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Welding
of Stainless
Steels
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Compiled/Edited by
Richard D. Campbell, P.E.
Welding Solutions, Inc., Broomfield, CO
550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126
NOTE: Although care was taken in choosing and presenting the data in this guide, AWS cannot guarantee that it is error free. Further, this
guide is not intended to be an exhaustive treatment of the topic and therefore may not include all available information, particularly with respect
to safety and health issues. By publishing this guide, AWS does not insure anyone using the information it contains against any liability or injury
to property or persons arising from that use.
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© 1999 by American Welding Society. All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Table of Contents
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Chapter 1—Definitions........................................................................................................1
Chapter 2—Introduction to Stainless Steels and Types of Stainless Steels .........................5
Chapter 3—Stainless Steel Filler Materials.......................................................................17
Chapter 4—Preweld Cleaning and Preparation of Stainless Steels ...................................41
Chapter 5—Welding and Cutting of Stainless Steels.........................................................43
Chapter 6—Postweld Cleaning of Stainless Steels............................................................65
Chapter 7—Heat Treatments of Stainless Steels ...............................................................67
Chapter 8—Weld Discontinuities and Defects in Stainless Steels ....................................71
Chapter 9—Stainless Steels in Welding Codes and Other Standards ................................83
Chapter 10—Safety and Health Considerations in Welding of Stainless Steels................91
References and Other Publications Available from AWS .................................................93
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List of Tables
Table
Page
Table
3-7
Recommended Filler Metals for Welding Austenitic Stainless
Steels ................................................................................................ 30
3-8 Recommended Filler Metals for Welding Precipitation-Hardening
Stainless Steels ................................................................................. 31
3-9 Suggested Filler Metals for Welds Between Dissimilar Austenitic
Stainless Steels ................................................................................. 32
3-10 Compositions of Silver Filler Metals for Brazing of Stainless Steels 33
3-11 Characteristics of Silver Filler Metals for Brazing of Stainless
Steels ................................................................................................ 35
3-12 Compositions of Nickel and Cobalt Filler Metals for Brazing of
Stainless Steels ................................................................................. 37
3-13 Characteristics of Nickel and Cobalt Filler Metals for Brazing of
Stainless Steels ................................................................................. 38
3-14 Compositions of Gold Filler Metals for Brazing of Stainless Steels. 39
3-15 Characteristics of Gold Filler Metals for Brazing of Stainless Steels 39
Base Metal Compositions (Chapter 2)
2-2
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-6
2-7
2-8
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2-1
Chemical Compositions of Typical Wrought Austenitic Stainless
Steels .................................................................................................. 7
Chemical Compositions of Typical Cast Austenitic Stainless Steels . 8
Chemical Compositions of Typical Superaustenitic Stainless Steels.. 9
Chemical Compositions of Typical Ferritic Stainless Steels ........... 11
Chemical Compositions of Typical Superferritic Stainless Steels... 12
Chemical Compositions of Typical Martensitic Stainless Steels..... 13
Chemical Compositions of Typical Duplex Stainless Steels ........... 15
Chemical Compositions of Typical Precipitation-Hardening
Stainless Steels................................................................................. 16
Filler Metal/Electrode Compositions (Chapter 3)
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
3-6
Page
Chemical Composition Requirements for Stainless Steel Shielded
Metal Arc Welding Electrodes......................................................... 18
Types of Welding Current and Positions of Welding....................... 20
Chemical Composition Requirements for Bare Stainless Steel
Welding Electrodes and Rods .......................................................... 21
Chemical Composition Requirements for Stainless Steel Flux
Cored Arc Welding and Flux Cored Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
Filler Metals ..................................................................................... 24
External Shielding Medium, Polarity, and Welding Process ........... 27
Chemical Composition Requirements for Stainless Steel
Consumable Inserts.......................................................................... 28
Welding Processes (Chapter 5)
5-1 Typical Groove Weld Joint Designs for Austenitic Stainless Steels 45
5-2 GMAW Globular-to-Spray Transition Currents for a Variety of
Electrodes......................................................................................... 47
5-3 Typical Arc Voltages for GMAW of Various Metals ....................... 48
5-4 GMAW Shielding Gases for Spray Transfer.................................... 49
5-5 GMAW Shielding Gases for Short Circuiting Transfer ................... 50
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Table
Page
Table
5-6
Typical Conditions for GMAW of Austenitic Stainless Steel
Using a Spray Arc in the Flat Position ............................................ 51
5-7 Typical Conditions for GMAW of Austenitic Stainless Steel
Using a Short Circuiting Arc ........................................................... 51
5-8 Typical PAW Conditions for Butt Joints in Stainless Steel.............. 52
5-9 Typical PAW Conditions for Welding Stainless Steels—Low
Amperage......................................................................................... 53
5-10 Typical Self-Shielded FCAW Procedures for Stainless Steels
Using Stainless Steel Electrodes ...................................................... 55
5-11 Typical Conditions for SAW Double-V-Groove Joints in Stainless
Steel Plate......................................................................................... 57
5-12 A—Suggested Practices for Spot Welding Stainless Steels
(U.S. Customary Units) ................................................................... 58
B—Suggested Practices for Spot Welding Stainless Steels
(Metric Units) .................................................................................. 59
5-13 Welding Schedules Suggested for Seam Welding Stainless Steels.. 60
5-14 Projection Welding Design Data...................................................... 61
5-15 Manufacturing Process Data for Projection Welding Stainless
Steels ................................................................................................ 62
Heat Treatments of Stainless Steels (Chapter 7)
7-1
Typical Preheat and Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for
Martensitic Stainless Steels.............................................................. 67
7-2 Postweld Heat Treatments for Martensitic Stainless Steels ............. 68
7-3 Recommended Solution Annealing Temperatures for Austenitic
Stainless Steels ................................................................................. 68
7-4 Typical Heat Treatments for Precipitation-Hardening Stainless
Steels ................................................................................................ 69
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Welding Codes and Standards (Chapter 9)
9-1
Typical Stainless Steel Base Metal P-Number, S-Number, and
M-Number Categories...................................................................... 85
9-2 F-Number Groupings of Welding Electrodes and Rods for
Qualifications ................................................................................... 86
9-3 A-Number Classifications of Stainless Steel Ferrous Weld Metal
for Procedure Qualifications ............................................................ 87
9-4 Preheat Requirements in Various Codes .......................................... 88
9-5 Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements in Various Codes.............. 89
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List of Figures
Figure
Page
Figure
Chapter 3
Page
5-4 FCAW Electrode Feed Rate Versus Welding Current for
Self-Shielding E308T-3...................................................................... 54
3-1 Standard Consumable Insert Designs ................................................ 29
Chapter 8
Chapter 5
8-1 Sensitization—Formation of Chromium Carbides at Grain
Boundaries ......................................................................................... 72
8-2 Weld Metal Area, Heat-Affected Zone, and Base Metal ................... 72
8-3 Multi-Pass Weld ................................................................................. 73
8-4 Weld Penetration in Stainless Steels .................................................. 76
8-5 Weld Penetration in Mismatched Base Metals................................... 76
8-6 DeLong Diagram................................................................................ 78
8-7 Schaeffler Diagram ............................................................................ 79
8-8 Weld Dilution ..................................................................................... 80
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5-1 Schematic Illustration of Weld Bead Produced with Arc Welds
Made with the Same Parameters (Current, Voltage, and Travel
Speed) on Different Materials............................................................ 43
5-2 Schematic Illustration of Distortion Produced with Arc Welds
Made with the Same Parameters (Current, Voltage and Travel
Speed) on Different Materials............................................................ 43
5-3 Typical Welding Currents Versus Wire Feed Speeds for
300 Series Stainless Steel Electrodes................................................. 46
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Basic Safety Precautions
Burn Protection. Molten metal, sparks, slag, and hot work surfaces are
cuit. A separate connection is required to ground the workpiece. The
workpiece should not be mistaken for a ground connection.
produced by welding, cutting, and allied processes. These can cause burns
if precautionary measures are not used. Workers should wear protective
clothing made of fire-resistant material. Pant cuffs, open pockets, or other
places on clothing that can catch and retain molten metal or sparks should
not be worn. High-top shoes or leather leggings and fire-resistant gloves
should be worn. Pant legs should be worn over the outside of high-top
shoes. Helmets or hand shields that provide protection for the face, neck,
and ears, and a head covering to protect the head should be used. In addition, appropriate eye protection should be used.
Fumes and Gases. Many welding, cutting, and allied processes produce
fumes and gases which may be harmful to health. Avoid breathing the air in
the fume plume directly above the arc. Do not weld in a confined area without a ventilation system. Use point-of-welding fume removal when welding galvanized steel, zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium, manganese, brass, or
bronze. No container should be presumed to be clean or safe. Do not weld or
cut on any container, including piping, until it has been examined by,
cleaned under the supervision of, and rendered safe by qualified personnel.
Electrical Hazards. Electric shock can kill. However, it can be avoided.
Live electrical parts should not be touched. The manufacturer’s instructions
and recommended safe practices should be read and understood. Faulty
installation, improper grounding, and incorrect operation and maintenance
of electrical equipment are all sources of danger.
Compressed Gas Cylinders. Keep caps on cylinders when not in use.
Make sure that gas cylinders are chained to a wall or other structural support. Do not weld on cylinders.
Radiation. Arc welding may produce ultraviolet, infrared, or light radiation. Always wear protective clothing and eye protection to protect the skin
and eyes from radiation. Shield others from light radiation from your welding operation.
All electrical equipment and the workpiece should be grounded. The workpiece lead is not a ground lead. It is used only to complete the welding cir-
AWS recommends a personal copy of Arc Welding Safely, Fire Safety in Welding and Cutting, Recommended Safe Practices for the Preparation for Welding and
Cutting of Containers and Piping, and Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes.
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Abbreviation Quick Reference
Ag
Al
Ar
B
Be
C
Cd
Co
CO2
Cr
Cu
Fe
He
La
Li
Mg
Mn
Mo
N
Nb
Ni
O
P
S
Se
Si
Sn
Ta
Ti
V
W
Zn
Zr
Silver
Aluminum
Argon
Boron
Beryllium
Carbon
Cadmium
Cobalt
Carbon Dioxide
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Helium
Lanthanum
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
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Molybdenum
Nitrogen
Niobium
Nickel
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Selenium
Silicon
Tin
Tantalum
Titanium
Vanadium
Tungsten
Zinc
Zirconium
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Chapter 1—Definitions
The terms in this chapter are common words used in dealing with welding of stainless steels. See the latest revision of AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, for the standard terms used in the welding
industry. Some other terms and definitions are standard metallurgical and
corrosion terms from ASM International and the National Association of
Corrosion Engineers (NACE).
Cold crack—A crack which develops after solidification is complete.
Corrosion—The deterioration of a metal by chemical or electrochemical
reaction with its environment.
Consumable insert—Filler metal that is placed at the joint root before
welding, and is intended to be completely fused into the joint root to
become part of the weld.
Air carbon arc cutting (CAC-A)—A carbon arc cutting process variation
that removes molten metal with a jet of air.
Crater crack—A crack formed in the crater or end of a weld bead, typically
a form of a hot crack.
Austenite—A nonmagnetic phase of steel with a face-centered cubic (FCC)
structure.
Crevice corrosion—Corrosion caused by the concentration of corrodent
along crevices.
Austenitic stainless steel—A stainless steel that contains chromium, nickel,
and sometimes manganese, which produce austenite.
Defect—A discontinuity or discontinuities that by nature or accumulated
effect (for example total crack length) render a part or product unable to
meet minimum applicable standards or specifications. The term designates rejectability.
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Autogenous weld—A fusion weld made without filler metal.
Base metal—The metal or alloy that is welded.
Buttering—A surfacing variation that deposits surfacing metal on one or
more surfaces to provide metallurgically compatible weld metal for the
subsequent completion of the weld.
Delayed crack—A nonstandard term for cold crack caused by hydrogen
embrittlement.
Carbon arc cutting (CAC)—An arc cutting process that uses a carbon
electrode.
Dilution—The change in chemical composition of a welding filler metal
caused by the admixture of the base metal or previous weld metal in the
weld bead.
Carburizing flame—A reducing oxyfuel gas flame in which there is an
excess of fuel gas, resulting in a carbon-rich zone extending around and
beyond the cone.
Discontinuity—An interruption of the typical structure of a material, such
as a lack of homogeneity in its mechanical, metallurgical, or physical
characteristics. A discontinuity is not necessarily a defect.
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Duplex stainless steel—A stainless steel that contains chromium plus other
alloying elements, designed to produce a duplex structure at room temperature of a mixture of austenite and ferrite, austenite and martensite,
etc.
Fusion zone—The area of base metal melted as determined on the cross
section of a weld.
Gas metal arc welding (GMAW)—An arc welding process that uses an arc
between a continuous filler metal electrode and the weld pool. The process is used with shielding from an externally supplied gas.
Electrode—A component of the electrical circuit that terminates at the arc,
molten conductive slag, or base metal.
Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW)—An arc welding process that uses an
arc between a tungsten electrode (nonconsumable) and the weld pool.
The process is used with shielding gas.
Electron beam welding (EBW)—A welding process that produces fusion
(coalescence) with a concentrated beam, composed primarily of highvelocity electrons, impinging on the joint.
Heat-affected zone (HAZ)—The portion of the base metal whose mechanical
properties or microstructure have been altered by the heat of welding.
Ferrite—A magnetic phase of steel with a body-centered cubic (BCC)
structure.
Heliarc welding—A nonstandard term for gas tungsten arc welding.
Ferrite number (FN)—An arbitrary, standardized value designating the
ferrite content of an austenitic stainless steel weld metal.
Hot crack—A crack formed at temperatures near the completion of
solidification.
Ferritic stainless steel—A stainless steel that contains chromium (and often
molybdenum), which produce ferrite.
Hydrogen crack—Another term for cold crack.
Inert gas—A gas that normally does not combine chemically with materials.
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)—An arc welding process that uses an arc
between a continuous filler metal electrode and the weld pool. The process is used with shielding gas from a flux contained within the tubular
electrode, with or without additional shielding from an externally supplied gas.
Intergranular corrosion—Corrosion occurring along grain boundaries,
with little attack on the surrounding grains.
Fusion welding—Any welding process that uses fusion of the base metal to
make the weld.
Laser beam cutting (LBC)—A thermal cutting process that severs metal by
locally melting or vaporizing with the heat from a laser beam.
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Filler metal—The metal or alloy to be added in making a welded joint.
Interpass temperature—In a multipass weld, the temperature of the weld
area between weld passes.
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Plasma arc welding (PAW)—An arc welding process that uses a constricted
arc between a nonconsumable electrode and the weld pool (transferred
arc) or between the electrode and the constricting nozzle (nontransferred arc). Shielding is obtained from the ionized gas issuing from the
torch, which may be supplemented by an auxiliary source of shielding
gas.
Laser beam welding (LBW)—A welding process that produces fusion
(coalescence) with the heat from a laser beam impinging on the joint.
Martensite—A hard, brittle phase of steel with a body-centered tetragonal
(BCT) structure.
Martensitic stainless steel—A stainless steel that contains chromium and
carbon, which produce martensite.
Postheating (Postweld heat treatment)—The application of heat to an
assembly after welding.
MIG Welding—A nonstandard term for gas metal arc welding.
Precipitation-hardening stainless steel—A stainless steel that contains
chromium plus other alloying elements designed to produce a hardened
structure by precipitation of constituents. The main structure can be
austenite, ferrite, or martensite.
Oxidizing flame—An oxyfuel gas flame in which there is an excess of oxygen, resulting in an oxygen-rich zone extending around and beyond the
cone.
Oxyfuel gas cutting (OFC)—A group of oxygen cutting processes that use
heat from an oxyfuel gas flame.
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Preheat—The heat applied to the base metal to attain and maintain preheat
temperature.
Oxyfuel welding (OFW)—A group of welding processes that produces
fusion (coalescence) of workpieces by heating them with an oxyfuel gas
flame.
Resistance welding (RW)—A group of welding processes that produces
fusion (coalescence) of the faying surfaces with the heat obtained from
resistance of the workpieces to the flow of the welding current in a
circuit of which the workpieces are a part, and by the application of
pressure.
Passivation—The changing of a chemically active surface of stainless steel
to a much less reactive state. Formation of a chromium-rich oxide layer,
which is passive to corrosion or further oxidation.
Sensitization—In austenitic stainless steels, precipitation of chromium carbides along grain boundaries in the temperature range of 800–1500°F
(427–816°C), which leaves the grain boundaries depleted of chromium
and susceptible to intergranular corrosion.
Pitting corrosion—Localized corrosion occurring in the form of cavities or
pits.
Plasma arc cutting (PAC)—An arc cutting process that uses a constricted
arc and removes the molten metal with a high-velocity jet of ionized gas
issuing from the constricting orifice.
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Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)—An arc welding process with an arc
between a covered electrode and the weld pool. The process is used
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Submerged arc welding (SAW)—An arc welding process that uses an arc or
arcs between a bare metal electrode or electrodes and the weld pool.
The arc and molten metal are shielded by a blanket of granular flux on
the workpieces. The process is used with filler metal from the electrode
and sometimes from a supplemental source (such as the flux).
with shielding from the decomposition of the electrode covering and
with filler metal from the electrode.
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Stabilized stainless steels—Stainless steels that contain niobium, tantalum
and/or titanium, which form carbides that are more stable than chromium carbides, thus avoiding sensitization.
TIG welding—A nonstandard term for gas tungsten arc welding.
Stainless steel—Steels that contain a minimum of 10.5–12% chromium,
depending on classification.
Stick electrode welding—A nonstandard term for shielded metal arc
welding.
Weld (arc)—A localized coalescence (fusion) of metals produced by heating the metals to the welding temperature, with or without the use of
filler metals.
Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC)—Failure of metals by cracking under
combined action of corrosion and stress, residual or applied.
Welding rod—A form of welding filler metal, normally packaged in straight
lengths, that does not conduct the welding current.
4
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Chapter 2—Introduction to Stainless Steels and Types of Stainless Steels
What are Stainless Steels?
Classification
AISI Series
Stainless steels are steels (iron-based alloys) that contain a minimum of
approximately 10.5 wt.% chromium (sometimes classified as containing no
less than 12 wt.% chromium). With more than this amount of chromium,
stainless steels are very resistant to corrosion and oxidation in specific environments. These steels are properly called corrosion-resistant steels, or
“CRES,” as called for on some older drawings and material lists.
Just as chromium plating provides protection for steel, the chromium in
stainless steels provides corrosion resistance. The chromium causes a “passive” chromium-rich oxide layer to form on the surface of the steel. This is
an invisible layer that adheres to the surface of the steel. Unlike plated or
painted steel, if stainless steel is scratched, the passive chromium oxide
reforms in air, thus protecting the steel from corrosion or oxidation.
Austenitic
Ferritic
Martensitic
Duplex
Precipitation-Hardening
200 and 300 Series
Some of the 400 Series
Some of the 400 Series
Each type is described by the metallurgical structure present at room
temperature.
Most stainless steel base metals are available in various forms, including:
(1) Wrought
• Plate, sheet
• Pipe, tube
• Bar, wire
• Forgings
(2) Cast
Types of Stainless Steels
The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) classifications for stainless steels are:
AISI Classification Series
Major Alloying Elements
200 Series
300 Series
400 Series
Cr-Ni-Mn
Cr-Ni
Cr
Note: The 500 series of steels are technically heat-resistant steels, not
corrosion-resistant, because they contain less than 10.5% chromium. However, they are often classified with the corrosion-resistant base metals and
filler metals.
In the following tables, the stainless steels are listed by their AISI type
(e.g., 304). The tables also list the Unified Numbering System (UNS) numbers for the various stainless steels. The UNS numbers include an “S” for
wrought stainless steel. The number typically includes the common type
The five major types or classifications of stainless steels are:
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The most common stainless steels used are the wrought austenitics in
Table 2-1. Type 302 is the basic austenitic 18Cr-8Ni alloy. Type 304 has a
higher chromium and nickel content to improve corrosion resistance.
Although Type 316 has lower chromium, a higher nickel content, plus the
addition of molybdenum provides even better resistance to pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, and stress-corrosion cracking (especially in chloride environments).
number, such as UNS S30400 for Type 304; S30403 for Type 304L, etc.
Some of the superaustenitic stainless steels are actually classified as nickel
alloys and have UNS “N” designations (see Table 2-3). Cast stainless steels
have a UNS “J” designation.
Austenitic Stainless Steels
The majority of stainless steels used are austenitic stainless steels,
which contain approximately 16–25 wt.% chromium and 7–35 wt.%
nickel. The 300 series austenitics are iron-chromium-nickel alloys, while
the 200 series also contain manganese and nitrogen to replace some of the
nickel. These steels are named for the face-centered cubic (FCC) structure
that is present at room temperature, called austenite. Some properties of
these stainless steels (with some exceptions) include:
The “L” grades (e.g., 304L and 316L) contain a lower carbon content,
thus, they are less likely to be sensitized or produce intergranular corrosion.
The “H” grades (e.g., 304H and 316H) have a higher carbon content for
greater strength at elevated temperatures.
There are many cast austenitic stainless steels with compositions similar
to the wrought stainless steels, as shown in Table 2-2. For example, alloy
designation CF-8 is the cast equivalent of Type 304 and CF-3M is the cast
equivalent of Type 316L. The “C” denotes corrosion resistant, the 8 indicates a maximum of 0.08% carbon, the 3 indicates 0.03% maximum carbon, and the M denotes molybdenum.
(1) Nonmagnetic.
(2) Best general corrosion resistance.
(3) Not heat treatable (cannot be heat treated to increase strength or
hardness).
(4) Can be strengthened only by cold work.
(5) Good ductility and toughness at low and high temperatures (nickel
provides good cryogenic properties).
(6) Poor resistance to:
• Stress corrosion cracking
• Pitting corrosion
• Crevice corrosion
The superaustenitic stainless steels in Table 2-3 contain higher levels of
chromium, nickel, and molybdenum, with significantly lower carbon and
nitrogen contents (such as Type 904L). These provide better corrosion
resistance in specific environments, such as improved pitting and stresscorrosion cracking resistance in chlorides.
Ferritic Stainless Steels
Ferritic stainless steels are iron-chromium alloys that contain approximately 11–30 wt.% chromium and low levels of carbon. The name refers to
Chemical compositions of typical austenitic stainless steels are provided in Tables 2-1–2-3.
