PLUMBING FUNDAMENTALS
4000 years ago, the ancient Greeks had
hot and cold water systems in buildings
Over 2000 years ago, the Romans had in place highly
developed community plumbing system
King Minos of Crete owned the world’s first
flushingwater closet with a wooden seat
and a small reservoir of water,over 2800
years ago.
The term plumbing is derived from the Latin
word plumbum for lead (Pb)
The first storm sewers of Rome were built
about 2800 years ago
is a system of pipes and fixtures installed
in a building for the distribution and use
of potable (drinkable) water and the
removal of waterborne wastes.
Wooden pipes were common until the early
1800s
In 1804, Philadelphia is the first city in the
world uses cast iron pipe for its water mains.
Chicago is credited having the first
comprehensive sewerage project in the United
States, designed in 1885.
Water Supply System: Comprises pipes and
fittings to supply hot and cold water to fixtures
like sinks, bathtubs, and dishwashers.
Waste Disposal System: Includes pipes and
fittings to remove used water from the building to
the sewer or disposal field, often referred to as the
sanitary drainage or drain, waste, and vent (DWV)
system.
Wastewater Treatment: Due to environmental
concerns, treating wastewater is crucial. Most
buildings use community water treatment plants,
but some have their own systems, known as
septic or on-site sewage treatment (OSST)
systems.
Fixtures: are components or
equipment that use water and
dispose of wastewater.
Piping: Hollow channels that
carry water to and wastewater
from fixtures.
Fittings: Connect lengths of pipe
within the piping network.
Valves: Regulate or control the
flow of water.
ELEMENTS OF THE
SANITARY SYSTEM
KENNETH VIEN D. LANUZA
SANITARY
RELATING TO THE CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT
HYGIENE AND HEALTH, ESPECIALLY THE
SUPPLY OF SEWAGE FACILITIES AND CLEAN
DRINKING WATER.
ELEMENTS OF THE SANITARY
SYSTEM
SOIL PIPE
STACK
SOIL STACK PIPE
STACK VENT
VENT
UNIT VENT
WET VENT
BRANCH
MAIN
BRANCH VENT
WASTE PIP
DRAIN
SEWER
SEWAGE
SEWERAGE
CLEANOUT FERRULE
TRAP
HOUSE DRAIN
HOUSE SEWER
HOUSE TRAP
RELIEF VENT
PUBLIC SEWER
SIPHONAGE
SPIGOT
SEAL
ROUGHING IN
FINISHING
SUMP
SHAFT
SLEVE
PIPE CHASE
PLUBMING FIXTURES
CAULKING
ELEMENTS OF THE SANITARY
SYSTEM
Soil Pipe - any pipe which conveys the discharge of water
closets, urinals, or fixtures having similar functions.
Stack - a general term used for any vertical line of soil,
waste, or vent piping.
Soil Stack Pipe - a vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter
and liquid waste.
Stack Vent - an extension of a soil or waste stack above the
highest horizontal drain connected to the stack.
Vent - a pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of
air in a plumbing system and for reducing to pressure
exerted on trap
ELEMENTS OF THE SANITARY
SYSTEM
ELEMENTS OF THE SANITARY
SYSTEM
Unit Vent - an arrangement of venting so installed that
one vent pipe will serve two (2) traps.
Wet Vent - that portion of a vent pipe through which liquid
waste flow.
Branch - any part of a piping system other than the main
riser or stack
Main - the main of any system of continuous piping is the
principal artery of the system to which branches may be
connected.
Branch Vent - a vent pipe connecting from a branch of the
drainage system to a vent stack.
ELEMENTS OF THE SANITARY
SYSTEM
ELEMENTS OF THE SANITARY
SYSTEM
Waste Pipe - a pipe which conveys only liquid wastes free
fecal matter.
Drain - a sewer or other pipe or conduit used for
conveying ground water, surface water, waste water or
sewage.
ELEMENTS OF THE SANITARY
SYSTEM
Sewer - a pipe or conduit for carrying sewage and waste
liquids.
Sewage - the liquid wastes conducted away from
buildings/structures, also of the storm water.
Sewerage - a comprehensive term, including all
construction for collection, transportation, pumping,
treatment and final disposition of waste.
