Qualitative research
Objectives
General Objective
At the end of this lecture each student
should acquire knowledge and practice
related to qualitative research design.
3
Specific Objectives
At the end of this lecture each student should be able to:
1. Define quantitative& qualitative research.
2. Enumerate characteristics of qualitative research.
3-weakness&strength of qualitative research
5. Differentiate between qualitative and quantitative
research.
4
Introduction
Researchers working in the social sciences;
psychology, sociology,
‫علم االنسان‬anthropology,
human behaviors so, it is difficulty in trying to
explain human behaviors in quantifiable or
measurable
terms.
In
these
conditions
,researcher apply qualitative research.
5
Quantitative research
A research which ‘focuses
on numbers or
quantities’.
A systematic approach
used to quantify variables
A systematic, structured and
formal process that uses statistical
approach in the collection,
analysis,
interpretation
and
presentation of data
we can apply statistical
tests in making reports
about
the
data.
.
A qualitative research
describes the
qualities or
characteristics of
something
uses narrative or
descriptive
approach in the
collection, analysis,
interpretation and
presentation of
data.
which sets a
hypothesis for a
potential
quantitative study
a systematic but
unstructured
method
provide you with details
about human behavior,
emotion, and personality
characteristics
Measurement instrument
for qualitative research
video
camera,
a tape
recorder,
hidden
microphones
Qualitative Research
Qualitative research is an inquiry approach in which the
researcher:
-*Explores a central phenomenon
-*Asks participants broad & general questions
*Collects detailed views of participants in the form of
words or images
- * Analyzes and codes the data for description
- * Interprets the meaning of the information
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*Writes the final report
Characteristics of qualitative research
*concerned with developing explanations
of social phenomena
How people are affected
by the events that go on
around them?
Why people behave
the way they do?
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How opinions
and attitudes
are formed?
How and why cultures
and practices have
developed in the way
they have?
Qualitative research
characteristic
takes place in the
natural setting.
(home, office).
View social
phenomena
holistically.
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Small sample(data
saturation)
Eman Ahmed Fadel
1. Observation
Individual or In-Depth
Interviews
4.Group Interview
• TYPES OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGNS
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGNS
Ethnographical
‫علم االنسان‬
Case study
Grounded
theory
Historical
‫علم‬Phenomenological
‫الظواهر‬
Qualitative
research
design
Definition &example
Aim& field
Phenom Examination
of
human It aims to provide
-enology experience(live
experiences) insight into how
through the description by the people
make
people involved.
sense of the world
they live in.
Example:
exploring
why
patients seek homeopathic care
Psychology field
a phenomenological approach
would reveal the individual’s
experience
of
seeking
homeopathic care.
Example of Ground Theory
• A brief introduction to gravity theory
Qualitative
research
design
Grounded
theory
Definition &example
Aim& field
Studies in which data is collected, Aim
to
analysed and then a theory is generate
or
developed
discover
a
theory about a
Example:a
theory
to
be particular
developed about what motivates experience
patients to seek homeopathic care. sociology field
Qualitative
research
design
Definition &example
Aim& field
Ethnographic
Involves
studies
the collection and Explore the
analysis of data about cultural beliefs and
group.
practices of a
-Learning from people
particular
-Researcher is living with the cultural group.
people and become a part of their
culture
.
anthropology
field
Example of Ethnographic
Study the introduction of the nurse consultant
role in different ethnographic groups
Qualitative
research
design
Definition &example
Aim& field
Case ** Case studies are -To explore the causes
of
underlying
study based on an in-depth principles.
investigation
of
a -When the approach is
single
individual, applied correctly, it
becomes
group or event
valuable method for
health
science research to
develop
theory,
evaluate
programs,
and
develop
interventions.
Qualitative
research
design
Definition &example
Aim& field
Case Example :one person or group of May
be
study people with diabetes could be considered as
studied for a time to determine qualitative or
their responses to the use of an
quantitative
insulin pump
Research
based on the
aim
Qualitative
research
design
Definition &example
Aim& field
Historical Concern
the
identification, Seeks not only
research. evaluation, and synthesis of data to discover the
from the past.
events of the
past but to
relate
these
nurse wishes to examine the
past
practices of nurse midwife during
happenings to
1940.
the
present
and to the
future.
Qualitative Research
weakness&strength
Strengths of Qualitative
Research
1. Data are usually collected in naturalistic
settings, so it is reliable‫موثوقة‬
2. Qualitative data in the words exploring
how and why phenomena occur
Strengths of Qualitative
Research
3-Useful
for
describing
complex
phenomena
4-Provides
description
understanding
of
people’s
experiences in depth
and
personal
Weakness of Qualitative
Research
1. It is more difficult to test hypotheses and
theories with large participant groups.
2. Data analysis is often time consuming.
3. The results are more easily influenced by
the researcher’s personal biases
Weakness of Qualitative
Research
4. Cost consuming
5. Not Generalizable as in quantitative
Differences between Qualitative & Quantitative
Research
Qualitative
Quantitative
Answers Why? How?
Data is in the form of words,
Answers How many? When?
Where?
Data is in the form of numbers
and statistics
pictures or objects
Rich in data but time consuming
Data are more efficient ‫البيانات أكثر‬
‫كفاءة‬
Inductive
Deductive
Developing generalizations from a
limited
number
of
observations or experiences
specific
Developing specific predictions
from
general
principles,
observations, or experiences
Deductive approach:
Developing specific predictions from general principles,
observations, or experiences
Inductive approaches:
Developing generalizations from a limited number of
specific observations or experiences
Differences between Qualitative & Quantitative
Research
Qualitative
Quantitative
Not Generalizable as in quantitative
Generalizable
Researcher Is data gathering instrument
Various tools, instruments to collect
data
Data collection are less or semi- structured Data collection are more structured
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N.B
• quantitative and qualitative designs
complement each other
Dimension of quantitative
research
Dimension
Control of
independent
variable
design
Major features
randomization--manipulationExperimental control group,
-manipulation- no control
-quasigroup\or
Experimental Manipulation.
-nonNo manipulation of
Experimental independent variable
Dimension of quantitative
research
Dimension
design
Major features
Types of group -between -) Different group)
subject sample
comparison
-within -) -same group)
subject sample
Dimension of quantitative
research
Dimension
design
Major
features
setting
-Naturalistic
Real
Laboratorty-
Artificial
Dimension of quantitative
research
Dimension
design
Number of data Cross
collection point section
Major features
One point in time
longtudinal Multiple
time
point in
Dimension of quantitative
research
design
Major features
Occurrence of Retrospective
dependent and
independent
variable
prospective
-begin with dependent
Dimension
--begin with independent
‫هذا اخر المحاضره‬
Peace be upon you
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