6
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Type
201
202
301
302
302B
303
303Se
304
304H
304L
304LN
304N
305
308
309
309S
310
310S
314
316
316H
316L
317
317L
321
329
330
347
348
384
Table 2-1—Chemical Compositions of Typical Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steels
Composition, wt.%a
UNS Number
S20100
S20200
S30100
S30200
S30215
S30300
S30323
S30400
S30409
S30403
S30453
S30451
S30500
S30800
S30900
S30908
S31000
S31008
S31400
S31600
S31609
S31603
S31700
S31703
S32100
S32900
N08330
S34700
S34800
S38400
C
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.08
0.04–0.10
0.03
0.03
0.08
0.12
0.08
0.20
0.08
0.25
0.08
0.25
0.08
0.04–0.10
0.03
0.08
0.03
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
Mn
5.5–7.50
7.5–10.0
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
Si
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2.0–3.0
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.50
1.50
1.5–3.0
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.75
0.75–1.50
1.00
1.00
1.00
Cr
16.0–18.0
17.0–19.0
16.0–18.0
17.0–19.0
17.0–19.0
17.0–19.0
17.0–19.0
18.0–20.0
18.0–20.0
18.0–20.0
18.0–20.0
18.0–20.0
17.0–19.0
19.0–21.0
22.0–24.0
22.0–24.0
24.0–26.0
24.0–26.0
23.0–26.0
16.0–18.0
16.0–18.0
16.0–18.0
18.0–20.0
18.0–20.0
17.0–19.0
23.0–28.0
17.0–20.0
17.0–19.0
17.0–19.0
15.0–17.0
Nib
3.5–5.5
4.0–6.0
6.0–8.0
8.0–10.0
8.0–10.0
8.0–10.0
8.0–10.0
8.0–10.5
8.0–11.0
8.0–12.0
8.0–12.0
8.0–10.5
10.0–13.0
10.0–12.0
12.0–15.0
12.0–15.0
19.0–22.0
19.0–22.0
19.0–22.0
10.0–14.0
10.0–14.0
10.0–14.0
11.0–15.0
11.0–15.0
9.0–12.0
2.5–5.0
34.0–37.0
9.0–13.0
9.0–13.0
17.0–19.0
Notes:
a. Single values are maximum percentages unless indicated otherwise.
b. Higher percentages are required for certain tube manufacturing processes.
c. 10 × %C (Nb +Ta) min.
d. 0.10%
TaWelding
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P
0.060
0.060
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.200
0.200
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.040
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.040
0.045
0.045
0.045
S
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.15 min
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
Other
0.25 N
0.25 N
—
—
—
0–0.6 Mo
0.15 Se min
—
—
—
0.10–0.16 N
0.10–0.16 N
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2.0–3.0 Mo
2.0–3.0 Mo
2.0–3.0 Mo
3.0–4.0 Mo
3.0–4.0 Mo
5 × %C Ti min
1.0–2.0 Mo
Note c
0.20 Coc,d
Table 2-2—Chemical Compositions of Typical Cast Austenitic Stainless Steels
Composition, wt.%a
Alloy
Designation
CE-30
CF-3
CF-3M
CF-8
CF-8C
CF-8M
CF-12M
CF-16F
CF-20
CG-8M
CH-20
CK-20
CN-7M
HE
HF
HH
HI
HK
HL
HN
HP
HT
HU
UNS Number
Similar
Wrought Typeb
C
Si
Cr
Ni
Mo
Other
J93423
J92700
J92800
J92600
J92710
J92900
—
J92701
J92602
—
J93402
J94202
J95150
J93403
J92603
J93503
J94003
J94224
J94604
J94213
—
J94605
—
312
L304L
L316L
304
347
316
316
303
302
317
309
310
—
—
304
309
—
310
—
—
—
330
—
0.30
0.03
0.03
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.20
0.08
0.20
0.20
0.07
0.2–0.5
0.2–0.4
0.20
0.2–0.5
0.2–0.6
0.2–0.6
0.2–0.5
0.35–0.75
0.35–0.75
0.35–0.75
2.0
2.0
1.5
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.5
2.0
2.0
1.5
2.0
2.0
1.5
2.0
2.0
—
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.5
26–30
17–21
17–21
18–21
18–21
18–21
18–21
18–21
18–21
18–21
22–26
23–27
18–22
26–30
19–23
—
26–30
24–28
28–32
19–23
24–28
15–19
17–21
8–11
8–12
9–13
8–11
9–12
9–12
9–12
9–12
8–11
9–13
12–15
19–22
27.5–30.5
8–11
9–12
—
14–18
18–22
18–22
23–27
33–37
33–37
37–41
—
—
2.0–3.0
—
—
2.0–3.0
2.0–3.0
1.5
—
3.0–4.0
—
—
2.0–3.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
—
—
—
—
Note c
—
—
0.20–0.35 Se
—
—
—
—
3–4 Cu
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Notes:
a. Single values are maximum percentages. 1.50% Mn max for CX-XX types. 2.0% Mn max for HX types. 0.04% P max (exception: CF-16F has 0.17% P max). 0.04% S max.
b. Compositions are similar but not exactly the same as the cast types.
c. 8 × %C Nb, 1.0% Nb max, or 9 × %C (Nb + Ta), 1.1% (Nb + Ta) max.
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Table 2-3—Chemical Compositions of Typical Superaustenitic Stainless Steels
Nominal Composition, wt.%b
Alloya
UNS
Number
C
Cr
Ni
Mo
Cu
Mn
N
Si
P
S
Other Elements
20 Cb3™
20 Mo6™
SANICRO™ 28
AL-6XN®
JS™ 700
904L
1925hMo, 25-6MO™
254SMO™
317LM
17-14-4 LN
N08020
N08026
N08028
N08367
N08700
N08904
N08925
S31254
S31725
S31726
0.07
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
19–21
22–26
26–28
20–22
19–23
19–23
19–21
19.5–20.5
18–20
17–20
32–38
33–37
29.5–32.5
23.5–25.5
24–26
23–28
24–26
17.5–18.5
13–17
13.5–17.5
2–3
5–6.7
3–4
6–7
4.3–5.0
4–5
6–7
6.0–6.5
4–5
4–5
3–4
2–4
0.6–1.4
0.75
0.5
1–2
0.8–1.5
0.5–1.0
—
—
2.0
1.0
2.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
—
—
—
0.18–0.25
—
—
0.18–0.20
0.18–0.22
—
0.10–0.20
1.00
0.50
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.50
0.80
0.75
0.75
0.045
0.030
0.030
0.040
0.040
0.045
0.045
0.030
0.045
0.030
0.035
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.035
0.030
0.010
0.030
0.030
8 × %C ≤ Nb ≤ 1.0
—
—
—
8 × %C ≤ Nb ≤ 0.5
—
—
—
—
—
--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Notes:
a. AL-6XN is a registered trademark of Allegheny Ludlum Corporation. 20 Cb3 and 20 Mo6 are trademarks of Carpenter Technology Corporation; SANICRO is a registered trademark of AB Sandvik
Steel; 25-6MO is a trademark of INCO; JS is a trademark of Jessop Steel; and 254SMO is a trademark of Avesta Jernwerke AB.
b. Single values are maximum percentages; balance is Fe.
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that forms when these stainless steels are quenched (rapidly cooled), often
when cooled in air. Some properties of these stainless steels include:
the body-centered cubic (BCC) structure present at room temperature,
called ferrite. Some properties of these stainless steels include:
(1) Ferromagnetic.
(2) Lowest corrosion resistance.
(3) Heat treatable (can be strengthened by quenching).
(4) High strength.
(5) Lowest ductility and toughness.
(6) Good high temperature oxidation resistance.
(1) Ferromagnetic.
(2) Intermediate general corrosion resistance.
(3) Better stress-corrosion cracking resistance than austenitics.
(4) Good pitting and crevice corrosion resistance.
(5) Not heat treatable (by quenching and tempering).
(6) Lower strength and toughness than austenitics.
(7) Good ductility.
When these steels are quenched from high temperatures, martensite is
produced, which gives the steels high strength and hardness. Since the
steels also become very brittle and subject to cold (or hydrogen) cracking,
they are often tempered after quenching. This process improves ductility
(reduces the brittleness), although strength and hardness are somewhat
reduced.
The chemical compositions of typical martensitic stainless steels are
provided in Table 2-6.
The chemical compositions of typical ferritic stainless steels are provided in Tables 2-4 and 2-5.
The ferritic stainless steels shown in Table 2-4 include both wrought
and cast alloys. These alloys essentially contain no nickel, but have chromium contents from the lowest allowable levels in stainless steels (Type
409) up to very high levels (29-4-2). Some of these alloys contain moderate
levels of carbon (Type 430) and can form martensite, although most form
only ferrite.
The superferritic stainless steels shown in Table 2-5 have even higher
levels of chromium, with some molybdenum and significantly lower carbon. These alloys provide much improved corrosion resistance, especially
in chloride environments.
Duplex Stainless Steels
Duplex stainless steels are iron-chromium-nickel alloys that contain
23–30 wt.% chromium and 2–7 wt.% nickel, plus other elements. Since
these stainless steels have two phases present at room temperature, ferrite
and austenite, they are referred to as duplex. Some properties of these stainless steels include:
Martensitic Stainless Steels
(1) Partially magnetic.
(2) Good general corrosion resistance.
(3) Better stress-corrosion cracking resistance than austenitics.
Martensitic stainless steels are iron-chromium alloys with 11–17 wt.%
chromium and enough carbon (0.1–1.2 wt.%) to produce some martensite
on cooling. This martensite is a body-centered tetragonal (BCT) structure
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Table 2-4—Chemical Compositions of Typical Ferritic Stainless Steels
Composition, wt.%a
Type
UNS Number
C
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
P
S
Others
Wrought Alloys
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
11.5–14.5
10.5–11.75
14.0–16.0
16.0–18.0
16.0–19.5
16.0–18.0
16.0–18.0
17.0–19.0
—
—
—
—
0.75
—
—
0.50
0.040
0.045
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.030
0.045
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
S44200
S44400
0.200
0.025
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
18.0–23.0
17.5–19.5
—
1.00
0.040
0.040
0.030
0.030
S44600
S44626
S44700
S44800
0.200
0.006
0.010
0.010
1.50
0.75
0.20
0.20
1.00
0.75
0.30
0.30
23.0–27.0
25.0–27.0
28.0–30.0
28.0–30.0
—
0.50
0.15
2.0–2.5
0.040
0.040
0.025
0.025
0.030
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.10–0.30 Al
Ti, 6 × %C min
—
—
Ti, 5 × %C min, 0.75 max
0.75–1.25 Mo
0.75–1.25 Mo; (Nb+Ta), 5 × %C min
0.15 Al max; 0.04 N max;
Ti, 0.20 + 4(%C + %N) min, 1.10 max
Ti, 0.20 + 4(%C + %N)
1.75–2.5 Mo; 0.035 N max;
(Nb+Ta), 0.2 + 4 (%C + %N) min
0.25 N
0.75–1.50 Mo; 0.20–1.0 Ti; 0.04 N; 0.2 Cu
3.5–4.2 Mo; 0.020 Ni; 0.15 Cu
3.5–4.2 Mo; 0.020 Ni, 0.15 Cu
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
—
—
S40500
S40900
S42900
S43000
S43036
S43400
S43600
S43035
442
444
446
26-1
29-4
29-4-2
0.080
b0.08b0
--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
0.120
0.120
0.100
0.120
0.120
0.070
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
405
409
429
430
430Ti
434
436
439
Casting Alloys
CB-30
CC-50
J91803
J92616
0.30
0.50
1.50
1.50
1.00
1.00
18.0–21.0
26.0–30.0
2.0
4.0
Notes:
a. Single values are a maximum.
b. Most producers can now make a low-carbon with 0.02% carbon.
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Table 2-5—Chemical Compositions of Typical Superferritic Stainless Steels
Nominal Composition, wt.%b
E-BRITE®
MONIT™
SEA-CURE®
AL 29-4®
AL 29-4C®
AL 29-4-2®
SHOMAC® 30-2
UNS Number
C
Cr
Mo
Ni
N
Mn
Other Elements
S44726
S44635
S44660
S44700
S44735
S44800
—
0.010
0.025
0.025
0.010
0.030
0.010
c0.003c
25–27
24.5–26.0
25–27
28–30
28–30
28–30
c30c
0.75–1.50
3.5–4.5
2.5–3.5
3.5–4.2
3.6–4.2
3.5–4.2
c2.0c
0.30
3.5–4.5
1.5–3.5
0.15
1.0
2.0–2.5
c0.2c
0.015
0.035
0.035
0.020
0.045
0.020
c0.007c
0.40
1.00
1.00
0.30
1.00
0.30
c0.05c
0.05–0.20 Nb
[0.20 + 4(C + N)] ≤ (Nb + Ti) ≤ 0.80
[0.20 + 4(C + N)] ≤ (Nb + Ti) ≤ 0.80
6(C + N) ≤ (Nb + Ti) ≤ 1.0
--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Alloya
Notes:
a. E-BRITE, AL 29-4, AL 29-4-2, and AL 29-4C are registered trademarks of Allegheny Ludlum Corporation; SEA-CURE is a registered trademark of Crucible Materials Corporation; SHOMAC is a
registered trademark of Showa Denko KK. Monit is a trademark of Nyby Uddeholm AB.
b. Single values are maximum percentages; balance is Fe.
c. Typical value.
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403
410
414
416
420
422
431
440A
440B
440C
--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Type
Table 2-6—Chemical Compositions of Typical Martensitic Stainless Steels
Composition, wt.%a
UNS Number
C
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
P
S
Other
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.025
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.15 min
0.030
0.025
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
—
—
—
—
—
0.75–1.25 Mo; 0.75–1.25 W; 0.15–0.3 V
—
0.75 Mo
0.75 Mo
0.75 Mo
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.40–1.0 Mo
0.5 Mo
0.5 Mo
Wrought Alloys
S40300
S41000
S41400
S41600
S42000
S42200
S43100
S44002
S44003
S44004
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15 min
0.20–0.25
0.20
0.60–0.75
0.75–0.95
0.95–1.20
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.25
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.50
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.75
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
—
—
1.25–2.50
—
—
0.5–1.0
1.25–2.50
—
—
—
11.5–13.0
11.5–13.0
11.5–13.5
12.0–14.0
12.0–14.0
11.0–13.0
15.0–17.0
16.0–18.0
16.0–18.0
16.0–18.0
Casting Alloys
CA-6NM
CA-15
CA-40
J91540
J91150
J91153
0.06
0.15
0.20–0.40
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.50
1.50
11.5–14.0
11.5–14.0
11.5–14.0
3.5–4.5
1.0
1.0
Note:
a. Single values are maximum percentages.
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(4) Better pitting corrosion resistance than austenitics.
(5) Better intergranular corrosion resistance than austenitics.
(6) Higher strength than austenitics.
Depending on their compositions, these alloys can be one of three types
as shown in Table 2-8:
(1) Martensitic.
(2) Semiaustenitic (structure is austenite with some ferrite and/or
martensite).
(3) Austenitic.
The chemical compositions of typical duplex stainless steels are provided in Table 2-7.
Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels
Precipitation-hardening stainless steels require a two-step heat treatment to obtain the best properties. The first is a solution anneal at an elevated temperature of 1900–2200°F (1038–1204°C) followed by quenching.
This produces the various structures listed above. Then the steel is aged to
cause precipitates of copper, nickel, titanium or other elements to form,
which dramatically increase the strength.
The chemical compositions of typical precipitation-hardening stainless
steels are provided in Table 2-8.
--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Precipitation-hardening stainless steels are iron-chromium-nickel alloys
that have other elements added to form precipitates. During a postweld heat
treatment, these constituents precipitate and dramatically improve hardness, thus the name precipitation-hardening. Some properties of these
stainless steels include:
(1) Intermediate corrosion resistance.
(2) Very high strength (when heat treated).
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Table 2-7—Chemical Compositions of Typical Duplex Stainless Steels
Composition, wt.% a,b,c
Alloy
--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
329
44LN
DP3
2205
2304
255
2507
Z100d
3RE60
U50d
7MoPLUS
DP3W
UNS Number
C
Cr
Ni
Mo
N
Other Elements
S32900
S31200
S31260
S31803
S32304
S32550
S32750
S32760
S31500
S32404
S32950
S39274
0.080
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.040
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.040
0.030
0.030
23.0–28.0
24.0–26.0
23.0–28.0
21.0–23.0
21.5–24.5
24.0–27.0
24.0–26.0
24.0–26.0
18.0–19.0
20.5–22.5
26.0–29.0
24.0–26.0
2.5–5.0
5.5–6.5
2.5–5.0
4.5–6.5
3.0–5.5
4.5–6.5
6.0–8.0
6.0–8.0
4.25–5.25
5.5–8.5
3.5–5.2
6.0–8.0
1.0–2.0
1.2–2.0
2.5–3.5
2.5–3.5
0.05–0.60
2.9–3.9
3.0–4.0
3.0–4.0
2.5–3.0
2.0–3.0
1.0–2.5
2.5–3.5
—
0.14–0.20
0.10–0.30
0.08–0.20
0.05–0.20
0.10–0.25
0.24–0.32
0.2–0.3
—
0.20
0.15–0.35
0.24–0.32
—
—
0.20–0.80 Cu; 0.10–0.50 W
—
—
1.5–2.0 Cu
—
0.5–1.0 Cu; 0.5–1.0 W
—
1.0–2.0 Cu
—
0.2–0.8 Cu; 1.5–2.5 W
Notes:
a. Single values are maximum percentages.
b. 2.5 Mn max.
c. 0.70–1.0 Si max.
d. Z100—Zeron 100; U50—Uranus 50.
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Table 2-8—Chemical Compositions of Typical Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels
Nominal Composition, wt.%
Designationa
UNS
Number
C
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
Mo
Al
Other Elements
Moderate strength
17-4 PH
15-5 PH
Custom 450
S17400
S15500
S45000
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.30
0.30
0.25
0.60
0.40
0.25
16.00
15.00
15.00
4.20
4.50
6.00
—
—
0.80
—
—
—
3.4 Cu; 0.25 Nb
3.4 Cu; 0.25 Nb
1.5 Cu; 0.3 Nb
High strength
PH 13-8 Mo
Custom 455
S13800
S45500
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.25
0.03
0.25
12.70
11.75
8.20
8.50
2.20
—
1.1
—
—
2.5 Cu; 1.2 Ti; 0.3 Nb
Semiaustenitic
PH 15-7 Mo
PH 14-8 Mo
AM-350
AM-355
S15700
S14800
S35000
S35500
0.07
0.04
0.10
0.13
0.50
0.02
0.75
0.85
0.30
0.02
0.35
0.35
15.20
15.10
16.50
15.50
7.10
8.20
4.25
4.25
2.20
2.20
2.75
2.75
1.2
1.2
—
—
—
—
—
—
A-286
17-10 P
HNM
S66286
—
—
0.05
0.10
0.30
0.50
0.60
3.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
14.75
17.00
18.50
25.000
11.000
9.50
1.30
—
—
0.15
—
—
0.30 V; 2.15 Ti; 0.005 B
0.30 P
0.25 P
Type
Martensitic
Austenitic
Note:
a. Some of these designations are registered trademarks.
16
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Chapter 3—Stainless Steel Filler Materials
Welding Filler Metals
Tables 3-1 through 3-6 list the chemical compositions of stainless steel
filler metals described in these specifications. The compositions of bare
wire or strip are based on chemical analysis of the bare filler metal. The
compositions of coated or cored electrodes and rods are based on asdeposited, undiluted weld metal. The UNS numbers have a prefix of “W”
to denote welding filler metal.
Stainless steels can be welded with or without filler metals.
Processes Requiring Filler Metal:
• SMAW
• GMAW
• FCAW
• SAW
AWS A5.4
Stainless steel electrodes for shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) are
listed in Table 3-1. Electrodes are available for all five major groups of
stainless steels; however, there are only a few martensitic and ferritic stainless steel electrodes.
There are electrodes available that closely match the base metal compositions; however, the actual chemical composition of any filler metal is typically higher than the base metal, because some elements are often lost in
the transfer across the arc.
The classifications indicated with “-XX” suffixes designate the various
types of welding currents and positions of welding, as summarized in Table
3-2. The “XXX(X)” classification denotes the stainless steel composition,
such as 308L. The “1” suffix indicates that the electrodes can be used in all
welding positions, while the “2” indicates flat and horizontal positions
only.
The last digit designates whether the electrode can be used with direct
current electrode positive (dcep–reverse polarity) only or with both dcep
and alternating current (ac).
