Cambridge IGCSE and O Level History Workbook 2

ducation m bridge A YEARS ss es al E Ca 25 on W king for ove or r i sm WITH rnat e n t Int e Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Core Content Option B: The 20th Century: International Relations since 1919 Benjamin Harrison 1 421202_FM_Cam_IGCSE__O_L_His_i-ii.indd 1 31/05/18 7:40 AM Contents CORE CONTENT OPTION B: The 20th century: International Relations since 1919 01 09 26 41 56 71 85 Key Question 1: Were the peace treaties of 1919–23 fair? Key Question 2: To what extent was the League of Nations a success? Key Question 3: Why had international peace collapsed by 1939? Key Question 4: Who was to blame for the Cold War? Key Question 5: How effectively did the USA contain the spread of communism? Key Question 6: How secure was the USSR’s control over eastern Europe 1948–c.1989? Key Question 7: Why did events in the Gulf matter, c.1970–2000? How to use this workbook This workbook is part of a suite of resources for IGCSE History. The textbook covers the content that you need to know and includes Focus Tasks that develop the analytical thinking about the issues embedded in the Key Questions and Focus Points. This workbook has more modest aims – it is a course companion that you use alongside your textbook. • It will help you check your knowledge of the content. • It should help build your writing confidence as you use your knowledge to write short explanations or arguments using the structured writing frames we have provided. • It will be useful for revision because you will create tables and charts to show, for example, the features or causes of events. However, it does not offer exam practice and does not require that you write extended answers. Other workbooks available are: Workbook 2A – Depth Study: Russia, 1905–41, ISBN 9781510448308 Workbook 2B – Depth Study: Germany, 1918–45, ISBN 9781510448575 Workbook 2C – Depth Study: The USA, 1919–41, ISBN 9781510448582 Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked, the Publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. Although every effort has been made to ensure that website addresses are correct at time of going to press, Hodder Education cannot be held responsible for the content of any website mentioned in this book. It is sometimes possible to find a relocated web page by typing in the address of the home page for a website in the URL window of your browser. Hachette UK’s policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and made from wood grown in sustainable forests. The logging and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. IGCSE® is a registered trademark. The questions, example answers, marks awarded and/or comments that appear in this book were written by the authors. In the examination, the way marks would be awarded to answers like these may be different. Orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4SE. Telephone: +44 (0)1235 827827. Fax: +44 (0)1235 400401. Email education@bookpoint.co.uk Lines are open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service. You can also order through our website: www.hoddereducation.com ISBN: 978 1 5104 2120 2 © Benjamin Harrison 2018 First published in 2018 by Hodder Education, An Hachette UK Company Carmelite House 50 Victoria Embankment London EC4Y 0DZ Impression number Year 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or held within any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, www.cla.co.uk Typeset in India Printed in the UK by Hobbs the Printer Ltd A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. ii 421202_FM_Cam_IGCSE__O_L_His_i-ii.indd 2 21/05/18 8:50 AM 1 ey Question 1: Were the peace K treaties of 1919–23 fair? 1 Using Chapter 1 of your textbook, match the heads and tails to define the key terms. Heads Tails Reparations Compensation for war damages Paris Peace Conference Literally a ‘dictated peace’ – a settlement imposed on a country by other countries An agreement made by adjusting terms so all parties agree Armistice Diktat The ceasefire signed on the 11 November 1918 that formally ended the fighting in the First World War The meeting of the victorious nations to decide on the peace treaty with Germany Compromise 2 Use Chapter 1 of your textbook to connect the following events with the correct date on the timeline. Treaty of Versailles signed Reparations Commission Nov, 1918 Jan, 1919 Armistice signed Jun, 1919 Paris Peace Conference starts Jun, 1920 Treaty of Trianon signed May, 1921 • The Big Three and the Paris Peace Conference (pages 6–10) 3 Use pages 6–7 of your textbook. How many countries were represented at the Paris Peace Conference? ............................................................................................................................................ 4 Who were the ‘Big Three’ and which countries were they leaders of? Name: ......................................................... Country: ......................................................... Name: ......................................................... Country: ......................................................... Name: ......................................................... Country: ......................................................... 5 List the four most important ideas in Wilson’s Fourteen Points. We have provided initial letters. D: ............................................................... S: .................................................................. F: ............................................................... L: .................................................................. Photocopying prohibited 421202_C1_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_001-008.indd 1 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 1 12/05/18 4:06 PM 1 Key Question 1: Were the peace treaties of 1919–23 fair? 6 Study pages 8–9 of your textbook. What were the aims of the ‘Big Three’ at the Paris Peace Conference? Use three different colours and the key provided to colour code the boxes. Lloyd George Disarmament of European countries To have a League of Nations Clemenceau To retain the most powerful navy To reduce German military power Wilson To trade with Germany again To reclaim lost French lands To punish and cripple Germany economically To punish Germany, but not too harshly 7 Study the profiles of Wilson, Lloyd George and Clemenceau on pages 6–9 in your textbook. Draw a line to link the name on the left with the phrase on the right that best describes their individual character. Woodrow Wilson A realist who occupied the middle ground David Lloyd George An uncompromising politician who wanted to prevent another invasion from Germany Georges Clemenceau A reformer and an idealist 8 Use pages 8–9 of your textbook to answer the following questions. a State one way in which Lloyd George agreed with Wilson’s ideas. ............................................................................................................................................ b State one way in which Lloyd George disagreed with Wilson’s ideas. ............................................................................................................................................ c State one way in which Clemenceau agreed with Wilson’s ideas. ............................................................................................................................................ d State one way in which Clemenceau disagreed with Wilson’s ideas. ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C1_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_001-008.indd 2 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:06 PM • The Treaty of Versailles (pages 12–21) 9 Use pages 8–9 of your textbook. The text boxes show different pressures faced by Lloyd George and Clemenceau at the Paris Peace Conference. Draw a line to match each pressure to the correct leader (you can link a box to both leaders if appropriate). Public pressures at home for a harsh treaty The war resulted in enormous damage to land, industry and people Georges Clemenceau Fear of a communist revolution like the one in Russia in 1917 To make sure the British Empire would no longer be threatened David Lloyd George Over two-thirds of the men in the army were casualties, causing a population decline 10 Study Source 5 on page 10 of your textbook. Select three quotes from the source as evidence that the Big Three were not going to agree with each other’s demands for a peace settlement. Quote 1: ............................................................................................................................... Quote 2: ............................................................................................................................... Quote 3: ............................................................................................................................... • The Treaty of Versailles (pages 12–21) 11 Study pages 12–13 of your textbook to answer the following questions. a What was the war guilt clause? ........................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... b What amount were reparations set at in 1921? ...................................................................... c What was meant by the term Anschluss? ............................................................................... d What happened to Germany’s overseas colonies? .................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... e How many soldiers was Germany allowed? ............................................................................ f How many battleships was Germany allowed? ....................................................................... g Which area of Germany was to be demilitarised? .................................................................... h What organisation was set up to try to keep international peace? ............................................. Photocopying prohibited 421202_C1_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_001-008.indd 3 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 3 12/05/18 4:06 PM 1 Key Question 1: Were the peace treaties of 1919–23 fair? 12 Study Figure 6 on page 12 showing the impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany territory. Complete the table below. German territory ‘Polish Corridor’ Given to … North Schleswig Lithuania France 13 Which of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles below would the Big Three have been pleased and displeased with? Term Pleased Displeased Article 231, War guilt clause ............................................................................ However, ............................................................. would have been pleased with this because would have been displeased with this because ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ Reparations ............................................................................ However, ............................................................. would have been pleased with this because would have been displeased with this because ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ No air force ............................................................................ However, ............................................................. would have been pleased with this because would have been displeased with this because ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ No overseas colonies ............................................................................ However, ............................................................. would have been pleased with this because would have been displeased with this because ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ League of Nations ............................................................................ However, ............................................................. would have been pleased with this because would have been displeased with this because ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ 4 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C1_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_001-008.indd 4 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:06 PM • The Treaty of Versailles (pages 12–21) 14 Study the diagram on page 15 of your textbook. Match the heads and tails in the table below to explain how the Germans reacted to the peace treaty. Aspect of treaty Reaction Disarmament Many Germans believed the peace settlement was not in keeping with Wilson’s promises as Germans were forced to live in other countries, which went against self-determination. German territories Germany was not allowed to be represented at the Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty was forced on them – it was a dictated peace or ‘Diktat’. Fourteen Points This took away large areas of industrial production such as the Saar region and took away their empire. League of Nations This caused hate and resentment as many Germans felt other countries had equal blame for the start of the war. Reparations This left Germany unable to defend itself from foreign invasion and knocked the pride of many Germans. Nonrepresentation Germany was not invited to join until 1926 and so felt like an outcast among victorious powers. War guilt This left them bitter as the country was already close to being bankrupt from the huge war debt. 15 Study Source 7 on page 14 of your textbook. What does the source suggest about the attitude some people had towards the terms of the Treaty of Versailles? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 16 Use pages 16–17 of your textbook to colour code the following statements as either political, economic or social impacts of the Treaty on Germany up to 1923. Colour code the key as well. Political Economic Social Germany paid the first instalment of the reparations in 1921, but failed to pay in 1922, claiming it could not afford it. The Kapp Putsch of 1920 was an attempt by the rightwing Freikorps to seize power as they hated the Treaty of Versailles. In 1922, the German Foreign Minister, Walter Rathenau, was murdered by right-wing extremists. The French and Belgians invaded the Ruhr, which resulted in over 100 workers being killed and over 100,000 protestors being expelled. Ebert ordered striking workers in the Ruhr to be paid by printing more money, leading to hyperinflation. The Munich Putsch of 1923, led by Hitler and the Nazi Party, tried to seize power in Bavaria as a protest against the Weimar Government. Photocopying prohibited 421202_C1_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_001-008.indd 5 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 5 12/05/18 4:06 PM 1 Key Question 1: Were the peace treaties of 1919–23 fair? 17 Use pages 16–17 of your textbook to answer the following questions. a How did Hitler use the Treaty of Versailles to increase support for the Nazi Party? ............................................................................................................................................ b How did France and Belgium get what was owed to them when they occupied the Ruhr in 1923? ............................................................................................................................................ c What was the main problem for the Germany economy caused by hyperinflation in 1923? ............................................................................................................................................ d Give one example of a group in German society who gained from hyperinflation. ............................................................................................................................................ e Give one example of a group in German society that lost out from hyperinflation. ............................................................................................................................................ 18 Study Sources 14 and 16 on pages 18 and 19 of your textbook. a What message is Source 14 trying to convey about the future effects of the Treaty? ............................................................................................................................................ b Who is Source 14 blaming for the future problems caused by the Treaty? ............................................................................................................................................ c What is Source 16 suggesting about Germany’s attitude? ............................................................................................................................................ 19 Study Source 23 on page 21 of your textbook. a Choose a sentence from the source that indicates the Treaty of Versailles was not too unfair on Germany. Write it here: ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 6 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C1_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_001-008.indd 6 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:06 PM • The other peace settlements (pages 22–25) b Choose a sentence from the source that tells the reader why the Treaty was a failure. Write it here: ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 20 Study Source 24 on page 21 of your textbook. a Choose a sentence from the source that indicates the peacemakers failed when making the Treaty. Write it here: ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ b Choose a sentence from the source that suggests the Second World War was not the fault of peacemakers. Write it here: ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ • The other peace settlements (pages 22–25) 21 Study the information on pages 22–24 of your textbook. Add to the table below information about the other peace settlements. (Some boxes will be left empty and some have been done for you!) Treaty Dealt with… Military terms Economic terms Territorial terms Treaty of St Germain, 1919 Austria Army limited to 30,000 Caused economic problems Austro-Hungarian Empire broken up Treaty of Neuilly, 1919 Treaty of Trianon, 1920 Treaty of Sevres, 1920 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C1_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_001-008.indd 7 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 7 12/05/18 4:06 PM 1 Key Question 1: Were the peace treaties of 1919–23 fair? 22 Study the information about the Treaty of Sevres on page 24, including the map in Figure 28. a Which European nations benefited from the Treaty? ............................................................................................................................................ b Which Middle-Eastern nation benefited from the Treaty? ............................................................................................................................................ c As well as territory, what else did the Allies now control in Turkey? ............................................................................................................................................ d What impact do you think this Treaty would have on the Turkish people? ............................................................................................................................................ 