Cleanout Ferrule - a metallic sleeve, calked or otherwise,
joined to an opening in a pipe, into which a plug is
screwed that can be removed for the purpose of cleaning
or examining the interior of the pipe.
ELEMENTS OF THE SANITARY
SYSTEM
ELEMENTS OF THE SANITARY
SYSTEM
Trap - A fitting or device so constructed as to prevent the
passage of air, gas, and some vermin through a pipe
without materially affecting the flow of sewage or waste
water through it.
House Drain - that part of the lowest horizontal piping of a
plumbing system which receives the discharge from soil,
waste and other drainage pipes inside of a building and
conveys it to the house sewer.
ELEMENTS OF THE SANITARY
SYSTEM
ELEMENTS OF THE SANITARY
SYSTEM
House Sewer - the house sewer is that part of a plumbing
system extending from a point about four (4) or five (5) feet
from the inner face of the foundation wall of a building to the
junction with another sewer.
House Trap- a trap connected to lowest horizontal piping or
House Drain.
Relief Vent - a vent the primary (Fresh Air Inlet) function of
which is to provide circulation of air between drainage and
vent system.
Public Sewer - a common sewer directly controlled by public
authority to which all abutters have equal rights of connection.
ELEMENTS OF THE SANITARY
SYSTEM
Siphonage - a suction caused by the flow of liquids in pipes.
Spigot - The end of a pipe which fits into a bell. Also, a word
synonymously with faucet.
Seal - The vertical distance between the dip and crown wire of
a trap.
Roughing-In - The installation of all pipes in the plumbing
system that are in partitions and under floors.
Finishing - The setting of fixtures.
Sump - a pit or receptacle at a low point to which the liquid
wastes are drained.
Shaft - a vertical opening through a building for elevators,
dumbwaiters, light, ventilation, etc.
ELEMENTS OF THE SANITARY
SYSTEM
SUMP
SHAFT
ELEMENTS OF THE SANITARY
SYSTEM
Sleeve - a sheet metal placed when concrete is poured to
accommodate future plumbing pipes.
Pipe Chase - an opening or space to accommodate a group of
pipes.
Plumbing Fixtures – are installed receptacles, devices, or
appliances which are supplied with water, or which receives or
discharge into drainage system which maybe directly or
indirectly connected.
ELEMENTS OF THE SANITARY
SYSTEM
ELEMENTS OF THE SANITARY
SYSTEM
Caulking – Is plugging an opening with oakum, lead or other
materials, that are pounded into the place or opening.
BUILDING
WATER
SYSTEM AND
DESIGN
EUGENE B. SOLIS
MORENO JR. MANLABIAN
Plumbing codes require that a potable
water supply be adequately furnished to
all plumbing fixtures. The water supply
system in a building carries cold and hot
water through distribution pipes and
delivers it to the plumbing fixtures.
MAIN PARTS OF
A WATER SUPPLY
SYSTEM
BUILDING SUPPLY
WATER METER
BUILDING MAIN
RISER
FIXTURE BRANCH
FIXTURE CONNECTION
BUILDING
SUPPLY
The building
supply or water
service is large water supply pipe
that carries potable water from the
district or water system or other
water source to the building.
WATER METER
The water meter is required by most
district water supply systems to
measure and record the amount of
water used.
BUILDING MAIN
The building main is a large pipe
that serve us the principal artery of
the water supply system.
RISER
A riser is a water supply pipe that
extends vertically in the building at
least one story and carries to fixture
branches.
FIXTURE BRANCH
A fixture branch is a water supply
pipe that runs from the riser or main
to the fixture being connected. In a
water supply system, it is any part
of piping system other than a riser
or main pipe.
FIXTURE
CONNECTION
A fixture connection runs from the
fixture branch to the fixture, the
terminal point of use in a plumbing
system. A shut-off valve is typically
located in the hot and cold water
supply at the fixture connection.
GENERAL WATER
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
The water service pipe is an underground
pipe that is typically called a “lateral”
The water service lateral is connected to a
water meter that measures consumption.
If the building plumbing system is served by
a well, a water meter is not needed unless
monitoring of consumption is required.
A water service shutoff valve is typically
located at the meter location.
As the building supply piping enters the building, pipes split off to supply
water to hose bibs, the irrigation system, and any industrial process
equipment using water that does not need to be heated.