--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Processes For Which Filler Metal is Optional:
• GTAW
• PAW
• LBW
• EBW
AWS specifications for stainless steel welding electrodes and filler
metals are described in the list of standards that are provided at the end of
this Advisor. The welding processes covered for filler metals are as follows:
(1) AWS A5.4
(2) AWS A5.9
(3) AWS A5.22
(4) AWS A5.30
SMAW electrodes
GMAW electrodes
GTAW welding rod
SAW electrodes
FCAW electrodes
Cored wire for GTAW
Consumable inserts
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Table 3-1—Chemical Composition Requirements for Stainless Steel Shielded Metal Arc Welding Electrodesa
Composition, wt.%b
AWS
Classificationc
UNS
Numberd
C
Cr
Ni
Mo
E209-XXe
E219-XX
E240-XX
E307-XX
E308-XX
E308H-XX
E308L-XX
E308Mo-XX
E308LMo-XX
E309-XX
E309H-XX
E309L-XX
E309Cb-XX
E309Mo-XX
E309LMo-XX
E310-XX
E310H-XX
E310Cb-XX
E310Mo-XX
E312-XX
E316-XX
E316H-XX
E316L-XX
E317-XX
E317L-XX
E318-XX
W32210
W32310
W32410
W30710
W30810
W30810
W30813
W30820
W30823
W30910
—
W30913
W30917
W30920
W30923
W31010
W31015
W31017
W31020
W31310
W31610
W31610
W31613
W31710
W31713
W31910
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.04–0.14
0.08
0.04–0.08
0.04
0.08
0.04
0.15
0.04–0.15
0.04
0.12
0.12
0.04
0.08–0.20
0.35–0.45
0.12
0.12
0.15
0.08
0.04–0.08
0.04
0.08
0.04
0.08
20.5–24.0
19.0–21.5
17.0–19.0
18.0–21.5
18.0–21.0
18.0–21.0
18.0–21.0
18.0–21.0
18.0–21.0
22.0–25.0
22.0–25.0
22.0–25.0
22.0–25.0
22.0–25.0
22.0–25.0
25.0–28.0
25.0–28.0
25.0–28.0
25.0–28.0
28.0–32.0
17.0–20.0
17.0–20.0
17.0–20.0
18.0–21.0
18.0–21.0
17.0–20.0
9.5–12.0
5.5–7.0
4.0–6.0
9.0–10.7
9.0–11.0
9.0–11.0
9.0–11.0
9.0–12.0
9.0–12.0
12.0–14.0
12.0–14.0
12.0–14.0
12.0–14.0
12.0–14.0
12.0–14.0
20.0–22.5
20.0–22.5
20.0–22.0
20.0–22.0
8.0–10.5
11.0–14.0
11.0–14.0
11.0–14.0
12.0–14.0
12.0–14.0
11.0–14.0
1.5–3.0
0.75
0.75
0.5–1.5
0.75
0.75
0.75
2.0–3.0
2.0–3.0
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
2.0–3.0
2.0–3.0
0.75
0.75
0.75
2.0–3.0
0.75
2.0–3.0
2.0–3.0
2.0–3.0
3.0–4.0
3.0–4.0
2.0–3.0
E320-XX
W88021
0.07
19.0–21.0
32.0–36.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.70–1.00
—
—
—
—
0.70–1.00
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
6 × %C min,
1.00 max
2.0–3.0
8 × %C min,
1.00 max
(continued)
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Nb + Ta
Mn
Si
P
S
N
Cu
4.0–7.0
8.0–10.0
10.5–13.5
3.30–4.75
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
1.0–2.5
1.0–2.5
1.0–2.5
1.0–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.90
1.00
1.00
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.10–0.30
0.10–0.30
0.10–0.30
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.5–2.5
0.60
0.04
0.03
—
3.0–4.0
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Table 3-1—Chemical Composition Requirements for Stainless Steel Shielded Metal Arc Welding Electrodesa (Continued)
Composition, wt.%b
AWS
Classificationc
UNS
Numberd
C
Cr
Ni
Mo
Nb + Ta
Mn
Si
P
S
N
Cu
E320LR-XX
W88022
0.03
19.0–21.0
32.0–36.0
2.0–3.0
1.50–2.50
0.30
0.020
0.015
—
3.0–4.0
E330-XX
E330H-XX
E347-XX
W88331
W88335
W34710
0.18–0.25
0.35–0.45
0.08
14.0–17.0
14.0–17.0
18.0–21.0
33.0–37.0
33.0–37.0
9.0–11.0
0.75
0.75
0.75
1.0–2.5
1.0–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
—
—
—
0.75
0.75
0.75
E349-XXe,f,g
E383-XX
E385-XX
E410-XX
E410NiMo-XX
E430-XX
E502-XXh
E505-XXh
E630-XX
E16-8-2-XX
E7Cr-XXh
E2209-XX
E2553-XX
E2593-XX
W34910
W88028
W88904
W41010
W41016
W43010
W50210
W50410
W37410
W36810
W50310
W39209
W39553
W39593
0.13
0.03
0.03
0.12
0.06
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.04
0.06
0.04
18.0–21.0
26.5–29.0
19.5–21.5
11.0–13.5
11.0–12.5
15.0–18.0
4.0–6.0
8.0–10.5
16.0–16.75
14.5–16.5
6.0–8.0
21.5–23.5
24.0–27.0
24.0–27.0
8.0–10.0
30.0–33.0
24.0–26.0
0.75
4.0–5.0
0.6
0.4
0.4
4.5–5.0
7.5–9.5
0.4
8.5–10.5
6.5–8.5
8.5–11.0
0.35–0.65
3.2–4.2
4.2–5.2
0.7
0.40–0.70
0.75
0.45–0.65
0.85–1.20
0.75
1.0–2.0
0.45–0.65
2.5–3.5
2.9–3.9
2.9–3.9
8 × %C min
0.40 max
—
—
8 × %C min,
1.00 max
0.75–1.2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.15–0.30
—
—
—
—
—
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
1.0–2.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.25–0.75
0.5–2.5
1.0
0.5–2.0
0.5–1.5
0.5–1.5
0.90
0.90
0.75
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.75
0.60
0.90
0.90
1.0
1.0
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.08–0.20
0.10–0.25
0.08–0.25
0.75
0.6–1.5
1.2–2.0
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
3.25–4.00
0.75
0.75
0.75
1.5–2.5
1.5–3.0
Notes:
a. Analysis shall be made for the elements for which specific values are shown in this table. If, however, the presence of other elements is indicated in the course of routine analysis, further analysis shall
be made to determine that the total of these other elements, except iron, is not present in excess of 0.50%.
b. Single values shown are maximum percentages.
c. Classification suffix may be -15, -16, -17, -25, or -26. See Section A8 of the Appendix of AWS A5.4, Specification for Stainless Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding, for an explanation.
d. ASTM/SAE Unified Numbering System for Metals and Alloys.
e. 0.10–0.30% V.
f. 0.15% Ti max.
g. 1.25–1.75% W.
h. In the next revision of A5.4, classifications E502, E505, and E7Cr will be eliminated, but they will be added to the next revision of A5.5 and listed as follows: E502 as E901X-B6, E505 as E901X-B8,
and E7Cr as E901X-B7.
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EC—Composite metal cored or stranded wire (for GTAW or PAW)
EQ—Bare strip electrodes (for SAW)
Table 3-2—Types of Welding Current and Positions of Welding
AWS Classification
EXXX(X)-15
EXXX(X)-25
EXXX(X)-16
EXXX(X)-17
EXXX(X)-26
Welding Currentb
Welding Positiona,c
dcep
dcep
dcep or ac
dcep or ac
dcep or ac
Alld
H, F
Alld
Alld
H, F
There are electrodes and rods available for many of the stainless steels,
and most stainless steel base metals are welded with filler metals of the
same type. However, the actual compositions of the filler metals typically
contain greater amounts of most elements, because there is some loss
across the arc. Note that there is no Type 304 filler metal; Type 308 is the
filler metal used for Type 304 base metal.
Notes:
a. See A5.4, Section A8, Classification as to Usability, for explanation of positions.
b. dcep = Direct current electrode positive (reverse polarity).
ac = Alternating current.
c. The abbreviations H and F indicate welding positions as follows:
F = Flat.
H = Horizontal.
d. Electrodes 3/16 in. (4.8 mm) and larger are not recommended for welding all positions.
AWS A5.22
Table 3-4 lists the chemical compositions of stainless steel flux cored
wires as described in AWS A5.22. The designation system includes:
E—Cored electrode for flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
R—Flux cored rod for GTAW (or PAW)
T—Tubular wire
As with all SMAW electrodes, it is important to keep these dry and
stored properly, according to the code requirements or manufacturer’s
instructions.
Since some of the alloying in the weld comes from the coating, the solid
core wire should never be used as a bare wire for welding.
--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
The designations indicate the chemical compositions of the as-deposited, undiluted weld metal, positions of welding, external shielding
medium, and type of current. There are flux cored filler metals for many
stainless steel alloys.
The “E” designation filler metals shown in Table 3-4 are used for
FCAW processes—both gas-shielded and self-shielded; while the “R” designates filler metals for GTAW. These filler metals are typically used for
root pass welding of stainless steel pipe, without the use of back shielding
gas. The rods contain 5 wt.% or more of non-metallic content. Cored rods
with less than this amount are not contained in AWS A5.22, but are classified as metal cored rods in AWS A5.9.
AWS A5.9
Table 3-3 lists the chemical compositions of numerous types of stainless
steel filler metals described in AWS A5.9. These filler metals are used for various welding processes. As listed in Note (c) in Table 3-3, the designations are:
ER—Solid wires used as electrodes (for GMAW and SAW) and rods
(for GTAW and PAW)
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Table 3-3—Chemical Composition Requirements for Bare Stainless Steel Welding Electrodes and Rodsa
UNS
Numbere
C
Cr
Ni
Mo
ER209
ER218
ER219
ER240
ER307
ER308
ER308H
ER308L
ER308Mo
ER308LMo
ER308Si
ER308LSi
ER309
ER309L
ER309Mo
ER309LMo
ER309Si
ER309LSi
ER310
ER312
ER316
ER316H
ER316L
ER316Si
S20980
S21880
S21980
S24080
S30780
S30880
S30880
S30883
S30882
S30886
S30881
S30888
S30980
S30983
S30982
S30986
S30981
S30988
S31080
S31380
S31680
S31680
S31683
S31681
0.05
0.10
0.05
0.05
0.04–0.14
0.08
0.04–0.08
0.03
0.08
0.04
0.08
0.03
0.12
0.03
0.12
0.03
0.12
0.03
0.08–0.15
0.15
0.08
0.04–0.08
0.03
0.08
20.5–24.0
16.0–18.0
19.0–21.5
17.0–19.0
19.5–22.0
19.5–22.0
19.5–22.0
19.5–22.0
18.0–21.0
18.0–21.0
19.5–22.0
19.5–22.0
23.0–25.0
23.0–25.0
23.0–25.0
23.0–25.0
23.0–25.0
23.0–25.0
25.0–28.0
28.0–32.0
18.0–20.0
18.0–20.0
18.0–20.0
18.0–20.0
9.5–12.0
8.0–9.0
5.5–7.0
4.0–6.0
8.0–10.7
9.0–11.0
9.0–11.0
9.0–11.0
9.0–12.0
9.0–12.0
9.0–11.0
9.0–11.0
12.0–14.0
12.0–14.0
12.0–14.0
12.0–14.0
12.0–14.0
12.0–14.0
20.0–22.5
8.0–10.5
11.0–14.0
11.0–14.0
11.0–14.0
11.0–14.0
1.5–3.0
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.5–1.5
0.75
0.50
0.75
2.0–3.0
2.0–3.0
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
2.0–3.0
2.0–3.0
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
2.0–3.0
2.0–3.0
2.0–3.0
2.0–3.0
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Mn
Si
4.0–7.0
0.90
7.0–9.0
3.5–4.5
8.0–10.0
1.00
10.5–13.5
1.00
3.3–4.75 0.30–0.65
1.0–2.5
0.30–0.65
1.0–2.5
0.30–0.65
1.0–2.5
0.30–0.65
1.0–2.5
0.30–0.65
1.0–2.5
0.30–0.65
1.0–2.5
0.65–1.00
1.0–2.5
0.65–1.00
1.0–2.5
0.30–0.65
1.0–2.5
0.30–0.65
1.0–2.5
0.30–0.65
1.0–2.5
0.30–0.65
1.0–2.5
0.65–1.00
1.0–2.5
0.65–1.00
1.0–2.5
0.30–0.65
1.0–2.5
0.30–0.65
1.0–2.5
0.30–0.65
1.0–2.5
0.30–0.65
1.0–2.5
0.30–0.65
1.0–2.5
0.65–1.00
(continued)
P
S
N
Cu
Other
Element
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.10–0.30
0.08–0.18
0.10–0.30
0.10–0.30
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
V
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
21
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Amount
of Other
Element
0.10–0.30
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Composition, wt.%b
AWS
Classificationc,d
Table 3-3—Chemical Composition Requirements for Bare Stainless Steel Welding Electrodes and Rodsa (Continued)
Composition, wt.%b
AWS
Classificationc,d
UNS
Numbere
C
Cr
Ni
Mo
Mn
Si
P
S
N
Cu
Other
Element
ER316LSi
ER317
ER317L
ER318
S31688
S31780
S31783
S31980
0.03
0.08
0.03
0.08
18.0–20.0
18.5–20.5
18.5–20.5
18.0–20.0
11.0–14.0
13.0–15.0
13.0–15.0
11.0–14.0
2.0–3.0
3.0–4.0
3.0–4.0
2.0–3.0
1.0–2.5
1.0–2.5
1.0–2.5
1.0–2.5
0.65–1.00
0.30–0.65
0.30–0.65
0.30–0.65
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
—
—
—
—
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
—
—
—
Nbg
ER320
NO8021
0.07
19.0–21.0
32.0–36.0
2.0–3.0
2.5
0.60
0.03
0.03
—
3.0–4.0
Nbg
ER320LR
NO8022
0.025
19.0–21.0
32.0–36.0
2.0–3.0
1.5–2.0
0.15
0.015
0.02
—
3.0–4.0
Nbg
ER321
S32180
0.08
18.5–20.5
9.0–10.5
0.75
1.0–2.5
0.30–0.65
0.03
0.03
—
0.75
Ti
ER330
ER347
NO8331
S34780
0.18–0.25
0.08
15.0–17.0
19.0–21.5
34.0–37.0
9.0–11.0
0.75
0.75
1.0–2.5
1.0–2.5
0.30–0.65
0.30–0.65
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
—
—
0.75
0.75
—
Nbg
ER347Si
S34788
0.08
19.0–21.5
9.0–11.0
0.75
1.0–2.5
0.65–1.00
0.03
0.03
—
0.75
Nbg
ER383
ER385
ER409
NO8028
NO8904
S40900
0.025
0.025
0.08
26.5–28.5
19.5–21.5
10.5–13.5
30.0–33.0
24.0–26.0
0.6
3.2–4.2
4.2–5.2
0.50
1.0–2.5
1.0–2.5
0.8
0.50
0.50
0.8
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
—
—
—
0.70–1.5
1.2–2.0
0.75
—
—
Ti
ER409Cb
S40940
0.08
10.5–13.5
0.6
0.50
0.8
1.0
0.04
0.03
—
0.75
Nbg
0.12
0.06
0.25–0.40
11.5–13.5
11.0–12.5
12.0–14.0
0.6
4.0–5.0
0.6
0.75
0.4–0.7
0.75
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
—
—
—
0.75
0.75
0.75
—
—
—
ER410
S41080
ER410NiMo S41086
ER420
S42080
(continued)
22
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--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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Amount
of Other
Element
—
—
—
8 × %C min,
1.0 max
8 × %C min,
1.0 max
8 × %C min,
0.40 max
9 × %C min,
1.0 max
—
10 × %C min,
1.0 max
10 × %C min,
1.0 max
—
—
10 × %C min,
1.5 max
10 × %C min,
0.75 max
—
—
—
Composition, wt.%b
AWS
Classificationc,d
UNS
Numbere
C
Cr
Ni
Mo
Mn
Si
P
S
N
Cu
ER430
ER446LMo
ER502
ER505
ER630
ER19-10H
S43080
S44687
S50280
S50480
S17480
S30480
0.10
0.015
0.10
0.10
0.05
0.04–0.08
15.5–17.0
25.0–27.5
4.6–6.0
8.0–10.5
16.0–16.75
18.5–20.0
0.6
Note f
0.6
0.5
4.5–5.0
9.0–11.0
0.75
0.75–1.50
0.45–0.65
0.8–1.2
0.75
0.25
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.25–0.75
1.0–2.0
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.75
0.30–0.65
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
—
0.015
—
—
—
—
0.75
Note f
0.75
0.75
3.25–4.00
0.75
ER16-8-2
ER2209
ER2553
ER3556
S16880
S39209
S39553
R30556
0.10
0.03
0.04
0.05–0.15
14.5–16.5
21.5–23.5
24.0–27.0
21.0–23.0
7.5–9.5
7.5–9.5
4.5–6.5
19.0–22.5
1.0–2.0
2.5–3.5
2.9–3.9
2.5–4.0
1.0–2.0
0.50–2.00
1.5
0.50–2.00
0.30–0.65
0.90
1.0
0.20–0.80
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.015
—
0.08–0.20
0.10–0.25
0.10–0.30
0.75
0.75
1.5–2.5
—
Other
Element
Amount
of Other
Element
—
—
—
—
Nbg
Nbg
Ti
—
—
—
Co
W
Nb
Ta
Al
Zr
La
B
—
—
—
—
0.15–0.30
0.05
0.05
—
—
—
16.0–21.0
2.0–3.5
0.30
0.30–1.25
0.10–0.50
0.001–0.10
0.005–0.10
0.02
--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Table 3-3—Chemical Composition Requirements for Bare Stainless Steel Welding Electrodes and Rodsa (Continued)
Notes:
a. Analysis shall be made for the elements for which specific values are shown in this table. If the presence of other elements is indicated in the course of this work, the amount of those elements shall be
determined to ensure that their total, excluding iron, does not exceed 0.50%.
b. Single values shown are maximum percentages.
c. In the designator for composite, stranded, and strip electrodes, the “R” shall be deleted. A designator “C” shall be used for composite and stranded electrodes, and a designator “Q” shall be used for
strip electrodes. For example, ERXXX designates a solid wire and EQXXX designates a strip electrode of the same general analysis and the same UNS number. However, ECXXX designates a
composite metal cored or stranded electrode and may not have the same UNS number. Consult ASTM/SAE Uniform Numbering System for the proper UNS number.
d. For special applications, electrodes and rods may be purchased with less than the specified silicon content.
e. ASTM/SAE Unified Numbering System for Metals and Alloys.
f. 0.5% (Ni + Cu) max.
g. Nb may be reported as Nb + Ta.
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23
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Table 3-4—Chemical Composition Requirements for Stainless Steel Flux Cored Arc Welding
and Flux Cored Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Filler Metalsa
Composition, wt.%b
AWS
Classificationc
UNS
Numberd
C
Cr
Ni
E307TX-X
E308TX-X
E308LTX-X
E308HTX-X
E308MoTX-X
E308LMoTX-X
E309TX-X
E309LCbTX-X
E309LTX-X
E309MoTX-X
E309LMoTX-X
E309LNiMoTX-X
E310TX-X
E312TX-X
E316TX-X
E316LTX-X
E317LTX-X
E347TX-X
E409TX-Xe
E410TX-X
E410NiMoTX-X
E410NiTiTX-Xe
E430TX-X
W30731
W30831
W30835
W30831
W30832
W30838
W30931
W30932
W30935
W30939
W30938
W30936
W31031
W31331
W31631
W31635
W31735
W34731
W40931
W41031
W41036
W41038
W43031
0.13
0.08
0.04
0.04–0.08
0.08
0.04
0.10
0.04
0.04
0.12
0.04
0.04
0.20
0.15
0.08
0.04
0.04
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.06
0.04
0.10
18.0–20.5
18.0–21.0
18.0–21.0
18.0–21.0
18.0–21.0
18.0–21.0
22.0–25.0
22.0–25.0
22.0–25.0
21.0–25.0
21.0–25.0
20.5–23.5
25.0–28.0
28.0–32.0
17.0–20.0
17.0–20.0
18.0–21.0
18.0–21.0
10.5–13.5
11.0–13.5
11.0–12.5
11.0–12.0
15.0–18.0
9.0–10.5
9.0–11.0
9.0–11.0
9.0–11.0
9.0–11.0
9.0–12.0
12.0–14.0
12.0–14.0
12.0–14.0
12.0–16.0
12.0–16.0
15.0–17.0
20.0–22.5
8.0–10.5
11.0–14.0
11.0–14.0
12.0–14.0
9.0–11.0
0.60
0.60
4.0–5.0
3.6–4.5
0.60
Mo
Nb + Ta
Mn
Si
P
S
N
Cu
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.50
1.0
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Gas Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding
0.5–1.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
2.0–3.0
2.0–3.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
2.0–3.0
2.0–3.0
2.5–3.5
0.5
0.5
2.0–3.0
2.0–3.0
3.0–4.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.40–0.70
0.5
0.5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.70–1.00
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Note h
—
—
—
—
—
3.30–4.75
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
1.0–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.80
1.20
1.00
0.70
1.20
(continued)
24
--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright American Welding Society
Provided by IHS under license with AWS
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112
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--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Table 3-4—Chemical Composition Requirements for Stainless Steel Flux Cored Arc Welding
and Flux Cored Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Filler Metalsa (Continued)
Composition, wt.%b
AWS
Classificationc
UNS
Numberd
C
Cr
E502TX-X
E505TX-X
W50231
W50431
0.10
0.10
4.0–6.0
8.0–10.5
E307T0-3
E308T0-3
E308LT0-3
E308HT0-3
E308MoT0-3
E308LMoT0-3
E308HMoT0-3
E309T0-3
E309LT0-3
E309LCbT0-3
E309MoT0-3
E309LMoT0-3
E310T0-3
E312T0-3
E316T0-3
E316LT0-3
E316LKT0-3f
E317LT0-3
E347T0-3
Ni
Mo
Nb + Ta
Mn
Si
P
S
N
Cu
1.0
1.0
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
—
—
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.25–0.80
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Gas Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding (Continued)
0.40
0.40
0.45–0.65
0.85–1.20
—
—
1.20
1.20
Self-Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding
W30733
W30833
W30837
W30833
W30839
W30838
W30830
W30933
W30937
W30934
W30939
W30938
W31031
W31231
W31633
W31637
W31630
W31737
W34733
0.13
0.08
0.03
0.04–0.08
0.08
0.03
0.07–0.12
0.10
0.03
0.03
0.12
0.04
0.20
0.15
0.08
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.08
19.5–22.0
19.5–22.0
19.5–22.0
19.5–22.0
18.0–21.0
18.0–21.0
19.0–21.5
23.0–25.5
23.0–25.5
23.0–25.5
21.0–25.0
21.0–25.0
25.0–28.0
28.0–32.0
18.0–20.5
18.0–20.5
17.0–20.0
18.5–21.0
19.0–21.5
9.0–10.5
9.0–11.0
9.0–11.0
9.0–11.0
9.0–11.0
9.0–12.0
9.0–10.7
12.0–14.0
12.0–14.0
12.0–14.0
12.0–16.0
12.0–16.0
20.0–22.5
8.0–10.5
11.0–14.0
11.0–14.0
11.0–14.0
13.0–15.0
9.0–11.0
0.5–1.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
2.0–3.0
2.0–3.0
1.8–2.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
2.0–3.0
2.0–3.0
0.5
0.5
2.0–3.0
2.0–3.0
2.0–3.0
3.0–4.0
0.5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.70–1.00
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Note h
3.30–4.75
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
1.25–2.25
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
1.0–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
(continued)
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Table 3-4—Chemical Composition Requirements for Stainless Steel Flux Cored Arc Welding
and Flux Cored Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Filler Metalsa (Continued)
Composition, wt.%b
AWS
Classificationc
UNS
Numberd
C
Cr
E409T0-3e
E410T0-3
E410NiMoT0-3
E410NiTiT0-3e
E430T0-3
E2209T0-X
E2553T0-X
W40931
W41031
W41036
W41038
W43031
W39239
W39533
0.10
0.12
0.06
0.04
0.10
0.04
0.04
10.5–13.5
11.0–13.5
11.0–12.5
11.0–12.0
15.0–18.0
21.0–24.0
24.0–27.0
EXXXTX-Gg
Unspecified
—
—
Ni
Mo
Nb + Ta
Mn
Si
P
S
N
Cu
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.50
1.00
1.00
0.75
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
—
—
—
—
—
0.08–0.20
0.10–0.20
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.5–2.5
—
—
—
—
—
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
—
—
—
—
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.60
0.60
4.0–5.0
3.6–4.5
0.60
7.5–10.0
8.5–10.5
0.5
0.5
0.40–0.70
0.5
0.5
2.5–4.0
2.9–3.9
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.80
1.00
1.00
0.70
1.00
0.5–2.0
0.5–1.5
Special Category Flux Cored Arc Welding
—
—
—
—
Flux Cored Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
R308LT1-5
R309LT1-5
R316LT1-5
R347T1-5
W30835
W30935
W31635
W34731
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.08
18.0–21.0
22.0–25.0
17.0–20.0
18.0–11.0
9.0–11.0
12.0–14.0
11.0–14.0
9.0–11.0
0.5
0.5
2.0–3.0
0.5
—
—
—
Note h
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
0.5–2.5
--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Self-Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding (Continued)
Notes:
a. The weld metal shall be analyzed for the specific elements in this table. If the presence of other elements is indicated in the course of this work, the amount of those elements shall be determined to
ensure that their total (excluding iron) does not exceed 0.50%.
b. Single values shown are maximum percentages.
c. In this table, the “X” following the “T” refers to the position of welding (1 for all-position operation or 0 for flat or horizontal operation) and the “X” following the hyphen refers to the shielding
medium (-1 for carbon dioxide, -3 for none (self-shielded), -4 for 75–80% argon/25–20% carbon dioxide, or -5 for 100% argon). Also see footnote g.
d. ASTM/SAE Unified Number System for Metals and Alloys.
e. 10 × %C Ti min, 1.5% Ti max.
f. This alloy is designed for cryogenic applications.
g. For information concerning the “G” following the hyphen, see AWS A5.22, Annex items A2.3.7 and A2.3.8.
h. 8 × %C (Nb + Ta) min, 1.0% (Nb + Ta) max.