23 Use pages 24–25 of your textbook to answer the following questions. a Why did the ‘Big Three’ agree that Turkey had to be punished? ............................................................................................................................................ b How did Wilson intend to impose his Fourteen Points in Turkey? ............................................................................................................................................ c What was the main reason for Britain and France wanting to control parts of Turkey? ............................................................................................................................................ d Why was Britain especially interested in controlling Iraq? ............................................................................................................................................ e How did the Turkish people react to the Treaty? ............................................................................................................................................ f What happened to Armenia after it was forced to abandon its hope of independence? ............................................................................................................................................ g What was the name and date of the treaty that finalised the borders in Turkey? Name: ................................................................................. 8 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C1_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_001-008.indd 8 Date: ................................. Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:06 PM 2 ey Question 2: To what extent K was the League of Nations a success? 1 Use Chapter 2 of your textbook to draw lines to match the heads with the correct tails to define the key terms. Heads Tails Covenant An agreement or set of rules/aims Collective security Punishments, most commonly economic, when international law was broken Sanctions The process of getting rid of weapons Isolationist Key principle of the League of Nations whereby each member state would promise to defend the other member states from attack Disarmament US policy in the 1920s which stated that America should not involve itself in international disputes • Setting up the League of Nations (pages 30–33) 2 Read page 30 of your textbook and answer the following questions. a What type of organisation did Wilson believe the League of Nations should be? ............................................................................................................................................ b What type of organisation did Britain believe the League of Nations should be? ............................................................................................................................................ c What type of organisation did France believe the League of Nations should be? ............................................................................................................................................ d Explain France’s reasons for wanting a different type of League of Nations to Britain and the USA. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Study Sources 2 and 3 on page 30 of your textbook. a What does Source 2 suggest about Wilson’s main aim for the League of Nations? ............................................................................................................................................ Photocopying prohibited 421202_C2_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_009-025.indd 9 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 9 12/05/18 4:05 PM 2 Key Question 2: To what extent was the League of Nations a success? b What point was Wilson trying to convey in Source 3 about the League of Nations? ............................................................................................................................................ 4 Read page 30 of your textbook and answer the following questions. a What is meant by the term idealism? ............................................................................................................................................ b Colour in all the text boxes below that are evidence that the plan for the League of Nations was idealistic. The League members would promise to defend each other in case of attack. Many in Europe were tired of war and would support the idea of a League. All major nations would join the League of Nations and disarm. Nations would donate their armies to the League to protect other countries. The League would stop trading with countries that broke international law. The USA would lead the way in the League. c Look at the statements above in question 4b. Are there any contradictions in what Wilson hoped to achieve? If so, explain them here. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 5 Study Sources 4A and 4B on page 31 of your textbook. Now match up the source details with their meanings by drawing a line to connect them. One has been done for you. Source detail Meaning The olive branch with the words ‘League of Nations’ written on it. This suggests that the USA is leading the way with the League of Nations. The cliff with the words ‘The old order of things’ written on it. This suggests that Wilson wants to rush forward with setting up the League of Nations. The caption reading ‘Ready to Start’. This suggests that the League of Nations is unrealistic and might not work. Wilson saying ‘Here’s your olive branch. Now get busy’. This suggests that the League of Nations wants to promote peace in the world. The plane with ‘League of Nations’ written on it and Uncle Sam pointing outwards. This suggests that the problems of the past need to be left behind. The caption reading ‘Overweighted’. This suggests that Britain is prepared to support the aims of the League of Nations. 10 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C2_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_009-025.indd 10 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:05 PM • Setting up the League of Nations (pages 30–33) 6 Read pages 32–33 of your textbook to answer the following questions. a What is US Congress and why was it important for Wilson? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ b State four different reasons why some Americans did not like the idea of the League of Nations. Put the correct reason in the category provided in brackets. i .................................................................................................................... (Military) ii .................................................................................................................... (Military) iii .................................................................................................................. (Economic) iv ....................................................................................................................... (Social) c How many times did Wilson try to get Congress to join the League? .......................................... d Which Republican candidate won a landslide victory in 1920 promising a ‘return to normalcy’? ............................................................................................................................................ 7 Read through the three text boxes below. The USA never joined the League. How would each of these factors affect the League’s ability to fulfil its aims? Put them in priority order and explain your ideas. The USA was the most powerful economy in the world after the First World War. The League was Wilson’s idea and he had designed its aims and drafted the plans. The USA had the potential for the largest military force in the world after the war. 1 ....................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................ This was the most significant problem for the League because ...................................................... ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 2 ....................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................ Photocopying prohibited 421202_C2_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_009-025.indd 11 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 11 12/05/18 4:05 PM 2 Key Question 2: To what extent was the League of Nations a success? This was also a significant problem for the League because .......................................................... ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 3 ....................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................ This was also a significant problem for the League because .......................................................... ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ • Aims, membership and organisation of the League of Nations (pages 34–37) 8 Study the information on page 34 about the aims of the League. Complete the six lines below to summarise the League’s aims. One has been done for you. You will see that the first letters of each line spell out the word ‘LEAGUE’. This form of memory aid is called an acrostic. L ......................................................................................................................................... E ......................................................................................................................................... Aggression discouraged by the League to prevent future wars G ........................................................................................................................................ U ........................................................................................................................................ E ........................................................................................................................................ 9 Briefly describe the meaning of Article 10 of the League’s Covenant. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 12 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C2_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_009-025.indd 12 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:05 PM • Aims, membership and organisation of the League of Nations (pages 34–37) 10 Write MILITARY, ECONOMIC or SOCIAL in the brackets next to each of the four main aims of the League of Nations to categorise them. • Discourage aggression from any nation (.......................................) • Encourage countries to co-operate, especially in business and trade (.......................................) • Encourage nations to disarm (.......................................) • Improve living and working conditions of people around the world (.......................................) 11 Read through the information and sources on page 35 and answer the following questions. a Which two nations dominated the leadership of the League of Nations? ................................................................... and ................................................................. b Name two other permanent members of the League. ................................................................... and ................................................................. c Why were these countries ill-equipped to take on the role of leader of the League? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ d What was the main priority of Britain after the First World War? ............................................................................................................................................ e What was the main priority of France after the First World War? ............................................................................................................................................ f Why might the reasons above lead the League into failure in the future? Explain your answer. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ Photocopying prohibited 421202_C2_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_009-025.indd 13 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 13 12/05/18 4:05 PM 2 Key Question 2: To what extent was the League of Nations a success? 12 Study Figure 10 on page 35. Answer the questions below. a How many years did France and Britain remain members of the League? ............................................................................................................................................ b Which major countries had the shortest membership? ............................................................................................................................................ c Using your knowledge of the Treaty of Versailles, explain why Germany only joined in 1926. ............................................................................................................................................ d Why do you think the USSR only joined in 1934? ............................................................................................................................................ 13 Study the diagram on pages 36–37 of your textbook. Colour in the different parts of the League’s organisation on the left using four different colours. Then link them to the statements on the right by colouring them the same colour. The Assembly This was the League’s parliament, with each country sending a representative. This was a civil service that kept records of meetings and prepared reports. It only met once a year and decisions had to This was a smaller group which met be agreed by all members. about five times a year, or more in emergencies. The Council The Court of Justice The Secretariat 14 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C2_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_009-025.indd 14 Each member of this body had a veto which could stop any action taken by the League. This body could recommend actions to the Council. This organisation had different sections to deal with health, disarmament and economics. There were four permanent members: Britain, France, Italy and Japan. This organisation settled disputes between countries peacefully. It had a range of powers to use on members that broke the rules, such as economic sanctions. It was based in the Hague in the Netherlands and was made up of judges from each country. It could authorise military force if necessary, using forces from member countries. It gave legal advice and settled arguments over borders between countries. It could vote on admitting new members to the League. Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:05 PM • Aims, membership and organisation of the League of Nations (pages 34–37) 14 Briefly describe two functions of the ILO. a ....................................................................................................................................... b ....................................................................................................................................... 15 Complete the boxes below by adding detail about each of the League of Nations commissions. The Mandates Commission The Slavery Commission Aim: Aim: ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. Detail: Detail: ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................. ................................................................. The Refugees Committee The Health Committee Aim: Aim: ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. Detail: Detail: ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................. ................................................................. Photocopying prohibited 421202_C2_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_009-025.indd 15 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 15 12/05/18 4:05 PM 2 Key Question 2: To what extent was the League of Nations a success? 16 Explain how each of the organisations in the League’s structure could be viewed as a strength or a weakness (use the hints to help you). This could be a strength of the League because (think about how democratic and representative it was): ...................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................... The Assembly ...................................................................................................................................................................... This could also be a weakness because (think about how often it met): ...................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................... This could be a strength of the League because (think about how often it met and its powers): ...................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................... The Council ...................................................................................................................................................................... This could also be a weakness because (think about the veto or the fact the USA was not a member): ...................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................... These could be a strength of the League because (think about how they dealt with social problems after the war): ...................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................... The ILO and the Commissions ...................................................................................................................................................................... These could also be a weakness because (think about the scale of the problems): ...................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C2_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_009-025.indd 16 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:05 PM • The League’s work in the 1920s (pages 38–43) • The League’s work in the 1920s (pages 38–43) 17 Study Sources 12 and 13 on page 39. a What problem is highlighted in Source 12 concerning the power of the League to deal with disputes? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ b How does Source 13 differ from Source 12 in its interpretation of the League’s success? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 18 Complete the opinion line below by adding successes and failures of the League in dealing with disputes in the 1920s. Use the examples in the text boxes below and add more from your own research. Poland and Lithuania, 1920 Poland and Germany, 1921 Finland and Sweden (Aaland Islands), 1921 Italy and Greece (Corfu), 1923 Bulgaria and Greece, 1925 S U C C E S S F A I L U R E 19 Briefly explain how the Corfu incident highlighted that the League of Nations could be undermined by its own members. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 20 Why did the Geneva Protocol fail? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ Photocopying prohibited 421202_C2_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_009-025.indd 17 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 17 12/05/18 4:05 PM 2 Key Question 2: To what extent was the League of Nations a success? 21 Study page 41 of your textbook. Complete the table below to summarise the agencies’ work in the 1920s and the problems they faced (not all boxes need to be filled). Issue Successes Refugees Problems How effective was the League? *rating and justify your choice I award the League’s effectiveness ......................... because ............................