifting properties of music to help people
improve their mental health and overall wellbeing
 can be an active or passive
 beneficial for expressing feelings, reducing stress
and anxiety, enhancing relaxation and a
distraction to aid in pain management
 Examples
o Analytical Music Therapy
o
o
o
o
o
o
Benenzon Music Therapy
Cognitive Behavioral Music Therapy
(CBMT)
Community Music Therapy
Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy
The Bonny Method of Guided Imagery
and Music (GIM)
Vocal Psychotherapy
ART THERAPY
 A technique rooted in the idea that creative
expression can foster healing and mental wellbeing.
 The goal of art therapy is to utilize the creative
process to help people explore self-expression,
develop self-awareness, cope with stress, boost
self-esteem, and work on social skills.
 It is helpful when the person has difficulty
expressing feelings verbally.
 Examples
o Collage
o Coloring
o Doodling and scribbling
o Drawing
o Finger painting
o Painting
o Photography
o Sculpting
o Working with clay
QI GONG
 A form of exercise (stimulation therapy)
 Improves health by redirecting mental focus,
controlling breathing, improving coordination,
and promoting relaxation.
 Activates the natural currents that flow along
the body's meridians to rebalance the body's
own healing ability.
PRAYER
 PRAYER is one of the most ancient expressions of
religion.
 IN HINDUISM
o dhyana (“meditation”) and the stotra
(“praise”)
 IN BUDDHISM
o muyou (“monastic prayer”)
 IN ISLAM
o five daily prayers include:
 Fajr (sunrise prayer),
 Dhuhr (noon prayer),
 Asr (afternoon prayer),
 Maghrib (sunset prayer),
 Isha (night prayer)
 IN CHRISTIANITY
o worship, thanksgiving, rosary, fasting,
during meals
MENTAL HEALING
 process of alleviating or attempting to alleviate
mental or physical illness through the power of
the mind
BIOLOGICAL-BASED THERAPIES
 therapies includes natural and biologicalderived products, interventions, and practices
 include aromatherapy, herbal therapies,
macrobiotic diet, and orthomolecular therapy
AROMATHERAPY
 According to the National Association for
Holistic Aromatherapy (NAHA) aromatherapy is
the therapeutic application or the medicinal use
of aromatic substances like essential oils for
holistic healing.
 This Aromatherapy is just a complementary
therapy
 does not provide a cure for diseases, rashes or
illnesses, but it can be supportive treatment for
various conditions
 It provides respiratory disinfection,
decongestant, and psychological benefits.
HOW IS THIS AROMATHERAPY APPLIED
It can be through inhalation or as a topical
application.
 For inhalation: the oils evaporate into the air
using a diffuser or in a steamed bath
 For topical applications: the massage oils
are absorbed through the skin.
 These essential oils are readily available from
the market
 be aware of fake oils because this can lead to
irritations and may possibly cause you death
once you inhale it
 According to the one of the best selling
essential oil brands in the Philippines, there are 5
most popular essentials oils and their
superpowers:
o Lavender - promotes feelings of
calmness and fights nervous tension
o Peppermint - cools fatigued muscles
after physical activity
o Lemon - promotes healthy immune
system
o
o
Frankincense - promotes relaxation and
tranquility
Thieves - promotes healthy immune
system
HERBAL THERAPIES
 herbal medicines are products made from
botanical or plants and also involving the use of
natural and biologically based practices and
interventions (Complementary and Alternative
Medicine (CAM) Committee of Craig Hospital,
2021)
 these are made through extraction from plants,
herbs or flower
 The extracted plant part will be used for its
scent, flavor, or therapeutic properties.
 according to The World Health Organization, an
estimate of 80% of the world’s population, or
about 4 billion people, currently use herbal
medicine for some of their health care.