26
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As shown in Table 3-5, electrodes with a -1, -4, or -5 suffix require
external gas shielding, while a -3 suffix denotes self-shielding (refer to the
categories of “Gas-Shielded” and “Self-Shielded” in Table 3-4). The “-G”
suffix denotes general, or that the shielding medium is not specified. The
“X” following the “T” designates the position of welding; a “0” indicates
flat or horizontal only; a “1” indicates all positions.
typically used for making root pass welds from one side with the GTAW or
PAW process. The inserts produce consistent, high-quality weld shapes on
both pipe and tube. Figure 3-1 shows cross sections of the five classes of
consumable insert shapes available (some are shown as continuous rings,
while others are shown as split rings).
Recommended Filler Metals
AWS A5.30
Table 3-5—External Shielding Medium, Polarity, and Welding Process
AWS Designationa
EXXXTX-1
EXXXTX-3
EXXXTX-4
RXXXT1-5
EXXXTX-Gc
RXXXT1-Gc
External Shieldingb
Welding
Polarity
Welding
Process
100% carbon dioxide (CO2)
None (self-shielded)
75–80% Ar, remainder CO2
100% argon (Ar)
Not specified
Not specified
dcep
dcep
dcep
dcen
Not specified
Not specified
FCAW
FCAW
FCAW
GTAW
FCAW
GTAW
Filler Metals for Use with Dissimilar Base Metals
When welding dissimilar base metals together, it is typical to use a filler
metal that is available for the higher composition base metal; however, this
procedure does not always work. Table 3-9 provides the recommended
filler metals for welding various stainless steels together. Types 308, 309,
and 310 are used for many dissimilar base metal combinations.
In addition, Types 309 and 310 are also good for welding many austenitic
stainless steel base metals to carbon and alloy steels. Type 308 would not be used
in this case, because there is not enough nickel in the diluted weld metal, and the
Notes:
a. The letters “XXX” stand for the designation of the chemical composition. The “X” after the
“T” designates the position of operation. A “0” indicates flat or horizontal operation; a “1”
indicates all-position operation.
b. A restrictive requirement only for classification tests; suitability may be determined for other
applications.
c. For more information, see Annex items A2.3.7 and A2.3.8 in AWS A5.22.
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--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Recommended filler metals for welding various austenitic stainless
steel base metals (both wrought and cast base metals) are shown in Table
3-7. Table 3-8 lists the recommended filler metals for welding precipitation-hardened stainless steel base metals.
Of the few filler metals available for welding martensitic and ferritic
stainless steels, Types 410 and 430 are most often used. For duplex stainless steels, filler metals such as Type 2209 are available.
For superaustenitic and superferritic stainless steels, filler metals of the
same (or nearly the same) composition are typically used. Most of these
steels are welded with gas shielded processes (GMAW or GTAW) or beam
processes (electron or laser beam).
Table 3-6 lists the chemical compositions of austenitic stainless steel
consumable inserts described in AWS A5.30. The “IN” classification
denotes insert (several stainless steel consumable inserts are available).
Consumable inserts are made up of filler metal that has been formed
into various shapes. These inserts are preplaced into the weld joint and
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Table 3-6—Chemical Composition Requirements for Stainless Steel Consumable Inserts
Composition, wt.%a,b
UNS
Numberc
C
Cr
Ni
Mo
Nb + Ta
Mn
Si
P
S
Cu
C
IN308d
S30880
0.08
19.5–22.0
9.0–11.0
0.75
—
1.0–2.5
0.30–0.65
0.03
0.03
0.75
IN308Ld
S30883
0.03
19.5–22.0
9.0–11.0
0.75
—
1.0–2.5
0.30–0.65
0.03
0.03
0.75
IN309d
S30980
0.12
23.0–25.0
12.0–14.0
0.75
—
1.0–2.5
0.30–0.65
0.03
0.03
0.75
IN309Ld
S30983
0.03
23.0–25.0
12.0–14.0
0.75
—
1.0–2.5
0.30–0.65
0.03
0.03
0.75
IN310
S31080
0.08–0.15
25.0–28.0
20.0–22.5
0.75
—
1.0–2.5
0.30–0.65
0.03
0.03
0.75
IN312d
S31380
0.15
28.0–32.0
8.0–10.5
0.75
—
1.0–2.5
0.30–0.65
0.03
0.03
0.75
IN316d
S31680
0.08
18.0–20.0
11.0–14.0
2.0–3.0
—
1.0–2.5
0.30–0.65
0.03
0.03
0.75
IN316Ld
S31683
0.03
18.0–20.0
11.0–14.0
2.0–3.0
—
1.0–2.5
0.30–0.65
0.03
0.03
IN348d
S34780
0.08
19.0–21.5
9.0–11.0
0.75
e10 × C mine
1.0–2.5
0.30–0.65
0.03
0.03
–1.0 max
Notes:
a. The consumable insert shall be analyzed for the specific elements for which values are shown in this table.
b. Single values shown are maximum.
c. ASTM/SAE Unified Numbering System for Metals and Alloys.
d. Delta ferrite may be specified upon agreement between supplier and purchaser.
e. Tantalum content shall not exceed 0.10 percent. (Nb is the same as Cb.)
28
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--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Group
AWS
Classification
0.75
0.75
Brazing Filler Metals
Tables 3-10 through 3-15 list the brazing filler metals available for brazing of stainless steels (as described in AWS A5.8). Stainless steels are often
brazed with silver, gold, cobalt, or nickel brazing filler metals. (The “B”
classification designates brazing filler metal.)
Figure 3-1—Standard Consumable Insert Designs
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--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
weld can produce enough martensite to be susceptible to cold cracking. Types
309 and 310 filler metals contain greater amounts of nickel; therefore, when
diluted with the carbon or alloy steel, this higher level of nickel does not allow
much martensite to form, which greatly reduces the chances of cold cracking.
When dissimilar welds are made—for example, between carbon steel
and Type 304—it is best to use a “buttering technique” of Type 309 or 310
filler metal on the carbon steel joint. After the weld joint is prepared, the
buttered surface can then be welded to the Type 304 base metal. The highnickel content of Types 309 or 310 filler metal provides the carbon steel
with improved ductility. When welded to the Type 304 base metal, the Type
309 or 310 filler metal dramatically reduces the chances of cold cracking.
When hot cracking of austenitic stainless steels is a concern, Type 312
filler metal is the best choice, because it forms more ferrite than Types 308,
309, or 310. However, in some cases, the high ferrite content can decrease
toughness (at cryogenic temperatures) or cause problems because of its
magnetic properties (if the material was selected for nonmagnetic purposes).
When it is necessary to weld martensitic stainless steels without
postweld heat treatment, or in cases where ferritic stainless steels are
welded but there is no matching filler metal, Types 309 or 310 filler metals
are often used. Since the austenitic stainless steel provides much greater
ductility in the weld metal than the martensitic or ferritic stainless steel
base metal, there is less chance of cracking.
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Table 3-7—Recommended Filler Metals for Welding Austenitic Stainless Steels
Type of Stainless Steel
Wrought
201, 202
301, 302, 304, 305
304L
309
309S
310, 314
310S
316
316L
316H
317
317L
321
330
347, 348
Recommended Filler Metals
Casta
SMAWb
GMAW, GTAW, PAW, SAWc
FCAWd
—
CF-20, CF-8
CF-3
CH-20
—
CK-20
—
CF-8M
CF-3M
CF-12M
—
—
—
HT
CF-8C
eE209, E219, E308 e
ER209, E219, E308 e
ER308 e
ER308L
ER309
ER309L
ER310
ER310
ER316 e
ER316L
ER16-8-2, ER316H
ER317
ER317L
ER321
ER330
ER347
E308TX-X e
E308TX-X e
E308LTX-X
E309TX-X
E309LTX-X, E309CbLTX-X
E310TX-X
E310TX-X
E316TX-X e
E316LTX-X
E316TX-X
E317LTX-X
E317LTX-X
E347TX-X
—
E347TX-X
E308 e
E308L
E309
E309L, E309Cb
E310
E310, E310Cb
E316 e
E316L
E16-8-2, E316H
E317
E317L
E347
E330
E347
Notes:
a. Castings higher in carbon but otherwise of generally corresponding compositions are available in heat-resisting grades. These castings carry the “H” designation (HF, HH, and HK, for instance).
Electrodes best suited for welding these high-carbon versions are the standard electrodes recommended for the corresponding lower carbon corrosion-resistant castings shown above.
b. Covered electrodes for shielded metal arc welding (SMAW).
c. Bare welding rods and electrodes for gas metal arc (GMAW), gas tungsten arc (GTAW), plasma arc (PAW), and submerged arc (SAW) welding. Higher silicon versions (e.g., ER308LSi) are also
classified and are often preferred for better wetting and fluidity in GMAW.
d. Tubular electrodes for flux cored arc welding (FCAW). (See Table 3-4.)
e. Low carbon versions of these filler metals may also be used.
30
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Table 3-8—Recommended Filler Metals for Welding Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels
Covered Electrodes
Base Metal
Designation
UNS
Number
AMSa
AWSb
Bare Welding Wires
AWSc
Dissimilar PH Stainless Steels (AWS)
ER630
ER630
E308, ER308, E309, ER309, E309Cb, ER309Cb
E308, ER308, E309, ER309, E309Cb, ER309Cb
ER630
ER630
ER630
ER630
E310, ER 310, ENiCrFe-2d, ERNiCr-3e
E308, E309, ER309, E310, ER310
E308, ER308, E309, ER309
E308, ER308, E309, ER309
ERNiCrFe-6e, ERNiMo-3e
E309, ER309, E310, ER310
AMS
Martensitic Types
17-4 PH
15-5 PH
S17400
S15500
5827B (17-4PH)
5827B (17-4PH)
E630
E630
5826 (17-4 PH)
5826 (17-4 PH)
17-7 PH
PH 15-7 Mo
AM 350
AM 355
S17700
S15700
S35000
S35500
5827B (17-4 PH)
5775A (AM 350)
5781A (AM 355)
E630
E630
E630
E630
5824A (17-7 PH)
5812C (PH 15-7 Mo)
5774B (AM 350)
5780A (AM 355)
Austenitic Type
A286
S66286
E309, E310
5805C (A286)
Notes:
a. AMS refers to Aerospace Materials Specification (published by SAE).
b. See AWS A5.4, Specification for Stainless Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding.
c. See AWS A5.9, Specification for Bare Stainless Steel Welding Electrodes and Rods.
d. See AWS A5.11, Specification for Nickel and Nickel Alloy Welding Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding.
e. See AWS A5.14, Specification for Nickel and Nickel Alloy Bare Welding Electrodes and Rods.
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--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Semiaustenitic Types
Table 3-9—Suggested Filler Metals for Welds Between Dissimilar Austenitic Stainless Steelsa
316H
316H
316L
317
308
309
310
308
316
308
316
b308 b
310
308 b
309 b
310
308
309
310
308
309
310
309
310
309
310
AISI Type
304L
308
309
309S
310
310S
304, 304H, 305
308 b
308
308
309
308
309
308
309
310
b308 b
b308 b
b308 b
b308 b
b308 b
308
309
309
304L
308
b309 b
b309 b
309
b309 b
b309 b
310
321H
321H
347, 347H
348, 348H
308
316
317
308
347
308
347
L308L
L316L
308
316
317
L308L
347
L308L
347
308
316
b308 b
b316 b
308
316
317
308
347
308
347
309
316
309
316
309
316
309
347
309
347
316
310
310Mo
316
Mo310Mo
310
317
Mo310Mo
310
308
310
308
310
b316 b
317
316
308
316
347
316
347
b317 b
L316L
347
L316L
347
308
317
317
347
b316 b
316, 316H
316L
317
317, 321H
347
Notes:
a. Electrodes and welding rods listed are not in any preferred order.
b. Low carbon grades of these filler metals may also be used.
32
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Table 3-10—Compositions of Silver Filler Metals for Brazing of Stainless Steels
Composition, wt.%
AWS
Classificationa
UNS
Numberb
Ag
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ni
Sn
Li
Mn
Total, Other
Elementsc
BAg-1
P07450
44.0–46.0
14.0–16.0
14.0–18.0
23.0–25.0
—
—
—
—
0.15
BAg-1a
P07500
49.0–51.0
14.5–16.5
14.5–18.5
17.0–19.0
—
—
—
—
0.15
BAg-2
P07350
34.0–36.0
25.0–27.0
19.0–23.0
17.0–19.0
—
—
—
—
0.15
—
BAg-2a
P07300
29.0–31.0
26.0–28.0
21.0–25.0
19.0–21.0
—
—
—
BAg-3
P07501
49.0–51.0
14.5–16.5
13.5–17.5
15.0–17.0
2.5–3.5
—
—
0.15
BAg-4
P07400
39.0–41.0
29.0–31.0
26.0–30.0
—
1.5–2.5
—
—
—
0.15
BAg-5
P07453
44.0–46.0
29.0–31.0
23.0–27.0
—
—
—
—
—
0.15
BAg-6
P07503
49.0–51.0
33.0–35.0
14.0–18.0
—
—
—
—
—
0.15
BAg-7
P07563
55.0–57.0
21.0–23.0
15.0–19.0
—
—
4.5–5.5
—
—
0.15
BAg-8
P07720
71.0–73.0
Bal.
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.15
BAg-8a
P07723
71.0–73.0
Bal.
—
—
—
—
—
0.25–0.50
0.15
BAg-9
P07650
64.0–66.0
19.0–21.0
13.0–17.0
—
—
—
—
—
0.15
0.15
0.15
BAg-10
P07700
69.0–71.0
19.0–21.0
8.0–12.0
—
—
—
—
—
BAg-13
P07540
53.0–55.0
Bal.
4.0–6.0
—
0.5–1.5
—
—
—
0.15
BAg-13a
P07560
55.0–57.0
Bal.
—
—
1.5–2.5
—
—
—
0.15
BAg-18
P07600
59.0–61.0
Bal.
—
—
—
9.5–10.5
—
—
0.15
BAg-19
P07925
92.0–93.0
19.0–21.0
26.0–30.0
—
1.5–2.5
—
—
0.15–0.30
0.15
BAg-20
P07301
29.0–31.0
37.0–39.0
30.0–34.0
—
—
—
—
—
0.15
BAg-21
P07630
62.0–64.0
27.5–29.5
—
—
2.0–3.0
5.0–7.0
—
—
0.15
BAg-22
P07490
48.0–50.0
15.0–17.0
21.0–25.0
—
4.0–5.0
—
7.0–8.0
—
0.15
BAg-23
P07850
84.0–86.0
—
—
—
—
—
Rem
—
0.15
(continued)
--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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Table 3-10—Compositions of Silver Filler Metals for Brazing of Stainless Steels (Continued)
Composition, wt.%
Li
Mn
Total, Other
Elementsc
—
—
—
0.15
—
1.5–2.5
—
0.15
—
—
—
—
0.15
—
—
1.5–2.5
—
—
0.15
26.5–28.5
—
—
—
—
—
0.15
26.0–30.0
—
—
1.5–2.5
—
—
0.15
31.0–33.0
31.0–35.0
—
—
—
—
—
0.15
26.0–28.0
23.0–27.0
—
—
2.5–3.5
—
—
0.15
39.0–41.0
31.0–35.0
—
—
1.5–2.5
—
—
0.15
AWS
Classificationa
UNS
Numberb
Ag
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ni
Sn
BAg-24
P07505
49.0–51.0
19.0–21.0
26.0–30.0
—
1.5–2.5
BAg-26
P07250
24.0–26.0
37.0–39.0
31.0–35.0
—
1.5–2.5
BAg-27
P07251
24.0–26.0
34.0–36.0
24.5–28.5
12.5–14.5
BAg-28
P07401
39.0–41.0
29.0–31.0
26.0–30.0
BAg-33
P07252
24.0–26.0
29.0–31.0
BAg-34
P07380
37.0–39.0
31.0–33.0
BAg-35
P07351
34.0–36.0
BAg-36
P07454
44.0–46.0
BAg-37
P07253
24.0–26.0
Notes:
a. For more information on these and similar filler metals for vacuum service (e.g., BVAg-8b), see AWS A5.8, Specification for Filler Metals for Brazing and Braze Welding.
b. ASTM/SAE Unified Numbering System for Metals and Alloys.
c. The brazing filler metal shall be analyzed for those specific elements for which values are shown in this table. If the presence of other elements is indicated in the course of this work, the amount of
those elements shall be determined to ensure that their total does not exceed the limit specified.
34
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AWS
Classification
Solidus
Temperaturea
Liquidus
Temperaturea
Brazing
Temperature Range
°F
°F
°C
°F
°C
Color
Other Characteristics
Free-flowing
°C
BAg-1
1125
607
1145
618
1145–1400
618–760
whitish yellow
BAg-1a
1160
627
1175
635
1175–1400
635–760
whitish yellow
Free-flowing
BAg-2
1125
607
1295
702
1295–1550
702–843
light yellow
Good for nonuniform clearance
BAg-2a
1125
607
1310
710
1310–1550
710–843
—
—
BAg-3
1170
632
1270
688
1270–1500
688–816
whitish yellow
Retards corrosion at joint
BAg-4
1240
671
1435
779
1435–1650
779–899
light yellow
Flows better than BAg3
BAg-5
1225
663
1370
743
1370–1550
743–843
light yellow
Not free-flowing, cadmium-free,
useful in food industry
BAg-6
1270
688
1425
774
1425–1600
774–871
light yellow
Similar to BAg5
BAg-7
1145
618
1205
652
1205–1400
652–760
white
Good color match
BAg-8
1435
779
1435
779
1435–1650
779–899
white
Wetting is slow
BAg-8a
1410
766
1410
766
1410–1600
766–871
white
For furnace brazing PH SS
--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Table 3-11—Characteristics of Silver Filler Metals for Brazing of Stainless Steels
BAg-9
1240
671
1325
718
1325–1550
718–843
—
—
BAg-10
1275
691
1360
738
1360–1550
738–843
—
—
BAg-13
1325
718
1575
857
1575–1775
857–968
white
Useful to 700°F (371°C)
BAg-13a
1420
771
1640
893
1600–1800
871–982
—
—
BAg-18
1115
602
1325
718
1325–1550
718–843
white
Wets well for brazing PH SS
BAg-19
1400
760
1635
891
1610–1800
877–982
white
Good for furnace brazing
BAg-20
1250
677
1410
766
1410–1600
766–871
—
—
BAg-21
1275
691
1475
802
1475–1650
802–899
—
Immune to crevice corrosion
BAg-22
1260
682
1290
699
1290–1525
699–829
—
Low temperature, good wettability on carbides
(continued)
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Table 3-11—Characteristics of Silver Filler Metals for Brazing of Stainless Steels (Continued)
Solidus
Temperaturea
Liquidus
Temperaturea
Brazing
Temperature Range
°F
°C
°F
°C
°F
BAg-23
1760
960
1780
971
1780–1900
971–1038
—
—
BAg-24
1220
660
1305
707
1305–1550
707–843
—
Low melting, cadmium free torch alloy
BAg-26
1305
707
1475
800
1475–1600
802–871
—
Moderately low temperature, low silver,
good wettability on stainless
BAg-27
1125
607
1375
746
1375–1575
746–857
—
—
BAg-28
1200
649
1310
710
1310–1550
710–843
—
—
BAg-33
1125
607
1260
682
1260–1400
682–760
—
—
BAg-34
1200
649
1330
721
1330–1550
721–843
—
Free flowing, cadmium free torch alloy
BAg-35
1265
685
1390
754
1390–1545
754–841
—
—
1195
646
1251
677
1251–1495
677–813
—
—
1270
688
1435
779
1435–1625
779–885
—
—
1761
961
1761
961
1761–1900
961–1038
—
—
1435
779
1602
872
1600–1800
871–982
—
—
1435
779
1435
779
1435–1650
779–899
—
—
1435
779
1463
795
1470–1650
799–899
—
—
1115
602
1325
718
1325–1550
718–843
—
—
AWS
Classification
BAg-37
BVAg-0
BVAg-6
BVAg-8
BVAg-8b
BVAg-18
BVAg-29
--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
BAg-36
°C
Color
Other Characteristics
1155
624
1305
707
1305–1450
707–788
—
—
BVAg-30
1485
807
1490
810
1490–1700
810–927
—
—
BVAg-31
1515
824
1565
852
1565–1625
852–885
—
—
BVAg-32
1650
899
1740
949
1740–1800
949–982
—
—
Note:
a. Solidus and liquidus shown are for the nominal composition in each classification.
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Table 3-12—Compositions of Nickel and Cobalt Filler Metals for Brazing of Stainless Steels
Composition, wt.%a
Ni
P
S
Al
Ti
Mn
Cu
Zr
W
Co
BNi-1
N99600
Bal.
13.0–15.00 2.75–3.50
4.0–5.0
4.0–5.0 0.60–0.90
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.05
—
—
0.05
—
0.10 0.005
0.50
BNi-1a
N99610
Bal.
13.0–15.00 2.75–3.50
4.0–5.0
4.0–5.0
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.05
—
—
0.05
—
0.10 0.005
0.50
BNi-2
N99620
Bal.
6.0–8.00
2.75–3.50
4.0–5.0
2.5–3.5
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.05
—
—
0.05
—
0.10 0.005
0.50
BNi-3
N99630
Bal.
—
2.75–3.50
4.0–5.0
0.5
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.05
—
—
0.05
—
0.10 0.005
0.50
BNi-4
N99640
Bal.
—
1.50–2.20
3.0–4.0
1.5
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.05
—
—
0.05
—
0.10 0.005
0.50
BNi-5
N99650
Bal.
18.5–19.50
0.03
9.75–10.50
—
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.05
—
—
0.05
—
0.10 0.005
0.50
BNi-5a
N99651
Bal.
18.5–19.50
1.0–1.5
7.0–7.5
0.5
0.10
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.05
—
—
0.05
—
0.10 0.005
0.50
BNi-6
N99700
Bal.
—
—
—
—
0.06
10.0–12.0 0.02
0.05
0.05
—
—
0.05
—
0.10 0.005
0.50
BNi-7
N99710
Bal.