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... Working conditions I award the League’s effectiveness ......................... because ............................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... Health I award the League’s effectiveness ......................... because ............................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... Transport I award the League’s effectiveness ......................... because ............................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... Social problems I award the League’s effectiveness ......................... because ............................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... 18 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C2_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_009-025.indd 18 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:05 PM • The League’s work in the 1920s (pages 38–43) 22 What one issue seems to limit the continued success of the League of Nations’ commissions and committees in the 1920s? ............................................................................................................................................ 23 Study pages 42–43 of your textbook to answer the following questions. a Why was the League of Nations not able to succeed in bringing about disarmament? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ b Why was the League’s failure in disarmament damaging to its reputation in Germany? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ c Why was the League’s failure in disarmament not too serious in the 1920s? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 24 Examine the Factfile on page 42 of your textbook. Briefly explain how each of these agreements in the 1920s helped Germany and the work of the League of Nations. 1924, Dawes Plan helped Germany and the work of the League because ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 1925, Locarno Treaties helped Germany and the work of the League because ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 1929, Young Plan helped Germany and the work of the League because ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 25 Why was economic recovery helpful to the League of Nations’ work? ............................................................................................................................................ Photocopying prohibited 421202_C2_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_009-025.indd 19 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 19 12/05/18 4:05 PM 2 Key Question 2: To what extent was the League of Nations a success? • The failure of the League of Nations in the 1930s (pages 44–55) 26 Study pages 44–45 of your textbook to answer the following questions. a What three events led to a decline in the effectiveness of the League of Nations in the 1930s? i .................................................................................................................................. ii .................................................................................................................................. iii .................................................................................................................................. b What were the main economic and political effects of the Depression? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ c Study Figure 1 on page 44. Which countries were worst hit by the Depression? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 27 Read through the information on page 45 of your textbook. The boxes below summarise the impact of the Depression. Categorise each one as S (Social), E (Economic), P (Political) or M (Militarism). Britain and the USA The USA stopped looked inward and lending money to focused on sorting out countries like Britain their own economies. and Germany, leading to unemployment. In Germany, the Depression led to growing support for Hitler and the Nazi Party. In Japan, the government was overthrown by military leaders. Hitler promised to take back German land lost in the Treaty of Versailles. Britain and France ignored the League of Nations to deal with their own problems. In Italy and Japan, the Depression led to the desire to build overseas empires. Many countries such as Britain, Italy, Japan and Germany began to rearm. 28 How would the following make the League of Nations’ work more difficult? a Growth in extremism and nationalism: ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 20 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C2_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_009-025.indd 20 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:05 PM • The failure of the League of Nations in the 1930s (pages 44–55) b High unemployment and governments’ inability to deal with the issue effectively: ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ c Increasing militarism in Italy, Japan and Germany: ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 29 Study Figure 2 on page 45 of your textbook. Danger level a Use the graph below to draw a bar according to the danger each country posed to the League of Nations and to international peace and co-operation. Briefly explain your choices inside the bar. Germany Britain USA Japan Italy b Choose the country that you think posed the biggest threat to the League of Nations. Explain your choice below, giving evidence to support your answer. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ Photocopying prohibited 421202_C2_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_009-025.indd 21 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 21 12/05/18 4:05 PM 2 Key Question 2: To what extent was the League of Nations a success? The Manchurian crisis, 1933–34 (pages 46–47) 30 Read through the information and sources on pages 46–47 of your textbook and answer the following questions. a How was Japan affected by the Depression? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ b What was Japan’s excuse for invasion in 1931 and 1933? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ c Briefly describe how the League investigated when China appealed to the League of Nations. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ d How did Japan respond to the League’s decision? ............................................................................................................................................ e State three reasons why the League failed in dealing with Japanese aggression. i .................................................................................................................................. ii .................................................................................................................................. iii .................................................................................................................................. 31 Study Source 5 on page 47. What comment is the cartoonist making? a The cartoonist is suggesting that Japan is ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ because in the source it shows ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 22 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C2_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_009-025.indd 22 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:05 PM • The failure of the League of Nations in the 1930s (pages 44–55) b The cartoonist is suggesting that the League of Nations is ............................................................................................................................................ because in the source it shows ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ Disarmament (pages 48–49) 32 Read through the sources and information on pages 48–49 of your textbook. Complete the diagram below, summarising the main reasons for the League’s failure to convince nations to disarm in the 1930s. Reasons for failure The Abyssinian crisis (pages 50–53) 33 Study pages 50–52 in your textbook, including the sources, to answer the following questions. a What year did Mussolini invade Abyssinia? ....................................... b Why might this aggression be easier for the League to deal with than Japan’s in Manchuria? ............................................................................................................................................ c Study Figure 9 and the ‘Background’ information on page 50 of your textbook. Use the key provided to colour code the different reasons for Mussolini’s decision to invade Abyssinia in 1935. Economic Military Strategic Abyssinia was the only African nation that was still independent and not a colony. Mussolini wanted revenge for the failed invasion in 1896. Abyssinia was near the Red Sea and access could be gained through the Suez Canal. Abyssinia had rich mineral deposits for trade. Mussolini dreamed of military conquest and building an African empire. In 1934, a dispute between Italian and Abyssinian soldiers was used as an excuse. Abyssinia had rich and fertile lands for growing food and breeding cattle. Mussolini wanted to recreate the Roman Empire to bring him support at home. Photocopying prohibited 421202_C2_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_009-025.indd 23 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 23 12/05/18 4:05 PM 2 Key Question 2: To what extent was the League of Nations a success? 34 Use the flow diagram below to summarise the events of the invasion, the role of the League and the role of Britain and France. Use the subheadings to give appropriate detail. January–October 1935: Stresa Pact, 1935: League of Nations Union in Britain: October 1935 invasion: League of Nations’ sanctions: Suez Canal: December 1935, Hoare–Laval Pact: French press: US response: 35 How did Hitler take advantage of the Abyssinian crisis in 1936? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 24 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C2_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_009-025.indd 24 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:05 PM • Key Question 2 review • Key Question 2 review 36 Use Chapter 2 of your textbook and the answers in this part of the workbook to rank the reasons for the failure of the League in the 1930s. Number each of the text boxes below in rank order (the thing that most damaged the League will be at the top) and justify your decision in the pyramid below. The Japanese invasion of Manchuria, 1931–33 The Italian invasion of Abyssinia, 1935–36 The League’s lack of a permanent military The absence of key major powers, particularly the USA Britain and France’s domination of the League and selfinterest The Wall Street Crash and economic depression in the 1930s The problems caused by the peace treaties after the First World War The weaknesses in the structure and idealism of the League 1 2 4 6 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C2_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_009-025.indd 25 3 5 7 8 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 25 12/05/18 4:05 PM 3 ey Question 3: Why had K international peace collapsed by 1939? 1 Use Chapter 3 of your textbook to draw lines to match the heads with the correct tails to define the key terms. Heads Tails Rearmament 1936 alliance between Germany and Japan to stop the spread of communism Plebiscite An area of Germany that bordered France and was demilitarised – no German forces were allowed there Rhineland The policy followed by Britain and France whereby they allowed Hitler to break the terms of the Treaty of Versailles The Axis alliance The alliance of Germany, Italy and Japan agreed in 1937 Anti-Comintern Pact A vote by the people to decide on their rulers Appeasement The policy of building weapons and the armed forces of a country Lebensraum Literally ‘living space’; Hitler’s aim to expand Germany into the East 2 Read pages 58–59 of your textbook to arrange the following events into chronological order on the timeline provided by drawing a line from the text box to the correct date. Hitler used his new Luftwaffe (air force) in the Spanish Civil War. Axis formed. Hitler reintroduced conscription in Germany and remilitarised the Rhineland. Hitler attempts to take over Austria but Mussolini stops him. Hitler invades Austria and later takes the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. Germany left the League of Nations. Hitler invades Czechoslovakia; invades Poland, which leads to Second World War. 1933 1934 1936 1937 1938 1939 • Hitler’s plans (pages 58–59) 3 What was the name of the book written by Hitler in 1924 that laid out his future plans for Germany? ............................................................................................................................................ 4 Study Sources 1 and 2 on page 58 to answer the following questions. a What does Hitler intend to do with the peace treaties signed after the First World War? ............................................................................................................................................ 26 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C3_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_026-040.indd 26 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:04 PM • Hitler’s plans (pages 58–59) b Which countries does Hitler think should be the focus for military expansion? ............................................................................................................................................ c What is meant by the term ‘colonisation’? ............................................................................................................................................ d What reason does Hitler give for his policy of expansion into the ‘lands of the east’? ............................................................................................................................................ 5 Use page 58 to complete the diagram below by adding detail to each of the three branches. Aim 1: Abolish the Treaty of Versailles Aim 2: Expansion What were Hitler’s plans? Aim 3: Destroy communism 6 Study Source 4 and the information on pages 58–59 of your textbook. Use the text boxes provided to complete the table below to compare different interpretations of Hitler. Mein Kampf states that Germany needed to gain Lebensraum in the East. The worldwide economic depression caused massive problems in Germany. The Treaty of Versailles led to a rise in nationalism in Germany. The League of Nations failed to stop aggression and militarism. Hitler intended to destroy the communists in the Soviet Union. Britain and France followed a policy of Appeasement. Hitler was the mastermind and planned the Second World War (Hitler the ‘Planner’) Photocopying prohibited 421202_C3_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_026-040.indd 27 Hitler was a gambler and took opportunities when they arose, which led to war (Hitler the ‘Gambler’) Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 27 12/05/18 4:04 PM 3 Key Question 3: Why had international peace collapsed by 1939? • Hitler’s actions 1935–38 (pages 60–65) Rearmament (page 60) 7 Read page 60 of your textbook and answer the following questions. a State two reasons why Hitler introduced rearmament in Germany when he came to power in 1933. i .................................................................................................................................. ii .................................................................................................................................. b Briefly describe how Hitler managed to rearm even though the terms of the Treaty forbade it. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ c What year did Hitler reintroduce conscription? ....................................................................... d Describe Britain’s attitude to Germany’s rearmament. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ e What were the terms of the Anglo-German naval agreement in 1935? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ f Study Source 5 on page 60 of your textbook. What reason is Lord Lothian giving for Germany’s rearmament? Why might Britain have this point of view? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 8 Study Figure 6 on page 60. a How far does Figure 6 suggest that Hitler was preparing for war? Explain your answer using details from the source. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 28 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C3_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_026-040.indd 28 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:04 PM • Hitler’s actions 1935–38 (pages 60–65) b Study Figure 6. Circle the correct answer in italics to complete the statements below. • Spending on rearming increased by approximately 2x 3x 4x between 1935 and 1939. • Spending rose at its sharpest rate between 1935–36 1937–38 1939–40. • By the time war broke out, military spending was almost a third a half a quarter of total spending in Germany. 9 Study Figure 7 on page 60 of your textbook. a Which branch of the armed forces saw the biggest growth between 1932 and 1939? ............................................................................................................................................ b Why was the number of warships, aircraft and soldiers so low in 1932? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ The Saar (page 61) 10 Read the information and look at the sources on page 61 of your textbook then answer the following questions. a Who ran the Saar region according to the Treaty of Versailles? ............................................................................................................................................ b How did France benefit from the Saar region according to the Treaty of Versailles? ............................................................................................................................................ c How did Hitler legally take over the Saar region? ............................................................................................................................................ d What percentage of the population voted to return to Germany in the plebiscite? ............................................................................................................................................ e Explain why this would be a victory for Hitler. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ Photocopying prohibited 421202_C3_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_026-040.indd 29 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 29 12/05/18 4:04 PM 3 Key Question 3: Why had international peace collapsed by 1939? The Rhineland (pages 62–63) 11 Read through the information and sources on pages 62–63 of your textbook and answer the following questions. a Which countries have a border with the Rhineland? ............................................................................................................................................ b What was the main reason for the demilitarisation of the Rhineland in the Treaty of Versailles? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ c Give a reason why Hitler’s remilitarisation of the Rhineland was such a gamble. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ d Complete the two sentences below by filling in the gaps. Hitler believed Britain would not involve itself with the remilitarisation of the Rhineland because ............................................................................................................................................ Hitler thought that it was fair to place his troops on the French border because France had ............................................................................................................................................ 12 Read through the sources and information on pages 62–63 of your textbook then answer the following questions. a Study Source 13 on page 63. Select two quotes from the source that suggest Hitler was taking a gamble over the remilitarisation of the Rhineland. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ b Study Source 14 on page 63. Who does William Shirer blame for Hitler’s invasion of the Rhineland? ............................................................................................................................................ c What other evidence is there to explain the lack of French action over the Rhineland? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 30 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C3_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_026-040.indd 30 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:04 PM • Appeasement (pages 66-69) d Why did the League of Nations fail to stop Hitler’s invasion of the Rhineland? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 13 Study Source 15 on page 63 of your textbook. Now match up the source details with their meanings by drawing a line to connect them. One has been done for you. Source detail Meaning The Nazi flags sticking out of the windows This suggests the Germans were using their military to expand their territory. The ripped Locarno Pact Treaty on the street This suggests that the Nazis are saying the invasion is a mistake or accident. The weapons being carried by the goose This suggests that the Nazis are coming in peace. The caption at the bottom reading ‘ONLY THROUGH THE RHINELAND – PRAY EXCUSE MY BLUNDER!’ This suggests that the Nazis are ignoring the terms of the Locarno Pacts, 1925, which agreed Germany’s western borders with France. The small olive branch with ‘PAX GERMANICA’ written on it. This suggests that there are Nazi supporters in the Rhineland. The Anschluss with Austria (page 65) 14 State four reasons why Hitler wanted to create an Anschluss with Austria using the categories provided. Military: ............................................................................................................................... Economic: ............................................................................................................................. Mein Kampf: .......................................................................................................................... Treaty of Versailles: ................................................................................................................ • Appeasement (pages 66-69) 15 Use the information on pages 66–67 in your textbook to answer the following questions. a What is meant by the term ‘Appeasement’? ............................................................................................................................................ b Which country is most associated with the policy of Appeasement? ............................................................................................................................................ c Which British politician and later prime minister is most associated with Appeasement? ............................................................................................................................................ d Was the majority of the British public in favour of Appeasement? ............................................................................................................................................ Photocopying prohibited 421202_C3_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_026-040.indd 31 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 31 12/05/18 4:04 PM 3 Key Question 3: Why had international peace collapsed by 1939? e Can you give a reason why, using the cards on page 66 to help you? ............................................................................................................................................ 16 Study the cards on page 66 and Source 19 on page 67 of your textbook to answer the following questions. a Is the cartoonist of Source 19 supportive or critical of democratic leaders? ............................................................................................................................................ b Which card from page 66 best explains the details of the cartoon in Source 19? Explain your answer. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 17 Use the cards on page 66 to complete the following tasks. a Pick your top three arguments for and against Appeasement from the cards and add them to the table in priority order. Arguments against Arguments for 1 1 2 2 3 3 b Justify your choices by completing the following sentences. The strongest argument for Appeasement was ........................................................................ because ........................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 32 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C3_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_026-040.indd 32 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:04 PM • Appeasement (pages 66-69) The strongest argument against Appeasement was ................................................................. because ................................................................. ......................................................... ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ c Neville Chamberlain said, ‘My good friends, for the second time in our history, a British prime minister has returned from Germany bringing peace with honour. I believe it is peace for our time.’ Use one of the cards to explain why Chamberlain may have been a supporter of Appeasement. Card: ............................................................................................................................................ Explanation: ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ d Winston Churchill said, ‘An appeaser is one who feeds a crocodile, hoping it will eat him last.’ Use one of the cards to explain why Churchill may have been critical of Appeasement. Card: ............................................................................................................................................ Explanation: ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ Photocopying prohibited 421202_C3_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_026-040.indd 33 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 33 12/05/18 4:04 PM 3 Key Question 3: Why had international peace collapsed by 1939? e Use the key provided to colour code the text boxes on the diagram below. Some boxes may be more than one colour. Economic Political Fear of communism Britain and its allies were concerned about the spread of communism from the USSR – Germany was a useful buffer against Stalin. Military First World War The British and French public remembered the horrors of the Great War and the huge number of casualties – they did not want to repeat this! Social British Empire The British Government was not confident that it could rely on its colonies to support it if a war broke out. Why did Britain follow a policy of Appeasement? Treaty of Versailles Many in Britain felt the peace settlement was too harsh and Hitler was just undoing the most unjust terms. Depression The Great Depression of the 1930s had caused unemployment and debt problems that had to take priority over conflict with Germany. British military Britain’s armed forces were not adequate for a confrontation with Germany, and British intelligence informed the Government that more time was needed to rearm. The Sudetenland and the Munich Agreement (pages 68–71) 18 Read the information on pages 68–70 and study all the sources to complete the tasks below. a Draw a line from each text box to the correct date on the timeline below. Anschluss with Austria French and British inform Czechs of Hitler’s demands Mar 1938 Munich Agreement signed May 1938 Hitler threatens to invade Czechoslovakia Chamberlain meets Hitler to discuss demands 15 Sept 1938 29 Sept 1938 19 Sept 1938 b Why was invading Czechoslovakia a risk for Hitler? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 34 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C3_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_026-040.indd 34 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:04 PM • Appeasement (pages 66-69) c Use the key provided to colour code the reasons why Hitler wanted to invade the Sudetenland. Military Economic Territorial The Sudetenland contained many Czech mines and industries. Hitler wanted to reunite all German speakers. Czechoslovakia had a modern army that could threaten Germany. To create a Greater Germany. The Sudetenland contained Czech forts and defences. Hitler could launch a full invasion of Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakian territory stabbed into the side of Germany. Hitler needed to be able to attack Poland to create Lebensraum. d How did Hitler use the Sudetenland Nazi Party to help him? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ e Study Source 22 on page 69. What impression of Chamberlain does this source give? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ f How did Hitler’s demands over the Sudetenland change between 15 September and 19 September 1938? 15 September: .................................................................................................................. 19 September: .................................................................................................................. g Study Source 24 on page 69. How did Hitler justify his demands? Explain your answer and select two quotes to support it. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ Quote 1: .......................................................................................................................... Quote 2: .......................................................................................................................... Photocopying prohibited 421202_C3_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_026-040.indd 35 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 35 12/05/18 4:04 PM 3 Key Question 3: Why had international peace collapsed by 1939? h Which countries were invited to attend the Munich Conference on 29 September 1938? ............................................................................................................................................ i Czechoslovakia and the USSR were not consulted over the Munich Agreement. Give a reason why this would anger both nations. Czechoslovakia: ................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ USSR: .............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................ j Study the sources on page 70. Select a quote from each source and add it to the opinion line below to decide whether the Munich Agreement was a ‘triumph’ or a ‘sell-out’. One has been done for you. Source 27: ‘… but never one [Prime Minister] who worked so hard for security …’ Triumph Sell-out k What evidence is there to suggest that the Munich Agreement was a delaying tactic? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 19 Read the information and sources on page 71 of your textbook and answer the following questions. a Why do you think that Poland and Hungary took territory from Czechoslovakia based on Hitler’s foreign policy so far? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ b How did Britain, France and Czechoslovakia react to Hitler’s invasion in 1939? ............................................................................................................................................ c How did Britain end the policy of Appeasement? ............................................................................................................................................ 36 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C3_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_026-040.indd 36 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:04 PM • The Nazi–Soviet Pact and the outbreak of war (pages 72–73) • The Nazi–Soviet Pact and the outbreak of war (pages 72–73) 20 Read pages 72–73 and study the sources. Complete the following tasks. a What was the Polish Corridor and why did Hitler want it back? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ b Complete the diagram below by adding some detail under each of the headings provided. League of Nations: Britain: Why was Stalin concerned about the German threat? France: Munich Agreement: c Why was Stalin concerned over French and British promises to defend Poland from German attack? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ d What was the name of the German foreign minister who negotiated the Nazi–Soviet Pact with Stalin? ............................................................................................................................................ e What were the two secret terms of the Nazi–Soviet Pact of August 1939? i .................................................................................................................................. ii .................................................................................................................................. Photocopying prohibited 421202_C3_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_026-040.indd 37 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 37 12/05/18 4:04 PM 3 Key Question 3: Why had international peace collapsed by 1939? f Study Source 32 on page 73. What does this source suggest about Stalin’s reasons for signing the Nazi–Soviet Pact? Use details from the source to support your answer. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ g Look at the different reasons in the text boxes below as to why Stalin and Hitler signed the Nazi–Soviet Pact. Write H (Hitler) or S (Stalin) on each box. It gave him time to build up his armed forces for a future invasion. It would allow him to plan a future invasion in the East to gain Lebensraum. He could invade Poland and avoid a war on two fronts like the First World War. He didn’t trust Britain or France – they weren’t reliable or strong enough. h What date did Hitler invade Poland? When did Britain and France declare war on Germany? ............................................................................................................................................ • Key Question 3 review 21 Use Chapter 3 of your textbook and the answers in this part of the workbook to prioritise the reasons for the collapse of international peace by 1939. Number each of the text boxes below in priority order and justify your decision in the pyramid on page 39. The harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles, 1919 The failures of the League of Nations, 1920s–30s Hitler’s foreign policy aims, 1930s The policy of Appeasement, 1935–39 The Great Depression, 1930s The Nazi–Soviet Pact, 1939 Militarism and the Axis alliance, 1931–37 The Spanish Civil War, 1936 22 Use the key provided to colour code the different segments of the pyramid into long- and short-term factors for the cause of the collapse of international peace by 1939. Long term 38 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C3_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_026-040.indd 38 Short term Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:04 PM • Key Question 3 review 1 2 4 6 3 5 7 8 23 Complete the following explanations. The most important long-term factor for the collapse of international peace was ............................. ............................................................................................................................................ because ................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ Photocopying prohibited 421202_C3_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_026-040.indd 39 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 39 12/05/18 4:04 PM 3 Key Question 3: Why had international peace collapsed by 1939? The most important short-term factor for the collapse of international peace was ............................ ............................................................................................................................................ because ................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 24 Study the different reasons for the collapse of international peace by 1939. Place them on the opinion line to decide whether the reasons were ‘Hitler’s own actions’ OR ‘Factors outside Hitler’s control’. Hitler’s own actions The harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles, 1919 The failures of the League of Nations, 1920s–30s Hitler’s foreign policy aims, 1930s The policy of Appeasement, 1935–39 The Great Depression, 1930s The Nazi–Soviet Pact, 1939 Militarism and the Axis alliance, 1931–37 Factors outside Hitler’s control 40 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C3_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_026-040.indd 40 The Spanish Civil War, 1936 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:04 PM 4 ey Question 4: Who was to K blame for the Cold War? 1 Use Chapter 4 of your textbook to draw lines to match the heads with the correct tails to define the key terms: Heads Tails Capitalism Containment North Atlantic Treaty Organisation – a US-based alliance that defended Western democracies from communism The organisation to spread communist ideas and ensure communist states followed ideas practised in the USSR Alliance of USSR and communist states in eastern Europe to defend against Western capitalist states and preserve communism A social, political and economic system based on democracy and individual freedom NATO US policy in the Cold War to stop the spread of communism Warsaw Pact A social, economic and political system based on state ownership and often dictatorship Communism Cominform • The breakdown of the USA–USSR alliance (pages 84–85) . 