 PURPOSE:
o treats wounds
o enhances general health and
wellbeing
o improves energy
o aids relaxation and sleep
o can even makes the mixture taste
better
 DIFFERENT FORMS OF HERBAL MEDICINE:
o liquid herb extracts
o skin creams
o teas
o herb
o powders
o capsules
o tablets
 10 APPROVED MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE PH:
There are ten (10) Philippine medicinal plant
species approved for therapeutic uses by the
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under the
Department of Health (DOH):
o Lagundi (Vitexnegundo) – Cough and
asthma
o Sambong (Blumeabalsamifera L.) –
Anti-urolithiasis (kidney stones)
o Ampalaya (Momordicacharantia L.) –
can Lowering of blood sugar and antidiabetes
o Garlic (Allium sativum) – Anticholesterol
o Guava (Psidium Guajava) – Oral/skin
antiseptic
o Tsaang-gubat (Carmona cetusa) –
Mouthwash
o Yerba-Buena (Mentha Arvensis) –
Analgesic or antipyretic
o Niyog-niyogan (Quisaualisindica) –
Anti-helminthic
o Acapulco (Cassia alata) – Antifungal
 BENEFITS:
o more affordable and accessible than
conventional medicines
o many people prefer using them
because they align with their personal
health ideologies
MACROBIOTIC DIET
 first developed by a Japanese philosopher
named George Ohsawa
he believed in a holistic approach to
health incorporating many lifestyle
aspects, from diet and exercise to
meditation and even the ‘yin and
yang’ energy of particular foods
 macrobiotic diet is divided as follows:
o Around 40-60% of your food contains
whole grains such as brown rice, barley,
oats, buckwheat
o Around 20-30% contains fruits and
vegetables such as pickles, which are
one of the things that are believed to
have a balancing effect
o Around 10% – 25% contains bean and
bean products such as tofu, miso as well
as seaweeds
o
BENEFITS
 By adopting a macrobiotic way of eating you
are likely to lose weight, but be careful that you
don’t replace protein-rich foods with too many
carbs
o Starchy carbs like grains and rice are
easy to overeat.
o Research suggests that it has a positive
effect on heart health reporting lower
blood lipids and cholesterol plus benefits
in the management of blood pressure.
o plant-based, low-fat, high-fibre nature of
the regime
 may be useful for women because it
moderately reduces the level of circulating
estrogens in the body, which possibly helps
reduce the risk of having breast cancer
o This effect is due to the diet being rich in
whole grains which may also benefit
post-menopausal women.
o Wholegrain foods supply a bounty of
helpful compounds, specifically phytoestrogens, including lignans, which may
help maintain insulin sensitivity and
weight management after the
menopause
 There are some prime causes of concern which
are associated with minimal nutritional
inadequacies including calcium, iron, vitamins
B12 and D as well as protein, social limitation
due to the strict nature of the plan as well as
possible delay in pursuing more conventional
medical treatments.
 Eating more fruit and vegetables and lowering
your salt, sugar and fat intake can have a
positive effect.
 chewing your food thoroughly and breathing
deeply are also important elements of this
lifestyle
ORTHOMOLECULAR THERAPY
 The term orthomolecular therapy or also known
as "orthomolecular medicine"
 coined in around 1968 by a famous chemist
and biochemist named Dr. Linus Pauling
o best known for his work on the nature of
chemical bonds and the structure of
molecules
PURPOSE OF ORTHOMOLECULAR THERAPY
 a form of alternative medicine
 aims to maintain human health through
nutritional supplementation
 The concept builds on the idea of an optimal
nutritional environment in the body and
suggests that diseases reflect deficiencies in this
environment.
 The treatment for disease, according to this
view, involves attempts to correct "imbalances
or deficiencies based on our individual
biochemistry" by use of substances such as
vitamins, minerals, amino acids, trace elements
and fatty acids.
TYPES OF CONDITIONS FOR WHICH
ORTHOMOLECULAR PRACTITIONERS HAVE CLAIMED
SOME EFFICACY
 Acne
 Alcoholism
 Allergies
 Arthritis
 Autism
 bee stings
 bipolar disorder
 burns
 cancer
 common cold
 depression
 drug addiction
 epilepsy
 heart diseases
 hypertension
EXAMPLES
 Vitamin E
o even large doses of vitamin E pose no
risk to health and are useful for the
treatment and prevention of a broad list
of conditions, including heart and
circulatory diseases, diabetes and
nephritis
o The usefulness of vitamin E in
orthomolecular medicine was based on
epidemiological studies suggesting that
people who consumed more vitamin E
had lower risks of chronic disease, such
as coronary heart disease.
CHELATION
 Chelation therapy is an IV therapy that removes
heavy metals from the body.
 heavy metals accumulate in the body through
many of our daily activities, most commonly
through certain foods, people who smoke,
dental procedures, seafood are all possible
sources of heavy metals and we are exposed to
these if not every day
 Heavy metals can cause inflammation and can
be catalysts to disease processes.