Once the water supply main passes through the softening or treatment
device, the main pipe splits to provide water to a water heater or water
heating system that generates hot water before it is distributed.
A fixture connection links the hot or cold water branch to the fixture, the
terminal point of use in a plumbing system.
In a conventional rigid-pipe water distribution method, fixture branches
extend from a riser or main to the individual fixture being connected.
TWO TYPES OF
DISTRIBUTION
CONFIGURATION
Rigid pipe distribution configuration
Homerun (manifold) distribution
configuration
RIGID PIPE DISTRIBUTION
CONFIGURATION
In the conventional rigid-pipe distribution configuration, the hot
and cold water distribution pipes are installed parallel to one
another as they convey hot and cold water to risers and branch
pipes.
A branch supplying water to two or more fixture is called a zone.
A zone can supply one or many fixtures on one floor or on a few
floors.
fixtures are typically located in clusters called groups.
HOMERUN (MANIFOLD) DISTRIBUTION
CONFIGURATION
A homerun or manifold distribution configuration consist of a
plastic or metal plumbing manifold and flexible plastic piping.
The manifold serve as as a common location from which all the
plumbing fixtures are supplied.
A water line dedicated to each fixture originates at a port in the
manifold and extend to the individual fixture, so fewer fittings
are required.
A.
Sources of Potable Water
Building Plumbing System
BY:
John Mark P. Lumantas
Marianne Cassandra Varquez
potable water
Is clean water that is suitable for human drinking. It must be available for drinking,
cooking, and cleaning. An abundant supply of potable water that is easily
distributed is vital to a prosperous economy
Non-potable water
May be used for flushing water closets (toilets), irrigating grass and gardens,
washing cars, and for any use other than drinking, cooking, or cleaning.
uses
importance
Drinking
Food Preparation
Personal Hygiene
Household Cleaning
Medical Facilities
Public Facilities
Health and Safety
Economic Development
Quality of Life
Public Health
Environmental
Sustainability
Emergency Situations
sources of potable water
1. SURFACE WATER
Surface water readily provides much of the water needed by cities, counties, large industry, and
others. However, this source is dependent on recurring rain. During a long period of drought,
the flow of water may be significantly reduced.
Reservoirs
hold surface water during periods of high runoff and release water during
periods of low runoff. Surface water is typically treated to provide the
potable water required. Where nonpotable water may be used, no
treatment of the water is necessary.
Cistern
A cistern can fill with rainwater as it drains from the roof of a building or a
more elaborate collection system. Collected water is then pumped into the
supply line of the building for use.
sources of potable water
2. GROUND WATER
Groundwater seeps through the soil and is trapped on impervious stratum, a layer of soil or rock
that water cannot pass through. The water collects in pores of permeable stratum; a layer of
porous earth that water can pass through such as sands, gravels, limestone, or basalt.
Saturated permeable stratum capable of providing a usable supply of water is known as an
aquifer.
Groundwater can be captured at many layers below a building site—that
is, there may be several aquifers at different depths. Very deep-lying
groundwater can remain undisturbed for thousands or millions of years.
However, most groundwater lies at shallower depths. An aquifer can
serve as an underground reservoir with almost unlimited capacity.
However, if water is removed from the aquifer at too rapid a rate, the
water level may drop so drastically that groundwater can no longer be
reached.
Groundwater may require treatment to be
potable, but often it does not. When
treatment is required, it is generally less
treatment than is required when making
surface water potable.
sources of potable water
3. Municipal Water Supply
This is water provided by local government authorities through a network of pipes, often treated
at water treatment plants to meet safe drinking water standards.
Surface Water
To know more about surface water here are some example of the components in what the
surface water is about:
1. Water - As we all know the main component would be water itself, in which can be found
anywhere such as rivers, lakes, saltwater and many more.
2. Sediments - Sediments are found in water in which they vary from different sizes from small to
large particles of silt, soil, and sand that appeared due to erosion, weathering and etc.
3. Organic Matter - For surface water, they can contain organic matter such as leaves, algae and
other plant materials, which can affect the quality of water.
4. Nutrients - Nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus is an essential part of the growth of
aquatic plants and algae. But too much nutrients would cause harm to human/plants/animals
How does Surface Water become Potable?