2 Use pages 84–85 of your textbook to complete the following tasks. a What factor united the USA, Britain and the USSR during the Second World War? ............................................................................................................................................ b Who were the leaders of the USA, Britain and the USSR by 1945? USA: ............................................................................................................................... Britain: ........................................................................................................................... USSR: .............................................................................................................................. c Study Sources 1 and 2 on page 84. What are the different attitudes being portrayed towards the Soviet Union and communism? Select some details from the sources as evidence. Source 1 attitude: ............................................................................................................. Source evidence: ............................................................................................................... Source 2 attitude: ............................................................................................................. Source evidence: ............................................................................................................... Photocopying prohibited 421202_C4_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_041-055.indd 41 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 41 12/05/18 4:06 PM 4 Key Question 4: Who was to blame for the Cold War? d Give three reasons why the USSR was suspicious of Britain and the USA. i ..................................................................................................................................... ii .................................................................................................................................... iii ................................................................................................................................... e How did US attitudes change between the 1930s and the 1940s? 1930s: ............................................................................................................................. 1940s: ............................................................................................................................. f What is meant by the term ‘superpowers’? Who were the two superpowers after the Second World War? ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ g Read the following text boxes to decide whether they describe an aspect of capitalism or communism. Use the key provided to colour code them. Capitalism Communism Business and property should be state owned and controlled. There should be free elections as part of a democratic system. Business and property should be privately owned. Individual rights included freedom of speech and freedom to be rich. The state should try to create equality at the expense of individual rights. The international revolution should be spread to other countries. There should be a oneparty dictatorship and no opposition. There should be a multi-party system to prevent a dictatorship. h Using the text boxes from question 2g, explain why you think capitalist and communist systems might oppose each other and lead to conflict. Try to give two separate reasons. One reason capitalism and communism might oppose each other is because ............................... ....................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................ This could cause conflict because ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ 42 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C4_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_041-055.indd 42 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:06 PM • The breakdown of the USA–USSR alliance (pages 84–85) A second reason capitalism and communism might oppose each other is because ........................ ....................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................ This could cause conflict because ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ Yalta (pages 86–87) 3 Read the information and study the sources on pages 86–87 of your textbook to complete the tasks. a What year was the Yalta Conference? ............................................................................................................................................ b Who were the ‘Big Three’? ............................................................................................................................................ c Study Sources 3 and 4 on page 86. Select a quote from each source that suggests the Yalta Conference was a success. Source 3: ......................................................................................................................... Source 4: ......................................................................................................................... d Why do you think Churchill and Roosevelt were willing to accept Stalin’s promise not to support Greek communists? You may want to have a look at the map on page 91 of your textbook! ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ e Why do you think control over eastern Europe, and particularly parts of Poland, was so important to Stalin? Explain your answer. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ Photocopying prohibited 421202_C4_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_041-055.indd 43 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 43 12/05/18 4:06 PM 4 Key Question 4: Who was to blame for the Cold War? f Study Source 5 on page 87. What does this suggest about the outcomes at Yalta? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ g Study Sources 5–9 on page 87. Put each source number in one of the ‘source baskets’ below. Stalin does not trust Britain and the USA Britain and the USA do not trust Stalin Potsdam (pages 88–89) 4 Read through the information and sources on page 88 of your textbook and complete the following tasks. a What three significant changes had taken place since the Yalta Conference? i .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ii .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... iii ................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... 44 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C4_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_041-055.indd 44 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:06 PM • The Soviet take-over of eastern Europe (pages 90–91) b Study Source 11 on page 88. What impression does this source give you of Truman’s attitude towards Stalin? Explain your answer using details from the source as evidence. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ c Study the ‘Disagreements’ section on page 89. Complete the table below to summarise the differences in opinion at the Potsdam Conference. Stalin wanted … Truman wanted …. Germany Reparations Eastern Europe • The Soviet take-over of eastern Europe (pages 90–91) 5 Use page 90 of your textbook to complete the following tasks. a Which countries had come under the control of the USSR by 1946? ............................................................................................................................................ b Study Sources 13 and 15 on page 90. What is meant by the term ‘iron curtain’? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ Photocopying prohibited 421202_C4_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_041-055.indd 45 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 45 12/05/18 4:06 PM 4 Key Question 4: Who was to blame for the Cold War? 6 Why had the ‘Grand Alliance’ between the ‘Big Three’ nations broken down by 1946? Use all the answers so far in your workbook and pages 84–90 of your textbook to complete the diagram below, using the different factors in the text boxes to guide you. Remember to explain your decisions. USA testing the atomic bomb, July 1945 Disagreements at the Yalta Conference, February 1945 Disagreements at the Potsdam Conference, July 1945 Attitudes and actions of Winston Churchill Ideological differences between capitalism and communism Attitudes and actions of Franklin D. Roosevelt Attitudes and actions of Joseph Stalin Defeat of Germany in May 1945 Attitudes and actions of Harry Truman Most important reason the alliance broke down Least important reason the alliance broke down 7 Study the information and the map in Figure 17 on page 91 of your textbook to complete the following tasks. a What was the role of Cominform? ............................................................................................................................................ b How did Cominform allow Stalin to control communist countries in eastern Europe more effectively? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 46 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C4_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_041-055.indd 46 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:06 PM • The Soviet take-over of eastern Europe (pages 90–91) c Which country was expelled from Cominform in 1948? Why did this happen? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ d Complete the table below to summarise Soviet control in eastern Europe, 1945–48. Country Date/s of communist control Examples of democratic tactics used in the take-over Examples of undemocratic or violent methods used in the take-over East Germany Czechoslovakia Poland Hungary Romania Bulgaria Yugoslavia Albania e Why were Italy and France both problems for the USA and Britain after the war? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ Photocopying prohibited 421202_C4_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_041-055.indd 47 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 47 12/05/18 4:06 PM 4 Key Question 4: Who was to blame for the Cold War? • The Truman Doctrine and Marshall Aid (pages 92–94) 8 Read the information and study all the sources on pages 92–94 of your textbook to complete the following tasks. a Use the word bank provided to complete the following paragraph. The two rival groups in Greece, the ......................... and the ........................., both fought for power after the Germans retreated in ......................... . Churchill sent ......................... in 1945 to help the ......................... of Greece back into power as the ......................... wanted a communist government. The ......................... ......................... took no action after Stalin protested about Britain’s involvement, so a ......................... developed. President ......................... funded the British in Greece and by ......................... the royalists were in control, though it was a very unstable government. aUnited Use the word bank communists provided to complete the following paragraph.Truman Nations troops civil war 1950 monarchists 1944 king Soviet Union b Explain what the Truman Doctrine was. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ c Study Source 20 on page 93. What does the source suggest as reasons for Truman’s policy of containment? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 9 The Marshall Plan a Briefly describe the aims of the Marshall Plan. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 48 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C4_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_041-055.indd 48 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:06 PM • The Truman Doctrine and Marshall Aid (pages 92–94) b Why did Congress refuse to fund the Marshall Plan at first? ............................................................................................................................................ c What events in Czechoslovakia changed Congress’ attitude towards the Marshall Plan? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ d How much Marshall Aid was granted by Congress to help countries in Europe? ............................................................................................................................................ e Use the key provided to colour code the different reasons for Marshall Aid in Europe. Containment f US trade Poverty Wealthy Western states will act as a barrier to the spread of communism. There are huge shortages of food and fuel after the Second World War. There are large numbers of refugees and those that are homeless. Western Europe will create new markets for American goods. There is huge war damage to homes and infrastructure. By lending dollars, European countries would rely on the USA. Debt from the cost of the war effort could be reduced. Communism breeds when countries are not wealthy. Use the information and the sources on page 94 to add information to the speech bubbles below to show Stalin and Truman’s differing views of Marshall Aid. My opinion of Marshall Aid is .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... Photocopying prohibited 421202_C4_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_041-055.indd 49 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 49 12/05/18 4:06 PM 4 Key Question 4: Who was to blame for the Cold War? My opinion of Marshall Aid is .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... • The Berlin Blockade and airlift (pages 95–96) 10 Read through the information and sources on pages 95–96 in your textbook and then complete the following tasks. a Study the map in Figure 24 on page 95. Which four countries controlled Germany in 1948? ............................................................................................................................................ b What had happened to Berlin by 1948? ............................................................................................................................................ c What issues do you think Berlin might cause based on the information in the map? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ d Why did Stalin not want to see the German economy recover? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ e Why did the Western Allies want to see the German economy recover? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 50 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C4_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_041-055.indd 50 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:06 PM • The Berlin Blockade and airlift (pages 95–96) f What name was given to the combined zones of the Western Allies in 1949? ....................................................................................................................................... 11 Study Source 25 on page 95. What message is the cartoonist trying to put across to the audience? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 12 Use pages 95–97 to answer these questions. a Study all the text boxes below and place them into the table provided to analyse the causes and consequences of the Berlin Blockade. The Western Allies created the West German state in 1949. The Western Allies created a new West German currency. In 1948, the Allies decided to airlift supplies to West Berlin. In 1949, two Germanys existed – the FRG and the GDR. Stalin wanted all of Berlin to become part of the Soviet Zone in Germany. Berlin would remain a symbolic focal point throughout the Cold War. It led to the later creation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact. There was an arms race and propaganda war by 1948. Causes of the Berlin Blockade, 1948–49 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C4_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_041-055.indd 51 Consequences of the Berlin Blockade, 1948–49 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 51 12/05/18 4:06 PM 4 Key Question 4: Who was to blame for the Cold War? b What methods did Stalin use to blockade West Berlin? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ c Why was the Allies’ decision to airlift supplies so risky? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ d How long did the airlifts last? ............................................................................................................................................ NATO and the Warsaw Pact (page 97) 13 Study Source 27 on page 97. How far does this source suggest that NATO was a defensive alliance? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 14 Use the map in Figure 28 on page 97 and the list below to correctly place five different NATO and five Warsaw Pact countries into the table. USA USSR West Germany East Germany Canada Romania Poland UK France Hungary NATO countries Warsaw Pact countries 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 52 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C4_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_041-055.indd 52 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:06 PM • Key Question 4 review • Key Question 4 review 15 Who was to blame for the Cold War? Use the information in the text boxes to create three spider diagrams below. Capitalism and communism were conflicting ideologies Stalin’s expansion into eastern Europe between 1945 and 1948 Truman had authorised the testing of the first atomic bomb, 1945 The US and the British had sent troops to fight the communists in 1918 The policy of containment stated in the Truman Doctrine, 1947 The setting up of the Berlin Blockade in 1948 The war damage suffered by the USSR by 1945 The creation of Cominform in 1947 The Marshall Plan and Marshall Aid for noncommunist nations, 1948 The disagreements at the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences, 1945 Winston Churchill’s ‘iron curtain’ speech, 1946 Creation of West Germany and NATO, 1949 American aid to the British in the Greek civil war, 1947 Anti-communist propaganda and the ‘Red Scare’ in the 1920s and 1930s Increasing rearmament by the USA and the USSR by 1948 Communist actions in Czechoslovakia, 1948 USSR was to blame Photocopying prohibited 421202_C4_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_041-055.indd 53 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 53 12/05/18 4:06 PM 4 Key Question 4: Who was to blame for the Cold War? USA was to blame Other factors were to blame 54 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C4_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_041-055.indd 54 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:06 PM • Key Question 4 review 16 Using all the evidence above, who do you think was most to blame for the Cold War? Use the structure provided below to explain your answer and reach a judgement. Point The ............................. was the most to blame for the Cold War because (state your reason) ............................................................................................................................................................ Evidence This was due to the fact (add factual evidence/examples)................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................ Explain This meant that the Cold War started as .......................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................ Point However, the ....................... was also to blame for the Cold War because (state your reason) ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ Evidence This was due to the fact (add factual evidence/examples) .................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ Explain This meant that the Cold War started as .......................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................ Point Moreover, there were other causes of the Cold War because (state your reason) ............................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ Evidence This was due to the fact (add factual evidence/examples) ................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................................ Explain This meant that the Cold War started as ........................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ Overall, the most important cause of the Cold War was .................