PROCESS
 The process of chelation therapy is an IV
solution based in saline including vitamin C and
B vitamin that includes EDTA.
o ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
 a synthetic amino acid that
grabs onto heavy metals
 When EDTA is filtered through the kidneys, the
EDTA and the heavy metals get filtered out and
come out in the urine.
 What Chelation therapy basically does to our
body is to detox the body from heavy metals.
CONDITIONS DOES CHELATION THERAPY TREAT
 It is both a preventive measure and a treatment
for heavy metal toxicity.
 The most common form of heavy metal toxicity
is from the most poisonous form of metals which
are lead and mercury and these are in our
environment.
o There are lead based gasolines
o mercury is in dental amalgams
o mercury is in some curtains seafood
o both of these chemicals can cause
chronic issues and acute poisoning if the
levels are high enough
 If you feel to have been exposed to heavy
metals you can be checked through blood tests
and urine tests and even hair samples.
MANIPULATIVE AND BODY-BASED INTERVENTIONS
 involve manipulation and movement of the
body by a therapist
 interventions include acupressure, movement
reeducation techniques, chiropractic therapy
and therapeutic massage
CHIROPRACTIC THERAPY
 A system of diagnosis and treatment based on
the concept that the nervous system
coordinates all of the body's functions, and that
disease results from a lack of normal nerve
function
 Spinal manipulation is not recommended for
people who have any of the following:
o Osteoporosis
o Symptoms of nerve damage or
malfunction
o Previous spinal surgery
o Stroke
o Blood vessel disorders
 There is no evidence that chiropractic
manipulation is effective for conditions not
directly related to the musculoskeletal system.
ACUPRESSURE
 Ancient form of massage used in Traditional
Chinese Medicine
 Restore health balance by regulating the
positive and negative forces of the body
 BENEFITS
o It relieves:
 Stress
 Pain
 Anxiety
 Muscle tension
o Improves circulation
o People can try doing acupressure on
themselves or use the services of a
licensed practitioner who has studied
pressure points
 HOW TO DO IT
o Use deep, firm pressure to massage and
stimulate each point
o While applying acupressure, close your
eyes, and breathe deeply.
o Use your thumb to massage point in a
circular or up and down motion.
Massage point for 1-2 minutes.
o Repeat acupressure as often as you
would like.
CUPPING THERAPY
 Also known as Ventosa or Ventosa therapy
 It is an ancient form of alternative medicine in
which a therapist puts special cups on your skin
for a few minutes to create suction.
 Many Taoists believe that cupping helps
balance yin and yang, or the negative and
positive, within the body
 People get it for many purposes, including to
help with pain, inflammation, blood flow,
relaxation and well-being, and as a type of
deep-tissue massage.
 The heated cup is immediately inverted and
placed on the skin.
o The resulting vacuum sucks the skin
partway into the cup, which may be left
in place for several minutes.
MOXIBUSTION
 a manipulative and body-based practice
 a therapy within traditional Chinese medicine
 Dried moxa herb (a mugwort) is burned usually
just above but sometimes directly on the skin
over acupuncture points
 The herb may be in the form of incense sticks or
wool
 BENEFITS
o Expelling cold and dampness
o Relieves back pain and pain from
arthritis and menstrual camping
o Improving female health issues
o Relieving male health problems
o Increasing resistance to cold and flu
o Stimulating the immune system to fight
more serious illnesses
o Regulating the digestive system to
relieve constipation and chronic
diarrhea
o Reducing numbness in the fingers and
toes
o Reducing the risk of developing blood
clots
o Easing anxiety disorders and certain
symptoms of depression
o Eliminate general fatigue
THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE
 Massage is the practice of rubbing and
kneading the body using the hands.
 During a massage, a massage therapist will
apply gentle or strong pressure to the muscles
and joints of the body to ease pain and tension.
 A massage therapist is a person trained in giving
massages.
5 BASIC MASSAGE STROKES
EFFLEURAGE- is more on long, sliding, gliding, and
sweeping strokes, usually used for spreading
massage oil. In effleurage, movement is usually
repeated several times to induce relaxation of
muscle.