For surface water to become potable water, there are a lot of process it takes in order for it to become available
for used. Some examples of the process of making surface water into potable water are as follows.
Screening - Surface water contains many debris such as leaves, sticks or etc. Screening is one process of making
sure that these debris are not included during the water treatment process in which debris is removed from water
by screens or mesh.
Filtration - Water that are taken is filtered thru sand, gravel or any activated carbon in which it can help water to be
filtrated in order to be available. Filtration is important, in order to remove viruses, bacteria and many more kinds of
organism that would cause harm.
Sedimentation - For sedimentation it’s a process in which water is put into a large tank, in which heavier floc of
particles are moved down to the bottom of the tank in order to be removed.
Disinfection - During disinfection process, water is disinfected by the use of chlorine or any other disinfectant that
would remove harmful organism in the water
pH adjustment - During this process, water is adjust to the right pH level in which it can be accepted as drinking
water. It’s also helpful for pipes to avoid corrosion.
Groundwater
To define more and learn more about ground water, some components of groundwater are as
follows.
1. Water - The primary component of groundwater is water. As groundwater originates from
precipitation that moves to the ground.
2. Porosity - It’s defined as void or spaces within rocks or sediments in which water is stored in it
due to having high porosity.
3. Aquifer - Aquifer or wells is a underground layer of permeable rocks or sediments that can
store water and moves it to the ground
Harvested Rainwater
To discuss more about harvested rainwater, some components included in the harvest
rainwater are.
1. Catchment Surface - Catchment surface is an area in which water is collected, and is placed
in roofs or open space to collect rainwater.
2. Gutters and Downspouts - Gutters defined as a channel installed in roofs in order to collect
rain water and move it towards the downspouts. Downspouts are vertical pipes that carries
rainwater towards the storage.
3. Filters - Filters are placed in gutters in order to prevent leaves, sticks and etc. that would
cause to infiltrate in the water during the process of collecting water.
4. Storage Tanks or Cisterns - Rainwater is store in storage tanks or cisterns in order to be
collected and use.
B.
Plumbing Supply/Distribution
System
BY:
JERAMIE HAYAG
KING BALTAZAR
What is Plumbing
System?
Plumbing supply and distribution refers to
the system of pipes, valves, fittings, and
fixtures used to deliver water throughout
a building and remove wastewater. It
encompasses the infrastructure and
products needed for water supply,
heating, and sanitation in residential,
commercial, and industrial settings
Importance
Plumbing systems are essential
for maintaining health and
sanitation in buildings by
providing a reliable supply of
clean water and efficiently
removing wastewater. They
enhance safety by preventing
backflow and regulating water
pressure, and they manage
rainwater to prevent flooding and
erosion, contributing to the
building's longevity and
environmental protection
TYPES OF PLUMBING
DISTRIBUTION/SUPPLY SYSTEM
Potable Plumbing system
Stormwater plumbing system
Sanitary Plumbing System
-Waste water
-Waste vent
Potable Plumbing System
A potable plumbing system brings water into a
structure for drinking, cleaning, and other purposes. It
includes the main plumbing valve where you can turn
off the water supply and the water meter that tracks
water usage.
COMPONENTS OF POTABLE SYSTEM
Water Source
The initial point from which water is obtained for
distribution.
Examples: Municipal water supply, private well,
rainwater harvesting system.
Water Meter
Function: Measures the volume of water consumed for
billing and monitoring purposes.
Location: Typically installed at the point where water
enters the building.
Fixtures
Points of use where water is dispensed or utilized
.
Examples: Sinks, faucets, showers, toilets,
dishwashers etc.
COMPONENTS OF POTABLE SYSTEM
PIPES AND FITTINGS
BACKFLOW PREVENTER
Purpose: Prevents the contamination of the
potable water supply by ensuring water
flows in one direction only.
Types: Atmospheric vacuum breakers,
pressure vacuum breakers, reduced
pressure zone devices.
Description: Transport water from the source to fixtures
and appliances within the building.
Materials: Common materials include copper, PVC, PEX,
and galvanized steel.