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................................ This was because ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ This can be supported by ................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ Photocopying prohibited 421202_C4_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_041-055.indd 55 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 55 12/05/18 4:06 PM 5 ey Question 5: How effectively K did the USA contain the spread of communism? 1 Use Chapter 5 of your textbook to draw lines to match the heads with the correct tails to define the key terms. Heads Tails Arms race US policy based on the belief that communism would spread unless it was stopped in its tracks Mutually Assured Destruction – the theory that neither superpower could survive a nuclear conflict The competition between two or more countries to build more weapons than the other – this can include nuclear weapons (nuclear arms race) Domino theory ICBM MAD Intercontinental Ballistic Missile – long-range nuclear weapon capable of travelling thousands of miles SEATO South East Asian Treaty Organisation – 1954 alliance to stop the spread of communism CENTO Central Treaty Organisation – an alliance to stop the spread of communism including Britain, Turkey and Pakistan • Case study 1: The Korean War (pages 102–106) 2 Read pages 102–106 in your textbook to complete the following tasks. a Which country ruled Korea until 1945? ....................................................................................................................................... b What were the main differences between North and South Korea after the Second World War? North Korea: ..................................................................................................................... South Korea: .................................................................................................................... c How did President Truman react to North Korea’s expansion into South Korea? ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... d Why was the USA able to exert so much influence on the UN Security Council? ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... 56 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C5_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_056-070.indd 56 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:05 PM • Case study 1: The Korean War (pages 102–106) e Why did the USSR do nothing to oppose UN intervention in Korea? ....................................................................................................................................... f Who commanded the UN forces in Korea? ....................................................................................................................................... 3 Study Source 4 on page 103. What do the different source details suggest? Link the details to the correct meaning in the table below. Source details Meanings/inferences President Truman holding hands with the woman representing the United Nations This suggests that the UN is prepared to use force to stop aggression. The woman representing the United Nations holding a machine-gun This suggests that the USA has influence over the actions of the UN. The gravestone which says, ‘Died of Lack of Exercise’, and the ghost calling out This suggests the League of Nations failed due to its inability to deal with aggressive nations. 4 Study Figure 5 on page 103 of your textbook to answer the following questions. a What does the term ‘38th parallel’ mean? ........................................................................................................................................ b Create a flow diagram to describe the course of the Korean War, 1950–53. The first box has been done for you. Next to the arrows, decide who had the advantage at each stage: North Korea or South Korea and its UN allies. September, 1950 – North Korean forces crossed the 38th parallel and invaded South Korea. They advanced into the capital, Seoul. The communists now occupied most of South Korea except a small part of the south-east near Pusan. Advantage: Advantage: Advantage: Advantage: Photocopying prohibited 421202_C5_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_056-070.indd 57 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 57 12/05/18 4:05 PM 5 Key Question 5: How effectively did the USA contain the spread of communism? 5 Use the information and sources on pages 102–106 of your textbook to complete the following tasks. a What was the name of the Chinese communist leader? ....................................................................................................................................... b Why were the Chinese forces so effective when they counter-attacked in November 1950? ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... c Why was General MacArthur sacked as commander of the UN forces in March 1951? ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... d Study Figure 8 on page 105. Which side suffered the greatest military and civilian deaths? ....................................................................................................................................... e Was the Korean War a success for the policy of containment? Draw lines to the correct text boxes and then explain your opinion by completing the paragraph at the bottom. Some anti-communist politicians wanted to go beyond containment. Some military leaders thought Truman had shown weakness. The USA had the ability to stop the spread of communism. Containment was a success Containment was a failure North Korea remained a communist state. South Korea remained under UN protection. An armistice was signed – this was just a ceasefire. The USA could rely on UN assistance to stop communist aggression. MacArthur was ready to use nuclear weapons against China. Overall, I think that the US policy of containment was a success/failure in the Korean War because ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 58 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C5_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_056-070.indd 58 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:05 PM • Case study 2: The Cuban Missile Crisis (pages 107–115) • Case study 2: The Cuban Missile Crisis (pages 107–115) 6 Read through the information and sources on pages 107–108 of your textbook to answer these questions. a Study Source 12. What is the journalist’s impression of US relations with Cuba by 1958? ........................................................................................................................................ b What evidence is there on page 107 to support this view? ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ c Why was the Batista regime unpopular with many Cubans? ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ d In what year did Fidel Castro overthrow the Batista regime? .................................................... e What methods did Castro use to keep control of Cuba? ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ 7 Read through the information and sources on page 107–109 of your textbook to answer these questions. a Study Source 13. What is President Kennedy’s view on the Cuban Revolution? ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ b What year did Castro ally Cuba with the USSR? ...................................................................... c How did the USSR aid Cuba? ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ Photocopying prohibited 421202_C5_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_056-070.indd 59 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 59 12/05/18 4:05 PM 5 Key Question 5: How effectively did the USA contain the spread of communism? d Briefly describe the Bay of Pigs invasion and why it was an embarrassment for the USA. ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ e What was the impact of the Bay of Pigs invasion on the different leaders? Draw a line to connect the leaders with the text boxes. I am suspicious of their intentions if they are willing to invade my country. This will cause some of my military generals to demand revenge. This has strengthened my position as leader. This will make us look weak and foolish to our enemies. I think I should send more military support in case the USA tries again. Castro Krushchev Kennedy 8 Use page 110 of your textbook to answer these questions. a List the forms of military assistance the USSR provided to Cuba up to 1962. ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ b What did Kennedy mean by the term ‘by whatever means might be necessary’ when warning the USSR not to supply Cuba with nuclear weapons? ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ 9 Use pages 112–113 of your textbook to put a date on each event shown in the boxes below. Then shade the most dangerous moment in the crisis (when the USA and USSR seemed closest to nuclear war). Khrushchev told Kennedy he had ordered the missiles to be crated and returned to the Soviet Union. 60 The twenty Soviet ships which were closest to the blockade zone stopped or turned around. Photocopying prohibited 421202_C5_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_056-070.indd 60 An American U-2 plane was shot down over Cuba. Kennedy received a letter from Khrushchev saying that Soviet ships would not observe the blockade. Kennedy announced a blockade and called on the Soviet Union to withdraw its missiles. Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:05 PM • Case study 2: The Cuban Missile Crisis (pages 107–115) 10 Study Source 22 on page 113 and match the correct source details with their meanings in the grid below. Source detail Meaning Secretary Khrushchev sweating a lot This suggests the continual struggle between the two leaders during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Kennedy and Khrushchev arm wrestling This suggests that both leaders have access to nuclear weapons that would destroy the other. Kennedy’s and Khrushchev’s fingers over the buttons This suggests that the Soviet leader is very nervous and losing the confrontation. The letter ‘H’ on both of the bombs the leaders are sitting on This suggests that the nuclear deterrent is being used by both sides to threaten the other. Kennedy with a single drop of sweat on his head This suggests that the US president is nervous but has the upper hand. 11 Look at the following reasons why the Cuban Missile Crisis ended peacefully. Explain each of them, referring to the information on pages 112–113. Nuclear Deterrent/MAD: .......................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... �� Kennedy’s use of a naval blockade: ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... �� Khrushchev’s letters on the 26 and 27 October, 1962 to Kennedy: ................................................. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... �� Kennedy’s threat on the 27 October: ......................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... �� Photocopying prohibited 421202_C5_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_056-070.indd 61 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 61 12/05/18 4:05 PM 5 Key Question 5: How effectively did the USA contain the spread of communism? 12 Use the sources and the information on page 114 to examine the possible explanations below for why the USSR placed missiles on Cuba. Use the key provided to colour code them into the appropriate categories. Strategic Diplomatic Ideological Khrushchev wanted to defend the revolution in Cuba The USA had missiles in Turkey; this would address the missile gap The missiles could force Kennedy to negotiate some concessions To demonstrate that communism could stand up to the West Khrushchev needed to silence his critics in the Communist Party Khrushchev needed to show he was a strong leader in the USSR The missiles were in the ‘backyard’ of the USA To test the weakness of Kennedy to see how strong he was 13 Complete the paragraph below to explain who you think gained the most from the Cuban Missile Crisis: Kennedy, Khrushchev or Castro. Use the information on page 115 to help you. The leader in first place at the end of the Cuban Missile Crisis was ................................................. He gained most because ......................................................................................................... �� ............................................................................... �� However, ............................... and ............................... also gained something from the crisis because ................................................................................................................................ �� ............................................................................... �� 14 List three consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis for the Cold War. • ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... • ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... • ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... 62 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C5_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_056-070.indd 62 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:05 PM • Case study 3: The Vietnam War (pages 116–126) • Case study 3: The Vietnam War (pages 116–126) 15 aComplete the timeline below by linking the information in the text boxes to the correct decade. Add exact dates to each event. USA begins Operation ‘Rolling Thunder’ – bombing campaign of North Vietnam strategic targets, which lasts three years. Timeline of Vietnam, 1930s–1965 USA helps Diem set up the proAmerican and anti-communist Republic of South Vietnam. Pre-1940 USA prevents free elections taking place in Vietnam out of fear of a communist victory. Communist-led National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam set up, known as the Viet Cong. USA sends financial aid to Diem’s regime amounting to around $1.6 billion. Diem overthrown by his own army leaders due to unpopularity and corruption. 1940s Viet Minh enter Hanoi and declare independence, leading to a war against France. President Johnson receives authorisation from Congress to intervene in Vietnam using military force. Ho Chi Minh founds the Indochinese Communist Party and inspires Vietnamese to fight Japanese forces. French pull out of Vietnam; Geneva peace conference divides Vietnam into North and South. 1950s Vietnam was a colony of France known as French Indochina. The French treated the Vietnamese badly. Ho Chi Minh gains support from China and its leader Mao Zedong. President Kennedy sends military personnel to help South Vietnam forces but does not authorise war. Japan invades and occupies Vietnam during the Second World War. 1960s USA sends 3500 marines to aid the South Vietnamese Army against the communists. b On the timeline above, label key dates in the US involvement in Vietnam as P (political), F (financial) or M (military). 16 Study pages 116–117 and answer the following questions. a What was the Ho Chi Minh Trail? �� ............................................................................... �� ............................................................................... Photocopying prohibited 421202_C5_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_056-070.indd 63 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 63 12/05/18 4:05 PM 5 Key Question 5: How effectively did the USA contain the spread of communism? b Where was the border between North and South Vietnam? ........................................................................................................................................ c What similarities does this have with the Korean War? ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ d Why was Diem’s regime in South Vietnam so unpopular? ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ e Briefly describe the actions of the Viet Cong against the South Vietnamese government. ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ f How did the South Vietnamese and US governments respond to the actions of the Viet Cong? ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ 17 Read the information and study the sources on page 118 of your textbook then answer the following questions. a Study Source 28. What reasons does the US Defence Secretary give for US military involvement in Vietnam? ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ 64 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C5_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_056-070.indd 64 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:05 PM • Case study 3: The Vietnam War (pages 116–126) b Study Figure 29 and answer the questions that follow. i Which two US presidents sent military troops to Vietnam? ................................................................................................................................... ii What was the maximum number of troops and advisers sent to Vietnam? ................................................................................................................................... iii What year had the highest number of US deaths during the Vietnam War? ................................................................................................................................... 18 Read through the information about tactics on pages 119–121 of your textbook and complete the following tasks. a How many soldiers did the Viet Cong have in 1965? ........................................................................................................................................ b What tactic did Ho Chi Minh use that he had learned from the Chinese and used against the French? ........................................................................................................................................ c What was the main tactic used by the USA against communist forces? Explain why it was used. ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ d What was the US policy of search and destroy? Why was it used? ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ e Choose one chemical weapon used by the US forces. Briefly describe it below. ........................................................................................................................................ Photocopying prohibited 421202_C5_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_056-070.indd 65 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 65 12/05/18 4:05 PM 5 Key Question 5: How effectively did the USA contain the spread of communism? 