13.0–15.00
0.01
0.10
0.2
0.06
9.7–10.5 0.02
0.05
0.05
0.04
—
0.05
—
0.10 0.005
0.50
BNi-8
N99800
Bal.
—
—
6.0–8.0
—
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.05 12.5–
24.50
4.0–
5.00
0.05
—
0.10 0.005
0.50
BNi-9
N99612
Bal.
13.5–16.50 3.25–4.00
1.5
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.05
—
—
0.05
—
0.10 0.005
0.50
BNi-10
N99622
Bal.
10.0–13.00
2.0–3.0
3.0–4.0
2.5–4.5 0.40–0.55
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.05
—
—
0.05 15.0–17.0 0.10 0.005
0.50
BNi-11
N99624
Bal.
9.00–11.75
2.2–3.1
3.35–4.25 2.5–4.0 0.30–0.50
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.05
—
—
0.05 11.5–12.75 0.10 0.005
0.50
BCo-1
R39001
16.0– 18.0–20.00 0.70–0.90
18.00
7.5–8.5
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.05
—
—
0.05
0.50
--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
AWS
ClassiUNS
fication Numberb
Cr
B
Si
—
Fe
1.0
C
0.35–0.45
3.5–4.5
Bal.
Se
0.005
Total,
Other
Elementsc
Notes:
a. Single values are maximum percentages. 0.10% Co max and 0.005% Se max for the BN series.
b. ASTM/SAE Unified Numbering System for Metals and Alloys.
c. The filler metal shall be analyzed for those specific elements for which values are shown in this table. If the presence of other elements is indicated in the course of this work, the amount of those
elements shall be determined to ensure that their total does not exceed the limit specified.
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Table 3-13—Characteristics of Nickel and Cobalt Filler Metals for Brazing of Stainless Steels
AWS Classification
Solidus Temperaturea
Liquidus Temperaturea
Brazing Temperature Range
°F
°F
°C
°F
°C
1038
1077
999
1038
1066
1135
1155
877
888
1010
1054
1104
1095
1950–2200
1970–2200
1850–2150
1850–2150
1850–2150
2100–2200
2100–2200
1700–2000
1700–2000
1850–2000
1950–2200
2100–2200
2100–2200
1066-1204
1077-1204
1010–1177
1010–1177
1010–1177
1149–1204
1149–1204
927–1093
927–1093
1010–1093
1066–1204
1149–1204
1149–1204
1149
2100–2250
1149–1232
°C
Nickel Filler Metals
BCo-1
--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
BNi-1
BNi-1a
BNi-2
BNi-3
BNi-4
BNi-5
BNi-5a
BNi-6
BNi-7
BNi-8
BNi-9
BNi-10
BNi-11
1790
1790
1780
1800
1800
1975
1931
1610
1630
1800
1930
1780
1780
977
977
971
982
982
1079
1055
877
888
982
1054
971
971
1900
1970
1830
1900
1950
2075
2111
1610
1630
1850
1930
2020
2003
Cobalt Filler Metal
2050
1121
2100
Note:
a. Solidus and liquidus shown are for the nominal composition in each classification.
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Table 3-14—Compositions of Gold Filler Metals for Brazing of Stainless Steels
Composition, wt.%
AWS Classificationa
--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
BAu-1
BAu-2
BAu-3
BAu-4
BAu-5
BAu-6
UNS Numberb
Au
Cu
Pd
Ni
Total, Other Elementsc
P00375
P00800
P00350
P00820
P00300
P00700
37.0–38.0
79.5–80.5
34.5–35.5
81.5–82.5
29.5–30.5
69.5–70.5
Bal.
Bal.
Bal.
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
33.5–34.5
7.5–8.5
—
—
2.5–3.5
Bal.
35.5–36.5
21.5–22.5
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
Notes:
a. For more information on these and similar filler metals for vacuum service (e.g., BVAg-8b), see AWS A5.8, Specification for Filler Metals for Brazing and Braze Welding.
b. ASTM/SAE Unified Numbering System for Metals and Alloys.
c. The brazing filler metal shall be analyzed for those specific elements for which values are shown in this table. If the presence of other elements is indicated in the course of this work, the amount of
those elements shall be determined to ensure that their total does not exceed the limit specified.
Table 3-15—Characteristics of Gold Filler Metals for Brazing of Stainless Steels
Solidus Temperaturea
Liquidus Temperaturea
Brazing Temperature Range
AWS Classification
°F
°C
°F
°C
°F
°C
BAu-1
BAu-2
BAu-3
BAu-4
BAu-5
BAu-6
BVAu-2
BVAu-4
BVAu-7
BVAu-8
1815
1635
1785
1740
2075
1845
1635
1740
2015
2190
991
891
974
949
1135
1007
891
949
1102
1199
1860
1635
1885
1740
2130
1915
1635
1740
2050
2265
1016
891
1029
949
1166
1046
891
949
1121
1241
1860–2000
1635–1850
1885–1995
1740–1840
2130–2250
1915–2050
1635–1850
1740–1840
2050–2110
2265–2325
1016–1093
891–1010
1029–1091
949–1004
1166–1232
1046–1121
891–1010
949–1004
1121–1154
1241–1274
Note:
a. Solidus and liquidus shown are for the nominal composition in each classification.
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Chapter 4—Preweld Cleaning and Preparation of Stainless Steels
Cutting, Grinding, Prepping
Preweld Cleaning
All stainless steels need to be prepared without contamination. Any
sources of free iron, rust, carbon, hydrogen, etc., can cause welding or
corrosion problems. Therefore, the following guidelines should be
followed:
Regardless of the type of stainless steel to be used, it is imperative that the
base metal be properly cleaned before welding. In most cases, this involves:
(1) Thermal cutting should be done with the appropriate process (not
oxyfuel).
(2) If machining is performed, it should be done without overheating
the base metal, which could cause oxidation.
(3) Mechanical grinding should be done with grinding wheels that are
segregated for use on stainless steels.
(4) All hand tools should be segregated for use on stainless steels only
(e.g., deburring knives, files).
(5) All wire brushes should be made of stainless steel, and used only on
stainless steels.
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Welding Preparation
--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(1) Wire brush or grind to remove any oxidation (which may be present
on hot rolled parts).
(2) Chemically clean all surfaces that were machine-cut with cutting fluids.
(3) Remove all grease, oil, moisture, etc.
(4) Wipe all surfaces to be welded with acetone or isopropyl alcohol.
(1) Weld in an area segregated from the welding of other alloys, especially carbon and low-alloy steels.
(2) Cover welding tables with stainless steel, aluminum, or other material to protect the stainless steel parts from contamination.
(3) Use vises, hold-down fixtures and tools, clamps, etc., made of stainless steel or covered with protective material (stainless steel, tape, etc.).
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Chapter 5—Welding and Cutting of Stainless Steels
Basic Fusion Welding Behavior
welding parameters, as shown in Figure 5-2, significantly less heat will be
conducted away from the weld. This produces a much larger weld bead on
austenitic stainless steels than on low carbon steels.
The martensitic and ferritic stainless steels have thermal conductivities
approximately 1/2 that of carbon steels. The weld beads made with these
same parameters will produce a larger weld than on carbon steel, but
smaller than on the austenitic stainless steel.
To produce a similar size weld bead on each material, a lower current
(lower heat input) would be used on the martensitic and ferritic stainless
steels than on the carbon steel. The austenitics would require an even lower
current and heat input.
Welding stainless steels is inherently different from welding carbon and
low-alloy steels. There are two major physical properties of stainless steels
that dramatically affect their weldability—thermal conductivity and thermal coefficient of expansion. Figures 5-1 and 5-2 illustrate the effects of
these properties on fusion welding (arc or beam welding).
Thermal Conductivity
Austenitic stainless steels have approximately 1/3 the thermal conductivity of low carbon steels; therefore, if they are welded with the same arc
Type of Steel
Thermal
Conductivity*
Type of Steel
Main Coefficient of
Thermal Expansion*
Low Carbon Steel
35
Low Carbon Steel
6.5
410 Martensitic Stainless
430 Ferritic Stainless
15–17
410 Martensitic Stainless
430 Ferritic Stainless
6.5
304 Austenitic Stainless
11–13
304 Austenitic Stainless
10
*Btu/hr-ft-F
*From 32–1000°F (micro-in./in.-F)
Figure 5-1—Schematic Illustration of Weld Bead
Produced with Arc Welds Made with the Same Parameters
(Current, Voltage, and Travel Speed) on Different Materials
Figure 5-2—Schematic Illustration of Distortion
Produced with Arc Welds Made with the Same Parameters
(Current, Voltage and Travel Speed) on Different Materials
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Thermal Expansion
However, it is important to note that tables of parameters for arc or
resistance welding of “stainless steels” refer to the austenitic stainless
steels. Parameters for the ferritic and martensitic stainless steels would be
about midway between those for the carbon steels and for austenitic stainless steels.
There are also differences in the coefficients of thermal expansion of
austenitic stainless steels, as compared with carbon steels. This property
determines how much a metal expands when heated and shrinks when
cooled. During welding, thermal expansion produces distortion. The higher
the coefficient, the more expansion and contraction, and the greater the
amount of distortion.
General Welding Information
Figures 5-1 and 5-2 illustrate that fusion welding parameters for austenitic stainless steels are significantly different from those for carbon steels.
Recommended arc welding parameters for the austenitic stainless steels are
cooler (lower current, faster travel speed, etc.) than those for carbon steels.
This is due to the lower heat input required (from the low thermal conductivity), as well as to reduce the distortion (because of the higher thermal
expansion).
Shielding
Pipe, tube, and vessels are normally shielded on the inside with inert
shielding gas (such as argon or helium). There are also fluxes developed for
stainless steels. These are applied to the backside of the weld before
welding. This flux helps protect the backside of the weld from oxidation
and contamination. However, these fluxes do not shield the weld underbead
as well as inert gases, and should not be used in critical or high-purity
applications.
For resistance welding, the austenitics also have lower electrical conductivity (higher electrical resistance). This means that lower levels of current are required to produce a similar weld nugget in austenitic stainless
steels as in carbon steels, which is reflected in the recommended resistance
welding parameters for austenitic stainless steels.
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--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Stainless steels can be welded using all five joint types (butt, T, corner,
lap, and edge), in all positions, and with any type of weld (groove, fillet,
seam, etc.). Table 5-1 provides typical groove weld joint designs for austenitic stainless steels.
All forms of stainless steel can be welded; however, the wrought forms
(plate, bar, pipe, tube, etc.) are more weldable than cast versions. Castings
contain high levels of silicon and other elements, which also tend to cause
hot cracking. Higher carbon contents (such as those found in high-carbon
cast austenitics or martensitics) are more difficult to weld than other stainless steels, due to the greater chance of cold cracks.
As shown in Figure 5-2, austenitic stainless steels have a coefficient of
thermal expansion approximately 50% higher than carbon steels, while
martensitic and ferritic stainless steels are similar to the carbon steels. If the
welding parameters are changed for the austenitic stainless steels to provide the same weld shape as in the carbon steels and the martensitic and
ferritic stainless steels, the distortion will be significantly greater with the
austenitic stainless steels.
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Table 5-1—Typical Groove Weld Joint Designs for Austenitic Stainless Steels
Thickness
Joint Design
Square-groove, one-pass
Square-groove, two-pass
--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Single-V-grooveb
Welding Processa
in.
Root Opening
mm
in.
Root Face
mm
in.
mm
Groove Angle,
Degrees
SMAW
0.08–0.16
2.0–4.1
.0–0.08
.00–2.0
—
—
—
GTAW
0.04–0.13
1.0–3.3
.0–0.08
.00–2.0
—
—
—
GMAW
0.08–0.16
2.0–4.1
.0–0.08
.00–2.0
—
—
—
SMAW
0.12–0.25
3.1–6.4
.0–0.08
.00–2.0
—
—
—
GTAW
0.12–0.25
3.1–6.4
.0–0.04
.00–1.0
—
—
—
GMAW
0.12–0.32
3.1–8.1
.0–0.04
.00–1.0
—
—
—
SAW
0.15–0.32
3.8–8.1
0
0
—
—
—
SMAW
0.12–0.50
3.1–12.70
.0–0.08
.00–2.0
0.06–0.12
1.5–3.1
60
GTAW
0.15–0.25
3.8–6.4
.0–0.01
.00–0.3
0.06–0.08
1.5–2.0
90
GTAW
0.25–0.63
6.4–16.0
.0–0.02
.00–0.5
0.04–0.06
1.0–1.5
70
GMAW
0.15–0.50
3.8–12.70
.0–0.08
.00–2.0
0.06–0.12
1.5–3.1
60
SAW
0.31–0.50
7.9–12.70
.0–0.08
.00–2.0
0.06–0.16
1.5–4.1
60
Single-U-groove
GMAW
≥ 0.50
≥ 12.70
.0–0.08
.00–2.0
0.08–0.12
2.0–3.1
c15c
Double-V-grooveb
SMAW
0.50–1.25
12.70–31.80
0.04–0.13
1.0–3.3
0.06–0.16
1.5–4.1
60
GMAW
0.50–1.25
12.70–31.80
.0–0.08
.00–2.0
0.08–0.12
2.0–3.1
60
SMAW
Over 1.25
Over 31.8
0.04–0.08
1.0–2.0
0.08–0.12
2.0–3.1
10–15c
SAW
Double-U-groove
Notes:
a. SMAW, shielded metal arc welding; GTAW, gas tungsten arc welding; GMAW, gas metal arc welding; SAW, submerged arc welding.
b. For welding in the horizontal position, the lower member should be beveled only 10–15 degrees, and the top member 45–55 degrees.
c. Groove radius, 0.25– 0.31 in. (6.3–7.93 mm).
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Arc Welding Processes
For weld repair on used or in-service stainless steels, proper grinding
and cleaning is necessary to remove contaminants, acids, etc. Use of
SMAW or FCAW, with their flux, may additionally help ‘clean’ the metal.
There are two major shielding methods for arc welding processes:
(1) Gas shielding—uses an external shielding gas to protect the arc and
weld pool. While providing excellent protection from contamination from
the air, this process does not “clean” or remove contaminants from the weld
pool.
(2) Flux shielding—uses a flux that forms a vapor to protect the arc and
weld pool. The flux also “cleans” the weld pool by combining with contaminants (oxygen, sulfur, etc.) to form a slag that floats on the top surface
of the weld pool. Although flux shielding provides good cleaning of the
weld, it does not protect the weld from atmospheric contamination as well
as the gas shielding processes.
Arc Welding Figures and Tables
Figure 5-3 and Tables 5-2–5-7 provide data for GMAW of (austenitic)
stainless steels. Some of these tables include comparison data with other
base metals.
New stainless steels are often welded with the following processes:
• GMAW
• GTAW
• PAW
• SMAW
• FCAW
• SAW
The shielding gas is typically argon or helium, although gas mixtures
containing hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and oxygen have been
used. The superaustenitic and superferritic stainless steels are almost exclusively welded with these processes, because the use of flux processes introduces too much oxygen and nitrogen (and other contaminants).
Repair welding is often performed with:
• SMAW
• FCAW
• GTAW
Figure 5-3—Typical Welding Currents Versus Wire Feed Speeds
for 300 Series Stainless Steel Electrodes
46
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Table 5-2—GMAW Globular-to-Spray Transition Currents for a Variety of Electrodes
--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Wire Electrode Diameter
Wire Electrode Type
in.
mm
Shielding Gas
Minimum Spray Arc Current, A
Mild Steel
0.030
0.035
0.045
0.062
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.6
98% Argon + 2% Oxygen
150
165
220
275
Stainless Steel
0.035
0.045
0.062
0.9
1.1
1.6
98% Argon + 2% Oxygen
170
225
285
Aluminum
0.030
0.045
0.062
0.8
1.1
1.6
Argon
95
135
180
Deoxidized Copper
0.035
0.045
0.062
0.9
1.1
1.6
Argon
180
210
310
Silicon Bronze
0.035
0.045
0.062
0.9
1.1
1.6
Argon
165
205
270
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Table 5-3—Typical Arc Voltages for GMAW of Various Metalsa
Sprayb Globular Transfer
1/16 in. (1.6 mm) Diameter Electrode
Short Circuiting Transfer
0.035 in. (0.9 mm) Diameter Electrode
Argon
Helium
75% He +
25% Ar
Ar–O2
(1–5% O2)
CO2
Argon
Ar–O2
(1–5% O2)
75%Ar +
25% CO2
CO2
Aluminum
Magnesium
25
26
30
—
29
28
—
—
—
—
19
16
—
—
—
—
—
—
Carbon Steel
Low-Alloy Steel
Stainless Steel
—
—
24
—
—
—
—
—
—
28
28
26
30
30
—
17
17
18
18
18
19
19
19
21
20
20
—
Nickel
Nickel-Copper Alloy
Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloy
26
26
26
30
30
30
28
28
28
—
—
—
—
—
—
22
22
22
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Copper
Copper-Nickel Alloy
30
28
36
32
33
30
—
—
—
—
24
23
22
—
—
—
—
—
Silicon Bronze
Aluminum Bronze
Phosphor Bronze
28
28
28
32
32
32
30
30
30
28
—
23
—
—
—
23
23
23
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Metal
Notes:
a. Plus or minus approximately 10%. The lower voltages are normally used on light material and at low amperage; the higher voltages are used on heavy material at high amperage.
b. For the pulsed variation of spray transfer, the arc voltage would be from 18–28 volts, depending on the amperage range used.
48
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Table 5-4—GMAW Shielding Gases for Spray Transfer
Metal
Shielding Gas
Thickness
Aluminum
100% Argon
0 to 1 in. (0 to 25 mm)0
Best metal transfer and arc stability; least spatter
65% Helium + 35% Argon
1 to 3 in. (25 to 76 mm)
Higher heat input than straight argon; improved fusion characteristics with
5XXX series Al-Mg alloys
75% Helium + 25% Argon
Over 3 in. (76 mm)
Magnesium
100% Argon
—
Excellent cleaning action
Carbon Steel
95% Argon + 3.5% Oxygen
—
Improves arc stability; produces a more fluid and controllable weld puddle;
good coalescence and bead contour; minimizes undercutting; permits
higher speeds than pure argon
90% Argon + 8 to 10% Carbon Dioxide
—
High-speed mechanized welding; low-cost manual welding
Low-Alloy Steel
98% Argon + 2% Oxygen
—
Minimizes undercutting; provides good toughness
Stainless Steel
99% Argon + 1% Oxygen
—
Improves arc stability; produces a more fluid and controllable weld puddle,
good coalescence and bead contour; minimizes undercutting on heavier
stainless steels
98% Argon + 2% Oxygen
—
Provides better arc stability, coalescence, and welding speed than 1% oxygen
mixture for thinner stainless steel materials
100% Argon
Up to 1/8 in. (3.2 mm)
Argon + Helium Mixtures
—
Higher heat inputs of 50 and 75% helium mixtures offset high heat dissipation of heavier gages
100% Argon
—
Good arc stability; minimum weld contamination; inert gas backing is
required to prevent air contamination on back of weld area
Titanium
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Highest heat input; minimizes porosity
Provides good wetting; decreases fluidity of weld metal
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--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Nickel, Copper,
and their Alloys
Advantages
Table 5-5—GMAW Shielding Gases for Short Circuiting Transfer
Metal
Shielding Gas
Carbon Steel
--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
75% Argon + 25% CO2
Thickness
Advantages
Less than 1/8 in. (3.2 mm)
High welding speeds without burn-through; minimum distortion
and spatter
More than 1/8 in. (3.2 mm)
Minimum spatter; clean weld appearance; good puddle control in
vertical and overhead positions
50% Argon + 50% CO2
—
Deeper penetration; faster welding speeds
Stainless Steel
90% Helium + 7.5% Argon
+ 2.5% CO2
—
No effect on corrosion resistance; small heat-affected zone; no
undercutting; minimum distortion
Low-Alloy Steel
60–70% Helium + 25–35% Argon
+ 4.5% CO2
—
Minimum reactivity; excellent toughness; excellent arc stability,
wetting characteristics, and bead contour; little spatter
75% Argon + 25% CO2
—
Fair toughness; excellent arc stability, wetting characteristics, and
bead contour; little spatter
Argon and Argon + Helium Mixtures
Over 1/8 in. (3.2 mm)
Argon satisfactory on sheet metal; argon-helium preferred on
thicker base material
Aluminum, Copper, Magnesium,
Nickel, and their Alloys
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Table 5-6—Typical Conditions for GMAW of Austenitic Stainless Steel Using a Spray Arc in the Flat Position
Material Thickness
Wire Diameter
Current
Voltagea
Wire Feed Speed
Gas Flow
in.
mm
Type of Weld
in.
mm
amps
volts
IPM
mm/s
Shielding Gas
CFH
LPM
0.125(1
3.2
Butt Joint with Backing
0.062
1.6
225
24
130
55
98% Ar + 2% O2
30
14
0.250 b
6.4
V-Butt Joint 60° Inc. Angle
0.062
1.6
275
26
175
74
98% Ar + 2% O2
35
16
0.375 b
9.5
V-Butt Joint 60° Inc. Angle
0.062
1.6
300
28
240
102
98% Ar + 2% O2
35
16
)
Table 5-7—Typical Conditions for GMAW of Austenitic Stainless Steel Using a Short Circuiting Arc
Material Thickness
Wire Diameter
Current
Voltagea
Wire Feed Speed
Gas Flow
in.
mm
Type of Weld
in.
mm
amps
volts
IPM
mm/s
Shielding Gas
CFH
LPM
0.062
1.6
Butt Joint
0.030
0.8
85
21
185
78
98% He + 7.5% Ar
+ 2.5% CO2
30
14
0.093
2.4
Butt Joint
0.030
0.8
105
23
230
97
98% He + 7.5% Ar
+ 2.5% CO2
30
14
0.125
3.2
Butt Joint
0.030
0.8
125
24
280
118
98% He + 7.5% Ar
+ 2.5% CO2
30
14
Note:
a. Direct current electrode positive (dcep).
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--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Notes:
a. Direct current electrode positive (dcep).
b. Two passes required.
Submerged arc welding (SAW) does not presently have any fluxes that
are classified. The various codes and standards (such as AWS D1.6)
address the specific requirements for these fluxes. Table 5-11 provides typical conditions for SAW of double V-groove welds in stainless steel plate.
GTAW is typically performed using thoriated, lanthanated, or ceriated
tungsten electrodes. Direct current electrode negative (dcen–straight polarity) is used for all current levels. For thin stainless steels, alternating current (ac) or direct current electrode positive (dcep–reverse polarity) can be
used, but care is needed to ensure that the tungsten electrode does not melt.
Resistance Welding Processes
PAW of stainless steels is typically performed using argon or mixtures
of argon-hydrogen for keyhole welding, and argon or argon-helium mixtures for the melt-in welding technique. Tables 5-8 and 5-9 provide some
typical PAW conditions for stainless steels.