Types: Pipes come in various diameters and lengths, while
fittings include connectors, elbows, tees, and couplings.
copper
PEX
PVX
galvanized steel
connector
Tees
elbows
couplings
POTABLE WATER DISTRIBUTION
Stormwater Plumbing System
A stormwater plumbing system protects your home from
rainwater and melting snow and ice. In a gravity-fed system,
pipes are sloped so water can flow smoothly. Pipe diameter
is determined by the size of the drainage area and the
average rainfall for a region. If there’s insufficient sloping, a
pump-based system may be used; it collects rainwater in
tanks and pumps it to a sewer or outside drainage system.
A stormwater discharge and harvesting system transports
water to a nearby body of water, like a lake, stream, or
ocean.
Components of a Stormwater Plumbing System
GUTTER
Function: Collect rainwater from the
roof and direct it towards downspouts.
Material: Typically made of metal,
plastic, or concrete.
Importance: Prevents water from
cascading directly off the roof and
causing erosion or damage to the
building's foundation.
Downspouts:
Description: Vertical pipes connected to
the gutters, transporting rainwater from
the roof to the ground or storm drain
system.
Material: Often made of PVC, aluminum,
or galvanized steel.
Role: Facilitates the controlled flow of
rainwater away from the building.
Storm Drains
Purpose: Collect surface water runoff
from streets, sidewalks, parking lots,
and other paved surfaces.
Components: Grates or inlets
connected to an underground drainage
network.
Design: Typically positioned at low
points or along curbs to capture runoff
efficiently.
Components of a Stormwater Plumbing System
Catch Basins
Function: Collect debris and sediment from
stormwater runoff before it enters the
drainage system.
Design: Consists of a basin with a grate or lid
and an outlet pipe connected to the
underground drainage network.
Maintenance: Requires periodic cleaningto
prevent clogging and ensure proper
function.
Subsurface Drainage Pipes:
Description: Underground pipes that transport
collected stormwater runoff away from developed
areas to natural water bodies or treatment
facilities.
Material: Often made of corrugated plastic,
concrete, or perforated PVC.
Installation: Laid beneath the ground with proper
slope to facilitate water flow.
Sanitary Plumbing
WASTEWATER
Wastewater" in sanitary plumbing refers to any water
that has been used in various household, industrial,
commercial, or agricultural activities and has become
contaminated or altered in quality as a result. This
includes water from sinks, showers, toilets, washing
machines, dishwashers, and other sources. Wastewater
typically contains a mixture of organic and inorganic
substances, pathogens, chemicals, and other pollutants.
Proper treatment and disposal of wastewater are
essential to prevent environmental contamination and
protect public health
WASTEWATER
In a household setting, wastewater refers to any water that has been used for various
purposes
and has become contaminated or altered in quality as a result. This includes water from:
1. Kitchen: Water used for washing dishes, cooking, and cleaning.
2. Bathroom: Water from showers, sinks, and toilets.
3. Laundry: Water used in washing machines for laundry purposes.
4. Other domestic activities: Water used for cleaning floors, watering plants, or any other
household chores.
This wastewater typically contains a variety of contaminants, including organic matter,
chemicals, soap residues, and potentially harmful microorganisms. Proper management and
treatment of household wastewater are important to prevent pollution and protect human
health and the environment
Components of a Wastewater Plumbing System
Traps
Purpose: Prevent the escape of
sewer gases into the building by
maintaining a water seal.
Types: P-traps, S-traps, drum traps.
Location: Installed beneath sinks,
showers, and floor drains
Drain Pipes
Function: Transport wastewater
from fixtures and appliances to the
sewer or septic system.
Materials: Typically made of PVC,
cast iron, or ABS (acrylonitrile
butadiene styrene).
Design: Installed with proper slope
to ensure gravity-driven flow.
Cleanouts
Drum traps
Description: Access points in the
drainage system for inspection,
maintenance, and clearing
blockages.
Location: Positioned at strategic
points along drain pipes, typically at
changes in direction or near fixtures.
Design: Equipped with removable
caps or covers for easy access
Components of a Wastewater Plumbing System
Waste Stack
Description: Vertical pipe that collects
wastewater from various drain pipes within the
building.
Function: Directs wastewater downward to the
sewer or septic system while providing a
pathway for vent pipes to connect.
Branch Drains
Function: Horizontal drain pipes that connect
fixtures and appliances to the waste stack.
Location: Extend from the waste stack to
various areas of the building, such as
bathrooms, kitchens, and utility rooms.