PETRISSAGE- ‘petri’ means ‘to knead’. This
technique is like kneading a dough. The kneading,
rolling, and squeezing strokes stimulates the nerve
endings, getting rid of impure substance in the
muscle, and increases circulation which then will
promote cell repair
VIBRATION- It is a fine, gentle, trembling movement
performed with hands or fingers. Vibrations can be
used to stimulate soft tissues in the body. Vibration
movements can help stimulate nerves, relieve
muscular tension and decrease stress.
FRICTION- This technique can be done by rubbing
back and forth. The movement creates heat,
warming up muscles in the body to be treated for
deep massage technique.
TAPOTEMENT- This is a rhythmic tapping, pounding,
and patting movement. The motion is like drumming
with your hands by cupping, hacking and
chopping. This technique is usually used as the last
technique in a massage session.
REFLEXOLOGY
 “Zone Therapy”
 It is a low-cost therapy, that can be applied
easily
 It is performed on the reflection points on soles
and palms in order to create biophysiological
changes in the body.
 Similar with acupressure
TAI CHI AND QI GONG
 Tai chi and qi gong are centuries-old, related
mind and body practices
 TAI CHI
o a practice that has grown from the
Qigong tradition
o more complex, including foot
movements, thus it is excellent for brain
plasticity maximization
o involve certain postures and gentle
movements with mental focus,
breathing, and relaxation
o movements can be adapted or
practiced while walking, standing, or
sitting
 QI GONG
o movements associated with the
practice, was designed solely as a
meditative and healing practice
movements developed as a part of the
Tai Chi tradition can be used as a
martial art or applied to self- defense
o Qigong can be very easy, thus it soothes
the nervous system
 Qi gong, tai chi movements, if practiced
quickly, can be a form of combat or selfdefense.
 Exercise programs, including tai chi, may
reduce falling and the fear of falling in older
people.
 Tai chi also may be more effective than other
forms of exercise for improving balance and
stability in people with Parkinson’s disease.
o
ENERGY THERAPIES
 focus on energy originating within the body or
on energy from other sources
 include therapeutic touch and magnetic
therapy
 Energy therapy is based on the belief that the
body has an invisible energy field, and that
when this energy flow is blocked or
unbalanced, you can become sick.
 Unblocking this energy can help promote
healing and wellbeing.
 The purpose of energy therapies can be
broadly defined as "The healing of mental or
physical disorders by rebalancing the energy
fields in the human body or by drawing upon
spiritual energies or forces for such healing".
o Some energy therapies include internal
detoxification or release of traumarelated memories as additional
purposes.
 energy therapies consist of interventions that
are designed to interact with the biofield of a
person
 The concept of the biofield is based on the
assumption that all living things have a natural
flow of energy that is integral to their basic
composition.
 The concept of energy flowing through and
around the physical body has a long-standing
history and is the basis for various ancient
healing practices and many complementary
and alternative therapies.
BENEFITS
 There is no scientific evidence of an energy field
or that energy therapies have any benefits.
 Energy therapies are very gentle and do not
require the therapist to make any heavy
physical adjustments.
 They are used to help people feel relaxed and
less anxious, and to improve overall wellbeing
SIDE EFFECTS
 As energy therapies are not invasive, they are
considered to be safe.
THERAPEUTIC TOUCH
 The placement of hands in specific sequences
above or on the body to assess and determine
areas of energy imbalance, which are
generally, experienced as temperature, texture
or vibration changes.
 Therapeutic touch uses a practice called
"laying on of hands" to correct or balance
energy fields. Despite the use of the word
"touch," the hands usually hover over the body
and do not physically touch it. The goal of the
technique is to help people relax, relieve their
pain, and help them heal faster. Therapeutic
touch is thought to promote healing through
restoring harmony to a person's energy fields.
 "Some people use therapeutic touch to reduce
pain, ease tense muscles, speed healing, and
improve sleep. It is sometimes used to help
people who have pain or discomfort from
cancer or other diseases"
 Why use it?
o Healing touch works with your personal
energy field to support the body’s own
natural ability to heal
 What to expect?
o Therapeutic touch can be practiced
while you are sitting, standing or lying
down.
o Before beginning, the therapist may
perform a meditation and then assess
your energy field by observation and
movements of the hands over the body.
REIKI
 Reiki is an energy healing technique that
promotes relaxation, reduces stress and anxiety
through gentle touch.
 Reiki practitioners use their hands to deliver
energy to your body, improving the flow and
balance of your energy to support healing.
