THE HALIBUT TREATY OF 1923
The Halibut Treaty of 1923, the establishment of NORAD,
and Canada's support in dismantling the Taliban during
the Afghanistan War strengthened Canada’s relations
with the United States of America.
CONTEXT:
Agreement between Canada and U.S.A.
For fishing rights in Pacific Ocean.
Signed on 2nd March, 1923.
Low Halibut fish stocks in North Pacific.
1st environmental treaty for conserving fishes.
Low Halibut fish stocks in North Pacific.
1st environmental treaty for conserving fishes.
1st treaty negotiated & signed by Canada.
Made Canada autonomous sovereign state.
PM King did not want British signature.
RELATIONS WITH THE U.S.A:
Direct relationship with U.S.A.
U.S.A. became Canada’s largest trading partner.
Britain was no longer the middleman.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Collaboration increased between U.S.A and
Canada.
U.S.A. and Canada shared more resources.
Treaty shows U.S.A. and Canada work together.
CHANGE/PROGRESS:
Effort to revive halibut stocks.
Groundwork for ongoing collaboration.
Kept coastal communities stable.
Ensured Halibut fish stay available.
Impact:
Past: Implemented a closed season.
Present: Sustainable fishing is still in use.
Widespead, impacted coastal communities
& fishing industry.
NORAD
The Halibut Treaty of 1923, the establishment of NORAD,
and Canada's support in dismantling the Taliban during
the Afghanistan War strengthened Canada’s relations
with the United States of America.
CONTEXT:
NORAD is a joint
air-defense system.
U.S.A and Canada
have air-defense
together.
Used for longrange Soviet
attacks.
AUGUST 1ST,
1957
NORAD pact was
signed.
HQ at Peterson Air
Force Base,
Colorado.
2006
NORAD was
renewed and
signed.
Added maritime
warning mission.
2010
Vancouver
Olympics
security by
both countries.
1
HISTORY
OF NORAD
2
1966
Command moved to
Cheyenne Mountain.
3
4
5
AFTER SEP.
2011
Operation Noble
Eagle launched.
After 9/11.
Showed a united
response.
CONTROVERSY:
Critics thought forming NORAD was hasty.
PM Diefenbaker signed with Defense Minister
Pearkes.
Faced a lot of backlash.
Americans were coming into Canada.
SIGNIFICANCE:
U.S.A. and Canada got air-defence cooperation.
Defense mechanism against Cold War.
Impact:
Improved collaboration and combined airdefences.
Provided public reassurance in defence
capabilities.
Widespead, showed importance of
collaboration to world.
CHANGE/PROGRESS:
NORAD represented positive change in defense.
Demonstrated mutual defense.
Watched over North America and maritime.
Kept citizens’ security and stability.
DISMANTLING THE TALIBAN
DURING AFGHANISTAN WAR
The Halibut Treaty of 1923, the establishment of NORAD,
and Canada's support in dismantling the Taliban during
the Afghanistan War strengthened Canada’s relations
with the United States of America.
CONTEXT:
Worked with U.S.
against Taliban.
Canadian Armed
Forces helped in
initial invasion.
Engaged in combat.
40,000+ Canadians
deployed.
Shared missions
and information with
U.S.A.
Provided support in
Kandahar.
Armoured vehicles,
tanks and drones.
Trained Afghan
National Army.
Withdrew forces in
2011.
Damage done in
Kabul, capital city.
Fought for 12 years.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Strengthened Canada’s diplomatic relations with
U.S.A.
Canada gained trust from backing up U.S.A.
Both put effort in dismantling Taliban regime.
Showed countries want to stop terrorism.
Impact:
Long-term physical/psychological injuries.
E.g. PTSD.
Military spent lots of money and resources.
Families broke from casualties in Afghanistan.
Widespead, sacrifices from Canada and
U.S.A. recognized.
CHANGE/PROGRESS:
Slow negative impact on Canada.
Soldiers faced mental health disorders & injuries.
Canada spent $18 billion+ in war.
Accused of torturing Taliban prisoners.
International reputation damaged.
People questioned mission’s effectives as
soldiers died.
Works Cited
Azzi, Stephen and Richard Foot. "Canada and the
War in Afghanistan". The Canadian Encyclopedia,
05 February 2021, Historica Canada.
www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/internati
onal-campaign-against-terrorism-in-afghanistan.
Accessed 10 May 2024.
Brewster, Murray. “Canada Now Has Its Own
History of the Afghan War - Good Luck Finding a
Copy | CBC News.” CBCnews, CBC/Radio Canada,
10 Nov. 2023, www.cbc.ca/news/politics/afghanistancanada-canadian-forces-history-1.7023872. Accessed
10 May 2024.
Granatstein, J.l. "NORAD". The Canadian
Encyclopedia, 14 January 2021, Historica Canada.
www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/noradnorth-american-air-defence-agreement. Accessed 10
May 2024.
Hillmer, Norman and Jeff Scott. "Halibut Treaty".
The Canadian Encyclopedia, 20 January 2021,
Historica Canada.
www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/halibuttreaty. Accessed 10 May 2024.
National Defence. “North American Aerospace
Defense Command (NORAD).” Canada.Ca, 22
June 2022, Government of Canada.
www.canada.ca/en/department-nationaldefence/news/2022/06/north-american-aerospacedefense-comma nd-norad.html. Accessed 10 May
2024.
Oldham, Kit. “Canada and the United States Sign
the Pacific Halibut Convention on M.” Canada and
the United States Sign the Pacific Halibut
Convention on March 2, 1923., 9 Oct. 2009,
www.historylink.org/File/9152. Accessed 10 May
2024.