ILLUSTRATION
Sanitary Plumbing
WASTEVENT
In sanitary plumbing, a waste vent, often referred to
simply as a vent or vent pipe, is a crucial component of
the drainage system. Its primary function is to allow air
to enter the plumbing system to prevent the build-up of
pressure, which can lead to problems like slow drainage,
gurgling noises, or even traps being siphoned. Waste
vents typically extend from the drainage pipes to the
outside of the building, allowing odors and gases to
escape safely. By equalizing air pressure within the
system, waste vents ensure that water flows smoothly
through the pipes without any obstructions or
disruptions. Additionally, waste vents play a key role in
preventing the formation of harmful sewer gases within
the plumbing system, which could pose health risks to
occupants if allowed to accumulate
WASTEVENT
1. Pressure Equalization: Waste vents allow air to enter the plumbing system, preventing the
formation of vacuum or pressure differentials that could impede the flow of wastewater.
Without adequate venting, draining fixtures like sinks, toilets, and showers may experience slow
drainage or gurgling noises due to airlock.
2. Sewer Gas Prevention: Waste vents help to vent sewer gases safely to the exterior of
the building. These gases, which can include methane, hydrogen sulfide, and other
noxious compounds, are produced as organic matter decomposes in the sewer system.
Venting them outdoors prevents their accumulation within the building, safeguarding
indoor air quality and preventing potential health hazards.
3. Trap Seal Protection: Waste vents safeguard the water seal in plumbing traps.
Plumbing traps, such as those found beneath sinks and drains, retain a small amount of
water to prevent sewer gases from entering the building. Without proper venting,
siphoning or backflow could occur, compromising these water seals and allowing gases
to infiltrate living spaces.
4. System Efficiency: Properly vented plumbing systems operate more efficiently,
ensuring consistent water flow and minimizing the risk of clogs or backups. By equalizing
pressure and maintaining optimal airflow, waste vents contribute to the smooth
operation of the entire drainage network.
In summary, waste vents are essential components of sanitary plumbing systems, providing
crucial functions such as pressure equalization, sewer gas prevention, trap seal protection, and
system efficiency. Compliance with building codes and regulations typically mandates the
inclusion of waste vents in plumbing installations to ensure safe and effective wastewater
management
Components of a Wastevent Plumbing System
Vent Stack
Vent Pipes
Function: Allow air to enter the
plumbing system, preventing
suction and ensuring proper
drainage.
Placement: Connected to drain
pipes and extend through the roof.
Importance: Prevents siphoning of
traps and enables the release of
sewer gases to the atmosphere.
Function: Main vertical vent pipe
that extends through the roof to
release sewer gases and allow air
into the drainage system.
Placement: Usually located near the
building's main waste stack.
Size: Larger diameter than other
vent pipes to accommodate
increased airflow
Vent Branches
Description: Horizontal vent pipes
that connect to fixtures and
appliances to provide venting.
Function: Ensure proper air
circulation within the drainage
system, preventing vacuum and
maintaining optimal drainage
ILLUSTRATION
HOW PUMBLING SYSTEM WORKS IN A BUILDING/HOUSE?
C.
BUILDING
PLUMBING SYSTEMS
WATER
HEATERS
HANNAH M TAPENIT
ELIZABETH CERNA
Search . . .
BUILDING
PLUMBING SYSTEMS
WHAT IS WATER HEATERS
It is a plumbing apparatus or
appliance that is designed to heat
cold water and, in some cases, store
hot water for future use. Dishwashers,
clothes washers, showers, tubs, and
sinks rely on water heaters to heat
incoming cold water, so that these
appliances and fixtures can output
warm or hot water.
BUILDING
PLUMBING SYSTEMS
HOW DOES WATER HEATER WORK:
HOW WATER
Water heater is using an energy
source: gas, electricity, oil or
solar energy.
Also known as a domestic hot
water production system, it
allows hot water to be obtained
quickly in a dwelling.
BUILDING
PLUMBING SYSTEMS
MAIN TYPES OF WATER
HEATERS
There are 7 main types of water
heaters and each one has its
benefits and potential drawbacks
STORAGE TANK WATER HEATERS
BUILDING
PLUMBING SYSTEMS
01.