 Reiki is an ancient form of Japanese healing
that is practiced by many practitioners around
the world
o there is an omnipotent energy that gives
life to every living thing, and the
Japanese call this “Ki”
o It is also known as Chi by the Chinese,
Prana by a number of Asian cultures,
and most of the western world refers to it
as the Holy Spirit.
 “Because it works on the entire self – mind, body
and emotions – and because it is universal life
force energy, reiki may be successful in all types
of physical, emotional, mental and spiritual
healing”
 How does Reiki work?
o Reiki practitioners act as a conduit
between you and the source of the
universal life force energy.
o The energy flows through the
practitioner’s hands to you.
o The term reiki is a Japanese word
meaning universal life energy.
o It is a form of gentle hands-on therapy
using energy fields within and around
the body.
 Why use it?
o People use reiki to improve physical,
emotional and spiritual wellbeing, on or
slightly above your body.
o The aim is to use their own healing
energy to identify energy imbalances
and promote health.
o This may generate a feeling of warmth.
 What to expect?
o During a reiki session a client sits or lies
down fully clothed.
The therapist places their hands in a
series of positions.
o Reiki treatments typically last about 50
minutes.
o During a session, you’ll lie on a massage
table fully clothed, as your reiki
practitioner gently places their hands,
palms down, on or just above your body
in specific energy locations.
o They use a series of 12 to 15 different
hand positions.
 Evidence
o Anecdotal evidence suggests that reiki is
calming and relaxing, often helping to
relieve pain and anxiety, reduce stiffness
and improve posture.
 What does Reiki feel like?
o “You may experience the energy in the
form of sensations like heat, tingling or
pulsing where the Reiki practitioner has
placed their hands”
o By placing the hands over the
corresponding seven major chakra
centers that are experiencing any of the
imbalances mentioned and performing
Reiki, these centers can be rebalanced
leading to better health.
o
strong enough to make a difference
remains to be shown.
TYPES OF MAGNETIC THERAPY
1. Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy
 Effects:
o Increasing blood flow
o Stimulating cell metabolism and
healing
o Rehabilitating unhealthy tissue
 In orthopedic cases, it was used to promote
bone healing after surgical procedures
 In plastic surgeries, it was used to decrease
swelling, promote faster wound healing, and
minimize scarring
2. Combined Electromagnetic Field Therapy
3. Focused Electromagnetic Field Therapy
UNIPOLAR MAGNETS
 Magnets that have north on one side and south
on the other.
MAGNETIC THERAPY
 The term magnet therapy usually refers to the
use of static magnets placed directly on the
body, generally over regions of pain.
 An umbrella term for various advancements in
the principle that high frequency
electromagnetic currents could have
therapeutic effects.
 Utilizes specifically calibrated electromagnetic
fields to induce biochemical changes at the
cellular level, stimulating multiple natural
healing mechanisms.
 Static magnets (Permanent Magnets) are either
attached to the body by tape or encapsulated
in specially designed products such as belts,
wraps, or mattress pads. There are also
therapeutic magnets used that is either unipolar
or bipolar.
 How does it work?
o A commonly held misconception is that
magnets attract the iron in blood cells,
thus moving the blood and stimulating
circulation.
o However, the iron in the blood is not in a
magnetic form.
o Static magnets could affect charged
particles in the blood, nerves, and cell
membranes or subtly alter biochemical
reactions, although whether the effect is
NORTH POLE
CHARACTERISTICS
Sedating,
Cooling
Negative: Yin
Low back pain
Arthritis
Inflammation
Acute headaches
Sharp pain
SOUTH POLE
CHARACTERISTICS
Stimulating,
Heating
Positive: Yang
Tingling
Numbness
Weak muscles
Paralysis
Scars
BIPOLAR OR ALTERNATINGPOLE MAGNETS
 These are made from a sheet of magnetic
material with north and south magnets
arranged in an alternating pattern, so that both
north and south face the skin.
 This type of magnet exerts a weaker magnetic
field because the alternating magnets tend to
oppose each other.
o Fractures
o Chronic pain
 The type of ailment determines the type and
power of the biomagnet to be used, the length
of time the patient has had the problem, its
severity, if the ailment is superficial or deep, the
area of the body to be treated, and the
patient's sensitivity.
 Side Effects
o Lightheadedness
o Headache
o Sleepiness
o Itching
 Precautions:
 Should not be used during pregnancy, patient
with a pacemaker or who have metal implants
that could be dislodged by magnet use