Tables 5-12–5-15 provide data for welding of stainless steels with:
• Resistance spot welding
• Resistance seam welding
• Projection welding
Typical data for FCAW is shown in Figure 5-4 and Table 5-10.
Table 5-8—Typical PAW Conditions for Butt Joints in Stainless Steel
Gas Flowb
Travel Speed
in.
mm
in./min
mm/s
Current
(dcen)
A
0.092
0.125
0.187
0.250
2.4
3.2
4.8
6.4
24
30
16
14
10
13
7
6
115
145
165
240
Orificec
Shieldc
Arc
Voltage
V
Nozzle
Typea
ft3/h
L/min
ft3/h
L/min
Remarksd
30
32
36
38
111M
111M
136M
136M
6
10
13
18
3
5
6
8
35
35
45
50
17
17
21
24
Keyhole, square-groove weld
Keyhole, square-groove weld
Keyhole, square-groove weld
Keyhole, square-groove weld
Notes:
a. Nozzle type: number designates orifice diameter in thousands of an inch; “M” designates design.
b. Gas underbead shielding is required for all welds.
c. Gas used: 95% Ar + 5% H.
d. Torch standoff: 3/16 in. (4.8 mm).
52
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--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Thickness
Table 5-9—Typical PAW Conditions for Welding Stainless Steels—Low Amperage
Orifice
Diameter
Gas Flow
Orificea,b,c
Torch
Standoff
Electrode
Diameter
in.
mm
ft3/h
L/min
in.
mm
in.
mm
Remarks
in.
mm
Type of Weld
in./min
mm/s
Current
(dcen)
A
0.030
0.76
Square-groove weld,
butt joint
5.0
2
11
0.030
0.76
0.6
0.3
1/4
6.4
0.040
1.0
Mechanized
0.060
1.50
Square-groove weld,
butt joint
5.5
2
28
0.047
1.20
0.8
0.4
1/4
6.4
0.060
1.5
Mechanized
Thickness
Travel Speed
0.030
0.76
Fillet weld, tee joint
—
—
8
0.030
0.76
0.6
0.3
1/4
6.4
0.040
1.0
Manual, filler metald
0.060
1.50
Fillet weld, tee joint
—
—
22
0.047
1.20
0.8
0.4
1/4
6.4
0.060
1.5
Manual, filler metald
0.030
0.76
Fillet weld, lap joint
—
—
9
0.030
0.76
0.3
0.6
3/8
9.5
0.040
1.0
Manual, filler metald
0.060
1.50
Fillet weld, lap joint
—
—
22
0.047
1.20
0.8
0.4
3/8
9.5
0.060
1.5
Manual, filler metale
Notes:
a. Orifice gas: argon.
b. Shielding gas: 95% Ar + 5% H at 20 ft3/h (10 L/min).
c. Gas underbead shielding: argon at 10 ft3/h (5 L/min).
d. Filler wire: 0.045 in. (1.1 mm) diameter 310 stainless steel.
e. Filler wire: 0.055 in. (1.4 mm) diameter 310 stainless steel.
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--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Figure 5-4—FCAW Electrode Feed Rate Versus Welding Current for Self-Shielding E308T-3
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Table 5-10—Typical Self-Shielded FCAW Procedures for Stainless Steels Using Stainless Steel Electrodes
Joint Design
Weld Size,
T
Root Opening,
R
in.
in.
mm
mm
Electrode
Diameter
Total
Passes
in.
mm
Welding Power,
dcep
Wire Feed
Speed
Electrode
Extension
A
V
in./min
mm/s
in.
mm
Flat Position Groove Welds
1/4
3/8
6
10
1/8
1/8
3
3
1
2
3/32
3/32
2.4
2.4
300
300
27.5
27.5
190
170
70
70
1
1
25
25
1/2
3/4
13
19
3/16
3/16
5
5
2
4
3/32
3/32
2.4
2.4
300
300
27.5
27.5
170
170
70
70
1
1
25
25
7/8
1-1/4
22
32
3/8
3/8
10
10
6
8
3/32
3/32
2.4
2.4
300
300
27.5
27.5
170
170
70
70
1
1 to 1-1/4
25
25–32
1/2
3
13
76
1/8
1/8
3
3
2
250
3/32
3/32
2.4
2.4
300
300
27.5
27.5
170
170
70
70
1
1 to 1-1/4
25
25–32
(continued)
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Table 5-10—Typical Self-Shielded FCAW Procedures for Stainless Steels Using Stainless Steel Electrodes (Continued)
Joint Design
Weld Size,
T
Root Opening,
R
in.
in.
mm
mm
Electrode
Diameter
Total
Passes
in.
mm
Welding Power,
dcep
Wire Feed
Speed
Electrode
Extension
A
V
in./min
mm/s
in.
mm
2.4
2.4
300
300
27.5
27.5
170
170
70
70
1
1 to 1-1/4
25
25–32
2.4
2.4
300
300
27.5
27.5
170
170
70
70
1
1
25
25
185
300
24
27
265
170
1100
70
1/2
1
13
25
Flat Position Groove Welds (Continued)
3/8
1-1/4
10
32
3/8
3/8
10
10
3
8
3/32
3/32
--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Flat Position Fillet Weld
3/8
3/4
10
19
0
0
0
0
1
3
3/32
3/32
Horizontal Position Fillet Weld
1/8
3/8
3
10
0
0
0
0
1
1
1/16
3/32
1.6
2.4
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Table 5-11—Typical Conditions for SAW Double-V-Groove Joints in Stainless Steel Plate
First Welda
Root Face
Electrode
Diameter
mm
in.
mm
in.
3/8
9.5
1/4
6.4
1/2
12.7
1/4
6.4
5/8
15.9
1/4
3/4
19.1
7/8
22.2
Plate Thickness
in.
Second Welda
mm
Welding
Current,
A
Voltage,
V
in./min
mm/s
3/16
4.8
525
30
20
8.5
3/16
4.8
700
35
18
7.6
6.4
3/16
4.8
700
33
16
6.8
1/4
6.4
1/4
6.4
700
33
15
5/16
7.9
1/4
6.4
715
33
15
Electrode
Diameter
mm
Welding
Current,
A
Voltage,
V
in./min
mm/s
3/16
4.8
0575
32
24
10.2
3/16
4.8
0900
33
18
07.6
1/4
6.4
0900
35
12
05.1
6.4
1/4
6.4
0950
35
12
05.1
6.4
1/4
6.4
1025
35
12
05.1
Travel Speed
in.
Travel Speed
--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Note:
a. 90-degree groove angle.
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Table 5-12A—Suggested Practices for Spot Welding Stainless Steels (U.S. Customary Units)
Thickness
of
Thinnest
Outside
Piece, in.a
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.021
0.025
0.031
0.034
0.040
0.044
0.050
0.056
0.062
0.070
0.078
0.094
0.109
0.125
Electrodeb
Diameter,
in.
Face
Diameter,
in.
Net
Electrode
Force, lb
3/16
3/16
3/16
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
3/8
3/8
3/8
3/8
3/8
1/2
1/2
1/2
5/8
5/8
5/8
3/4
3/4
3/32
3/32
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
5/32
5/32
3/16
3/16
3/16
3/16
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
5/16
5/16
3/8
3/8
180
200
230
260
300
330
380
400
520
650
750
900
1000
1200
1350
1500
1700
1900
2400
2800
3300
Weld Time
Minimum Shear Strength, lb
(Single
Impulse), Base Metal Base Metal Base Metal
Cycles
UTS 70–90
UTS
UTS
(60 Hz)
ksi
90–150 ksi ≥150 ksi
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
8
8
10
10
12
14
16
18
20
60
100
150
185
240
280
320
370
500
680
800
1000
1200
1450
1700
1950
2400
2700
3550
4200
5000
70
130
170
210
250
300
360
470
600
800
920
1270
1450
1700
2000
2400
2800
3400
4200
5000
6000
85
145
210
250
320
380
470
500
680
930
1100
1400
1700
2000
2450
2900
3550
4000
5300
6400
7600
Welding Current, A
(approx.)
Tensile
Strength
<150 ksi
Tensile
Strength
≥150 ksi
Fused
Zone
Diameter,
in.
(approx.)
2 000
2 000
2 000
2 100
2 500
3 000
3 500
4 000
5 000
6 000
7 000
7 800
8 700
9 500
10 300
11 000
12 300
14 000
15 700
17 700
18 000
2 000
2 000
2 000
2 000
2 200
2 500
2 800
3 200
4 100
4 800
5 500
6 300
7 000
7 500
8 300
9 000
10 000
11 000
12 700
14 000
15 500
0.045
0.055
0.065
0.076
0.082
0.088
0.093
0.100
0.120
0.130
0.150
0.160
0.180
0.190
0.210
0.220
0.250
0.275
0.285
0.290
0.300
Minimum Minimum
Weld
Contacting
Spacing,
Overlap,
in.c
in.
3/16
3/16
3/16
1/4
1/4
3/16
3/16
3/16
7/16
1/2
9/16
5/8
11/16
3/4
7/8
1
1-1/8
1-1/4
1-1/8
1-1/2
2
3/16
3/16
3/16
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
5/16
3/8
3/8
7/16
7/16
7/16
1/2
9/16
5/8
5/8
11/16
3/4
13/16
7/8
Notes:
a. Types of steel are 301, 302, 303, 304, 308, 309, 310, 316, 317, 321, 347, and 348. Material should be free from scale, oxides, paint, grease, and oil. Welding conditions are determined by thickness of
the thinnest outside piece, T. Data for total thickness of pile-up not exceeding 4T. Maximum ratio between two thicknesses is 3 to 1.
b. Truncated electrodes of RWMA Group A, Class 3 or Group B, Class 2 material. Electrodes with 3 in. spherical faces also are used.
c. Minimum weld spacing is that spacing for two pieces for which no special precautions need be taken to compensate for shunted current effect of adjacent welds. For three pieces, increase spacing 30%.
58
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Table 5-12B—Suggested Practices for Spot Welding Stainless Steels (Metric Units)
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.31
0.36
0.41
0.46
0.53
0.64
0.79
0.86
1.02
1.12
1.27
1.42
1.58
1.78
1.98
2.39
2.77
3.18
--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Thickness
of
Thinnest
Outside
Piece, mma
Electrodeb
Diameter,
mm
Face
Diameter,
mm
Net
Electrode
Force, N
4.76
4.76
4.76
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
9.53
9.53
9.53
9.53
9.53
12.70
12.70
12.70
15.88
15.88
15.88
19.05
19.05
2.38
2.38
3.18
3.18
3.18
3.18
3.18
3.97
3.97
4.76
4.76
4.76
4.76
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
7.94
7.94
9.53
9.53
801
890
1 023
1 157
1 334
1 468
1 690
1 779
2 313
2 891
3 336
4 003
4 448
5 338
6 005
6 672
7 562
8 452
10 676
12 455
14 679
Welding Current, A
Weld Time
Fused
Minimum Shear Strength, N
(approx.)
(Single
Zone
Impulse), Base Metal Base Metal Base Metal
Diameter,
Tensile
Tensile
mm
Cycles
UTS 483– UTS 621–
UTS
Strength
Strength
(60 Hz)
621 MPa 1034 MPa ≥1034 MPa <1034 MPa ≥1034 MPa (approx.)
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
8
8
10
10
12
14
16
18
20
267
445
667
823
1 068
1 246
1 423
1 646
2 224
3 025
3 559
4 448
5 338
6 450
7 562
8 674
10 676
12 010
15 791
18 683
22 241
311
578
756
934
1 112
1 334
1 601
2 091
2 669
3 559
4 092
5 649
6 450
7 562
8 896
10 676
12 455
15 124
18 683
22 241
26 689
378
645
934
1 112
1 423
1 690
2 091
2 224
3 025
4 137
4 893
6 228
7 562
8 896
10 898
12 900
15 791
17 793
23 576
28 469
33 806
2 000
2 000
2 000
2 100
2 500
3 000
3 500
4 000
5 000
6 000
7 000
7 800
8 700
9 500
10 300
11 000
12 300
14 000
15 700
17 700
18 000
2 000
2 000
2 000
2 000
2 200
2 500
2 800
3 200
4 100
4 800
5 500
6 300
7 000
7 500
8 300
9 000
10 000
11 000
12 700
14 000
15 500
1.14
1.40
1.65
1.93
2.08
2.24
2.36
2.54
3.05
3.30
3.81
4.06
4.57
4.83
5.33
5.59
6.35
6.99
7.24
7.37
7.62
Minimum Minimum
Weld
Contacting
Spacing,
Overlap,
mmc
mm
4.76
4.76
4.76
6.35
6.35
4.76
4.76
4.76
11.11
12.70
14.29
15.88
17.46
19.05
22.23
25.40
28.58
31.75
28.58
38.10
50.80
4.76
4.76
4.76
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
7.94
9.53
9.53
11.11
11.11
11.11
12.70
14.29
15.88
15.88
17.46
19.05
20.64
22.23
Notes:
a. Types of steel are 301, 302, 303, 304, 308, 309, 310, 316, 317, 321, 347, and 348. Material should be free from scale, oxides, paint, grease, and oil. Welding conditions are determined by thickness of
the thinnest outside piece, T. Data for total thickness of pile-up not exceeding 4T. Maximum ratio between two thicknesses is 3 to 1.
b. Truncated electrodes of RWMA Group A, Class 3 or Group B, Class 2 material. Electrodes with 76 mm spherical faces also are used.
c. Minimum weld spacing is that spacing for two pieces for which no special precautions need be taken to compensate for shunted current effect of adjacent welds. For three pieces, increase spacing 30%.
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Table 5-13—Welding Schedules Suggested for Seam Welding Stainless Steels
Minimum
Electrode Widthb
Net
Electrode Force
in.
mm
in.
mm
lb
N
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.021
0.025
0.031
0.040
0.050
0.062
0.070
0.078
0.094
0.109
0.125
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.31
0.36
0.41
0.46
0.53
0.64
0.79
1.02
1.27
1.58
1.78
1.98
2.39
2.77
3.18
3/16
3/16
3/16
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
3/8
3/8
3/8
1/2
1/2
5/8
5/8
5/8
3/4
3/4
4.8
4.8
4.8
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
9.5
9.5
9.5
12.7
12.7
15.9
15.9
15.9
19.1
19.1
300
350
400
450
500
600
650
700
850
1000
1300
1600
1850
2150
2300
2550
2950
3300
1 334
1 557
1 779
2 002
2 224
2 669
2 891
3 114
3 781
4 448
5 783
7 117
8 229
9 564
10 231
11 343
13 122
14 679
Maximum
Cool Time for
Heat
Time, Maximum Speed Welding Speed
Cycles (Pressure-Tight),
Cycles (60 Hz)
(60 Hz)
in./min
mm/s
in.
25.4
28.4
19.1
20.3
21.6
21.6
23.3
23.3
21.2
21.2
19.9
19.1
16.9
18.6
16.9
15.2
16.1
16.1
20
18
16
15
14
14
13
13
12
12
11
10
10
9
9
9
8
8
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
6
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
6
60
67
45
48
51
51
55
55
50
50
47
45
40
44
40
36
38
38
Minimum
Joint Overlapc
mm
Welding
Current,
A
(approx.)
in.
mm
508
457
406
381
356
356
330
330
305
305
279
254
254
229
229
229
203
203
4 000
4 600
5 000
5 600
6 200
6 700
7 300
7 900
9 200
10 600
13 000
14 200
15 100
15 900
16 500
16 600
16 800
17 000
1/4
1/4
1/4
5/16
5/16
5/16
5/16
3/8
7/16
7/16
1/2
5/8
5/8
11/16
11/16
3/4
13/16
7/8
6.4
6.4
6.4
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.9
9.5
11.1
11.1
12.7
15.9
15.9
17.5
17.5
19.1
20.6
22.2
Welds
--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Thickness
of Thinnest
Outside Piecea
Notes:
a. Types of steel are 301, 302, 303, 304, 308, 309, 310, 316, 317, 321, and 347. Material should be free from scale, oxides, paint, grease, and oil. Welding conditions determined by thickness of thinnest
outside piece. Data for total thickness of pile-up not exceeding 4 (thinnest outside piece thickness). Maximum ratio between thicknesses 3 to 1.
b. Electrode material RWMA Group A, Class 3 copper alloy. Face radius, 3 in. (76 mm).
c. For large assemblies, minimum joint overlap should be increased 30%.
60
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Table 5-14—Projection Welding Design Data
Minimum Shear Strength (Single Projection Weld)
--`,,,,,,``````,`,```,,`````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Thickness
of Thinnest
Outside Piecea
Diameter
of Projectionb
Height
of Projectionc
in.
mm
in.
mm
in.
mm
lb
N
lb
N
lb
N
in.
mm
in.
mm
0.25
0.31
0.36
0.41
0.53
0.64
0.79
0.86
1.12
1.27
1.58
1.78
1.98
2.39
2.77
3.18
0.055
0.055
0.055
0.067
0.067
0.081
0.094
0.094
0.119
0.119
0.156
0.156
0.187
0.218
0.250
0.281
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.70
1.70
2.06
2.39
2.39
3.02
3.02
3.96
3.96
4.75
5.54
6.35
7.14
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.017
0.017
0.020
0.022
0.022
0.028
0.028
0.035
0.035
0.041
0.048
0.054
0.060
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.43
0.43
0.51
0.56
0.56
0.71
0.71
0.89
0.89
1.04
1.22
1.37
1.52
130
170
200
240
320
450
635
790
920
1350
1950
2300
2700
3450
4150
4800
578
756
890
1 068
1 423
2 002
2 825
3 514
4 092
6 005
8 674
10 231
12 010
15 346
18 460
21 351
180
220
280
330
440
600
850
1000
1300
1700
2250
2800
3200
4000
5000
5700
801
979
1 246
1 468
1 957
2 669
3 781
4 448
5 783
7 562
10 008
12 455
14 234
17 792
22 241
25 355
250
330
380
450
600
820
1100
1300
2000
2400
3400
4200
4800
6100
7000
8000
1 112
1 468
1 690
2 002
2 669
3 648
4 893
5 783
8 896
10 676
15 124
18 683
21 351
27 134
31 138
35 586
0.112
0.112
0.112
0.112
0.140
0.140
0.169
0.169
0.169
0.225
0.225
0.281
0.281
0.281
0.338
0.338
2.85
2.85
2.85
2.85
3.56
3.56
4.29
4.29
4.29
5.72
5.72
7.14
7.14
7.14
8.59
8.59
1/8
1/8
1/8
5/32
5/32
3/16
7/32
7/32
9/32
9/32
3/8
3/8
7/16
1/2
5/8
11/16
3.2
3.2
3.2
4.0
4.0
4.8
5.6
5.6
7.1
7.1
9.5
9.5
11.1
12.7
15.9
17.5
0.010
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.021
0.025
0.031
0.034
0.044
0.050
0.062
0.070
0.078
0.094
0.109
0.125
Tensile Strength
< 70 ksi
(483 MPa)
Tensile Strength
70–150 ksi
(483–1034 MPa)
Tensile Strength
≥ 150 ksi
(1034 MPa)
Minimum
Diameter of
Fused Zone
Minimum
Joint Overlapd
Notes:
a. Types of steel are 309, 310, 316, 317, 321, and 347 (maximum carbon content 0.15%). Material should be free from scale, oxides, paint, grease, and oil. Size of projection normally determined by
thickness of thinner piece, and projection should be on thicker piece, where possible. Data based on thickness of thinner sheet, and for two thicknesses only.
b. Projection should be made on piece of higher conductivity when dissimilar metals are welded. For diameter of projection, a tolerance of ±0.003 in. (0.076 mm) in material up to and including 0.050 in.
(1.27 mm) in thickness and ±0.007 in. (0.178 mm) in material over 0.050 in. (1.27 mm) in thickness may be allowed.
c. For height of projection, a tolerance of ±0.002 in. (0.051 mm) in material up to and including 0.050 in. (1.27 mm) in thickness and ±0.005 in. (0.127 mm) in material over 0.050 in. in thickness may be
allowed.
d. Overlap does not include any radii from forming, etc. Weld should be located in center of overlap.
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Table 5-15—Manufacturing Process Data for Projection Welding Stainless Steels
Thickness of Thinnest
Outside Piecea
Electrode Face Diameterb
Net Electrode Force
in.
mm
in.
mm
lb
N
Weld Time,
Cycles
(60 Hz)
0.014
0.021
0.031
0.044
0.062
0.078
0.094
0.109
0.125
0.36
0.53
0.79
1.12
1.59
1.98
2.39
2.78
3.18
1/8
3/32
3/16
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
9/16
3.2
2.4
4.8
6.4
7.9
9.5
11.10
12.70
14.30
300
500
700
700
1200
1900
1900
2800
2800
1 334
2 224
3 114
3 114
5 338
8 452
8 452
12 455
12 455
7
10
15
20
25
30
30
30
30
Hold Time,
Cycles
(60 Hz)
Welding
Current, A
(approx.)
15
15
15
15
15
30
30
45
45
4 500
4 750
5 750
6 000
7 500
10 000
10 000
13 000
14 000
Notes:
a. Types of steel are 309, 310, 316, 317, 321, and 347 (maximum carbon content, 0.15%). Material should be free from scale, oxides, paint, grease, and oil. Data based on thickness of thinner sheet, and
for two thicknesses only. Maximum ratio between two thicknesses 3 to 1.
b. Electrode material, RWMA Group A, Class 2, or Group B, Class 12 alloy. Truncated electrodes with flat faces.
62
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Oxyfuel Welding Processes
Cutting Processes
Cutting processes not to use on stainless steels:
Oxyfuel welding processes should not be used to weld stainless steels.
These processes utilize a mixture of gases containing hydrocarbons and
oxygen. If the flame is not adjusted properly it will result in either:
(1) Oxyfuel—can carburize or oxidize the stainless steel.
Cutting processes that can be used:
(1) Plasma arc.
(2) Laser.
(3) Waterjet.
(4) Air carbon arc—will carburize the cut surface, but if properly
cleaned, is acceptable.
Beam Welding Processes
Brazing
Electron beam and laser beam welding processes are readily suitable for
stainless steels (no filler metal is required; however, it can be added). The
faster travel speeds and solidification rates of these processes tend to produce more hot cracking problems.
Stainless steels are readily brazed, using some of the brazing filler
metals listed in Chapter 3. These are typically furnace brazed in a vacuum
or inert atmosphere to avoid carburization or oxidation. Stainless steels are
also torch brazed, provided a neutral flame is maintained.
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(1) Carburizing flame—adds carbon to the stainless steel and leads to
sensitization.
(2) Oxidizing flame—adds oxygen that oxidizes the stainless steel,
making it no longer corrosion resistant.
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Chapter 6—Postweld Cleaning of Stainless Steels
Postweld Cleaning
If the weldment is not properly cleaned, slag, entrapped foreign particles, and even discolored oxides (light blue or straw-colored or darker)
may cause corrosion, depending on the environment.