BUILDING
PLUMBING SYSTEMS
STORAGE TANK WATER HEATERS
BENEFITS
LEAST EXPENSIVE SYSTEM
GENERALLY EASY TO INSTALL FOR
DIY HOMEOWNERS
DRAWBACKS
EXPENSIVE TO
CONSTANT
FLUCTUATIONS
RUN DUE TO
TEMPERATURE
LIMITED CAPACITY MEANS YOU’LL
RUN OUT OF HOT WATER IF THE
TANK IS TOO SMALL
Tank water heaters consist of a heating element and a
storage tank for holding hot water until needed,
offering an affordable option due to their widespread
availability. These heaters typically come in sizes
ranging from 30 to 80 gallons, with the ability to be
powered by electricity, natural gas, liquid propane, or
oil. When cold water enters the tank, it's heated to a
set temperature, and once reached, the heater stops
heating until the water cools.
Different types include residential and commercial
models, distinguished by size and gas input capacity.
Ultraefficient
water
heaters
utilize
advanced
technology for improved efficiency and vent
combustion gases through plastic pipes. Additionally,
storage tank water heaters can be categorized based
on their venting method: nonventing (electric),
naturally aspirated, power vented, and sealed
combustion, each with specific features and
considerations for safe operation.
BUILDING
PLUMBING SYSTEMS
INSTANTANEOUS OR TANKLESS WATER
HEATERS
02.
BUILDING
PLUMBING SYSTEMS
INSTANTANEOUS OR TANKLESS
WATER HEATERS
BENEFITS
SIGNIFICANT SAVINGS IN ENERGY
BILLS
READILY AVAILABLE HOT WATER
DRAWBACKS
TANKLESS WATER HEATERS THAT
USE GAS ARE MORE EXPENSIVE
A LOW FLOW RATE MEANS
LIMITING WATER USE TO ONE
APPLIANCE AT A TIME.
A tankless water heater heats water instantly
as it flows through heated coils, providing
continuous hot water without the need for a
storage tank. These compact units are
suitable for small living spaces like condos or
apartments. They can be powered by natural
gas or electricity, with gas models generally
offering higher efficiency. Unlike traditional
tank heaters, tankless systems only heat
water when needed, reducing energy waste.
While they offer space-saving benefits and
improved efficiency, the initial cost of
purchasing and installing a tankless heater is
usually higher compared to conventional
tank heaters, which may not be ideal for
budget-conscious individuals.
BUILDING
PLUMBING SYSTEMS
CIRCULATING WATER HEATERS
03.
CIRCULATING WATER HEATERS
BUILDING
PLUMBING SYSTEMS
Circulating water heaters utilize a distinct
storage tank for storing hot water, which is
heated by a heat exchanger. This exchanger
can either be a standalone unit heated by
steam or hot water from a boiler, or it may be
integrated within the boiler itself. The boiler
may be dedicated solely to heating water for
domestic hot water (DHW) or building space
heating and can serve other purposes as
well.
TANKLESS COIL WATER HEATERS
Tankless coil water heaters are integrated with a
home's main heating system. They provide hot water on
demand by passing cold water through a heat
exchanger coil inside the boiler, where it is heated by
the boiler's flame or heat source. This system eliminates
the need for a storage tank.
INDIRECT WATER HEATERS
Indirect water heaters use a home's boiler or furnace as
the heat source to heat water indirectly. A heat
exchanger coil within a separate insulated storage tank
is heated by fluid (usually water or a water-antifreeze
mixture) circulated from the boiler. This system
efficiently heats stored water by transferring heat from
the boiler to the tank via the heat exchanger.
HEAT PUMP WATER HEATERS
Heat pump water heaters use electricity to move heat
from the surrounding air to the water stored in a tank,
making them more energy-efficient than traditional
electric resistance water heaters.
HOW DO THEY WORK:
Use electricity to move heat from the surrounding air
to the water.
Consist of a fan, evaporator coil, compressor, and
condenser coil to transfer heat efficiently.
SOLAR WATER HEATERS
Solar water heaters use energy from the sun to heat
water. They are environmentally friendly and can
significantly reduce energy bills.
TYPES OF SOLAR WATER HEATERS :
1.) Active Systems: Use pumps to circulate the heattransfer fluid.
Direct Circulation Systems: Circulate household
water through the collectors.