Following welding, the weld and surrounding heat-affected zone (HAZ)
should be properly cleaned, to ensure that the entire weldment has full
corrosion resistance.
Depending upon the application, one or more of the following may be
necessary:
Further treatments could include:
(1) Chemical cleaning.
(1) Chip or grind to remove all slag, scale and heavy oxide.
(2) Remove all spatter.
(3) Grind any arc strikes.
(4) Wire brush to remove all final traces of slag.
(5) Wire brush to remove discoloration.
(6) Grind and/or repair any crevices and pits.
(7) Ensure all wire brushes are stainless steel, and are segregated for
use only on stainless steels.
(8) Segregate all tools for use on stainless steel, and do not allow them
to become contaminated with carbon steel.
(2) Pickling—use of an acid to attack and remove contamination, oxidized areas, etc.
(3) Passivation—chemical treatment to form chromium-rich passive
oxide layer on the surface.
(4) Mechanical polishing—to remove crevices and produce a smooth
surface.
(5) Electropolishing (following mechanical polishing)—produces the
smoothest surface finish to avoid crevices and pits. This also renders the
surface less reactive than chemical passivation.
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Chapter 7—Heat Treatments of Stainless Steels
Preweld Heat Treatment (Preheat)
Table 7-1—Typical Preheat and Postweld Heat Treatment
Requirements for Martensitic Stainless Steels
Preweld heat treatment (preheating) is used only for some of the martensitic stainless steels and some of the ferritic stainless steels that produce
martensite. There are two main reasons for preheating (both of which
reduce the chances of forming cold cracks):
Preheat (minimum)a
(1) Slow down the cooling rate so that less martensite forms.
(2) Drive off any hydrogen or moisture.
°F
°C
Postweld Heat Treatment
Requirementsb
<0.05
0.05–0.15
>0.15
250
400
600
121
204
316
Optional
Recommended
Necessary
Notes:
a. The ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code recommends a minimum preheat of 400°F
(204°C) for those materials listed as P-6 in Section IX.
b. The required heating and cooling rates are specified in the applicable construction code
section of the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code.
Table 7-1 lists the typical preheat and postweld heat treatment requirements for martensitic stainless steels. Note that the preheat temperature
increases with greater carbon content (it also should increase with base
metal thickness). As the carbon content increases, the martensite that forms
is harder and more brittle; and therefore, more likely to crack.
Preheat is not necessary for most other stainless steels. In fact, preheating of austenitic stainless steels and the majority of ferritic stainless steels
(especially the superaustenitics and superferritics) is detrimental. These
alloys, when heated, do not undergo a phase transformation; therefore, preheating these alloys makes the grains grow dramatically, which decreases
the strength. Since no martensite forms, there is no beneficial effect in preheating, in fact, preheating of ferritic or austenitic stainless steels increases
the undesirable possibility of sensitization. With austenitic stainless steels,
the tremendous amount of distortion that occurs is another reason for not
preheating these alloys.
(Refer to Chapter 9 for preheat treatment information and code
requirements.)
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Carbon, %
Postweld Heat Treatment
Postweld heat treatment is required for several types of stainless steels,
but for different reasons. Table 7-2 presents postweld heat treatments for
martensitic stainless steels as follows:
(1) Subcritical heat treatment to temper the martensite and improve
ductility and toughness, or
(2) Full annealing heat treatment to transform the martensite and
improve ductility and toughness.
While both of these treatments will improve ductility and toughness,
they will not remove cold cracks that may have already formed. Preheat is
the best method to avoid cold cracks in martensitic stainless steels.
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Table 7-3—Recommended Solution Annealing
Temperatures for Austenitic Stainless Steels
Table 7-2—Postweld Heat Treatments for Martensitic Stainless Steels
Subcritical Postweld
Heat Treatment
Temperature Rangea,b
Type
403, 410, 416
414
420
431
440A, 440B, 440C
CA-6NM
CA-15, CA–40
Full Annealing
Temperature Rangec
°F
°C
°F
°C
1200–1400
1200–1350
1250–1400
1150–1300
1250–1400
1100–1150
1150–1200
649–760
649–732
677–760
621–704
677–760
593–621
621–649
1525–1625
Note d
1525–1625
Note d
1550–1650
1450–1500
1550–1650
829–885
Note d
829–885
Note d
843–899
788–816
843–899
Temperature
Type
201, 202, 301, 302, 303, 304, 304L, 305, 308
309, 309S, 316
316L, 317L
317
321
347, 348
°C
1850–2050
1900–2050
1900–2025
1950–2050
1750–1950
1800–1950
1010–1121
1038–1121
1038–1107
1066–1121
954–1066
982–1066
Precipitation-hardening stainless steels require a postweld heat treatment to provide for maximum strength. Table 7-4 shows typical heat treatments for precipitation-hardening stainless steels that involve (at least) a
two-step process of:
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Notes:
a. Air cool from temperature; lowest hardness is obtained by heating near the top of the range.
b. Specific postweld heat treatment rules for ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code applications
are indicated in the applicable code sections.
c. Furnace cool to 1100°F (593°C); weldment can then be air cooled.
d. Not recommended.
(1) Solution annealing—puts everything into solution, followed by fast
cooling.
(2) Precipitation-hardening—allows precipitates to form.
(Refer to Chapter 9 for postweld heat treatment information and code
requirements.)
Most austenitic stainless steels do not require any postweld heat treatment—they are only annealed if it is necessary to reduce the chances of
sensitization or stress. Table 7-3 lists the recommended solution annealing
temperatures (followed by water quenching) for numerous 200 and 300
series austenitic stainless steels. Welded austenitic stainless steel tubing is
an example of a material that is typically given a solution anneal followed
by water quenching.
Welding of precipitation-hardening stainless steels should be done prior
to the heat treatment. If left untreated, the material will not achieve the high
strength possible after heat treatment. Repair welding of these stainless
steels typically causes problems. A postweld heat treatment on the repair
weld will produce overaging of the surrounding metal, resulting in
decreased strength. A full solution anneal and precipitation-hardening
treatment should be performed, but may not be practical on an assembly or
structure that is being repaired.
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Table 7-4—Typical Heat Treatments for Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steelsa
Heat Treatment
Steel
Designationb
UNS
Number
Grade or
Type
Solution Anneal
°F
°C
Austenite Conditioning
Quenchc
Precipitation Hardening
°F
°C
Quenchc
°F
°C
Quenchc
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
950–1000d
900–1150e
925–1150e
900–1150e
900–950d0
510–538d
482–621e
496–621e
482–621e
482–510d
AC, 4 h
AC, 4 h
AC, 4 h
AC, 4 h
AC, 4 h
954 ± 80
954 ± 80
760 ± 14
760 ± 14
932 ± 14
954 ± 60
SZC
SZC
RC
RC
SZC
SZC
950d
950d
1050d
1050d
850–1000e
850–1000f
510d
510d
566d
566d
454–538e
454–538f
AC, 1 h
AC, 1 h
AC, 1-1/2 h
AC, 1-1/2 h
AC, 3 h
AC, 3 h
—
—
—
—
—
—
1325
1300
1350
718
704
732
AC, 16 h
AC, 24 h
AC, 16 h
Martensitic
17-7 PH
PH 15-7 Mo
17-7 PH
PH 15-7 Mo
AM-350
AM-355
A-286
17-10 P
HNM
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PH 13-8 Mo
17-4 PH
15-5 PH
Custom 450
Custom 455
S13800
S17400
S15500
S45000
S45500
XM-13
630
XM-12
XM-25
XM-16
1700 ± 25
1925 ± 50
1900 ± 25
1900 ± 25
1525 ± 25
927 ± 14
1052 ± 28
1038 ± 14
1038 ± 14
830 ± 14
AC
AC
AC
RC
WQ
Semiaustenitic
S17700
S15700
S17700
S15700
S35000
S35500
631
632
631
632
633
634
1950 ± 25
1950 ± 25
1950 ± 25
1950 ± 25
1950 ± 25
1900 ± 25
1066 ± 14
1066 ± 14
1066 ± 14
1066 ± 14
1066 ± 14
1038 ± 14
1750 ± 15
1750 ± 15
1400 ± 25
1400 ± 25
1710 ± 25
1750 ± 10
AC
AC
AC
AC
RC
RC
Austenitic
S66286
—
—
660
—
—
1650–1800
2050
2050
899–982
1121
1121
RC
WQ
AC
—
—
—
Notes:
a. For additional information, see ASTM A 693.
b. Many of these are registered trade names.
c. AC, air cool; WQ, water quench; RC, rapid cool (to 55 ± 5°F [13 ± 3°C] 1 h for S17700 or S15700); SZC, rapid cool to –100 ± 10°F (–73 ± 6°C) 8 h (S17700 or S15700) or –110 ± 10°F (–79 ± 6°C)
3 h (S35000 or S35500).
d. The tolerance for values in this range is ±10°F (±6°C).
e. The tolerance for values in this range is ±15°F (±8°C).
f. The tolerance for values in this range is ±25°F (±14°C).
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Chapter 8—Weld Discontinuities and Defects in Stainless Steels
General Weld Discontinuities and Defects
Several references listed in the back of this Advisor provide guides to
these discontinuities and their inspection, including: AWS B1.10, Guide for
Nondestructive Inspection of Welds, AWS B1.11, Guide for Visual Inspection of Welds, and The Everyday Pocket Handbook for Visual Inspection
and Weld Discontinuities.
Welding of stainless steels can lead to various weld discontinuities or
defects, including:
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(1) Cracks.
(2) Incomplete fusion.
(3) Incomplete joint penetration.
(4) Overlap.
(5) Porosity.
(6) Slag inclusions.
(7) Tungsten inclusions.
(8) Unacceptable weld profiles.
(9) Undercut.
(10) Underfill.
Discontinuities and Defects in Stainless Steels
Certain discontinuities and defects are unique to welds in stainless
steels and higher alloys. For a comprehensive overview of those relating to
corrosion of stainless steel welds, refer to The Practical Reference Guide
for Corrosion of Welds: Causes and Cures. In addition, several weldingrelated discontinuities in stainless steels are reviewed below.
Sensitization (Intergranular Corrosion) of Stainless
Steels
These can be caused by the:
Sensitization is a problem that can occur mainly in austenitic and ferritic stainless steels, when chromium carbides (or nitrides) precipitate at
grain boundaries (illustrated in Figure 8-1). In the austenitics, these chromium carbides form when the stainless steel is exposed to temperatures in
the range of 800–1500°F (427–816°C). Because the chromium has diffused
to the carbides, there is a chromium-depleted region around each carbide.
When exposed to a corrosive environment, intergranular corrosion will
likely occur at the grain boundaries, because the chromium content in the
chromium-depleted region is less than the 10.5 wt.% needed for stainless
steel.
(1) Welding process.
(2) Poor weld joint design.
(3) Improper welding technique or application.
(4) Base metal or filler metal.
These discontinuities can occur in the:
(1) Weld metal.
(2) Heat-affected zone (HAZ).
(3) Base metal.
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Figure 8-2—Weld Metal Area, Heat-Affected Zone,
and Base Metal
Figure 8-1—Sensitization—Formation of
Chromium Carbides at Grain Boundaries
show “wagon wheel tracks” or parallel lines of corrosion along the HAZs
on either side of the weld (commonly termed “knife line attack”).
Typically, the weld metal of a single-pass weld does not get sensitized,
because the material exceeds the temperature for sensitization, and then
cools through the sensitization temperature range too rapidly for chromium
carbides to form. Sensitization rarely occurs in small single-pass welds or
heat-affected zones on thin stainless steel, because these materials do not
remain in the sensitization temperature range long enough.
Multi-pass welds on stainless steel (Figure 8-3), especially on thicker
material, can produce sensitization in the HAZ as well as in the first weld
This is a defect only if the stainless steel is exposed to the proper corrosive environment, such as an acid; however, some sensitized stainless steels
have “rusted” or oxidized when simply exposed to air.
A weld on stainless steel will most often produce sensitization in the
heat-affected zone (HAZ), because this region is in the sensitization temperature range during heating, welding, and cooling (see Figure 8-2).
Welds that are sensitized and exposed to a corrosive environment will often
72
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by normal visual or other nondestructive examination (NDE) methods
immediately after welding. Metallographic analysis on a sample is the only
accurate method to detect sensitization; unfortunately, this is a destructive
test.
Methods to Avoid Sensitization
(1) Solution Anneal and Water Quench—If the austenitic stainless
steels have already been sensitized, annealing at 1900–2050°F (1038–
1121°C) causes the chromium carbides to dissolve and allows the chromium to return to the depleted regions. Water quenching (cooling rapidly)
is important to avoid reformation of chromium carbides.
Figure 8-3—Multi-Pass Weld
Concerns:
• Localized heat treatment will not work. While this treatment will
remove sensitization in the heated region, it will also produce sensitization on both sides of the heated area.
• Full annealing of a structure is often impractical.
• Annealing of stainless steels, especially the austenitic stainless
steels, produces significant distortion.
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passes. The root pass is sensitized by the heat from the second and subsequent weld passes. In the same manner, the second weld pass is sensitized
by the third pass, etc.
Thus, sensitization can occur during:
(1) Heat treatment
(2) Multipass welding
— In the heat-affected zone
— In first weld passes
(3) Service at elevated temperatures, i.e., 800–1500°F (427–816°C)
Detection of Sensitization
(2) Use Stabilized Stainless Steels—Types 321, 347, 348, and 444 contain “stabilizing” elements such as Ti, Nb, Ta, and Co, which cause the formation of carbides of these elements (e.g., TiC) that are more stable than
chromium carbides. Since chromium carbides do not form, there is no depletion of chromium and no sensitization.
Since sensitization becomes a defect only after the material has been
exposed to corrosive or oxidizing environments, it cannot be detected
It is important to note that the amount of the stabilizing elements is critical. For example, as shown in Table 2-1, the amount of titanium needed in
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joint by exposure to carbon steel, tools that have contacted carbon steel, or
other sources of carbon, such as grease, oil, paint, etc.
Type 321 is at least 5 times the carbon content. If less than this amount of
titanium were present, some chromium carbides could still form, thus producing sensitization.
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Avoid rubbing pencil “lead” on tungsten electrodes to help strike an
arc—this “lead” is actually graphite, which is a form of carbon.
Concerns:
• Select stabilized grades of base metal.
• Use stabilized grades of filler metal for stabilized base metals (i.e.,
use ER321 filler for Type 321 base metal).
General Corrosion
Stainless steels are resistant to general corrosion and oxidation mainly
because of their chromium content. It is important that the stainless steel
surfaces do not become contaminated or oxidized during weld preparation
or welding. Avoid the following:
(3) Use Low Carbon Stainless Steels—Several types of stainless steel
contain lower levels of carbon. Types 304L and 316L contain a maximum
of 0.03% carbon (see Table 2-1) compared with Types 304 and 316, which
have a maximum of 0.08%. For Type 304 with 0.08% carbon, sensitization
can occur in less than 1 min. For Type 304L with 0.03% carbon, it would
take several hours at the appropriate temperature to produce sensitization,
due to the extremely low carbon content of the steel.
(1) Contamination of stainless steel with:
— Free iron from carbon steels (tools, worktables, other steel, etc.)
— Rust
(2) Improper gas shielding of the weld face (top side) and weld root
(underbead), which causes excessive discoloration.
(3) Using improper welding process, such as oxyfuel welding.
These low carbon stainless steels were specifically developed to avoid
sensitization. The “L” denotes low carbon.
Concerns:
• Select low carbon grades of base metal.
• Use low carbon grades of filler metal for low carbon base metals
(use ER308L filler for Type 304L base metal).
• Do not use low carbon filler metal on high or moderate carbon content base metal due to undermatching strength.
Weld Contamination/Discoloration
Stainless steel welds can become discolored if not properly shielded
with inert gas or flux during welding. Discoloration is simply varying compositions and thicknesses of oxidation on the stainless steel surface.
Depending upon the application, different levels of discoloration or oxidation may be acceptable.
(4) Avoid Contact with Carbon—Proper cleaning and surface preparation are very important. Avoid contamination of the stainless steel weld
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— Arc strikes
— Rough weld ripples
— Overlap
— Incomplete fusion
— Incomplete joint penetration
— Porosity
(2) Use of incorrect alloy filler metal.
• In the semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries, no discoloration on the weld surface is allowed, and only a light blue or light
straw color is allowed on the heat-affected zone (for surfaces that
come in contact with the product).
• In the food, dairy, and beverage industry, AWS D18.1 provides a
color photograph of weld discoloration levels on stainless steel tubing, and suggests that acceptable discoloration on the weld be no
darker than a straw or blue color.
• In other industries, even darker discoloration levels may be acceptable.
• Sugaring (a black oxidation with white “crystals” of oxide frequently
present) is the extreme condition of weld oxidation/contamination,
and is typically unacceptable for all stainless steel applications.
Stress Corrosion Cracking
Avoid the following:
(1) Highly restrained welds.
(2) Contamination with chlorides or sulfides (such as marking pens,
penetrants, etc.).
All forms of discoloration or contamination leave a chromium-depleted
layer underneath. Since these areas do not have the passive chromiumoxide layer that provides corrosion resistance, these areas are no longer
considered “stainless.” Proper mechanical or chemical cleaning, followed
by a passivation treatment is necessary to restore corrosion resistance.
Weld Penetration Problems
Weld penetration variations, especially in arc welds, can be caused by
many factors. Normal methods to overcome incomplete joint penetration
problems include:
Pitting and Crevice Corrosion
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(1) Decreasing travel speed.
(2) Increasing welding current.
(3) Changing joint design (such as decreasing weld root face or land
thickness).
The pitting and crevice corrosion cracking resistance of stainless steels
is improved by the addition of molybdenum and nickel. Any contamination
that removes or oxidizes these elements will decrease the corrosion
resistance.
Avoid the following:
In stainless steels, however, the weld penetration is often dramatically
affected by the chemistry of the weld (from both the base metal and the
filler metal). The main element that causes this variable penetration is sulfur, and to a lesser extent, oxygen and certain other elements.
(1) Unacceptable weld profiles that create crevices, such as:
— Weld spatter
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is the reason that some stainless steel specifications presently require sulfur
contents of 0.005–0.017 wt.% sulfur (e.g., ASTM A 269 and A 270). The
minimum of 0.005 wt.% should prevent the shallow penetration problem.
This penetration problem can be further aggravated when a low-sulfur
metal is welded to a high-sulfur metal. The weld pool can be shifted offcenter towards the low sulfur side, causing a missed joint—as shown in
Figure 8-5. Shifting the welding electrode off-center towards the high sulfur side may shift the weld pool back and allow the weld to consume the
joint. Specification limits of 0.005–0.017 wt.% tend to prevent this problem from occurring.
Figure 8-4—Weld Penetration in Stainless Steels
Figure 8-5—Weld Penetration in Mismatched Base Metals
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Figure 8-4 illustrates weld pools in low and high sulfur 304 stainless
steel. With low levels of sulfur present (<0.003 wt.%), the liquid weld pool
flows outward, producing shallow weld penetration (Figure 8-4A). When
the sulfur content is higher (>0.005 wt.%), the weld pool flows inward,
producing deep, narrow weld penetration (Figure 8-4B).
This problem can sometimes be overcome by the methods listed above.
However, when the sulfur content is extremely low, changing the sulfur content of the base metal or filler metal may be the only acceptable option. This
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Hot Cracking
(3) Use high ferrite base metal and/or filler metal.
(4) Fill all craters.
(5) Reduce tensile stresses (e.g., stress relieve, change joint design).
(6) Avoid long arc lengths (which allow more air/nitrogen to enter the
arc, since nitrogen increases the austenite content).
Welding of stainless steels often results in cracking during welding—in
the HAZ of the weld metal, or in the root pass of a multi-pass weld. If the
weld is made with a fast travel speed, a centerline crack may form. If the
crater of the weld is not filled properly, crater or star cracks may form.
All of the above are hot cracks—cracks that occur while the weld is still hot,
before it has cooled to room temperature. The types of hot cracking include:
The grades most susceptible to hot-cracking are the austenitic stainless
steels, because when compared with ferrite, austenite is the more susceptible structure. Since contaminants are more easily dissolved into ferrite than
into austenite, a small amount of delta ferrite in an austenitic stainless steel
weld helps reduce hot cracking.
Several diagrams have been developed to predict the amount of ferrite
present, depending on the base metal and filler metal compositions. The
DeLong Diagram (Figure 8-6) shows the structures (austenite—A, ferrite—F, and martensite—M) that should be present in a GTA or GMA
weld, based on the chemistry.
This diagram uses two equations: the chromium equivalent and the nickel
equivalent. Certain elements tend to act like chromium to produce ferrite,
while other elements tend to act like nickel to produce austenite. Using the
chemical analysis of the base metal, the chromium and nickel equivalents are
calculated, and the point on the diagram where they intersect provides the
predicted ferrite number (FN). Typically, a ferrite number exceeding 3 will
produce a weld that should not be subject to hot cracking.
Certain instruments are available that can measure the ferrite number (or
the percent ferrite, another indicator). These instruments measure the magnetic
field produced by the ferromagnetic ferrite in the nonmagnetic austenite. AWS
A4.2 describes the calibration techniques for these instruments.
The Schaeffler Diagram, shown in Figure 8-7, has also been developed
to predict ferrite. The chromium and nickel equivalent equations are
• Microfissuring.
• Heat-affected zone cracking.
• Reheat cracking (cracking in previous weld beads caused by subsequent weld passes).
• Crater cracking.
• Solidification cracking.
Hot cracking is caused by:
(1) Tensile stress.
(2) Crack-susceptible microstructure (especially austenite).
(3) Contaminants (especially sulfur, phosphorus, titanium, and niobium).
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This hot cracking can occur in any of the stainless steels. The freemachining stainless steels that contain high levels of sulfur and phosphorus
(such as Type 303) are especially susceptible. Some of the stabilized grades
that contain titanium and niobium (Types 321, 347, 444) are also susceptible,
in addition to the precipitation-hardening grades (17-4PH).
Welding conditions can also affect hot cracking. Suggested methods to
reduce hot cracking include:
(1) Use stringer beads.
(2) Reduce travel speed.
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Figure 8-6—DeLong Diagram
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Note: Calculate the nickel and chromium equivalents from the weld metal analysis. If nitrogen analysis of the weld metal is not
available, assume 0.06% for GTA and covered electrode, or 0.08% for GMA weld metals. If the chemistry is accurate, the
diagram predicts the WRC Ferrite Number within ±3 in approximately 90% of the tests for the 308, 309, 316, and 317 families.
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Figure 8-7—Schaeffler Diagram
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slightly different from those shown on the DeLong Diagram, since they do
not include the strong effects of nitrogen. The Schaeffler Diagram plots
typical composition ranges for various stainless steel alloys.
Type 310 has such a large nickel content that it produces no ferrite in
the weld. Type 316 produces some ferrite, and Type 308 even more. This
diagram also plots some of the ferritic and martensitic stainless steels.
Both the DeLong and Schaeffler Diagrams can be used to predict the
amount of ferrite present in austenitic stainless steel welds, even when a
different filler metal composition is used. Figure 8-8 illustrates the dilution
(amount of base metal in the weld) that occurs when a weld is made with
filler metal (A) on a base metal with the amount of base metal melted (B).
The dilution shown is 50%.
If Type 310 base metal had been welded without filler metal, Figure 8-7
shows that the ferrite percent would be 0. If this Type 310 base metal had
been welded with Type 308 filler metal, the actual compositions of these
two alloys could be plotted on Figure 8-4. A straight line drawn between
the two would show the range of compositions (and ferrite numbers) produced with different dilutions. Assuming the middle of the compositions
for Types 310 and 308, the 50% dilution would still produce a ferrite content of 0%. However, if Type 312 filler metal had been used and a straight
Figure 8-8—Weld Dilution
80
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line drawn between the center of the 310 box and the 312 box, the 50%
dilution would produce a ferrite content of approximately 7%—an amount
that should produce a crack-free weld. Type 312 filler metal is often
selected to reduce hot-cracking problems.
Ferrite in austenitic stainless steels can be detrimental if the weld is to
be used in cryogenic applications, because the ferrite has significantly
lower toughness than austenite. Ferrite can also be detrimental if its magnetic properties are the source of further problems.
Cold cracking is caused by:
(1) Tensile stress
(2) Crack-susceptible microstructure (martensite)
(3) Hydrogen
Although martensite is a very strong and hard structure, it has very low
ductility and toughness, and therefore, can easily cause cracking. The
greater the carbon content, the harder and less ductile the martensite. If
hydrogen is present, it can diffuse through the metal (even at room temperature), accumulate at the martensite, and increase pressure until more
cracking occurs.
Methods to avoid cold cracking include:
Cold Cracking
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Another form of cracking that occurs hours or even days after the weld
has cooled to room temperature and solidified is called:
(1) Preheat—this is the best solution. Preheating slows down the
cooling rate, so that less martensite forms; it also drives off moisture and
hydrogen.
(2) Postweld heat treat—A postweld heat treatment tempers the martensite and makes it more ductile (although this is not as effective as preheating in preventing the problem).
(3) Reduce the stress.
(1) Cold cracking
(2) Hydrogen cracking
(3) Delayed cracking
This type of cracking occurs only in martensitic stainless steels, in some
ferritics that form martensite, and in certain martensitic precipitationhardening stainless steels.
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Chapter 9—Stainless Steels in Welding Codes and Other Standards
Welding Codes and Other Standards
must be performed within ranges of these variables as defined in the
standard.
Several standards allow use of prequalified WPSs. AWS D1.6 code
applies prequalified status to many austenitic stainless steels, when welded
with specified joint designs, filler metals, and other variables.
Many standards also allow the use of standard WPSs. AWS standards
D1.6 and D18.1 allow the use of standard WPSs without performing procedure qualification tests. AWS has many standard WPSs available for welding of austenitic stainless steel plate, pipe, and sheet metal, which can be
used in accordance with several welding codes and standards. (Refer to the
AWS B2.1 series, listed on page 93.)
Some variables are grouped to reduce the number of procedure and performance qualifications required—stainless steel base metals, filler metals,
and heat treatments are variables that will be discussed.
•
•
•
•
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Most production welding of stainless steels is performed in accordance
with various welding standards including codes. Examples of these publications include:
ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII
ASME B31 Codes
AWS D1.6, Structural Welding Code—Stainless Steel
AWS D18.1, Specification for Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steel
Tube and Pipe Systems in Sanitary (Hygienic) Applications
• Military Standards
Most standards (including codes) require:
(1) Welding Procedure Qualifications—through Procedure Qualification Records (PQRs) and Welding Procedure Specifications (WPSs).
(2) Performance Qualifications—through Welder or Welding Operator
Performance Qualification Records (WPQs) or similar forms.
Base Metals—Typical P/S/M-Numbers in Welding
Codes and Standards
Most codes categorize base metals into groups on the basis of comparable characteristics, such as chemical composition, mechanical properties,
and metallurgical compatibility; however, these category groupings do not
imply that the base metals may be indiscriminately substituted for others
within the same category without consideration for weldability and other
issues.
In the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX, these categories are designated as P-Numbers; in the ASME B31 codes for Pressure
Procedure qualification typically requires tensile tests and guided bend
tests. Performance qualification usually requires either guided bend tests or
radiography. For stainless steels, corrosion and/or hardness tests may be
required by some codes, or by the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) or ASTM standards.
These standards define the essential or qualification variables that
affect the properties of the weldment. Once qualified, production welding
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Piping and in many military standards, the categories are designated as
P- or S-Numbers; in AWS B2.1, AWS D18.1, and other standards, the
categories are designated by M-Numbers.
Within the ferrous base metals (steels), there are also subcategories
called Group Numbers. These groupings are based on specified impact test
requirements (when low-temperature properties are required).
Table 9-1 shows some of the P/S/M-Numbers of stainless steel base
metals found in typical welding standards (refer to AWS B2.1 and ASME
Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX). The table lists typical grades
and types of stainless steels (but not necessarily all grades), and the UNS
(Unified Numbering System) numbers. The UNS “S” designations are
stainless steel wrought base metals.
Table 9-1 shows that the P/S/M-Number 6 category includes mainly
martensitic stainless steels; Number 7 includes mainly ferritics; Number 8
includes the austenitics; and the Number 10 category includes some duplex
and ferritics. This table also lists some base metals in P/S/M-Number 45.
Although these are some of the superaustenitic stainless steels, they are
grouped with the P/S/M-Number 45 nickel alloys (thus the UNS “N” designation), because of their higher nickel content.
Cast stainless steels have a UNS “J” designation and are typically
included in the same P/S/M-Numbers as the wrought equivalents.
Depending upon the code, a welding procedure qualified with a base
metal from one P/S/M-Number (and Group Number) might qualify all base
metals in that P/S/M-Number (and Group Number). This is because all
base metals in that category have similar mechanical and metallurgical
properties (and heat treatments, when required). For welder performance
qualifications (refer to AWS B2.1 and ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel
Code, Section IX), a welder who qualifies on any stainless steel base metal
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is typically qualified for welding all stainless steels. These requirements
vary with each standard: for example, military standards may limit the
welder qualification to the S-Number tested. It is imperative that the
appropriate standard be reviewed.
There are numerous stainless steel base metals that are not included in
P/S/M-Numbers. Most codes require these unlisted base metals to be qualified separately.
AWS D1.6 covers structural welding of all five types of stainless steels,
in addition to dissimilar welding between different types of stainless steels,
and between stainless steels and carbon or low-alloy steels. This code provides prequalified status to some of the austenitic stainless steels only, classified in AWS D1.6 as Base Metal Groups A through E.
Filler Metals—Typical F-Numbers and A-Numbers
in Welding Codes and Other Standards
Most welding codes and standards categorize filler metals into F-Number
groupings (for filler metals) according to their usability characteristics.
These groupings are used to reduce the number of welding procedure and
welder performance qualifications required; however, they do not imply
that filler metals within an F-Number group can be indiscriminately substituted for others.
There are several F-Number groups for stainless steel filler metals,
depending on the standard. Table 9-2 shows some F-Numbers from AWS
B2.1 and ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX. The filler
metal classifications with “XXX” indicate the stainless steel alloy designation. For example, E316-15 is an F-Number 5 SMAW electrode; ER308L
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Table 9-1—Typical Stainless Steel Base Metal P-Number, S-Number, and M-Number Categoriesa
6
7
8
Typical Stainless Steel Base Metals
in P/S/M Numbers
UNS (Unified Numbering System) Stainless Steel Numbers
(UNS “S” Numbers are Stainless Steels)
1
403, 409, 410, 414A
S40300, S40900, S41000 (Some), S41400 (Some)
2
405 (Some), 420, 429, 430
S40500 (Some), S42000, S42900, S43000
3
414, CA15 (13Cr)
S41000 (Some), S41026, S41400 (Some)
4
415, CA6NM
S41500
1
405 (Some), 409, 410S, 430Ti
S40500 (Some), S40800, S40900, S41008, S43036
2
430, 439, 444,
18Cr-2Mo, XM-27 (Some)
S43000, S43035, S44400, S44627 (Some)
1
302, 304, 304L, 305,
316, 316L, 317, 321,
347, 348, CF3, CF3M, CF8, CF8M
S16800, S30200, S30215, S30300, S30323, S30400, S03403, S30409, S30451,
S30452, S30453, S30500, S30600 (Some), S31254 (Some), S31600, S31603, S31609,
S31635, S31640, S31651, S31653, S31700, S31703, S31753,
S32100, S32109, S34700, S34709, S34800, S34809, S38100 (Some)
2
308, 309, 309S, 310, CH8, HK40
S30800, S30815, S30900, S30908, S30909, S30940, S30941, S31000, S31008,
S31009, S31040, S31041, S31050, S31400, S33100
3
201, 202, XM-17, XM-18, XM-19, XM-29
S20100, S20200, S20400, S20910, S21600, S21603,
S21800, S21900, S21903, S21904, S24000, S38100 (Some)
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Typical P/S/M Typical Group
Number
Number
4
F44, F46
S30600 (Some), S31254 (Some), S31725, S31726
10H
1
312, 329
S31200, S31260, S31500, S31803, S32304, S32550, S32750, S32760, S32900, S32950
10I
1
446-1, 446-2, XM-27 (Some), XM-33
S44600, S44626, S44627 (Some), S44635
10J
1
447, 29-4
S44700, S44735
10K
1
Types 26-3-3, 29-4-2
S44660, S44800
45
N/A
Superaustenitics
N08020, N08026, N08367, N08700, N08904, N08925
Note:
a. From AWS B2.1 and ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX.
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1
4
5
6
6
6
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F-Number
Table 9-2—F-Number Groupings of Welding Electrodes and Rods for Qualificationsa
Welding Process(es)
AWS Filler Metal Specification
AWS Filler Metal Classification
SMAW
SMAW
SMAW
GMAW, GTAW, SAW
FCAW
GTAW
AWS A5.40
AWS A5.40
AWS A5.40
AWS A5.90
AWS A5.22
AWS A5.30
EXXX(X)-25, EXXX(X)-26
EXXX(X)-15, EXXX(X)-16, EXXX(X)-17
EXXX(X)-15, EXXX(X)-16, EXXX(X)-17
ERXXX(X), ECXXX(X), EQXXX(X)
EXXXTX-X, RXXXT1-5
INXXX
Comments
Other than Austenitic and Duplex
Austenitic and Duplex
Also includes flux rods for GTAW
Consumable Inserts
Note:
a. From AWS B2.1 and ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX.
Heat Treatment Requirements for Stainless Steels in
Welding Codes and Other Standards
is a GMAW or GTAW wire that is in F-Number 6; and E312TX-X is an FNumber 6 FCAW electrode.
For welding procedure qualification of ferrous weld metals, most codes
and other standards also further classify the weld metal by “A” designations (for analyses). Table 9-3 shows typical A-Number analyses (chemical
compositions of the as-deposited weld metal).
For most procedure and welder qualifications, the F-Number and ANumber are essential or qualification variables. Qualification with an electrode or filler metal of one F-Number and A-Number will typically qualify
only all other filler metals within that same F-Number and A-Number. For
welding procedure and welder performance qualifications, refer to the
actual code or other standard for the specific essential or welding variables and requirements.
Preheat
For the martensitic stainless steels (P/S/M-Number 6), preheating is
used for the same reasons as with high-carbon and low-alloy steels—to
avoid cold cracking (also called hydrogen cracking, or delayed cracking).
Preheating slows down the cooling rate, so that less hard, brittle martensite
forms, which also drives off any moisture or hydrogen. Both of these
reduce the chances of cracking. Table 9-4 provides recommended and/or
required preheat temperatures from the ASME B31.3 and B31.1 codes.
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Table 9-3—A-Number Classifications of Stainless Steel Ferrous Weld Metal for Procedure Qualifications
Weld Metal Analysis, wt.%a
Types of Weld Deposit
C
Cr
Mo
Ni
Mn
Si
6
7
8
9
Chromium-Martensitic
Chromium-Ferritic
Chromium-Nickel
Chromium-Nickel
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.30
11.00–15.00
11.00–30.00
14.50–30.00
19.00–30.00
0.70
1.00
4.00
6.00
—
—
7.50–15.00
15.00–37.00
2.00
1.00
2.50
2.50
1.00
3.00
1.00
1.00
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A-Number b
Weld Metal Analysis, wt.%a
A-Number c
Types of Weld Deposit
C
Cr
Mo
Ni
Mn
Si
6
7
8
9
Chromium-Martensitic
Chromium-Ferritic
Chromium-Nickel
Chromium-Nickel
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.35
11.00–15.0
11.00–30.0
14.50–30.0
19.00–30.0
0.70
1.00
4.00
6.00
—
—
7.50–15.0
15.0–37.5
2.00
1.00
2.50
2.50
1.00
3.00
1.00
1.00
Notes:
a. Single values shown above are maximum.
b. From ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX.
c. From AWS B2.1.
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Table 9-4—Preheat Requirements in Various Codesa
Refer to the applicable code or other standard for actual requirements and exceptions. Preheat temperatures are often higher with
increased carbon content and greater thicknesses.
Minimum Preheat Temperatures
P or S-Numberc
A-Number
Required
Recommended
6
7
8
6
7
8, 9
N/A
N/A
N/A
b 300°F (149°C) b
Postweld Heat Treatment
50°F (10°C)
50°F (10°C)
P-Numberd
Minimum Preheat Temperatures Required
6
7
8
400°F (200°C)
50°F (10°C)
50 F (10°C)
Most codes and standards specify any postweld heat treatment that may
be required. Table 9-5 shows the recommended postweld heat treatments
from ASME B31.3 and B31.1 for some of the stainless steels. For example,
to temper the alloy, P-Number 6, martensitic stainless steels are heat treated
at between 1350–1450°F (732–788°C) for 1 hour per inch of thickness
(minimum of 2 hours).
For the ferritics (P-Number 7), no heat treatment is required in ASME
B31.3, but treatment is required for some alloys in ASME B31.1. The
austenitics (P-Number 8) require no postweld heat treatment. For the
same reasons that no preheat is used, postweld heat treatment typically is
not performed for metallurgical reasons. PWHT may be employed for
dimensional stabilization and chemical stabilization reasons (e.g., carbide
stabilization in 347-SS), even though codes may not require PWHT.
Certain duplex and precipitation-hardening stainless steels require heat
treatment; the codes typically provide the requirements.
Again, refer to the code or other standard for actual requirements.
For example, there are exceptions to postweld heat treatments for Types
410 and 430 in ASME B31.1, if no more than 0.08 wt.% carbon is present
and the weld metal is no more than 3/8 in. thick.
Notes:
a. For all thicknesses.
b. Maximum interpass temperature 600°F (316°C).
c. From ASME B31.3.
d. From ASME B31.1.
For austenitic stainless steels and most of the ferritic, duplex, and
precipitation-hardening stainless steels, no preheating is required. In the
austenitics (and most other types), since no martensite forms, there is no
reason to preheat. In fact, preheating is disadvantageous because it causes
excessive grain growth, which reduces strength. It also causes excessive
distortion of the weldment, especially for the austenitic stainless steels.
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Table 9-5—Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements in Various Codesa
Holding Time
P or
S-Numberb
A-Number
Alloy
Temperature
Time (hr/in.)
Minimum Time (hr)
6
6
High-Alloy Steels—Martensitic
1350–1450°F (732–788°C)
1
2
7
High-Alloy Steels—Ferritic
None
N/A
N/A
8, 9
High-Alloy Steels—Austenitic
None
N/A
N/A
7
8
Holding Time
Up to 2 in. Thick
Over 2 in. Thick
P-Numberc
Alloy
Temperature
Time
Minimum
Time
6
Group Nos. 1, 2, 3
1400–1475°F (760–800°C)
1 hr/in.
15 min.
2 hr plus 15 min. per in. over 2 in.
7
Group Nos. 1, 2, 0
1350–1425°F (730–775°C)
1 hr/in.
15 min.
2 hr plus 15 min. per in. over 2 in.
8
High-Alloy Steels—Austenitic
None
N/A
N/A
N/A
Notes:
a. For all thicknesses.
b. From ASME B31.3.
c. From ASME B31.1.
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Chapter 10—Safety and Health Considerations in Welding of Stainless Steels
Selection
displace oxygen necessary for breathing. Therefore, the appropriate ventilation measures as described in ANSI Z49.1 must be addressed.
All welding equipment (such as arc, resistance, electron beam, laser
beam, etc.) shall be selected for safe applications to the work intended.
ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, should be
referenced for appropriate safety measures for all welding equipment.
Ventilation—Chromium in Stainless Steels
During welding, chromium oxides (such as chromium pentoxide) form
and mix with the welding fumes. Breathing of these fumes should be
avoided. ANSI Z49.1 addresses welding, brazing, or cutting of steels that
contain hazardous materials. One of the materials listed is chromium,
which is present in all stainless steels. ANSI Z49.1 addresses safety concerns when welding as follows:
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Ventilation—Inert and Other Purge Gases
Adequate ventilation shall be provided for all welding, cutting, brazing
and related operations. Adequate ventilation shall be enough ventilation
such that personnel exposures to hazardous concentrations of airborne contaminants are maintained below the allowable limits specified by the
authority having jurisdiction.
Stainless steels are often welded using gas purging to protect the backside of the weld. These gases are typically inert, but all of these purge gases
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(1) Confined spaces—When welding, brazing, or cutting operations are
performed on stainless steels in confined spaces, local exhaust ventilation,
and respiratory protection (when required) shall be used.
(2) Adjacent persons—All persons in the immediate vicinity of the
welding or cutting operations should be similarly protected.
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References and Other Publications Available from AWS
Title
A3.0
Standard Welding Terms and Definitions
A4.2
Standard Procedures for Calibrating Magnetic Instruments to
Measure the Delta Ferrite Content of Austenitic and Duplex
Austenitic-Ferritic Stainless Steel Weld Metal
A5.4
Specification for Stainless Steel Electrodes for Shielded
Metal Arc Welding
A5.9
Specification for Bare Stainless Steel Welding Electrodes and
Rods
A5.22
Specification for Stainless Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored
Arc Welding and Stainless Steel Flux Cored Rods for Gas
Tungsten Arc Welding
A5.30
Specification for Consumable Inserts
B1.10
Guide for the Nondestructive Inspection of Welds
B1.11
Guide for the Visual Inspection of Welds
B2.1
Specification for Welding Procedure and Performance
Qualification
B2.1.005
Standard Welding Procedure Specification for Gas Metal Arc
Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steel, (M-8 or P-8), 10
through 18 Gage, in the As-Welded Condition, With or Without Backing
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No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
Order No.
Title
B2.1.006
Standard Welding Procedure Specification for Gas Metal Arc
Welding of Carbon Steel to Austenitic Stainless Steel, (M-1 to
M-8 or P-8), 10 through 18 Gage, in the As-Welded Condition, With or Without Backing
B2.1.009
Standard Welding Procedure Specification for Gas Tungsten
Arc Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steel (M-8/P-8), 10
through 18 Gage, in the As-Welded Condition, With or Without Backing
B2.1.010
Standard Welding Procedure Specification for Gas Tungsten
Arc Welding of Carbon Steel to Austenitic Stainless Steel,
(M-1 to M-8 or P-8), 10 through 18 Gage, in the As-Welded
Condition, With or Without Backing
B2.1.013
Standard Welding Procedure Specification for Shielded Metal
Arc Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steel (M-8 or P-8) 10
through 18 Gage, in the As-Welded Condition, With or Without Backing
B2.1.014
Standard Welding Procedure Specification for Shielded Metal
Arc Welding of Carbon Steel to Austenitic Stainless Steel,
(M-1 to M-8 or P-8), 10 through 18 Gage, in the As-Welded
Condition, With or Without Backing
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Order No.
B2.1-8-023 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) Shielded
Metal Arc Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steel (M-8/P-8/S-8,
Group 1) 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, As-Welded Condition
93
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Order No.
Title
Order No.
B2.1-8-024 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) Gas Tungsten Arc Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steel (M-8/P-8/S-8,
Group 1) 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, As-Welded Condition
Title
B2.1-8-216 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Gas
Tungsten Arc Welding with Consumable Insert Followed by
Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steel
(M-8/P-8/S-8, Group 1), 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, IN3XX,
ER3XXX, and E3XX-XX, As-Welded Condition
B2.1-8-025 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) Gas Tungsten Arc Welding followed by Shielded Metal Arc Welding of
Austenitic Stainless Steel (M-8/P-8/S-8, Group 1) 1/8 through
1-1/2 inch Thick, As-Welded Condition
B2.1-8-212 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) Gas Tungsten Arc Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steel (M-8/P-8/S-8,
Group 1) 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, ER3XX As-Welded
Condition, Primary Pipe Applications
B2.1-8-213 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) Shielded
Metal Arc Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steel (M-8/P-8/
S-8, Group 1) 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, E3XX-XX AsWelded Condition, Primary Pipe Applications
B2.1-8-214 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Followed by Shielded Metal Arc Welding
of Austenitic Stainless Steel (M-8/P-8/S-8, Group 1) 1/8
through 1-1/2 inch Thick, ER3XX, E3XX-XX As-Welded
Condition, Primary Pipe Applications
D1.6
Structural Welding Code—Stainless Steel
D10.4
Recommended Practices for Welding Austenitic ChromiumNickel Stainless Steel Piping and Tubing
D18.1
Specification for Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steel Tube
and Pipe Systems in Sanitary (Hygienic) Applications
PHB-2
The Everyday Pocket Handbook for Visual Inspection and
Weld Discontinuities—Causes and Remedies
PRGC
The Practical Reference Guide for Corrosion of Welds:
Causes and Cures
WHB-1.8
WHB-2.8
WHB-3.8
Welding Technology, Welding Handbook, 8th Ed., Vol. 1
Welding Processes, Welding Handbook, 8th Ed., Vol. 2
Materials and Applications—Part 1, Welding Handbook, 8th
Ed., Vol. 3
Materials and Applications—Part 2, Welding Handbook, 8th
Ed., Vol. 4
WHB-4.8
B2.1-8-215 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding with Consumable Insert of Austenitic Stainless Steel (M-8/P-8/S-8, Group 1), 1/8 through 1-1/2
inch Thick, IN3XX and ER3XX, As-Welded Condition
WI
Welding Inspection
ANSI Z49.1 Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes
To order these, or any AWS publication, call Customer Service at: (800) 334-9353
94
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Copyright American Welding Society
Provided by IHS under license with AWS
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112
Not for Resale, 09/23/2005 16:24:35 MDT
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550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126
Copyright American Welding Society
Provided by IHS under license with AWS
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112
Not for Resale, 09/23/2005 16:24:35 MDT