Indirect Circulation Systems: Use a non-freezing
fluid to transfer heat to the water.
2.) Passive Systems: Rely on natural convection to
circulate water or a heat-transfer fluid.
Integral Collector-Storage Systems: Combine the
collector and storage tank in one unit.
Thermosiphon Systems: Use gravity and natural
convection to move water between the collector and
tank.
DESUPERHEATERS
Desuperheaters are devices used to reduce the
temperature of superheated steam or gas by injecting
water into it, bringing it closer to saturation
temperature. They are commonly used in industrial
processes and power plants to control the temperature
of steam and improve efficiency.
TYPES OF DESUPERHEATERS:
1.) Spray-Type Desuperheaters:
2.) Venturi-Type Desuperheaters:
3.) Shell and Tube Desuperheaters:
TOPIC D
Pastias, J.
BASIC PROPERTIES OF
FLUID FLOW OF A BUILDING
PLUMBING SYSTEM
by: Jessica Pastias
& Raven Austria
What is Fluid?
is a substance which can flow. Technically, the flow of any substance
means a continuous relative motion between different particles of the
substance.
a substance that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external
pressure; a gas or (especially) a liquid.
What is fluid flow?
the movement of a substance (liquid or gas) from one location to
another, driven by forces like pressure gradients.
How does fluid flow?
it is because of the continuous relative motion between
the particles of the fluid when shear force is acting on it.
Shear Force - is a force
applied perpendicular to a
surface, in opposition to an
offset force acting in the
opposite direction.
When does fluid flow change?
the fluid flow can change in response to alterations in
boundary conditions, such as changes in temperature,
pressure, or flow rate.
Basic Properties of Fluid
Flow
Flow rate
Velocity
Pressure
Pressure Drop
Density
Compressibility
Viscosity
Elasticity
Surface Tension
Flow Rate
the quantity that expresses how much substance
passes through a cross-sectional area over a specified
time. For liquids, it is typically measured in liters per
minute (L/min) or gallons per minute (GPM). For
gases, it's often measured in cubic meters per second
(m³/s) or cubic feet per minute (CFM).
Velocity
refers to the speed at which a fluid
moves through a particular area. It is
a vector quantity, meaning it has
both magnitude (speed) and
direction. It can be expressed in
various units such as meters per
second (m/s) or feet per second
(ft/s).
Pressure
Fluid pressure is a
measurement of the force per
unit area on an object in the
fluid or on the surface of a
closed container. This
pressure can be caused by
gravity, acceleration, or by
forces outside a closed
container. Since a fluid has no
definite shape, its pressure
applies in all directions.
Pressure Drop
is defined as the
difference in total
pressure between two
points of a fluid carrying
network. A pressure drop
occurs when frictional
forces, caused by the
resistance to flow, act on
a fluid as it flows through
the tube
Density
depends on the
mass of an individual
molecule and the
number of such
molecules that
occupy a unit of
volume. For liquids,
density depends
primarily on the
particular liquid and,
to a much smaller
extent, on its
temperature.
Austria, R.
Compressibility
is when pressure is applied on a fluid, its
volume decreases. All fluids in nature are
compressible, that is, if enough pressure
is applied on a macroscopic fluid
element, its volume decreases.
Incompressible Flow:
For liquids, which are often considered
incompressible, density remains nearly
constant regardless of pressure
changes. This simplifies the analysis
and equations governing fluid flow,
such as the continuity equation, which
assumes constant density.
Compressible Flow:
For gases, which are
compressible, density can vary
significantly with pressure and
temperature changes. This
necessitates more complex
analysis and equations that
account for these variations.
Viscosity
is a property of
fluid which defines
the interaction
between the
moving particles of
the fluid.
Technically it is the
property of
resistance to flow
in any material with
fluid property.
Elasticity
in the context of fluids
refers to a fluid's ability to
resist changes in volume or
shape and to return to its
original state once the
applied stress is removed.
Some examples are
Polymer Solutions, Slime,
Blood, and Gel-like
substances that exhibit
viscoelastic properties.
Surface Tension
The molecules on the
surface of a liquid, that is, the
interface between the liquid
and the air are bound
together by a week force
called surface tension. This
force makes the liquid form
a layer and is caused due to
the cohesive force between
the molecules of the liquid.