19 Use the information on pages 120–121 to complete reports ranking the effectiveness of the different tactics used by the US and the Viet Cong. Choose two contrasting tactics for each group and rank them (five * = most effective). In the space below record how each tactic was effective or ineffective. REPORT ON US TACTICS Tactic 1: Tactic 2: Impact rating: Impact rating: REPORT ON VIET CONG TACTICS 66 Tactic 1: Tactic 2: Impact rating: Impact rating: Photocopying prohibited 421202_C5_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_056-070.indd 66 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:05 PM • Case study 3: The Vietnam War (pages 116–126) 20 Use the information on pages 122–124 to complete this activity. Use the key provided to colour code the boxes to categorise the reasons for increasing anti-war protest in the USA. Financial Media The draft Military 1968 Tet Offensive saw US troops taken by surprise by the Viet Cong. March 1968 – My Lai massacre saw US troops kill 300–400 civilians – no Viet Cong were found. This was published in Life magazine in 1969. Newspapers showed pictures of the effects of napalm on civilians. The Vietnam War was costing $500,000 for every Viet Cong killed. Nearly one-third of African Americans were conscripted vs. 19 per cent of white Americans. The average age of US troops was only nineteen years old. The US Government was spending so much money yet getting no closer to winning. TV showed prisoners being executed. Students and civil rights campaigners like Martin Luther King publicly opposed the war. Black Power groups such as the Nation of Islam united black American opposition. 21 Read page 125 of your textbook and complete the following tasks. a How did President Johnson react to the Tet Offensive? ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ b Who was elected president in 1968 after Johnson? ........................................................................................................................................ c Who was the new president’s National Security Adviser? ........................................................................................................................................ d What year were the Paris Peace Accords that led to a ceasefire? ........................................................................................................................................ e What do you think Nixon meant by ‘peace with honour’? ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ Photocopying prohibited 421202_C5_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_056-070.indd 67 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 67 12/05/18 4:05 PM 5 Key Question 5: How effectively did the USA contain the spread of communism? f What were the consequences of the Paris Peace Accords for Vietnam? ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ 22 Why did the policy of containment fail in Vietnam? Pick the top two reasons from the cards below and justify your choice(s) by completing the paragraphs. US military tactics in Vietnam The unpopularity of the South Vietnamese regime The experience of the Viet Cong and the inexperience of the American soldiers Opposition in the USA Other countries’ support for the Viet Cong (Your top reason) ................................................................................................................... was the most important reason for failure because ...................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ (Your second reason) .............................................................................................................. was also important because ..................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ However, it was not as important as (your first reason) ................................................................. because ................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 68 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C5_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_056-070.indd 68 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:05 PM • Key Question 5 review • Key Question 5 review 23 Use all your work on Key Question 5 to complete a scales diagram like the one below to decide whether each of the case studies (Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis and Vietnam War) was a success or failure for the US policy of containment. a Write your evidence in either side. b Then decide which way the scales fall. (Remember, the weighted side means more/stronger evidence!) Only draw the horizontal line after you have weighed the evidence. Case study title here Evidence for success here Evidence for failure here Success OR Failure? The Korean War Evidence for success here Evidence for failure here Success OR Failure? The Cuban Missile Crisis Evidence for success here Evidence for failure here Success OR Failure? The Vietnam War Evidence for success here Evidence for failure here Success OR Failure? Photocopying prohibited 421202_C5_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_056-070.indd 69 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 69 12/05/18 4:05 PM 5 Key Question 5: How effectively did the USA contain the spread of communism? c Overall, which incident was most successful? Explain your answer by completing the paragraph below. The most successful example of containment was ................................................................... This was because .............................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ This was more successful than ............................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................ because ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ 70 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C5_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_056-070.indd 70 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:05 PM 6 ey Question 6: How secure was K the USSR’s control over eastern Europe, 1948–c.1989? 1 Use Chapter 6 of your textbook to draw lines to match the heads with the correct tails to define the key terms. Heads Tails De-Stalinisation Solidarity Policy from 1968 that meant no eastern European states would be allowed a non-communist government Means restructuring – the policy of reforming the Soviet Union in the late 1980s Polish trade union that opposed the communist government in the 1980s Glasnost The re-joining of East and West Germany into a single nation-state in 1990 Perestroika Khrushchev’s policy of undoing Stalinist policies Reunification Means openness – the policy that allowed people to criticise the Soviet government in the 1980s Brezhnev Doctrine • Soviet control in eastern Europe and the start of the Khrushchev era (pages 130–131) 2 Read page 130 of your textbook. Draw lines to link the text boxes with the correct Soviet organisation. Means Communist Information Bureau Guaranteed the USSR cheap goods and raw materials Allowed the USSR to control policy in eastern Europe Photocopying prohibited 421202_C6_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_071-084.indd 71 Set up in 1949 to co-ordinate industry and trade in eastern Europe Comecon Means Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Cominform Set up in 1947 to coordinate communist governments It set up a bank for Soviet-controlled countries in 1964 Tried to stop communist governments trading with the West Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 71 12/05/18 4:07 PM 6 KEY QUESTION 6: HOW SECURE WAS THE USSR’S CONTROL OVER EASTERN EUROPE, 1948–c.1989? 3 What was the economic reason Stalin wanted to control eastern Europe after 1945? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 4 Use the text boxes below to fill in the table comparing Stalin and Khrushchev. Created Cominform and Comecon to control Soviet-occupied nations Released political prisoners and criticised Stalin’s oppression Closed down Cominform and pulled troops out of Austria Talked of peaceful coexistence with the West Used the secret police, NKVD, to arrest and execute enemies Invited Tito to Moscow for talks Banned other political parties in Sovietoccupied nations Engaged in an arms race with the USA and opposed US imperialism Opposed Marshal Tito and Yugoslavian communism Planned to reduce expenditure on arms and attended peace talks Leader Treatment of opposition Attitudes to the West Policy on eastern Europe Stalin Khrushchev 5 Use the table in question 4 and pages 130–131 of the textbook to answer the following questions. a Explain why the USA was positive about Khrushchev’s rise to power in the USSR. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 72 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C6_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_071-084.indd 72 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:07 PM • Soviet control in eastern Europe and the start of the Khrushchev era (pages 130–131) b Explain why eastern European countries were positive about Khrushchev’s rise to power in the USSR. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ c Study Source 1 on page 131. Describe how the cartoonist shows support for Khrushchev by referring to details from the source. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 6 Read pages 132–141 of your textbook and make a list, with dates, of the different challenges faced by the Soviet Union in eastern Europe. Country Date/s Description of challenge to Soviet control 7 Read page 131 of your textbook. How far do the actions of Khrushchev in Poland in 1956 demonstrate that: a Khrushchev was like Stalin ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ b Khrushchev was different from Stalin ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ Photocopying prohibited 421202_C6_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_071-084.indd 73 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 73 12/05/18 4:07 PM 6 KEY QUESTION 6: HOW SECURE WAS THE USSR’S CONTROL OVER EASTERN EUROPE, 1948–c.1989? • Case study 1: Hungary, 1956 (pages 132–133) 8 Examine the text boxes below which give reasons why some Hungarians opposed Soviet communism in Hungary. Categorise them using the key provided. Economic Liberty Sovietisation Wages were low and living standards poor. Areas of Hungary had Russian names. Hungarians had to pay for Soviet soldiers in Hungary. Rákosi was a hardline communist who supported Stalin. Freedom of speech and expression were taken away. Part of Hungary had Russian shops and Russian schools. Liberal or Westernstyle art and clothing was banned. Thousands of Soviet troops were stationed in Hungary. Soviet propaganda was used to persuade Hungarians all was good. The secret police were used to arrest and detain political opponents. Soviet officials formed part of the Hungarian government. Soviet-style communism was forced on the people of Hungary. 9 Use the sections in the textbook on ‘What happened?’ and ‘How did the Soviet Union respond?’ to summarise the main events in the Hungarian uprising of 1956. June 23 Oct 24 Oct November 10 What was the response of the USA and Western powers to the Hungarian uprising? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 74 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C6_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_071-084.indd 74 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:07 PM • Case study 2: Czechoslovakia and the Prague Spring, 1968 (pages 134–135) 11 aFind evidence to go in each column of the following table. Examples have been added to get you started. The Soviet Union successfully maintained control in Hungary The Soviet Union unsuccessfully maintained control in Hungary Hungary was forced to remain a member of the Warsaw Pact Khrushchev allowed a new government under Nagy to be formed b Based on your completed table, explain how successfully you think the Soviet Union maintained control of Hungary. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ • Case study 2: Czechoslovakia and the Prague Spring, 1968 (pages 134–135) 12 Use pages 134–135 of your textbook to complete the tasks below. a Who replaced Khrushchev as leader of the Soviet Union by 1968? ............................................. b Who was the new leader of Czechoslovakia in 1967? ............................................................... c What was meant by the policy ‘socialism with a human face’? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ d What was meant by the term ‘Prague Spring’? ............................................................................................................................................ Photocopying prohibited 421202_C6_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_071-084.indd 75 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 75 12/05/18 4:07 PM 6 KEY QUESTION 6: HOW SECURE WAS THE USSR’S CONTROL OVER EASTERN EUROPE, 1948–c.1989? e Which Warsaw Pact leaders opposed the reforms in Czechoslovakia and why? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ f How did the Soviet Union deal with Dubček? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ g Study Source 15 on page 135 and the information on the Brezhnev Doctrine. What reasons does Brezhnev give for introducing the Brezhnev Doctrine? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 13 Complete the Venn diagram below to show the similarities and differences between the Hungarian uprising, 1956 and the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia, 1968. Hungarian uprising Different Similar Different Prague Spring 76 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C6_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_071-084.indd 76 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:07 PM • Case study 2: Czechoslovakia and the Prague Spring, 1968 (pages 134–135) 14 How secure was Soviet control in Czechoslovakia? Use the writing frame below to organise your answer. Soviet control was secure in Czechoslovakia because ................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................ For example, ......................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ This allowed the Soviet Union to maintain control because .......................................................... ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ However, Soviet control was not secure in Czechoslovakia because ................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ For example, ......................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ This limited Soviet control because .......................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ Overall, I think that Soviet control was secure/not secure because ................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ Photocopying prohibited 421202_C6_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_071-084.indd 77 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 77 12/05/18 4:07 PM 6 KEY QUESTION 6: HOW SECURE WAS THE USSR’S CONTROL OVER EASTERN EUROPE, 1948–c.1989? • Case study 3: The Berlin Wall (pages 137–139) 15 Who was the hard-line communist leader of East Germany (GDR)? ............................................................................................................................................ 16 Study Source 17 on page 137. Why was Berlin important to the USA? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 17 Study Figure 18 and answer the following questions. a How many defectors left East Germany between 1950 and 1961? .............................................. b Which year saw the highest number of defectors from East to West Germany? ............................. c In what year does the number of defectors significantly reduce? .............................................. 18 aWhy were people leaving East Germany in the 1950s and early 1960s? Connect the different factors with the correct explanations in the centre: political, economic and social. In the 1950s people could travel freely between East and West. Many saw the new shops, cafes and bars in the West. Political reasons Many in the East hated the repression of the communists. The division of Berlin had split family and friends from each other. Economic reasons East Germans were resentful of the freedom enjoyed in the West. Skilled workers could get better pay in West Germany. Social reasons Standards of living were poor in East Germany compared to the West. Many East Germans did not agree with Soviet-style communism. b What problems do you think defection from East to West Berlin would cause for East Germany and the Soviet Union? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 78 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C6_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_071-084.indd 78 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:07 PM • Case study 4: Solidarity in Poland, 1980–81 (pages 140–141) 19 Study the information and sources on pages 137–139 and complete the following tasks. a Who was the US president in 1961? ...................................................................................... b Why did Khrushchev decide to build the Berlin Wall in 1961? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ c How does Source 21 differ from Khrushchev’s explanation? Explain your answer using details from the source. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ d What was Checkpoint Charlie? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ e What was the immediate impact of the Berlin Wall on East–West relations? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ • Case study 4: Solidarity in Poland, 1980–81 (pages 140–141) 20 Read pages 140–141 and study all the sources, then complete the tasks below. a What was Solidarity? ......................................................................................................... b Who was the leader of Solidarity? ........................................................................................ Photocopying prohibited 421202_C6_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_071-084.indd 79 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 79 12/05/18 4:07 PM 6 KEY QUESTION 6: HOW SECURE WAS THE USSR’S CONTROL OVER EASTERN EUROPE, 1948–c.1989? c In the space below draw a poster summarising the demands made by Solidarity. Use Source 24 and the timeline on page 140 to help you. d By how much did the membership of Solidarity grow from 1980–81? ............................................................................................................................................ e Code the text boxes below as S (reasons for success) or F (reasons for failure) of Solidarity. 80 Solidarity was acting like an opposition political party. Solidarity was splitting into different factions. Lech Walesa was a hero to many Polish workers. Solidarity had lost control of striking workers. Walesa and 10,000 Solidarity leaders arrested. Army leader Jaruzelski declared martial law and suspended Solidarity. Many Solidarity members came from crucial industries. Brezhnev ordered Red Army troops to the Polish border. Over a million Communist Party members joined Solidarity. The communists played for time hoping Solidarity would split into factions. The Catholic Church supported Solidarity. Walesa negotiated carefully with the communists. Photocopying prohibited 421202_C6_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_071-084.indd 80 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:07 PM • Case study 4: Solidarity in Poland, 1980–81 (pages 140–141) f Study Figure 26 on page 141. What does this source suggest about communist control in Poland? Explain your answer using details from the source. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ g In the table below, examine the four reasons why Solidarity was significant. Decide on a score out of ten for each and justify your decision in the final column. Reason Significance /10 Justification Solidarity showed that the Communist Party was unable to provide a good standard of living I gave this score because Solidarity showed the corruption and inefficiency of the communist system I gave this score because Solidarity showed that it was possible to stand up against the ruling Communist Party I gave this score because Solidarity’s huge membership highlighted the power of the people to resist I gave this score because Photocopying prohibited 421202_C6_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_071-084.indd 81 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 81 12/05/18 4:07 PM 6 KEY QUESTION 6: HOW SECURE WAS THE USSR’S CONTROL OVER EASTERN EUROPE, 1948–c.1989? •M ikhail Gorbachev and the collapse of Soviet control (pages 142–146) 21 Read the information and study all the sources on pages 142–143 of your textbook then complete the tasks below. a What year did Mikhail Gorbachev become leader of the USSR? .................................................. b Complete the acrostic below to summarise Gorbachev’s background and beliefs. One has been done for you. G O Reformer who wanted to radically change the communist system to conserve it B A C H E V c Study Source 27. Complete the table below to show how Gorbachev’s policies on eastern Europe differed from other Soviet leaders. Leader Policies on eastern Europe Gorbachev (reformer) Khrushchev (Warsaw Pact) Brezhnev (Brezhnev Doctrine) 82 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C6_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_071-084.indd 82 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 21/05/18 8:50 AM • Mikhail Gorbachev and the collapse of Soviet control (page 142–146) d What were Gorbachev’s reforms? Link the categories in the centre to the correct reforms. Spending on the Red Army and nuclear weapons was reduced. Gorbachev improved relations with US President Reagan. Reform of communism Glasnost – ‘openness’: this encouraged open debate on government policies. Communist regimes in eastern Europe had to reform to provide a better standard of living. Reform of defence Gorbachev told eastern European states that they should manage their own problems. Reform of foreign policy Gorbachev promoted trust and co-operation with other nations. Perestroika – ‘restructuring’: introduced some free market reforms. Gorbachev made it clear the Red Army would not help eastern European communist regimes. 22 Read the information and study all the sources on pages 144–147 of your textbook then complete the tasks below. a Study the map on page 144. During which years did the collapse of communism in eastern Europe take place? ............................................................................................................................................ b To what extent does the timeline suggest that the collapse of communism was a revolution? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ c What examples are there of Gorbachev desperately trying to maintain control? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ d Who was Boris Yeltsin and why was he important in the collapse of the USSR? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ Photocopying prohibited 421202_C6_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_071-084.indd 83 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 83 12/05/18 4:07 PM 6 KEY QUESTION 6: HOW SECURE WAS THE USSR’S CONTROL OVER EASTERN EUROPE, 1948–c.1989? e Who attempted a coup in 1991? What was the aim of the coup? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ f What happened on 25 December 1991? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 23 Complete this paragraph to explain your view on whether Gorbachev was personally responsible for the collapse of communism and the end of the Cold War. Overall, I think that Gorbachev was/was not responsible for the collapse of communism and the end of the Cold War because .......................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 84 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C6_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_071-084.indd 84 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:07 PM 7 ey Question 7: Why did events K in the Gulf matter, c.1970–2000? 1 Use Chapter 7 of your textbook to draw lines to match the heads with the correct tails to define the key terms. Heads Tails UNSCOM Ruling nationalist party in Iraq Baath Party Popular uprising often resulting in a change of government or ideology Shah United Nations Special Committee responsible for searching for and destroying Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction Revolution The emperor or king of Iran Ayatollah Senior Muslim cleric (priest) 2 Use page 152 of your textbook to help you with the following tasks. a In the centre are different causes of tension in the Gulf region. Link them to the correct explanation boxes by drawing a line or colour coding. Many Western nations are highly dependent on supplies from the Gulf, leading to foreign intervention. Most Arabs are Sunni Muslims while in Iran the people are mainly Shia Muslims. Rank This was created in 1948 and was opposed by the Arab states and led to great tension. Islam is divided into Shia and Sunni Muslims who disagree on matters of faith. Cause of tension Oil Iran and Iraq are proud countries with ancient cultures and are willing to defend their states. Individuals Israel Religion National identity Nearly two-thirds of the world’s supply is produced here and they are dependent on it for their wealth. Many Muslim nations view the Jewish faith as a threat to Islam and viceversa. Leaders like Saddam Hussein and Khomeini followed policies that caused tension. b Rank the causes of tension by writing a number 1–5 in the space provided above. Write a short explanation to justify your choice at the bottom. The most important cause of tension in the Gulf was ............................................................. This was because ............................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................... Photocopying prohibited 421202_C7_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_085-094.indd 85 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 85 12/05/18 4:07 PM 7 KEY QUESTION 7: WHY DID EVENTS IN THE GULF MATTER, c.1970–2000? • Saddam Hussein’s rise to power and the nature of his rule in Iraq (pages 153–157) 3 Read pages 153–155 of your textbook then complete the tasks below. a What does the Baath Party stand for? ............................................................................................................................................ b Use the table below to compare Sunni and Shia (Shiite) Muslims. Sunni Muslims Shia Muslims Belief in God Belief in Caliph Affiliated countries in the Gulf c Which empire controlled Iraq up to the end of the First World War? ............................................................................................................................................ d Who ran Iraq after the First World War? ............................................................................................................................................ e Use pages 153–154 to put a date by each of the events below. King Faisal, head of a powerful Arab family, made ruler of Iraq. The state of Israel, a Jewish state, created in opposition to the Arabs. Monarchy of Iraq was overthrown and Iraq becomes a republic. League of Nations mandate set up by the Treaty of Sevres. Iraqi nationalist uprising led to a revolution. Iraqi government agrees that oil profits will be shared. Army coup led by Baath Party, who were mainly Sunni Muslims. Government nationalises the Iraqi oil industry. 86 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C7_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_085-094.indd 86 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:07 PM • Saddam Hussein’s rise to power and the nature of his rule in Iraq (pages 153–157) f Which events above helped the Baath Party gain popularity in Iraq? Choose one example for each of the categories below to explain your answer. Military factors: ................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ Economic factors: .............................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ Political factors: ............................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ Religious factors: .............................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ g Read pages 154–155 of your textbook explaining how Saddam Hussein rose to power. Use the key provided to colour code the different text boxes below into the correct categories. Terror Military Baath Party Policies Saddam used torture on those in Iraqi prisons. In 1972, the government nationalised the oil industry. In 1973, Iraq decreased oil production, pushing up prices. Saddam placed friends and family into the top positions in the army. Key positions were given to family members and friends in the party. Saddam became a general in the army to increase his control. Saddam extended electrification across the countryside. Saddam improved healthcare and education in Iraq. Saddam increased spending on defence. Saddam used the secret police to dominate the people, army and party. The party dominated trade unions, schools and clubs. Opponents were often executed and the army indoctrinated. Photocopying prohibited 421202_C7_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_085-094.indd 87 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 87 12/05/18 4:07 PM 7 KEY QUESTION 7: WHY DID EVENTS IN THE GULF MATTER, c.1970–2000? 4 Read pages 155–157 (including the sources). Complete the spider diagram below by adding the detail from the text boxes and the textbook sources to show what tactics Saddam Hussein used to maintain control in Iraq. Saddam used chemical weapons against the Kurdish people. Saddam used a purge to execute around 500 party members. Saddam had statues, portraits and paintings glorifying his rule. Saddam used televised show trials to remove his opponents. Saddam deported 200,000 Shiite Muslims to Iran. Saddam improved road transport and water supplies. Saddam built up a cult of leadership – his birthday was a national holiday. Saddam used oil revenue to improve healthcare and education. Terror Propaganda What methods did Saddam Hussein use to keep control? Infrastructure • The Iranian revolution (pages 158–160) 5 Read the information and sources on pages 158–160 of your textbook to complete the following tasks. a What was the title of the leader of Iran at the start of the twentieth century? ............................................................................................................................................ b How were the British involved in Iran in the first half of the twentieth century? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ c What was the name of the leading Iranian nationalist after the Second World War? ............................................................................................................................................ d What were the main causes of the Iranian revolution? Link the different categories in the centre of the diagram on page 89 to the reasons by drawing lines. 88 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C7_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_085-094.indd 88 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:07 PM • The Iran–Iraq War (pages 162–165) Mullahs criticised the corruption of the Shah and his supporters in the government. Britain forced other Western oil companies not to buy Iranian oil after 1951. Ayatollah Khomeini was a Muslim scholar who was popular in Iran among the masses. Economic Foreign intervention Religion Government policies Mullahs criticised the Western culture in Iran as unIslamic. Britain and the USA forced the popular leader Mossadeq to be overthrown. There was a stark contrast between rich and poor in Iran. The Shah’s government used the army and police to kill protestors – over 500 in September 1978. e Using the categories in task d above, explain which factor you think was the most significant in causing the Islamic Revolution in 1979. Use the textbook to support your judgement. The most significant factor in causing the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979 was ....................... This was due to the fact that .............................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................ This would help cause a revolution because .......................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ • The Iran–Iraq War (pages 162–165) 6 Below are the different reasons why Iraq invaded Iran in 1980. Prioritise them by numbering them 1–8 then write an explanation to justify your top choice. Religion: Saddam feared Shiite Muslims would overthrow the Sunnis. National security: Iran was calling on Iraqis to rise up against Saddam. Territory: Saddam wanted better access to the sea and more ports. Oil: Saddam wanted to capture parts of oilrich south-west Iran. Military: Saddam saw a weak Iranian army against his superior military. International relations: Iran was facing a boycott of its trade. Self-preservation: Saddam feared there were Iranian plots against his life. Economic: Iran’s economy was in chaos since the fall of the Shah. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ Photocopying prohibited 421202_C7_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_085-094.indd 89 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 89 12/05/18 4:07 PM 7 KEY QUESTION 7: WHY DID EVENTS IN THE GULF MATTER, c.1970–2000? 7 What is meant by the term ‘whirlwind war’? ............................................................................................................................................ 8 Briefly describe the initial military tactics of Iran and Iraq. Iran: .................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................ Iraq: .................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................ 9 Complete the following paragraph using the word bank below to fill in the gaps. In 1980, when Iraq invaded Iran there was little ....................... and it looked like Iraq would easily win. However, within a ....................... the Iraqi forces were halted by the desert and both sides used bombs to kill civilians in the so-called ....................... Iran sent hundreds of thousands of new recruits, many of them members of the Iranian ....................... (volunteer force) who were willing to be ....................... for their religion. Within ....................... years, Iran had recaptured its lost territory and called for the complete destruction of ....................... and his regime. By 1984, both sides were engaged in ....................... across a 1000-mile border, resulting in a stalemate. trench warfare month two martyrs Saddam Hussein War of the Cities resistance Basiji 10 How and why did foreign nations support Iraq in the Iran–Iraq War? Link together the country, the ‘how’ and the ‘why’ by either colour coding or drawing a line. Foreign nation ‘How’ ‘Why’ USA became the main supplier of arms did not want Iran’s Shiite Muslim revolution to spread France provided military support including pilots wanted to maintain influence over oilrich Gulf states and pre-empt further Soviet support Gulf states (Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Jordan) supplied Iraq with money and arms and a route for Iraq’s imports and exports did not want Iran to control the world’s oil prices Germany provided military support and protection near the end of the war wanted to keep Iraq from forming friendships with the West and stop the Islamic Revolution from spreading near the border of the USSR Soviet Union provided satellite reconnaissance and military support this would leave Iraq in debt to them in the future 11 In what year was the ceasefire signed?....................................................................................... 90 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C7_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_085-094.indd 90 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:07 PM • The Gulf War, 1991 (pages 166–170) 12 What problems were caused by the fact that there was no peace treaty? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 13 What evidence is there to suggest that the end of the Iran–Iraq War helped lead to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ • The Gulf War, 1991 (pages 166–170) 14 Read all the information and study all the sources on pages 166–169 of your textbook then complete the following tasks. a Examine the different reasons for the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait below. Use the key provided to colour code the different reasons. Economic Territorial Military Iraq had laid claim to Kuwait since 1961 when the British left. Kuwait would give Iraq greater access to the Persian Gulf. Iraq’s army was the largest in the Gulf with stockpiles of chemical weapons. Saddam had to pay off debts of over $80 billion. Saddam wanted to take control of Kuwait’s oil fields. Many army generals blamed Saddam for the defeat against Iran. OPEC states refused Saddam’s demand to increase oil production. Saddam accused Kuwait of drilling for oil under the Iraqi border. b How many Iraqi soldiers invaded Kuwait in August 1990? ....................................................... c How did the United Nations react to the invasion? ................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................ d Why was this so effective? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ Photocopying prohibited 421202_C7_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_085-094.indd 91 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 91 12/05/18 4:07 PM 7 KEY QUESTION 7: WHY DID EVENTS IN THE GULF MATTER, c.1970–2000? e How successful was Saddam Hussein in gaining support from other Arab states? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ f Study Source 14 on page 167. What is President Bush’s justification for a military response to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait? Use source details to explain your answer. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 15 Read the information and study all the sources on pages 166–170 of your textbook then complete the tasks below. a What did the war to liberate Kuwait become known as? ............................................................................................................................................ b Why did the multi-national force defeat the Iraqi army? Link the reasons provided to the factors in the centre. The Iraqi army was made up of conscripts who were reluctant to fight. The coalition had the most powerful air force in the world and destroyed Iraqi targets. Ground forces were supported by helicopter gunships that knocked out Iraqi tanks. 92 Photocopying prohibited 421202_C7_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_085-094.indd 92 Iraqi soldiers were poorly trained and equipped compared to the coalition forces. Air superiority Arab states USA Arab states were largely committed to stopping Iraq from dominating oil production. President Bush encouraged Kurds and Shiite Muslims to rise up against Saddam Hussein. Iraqi army The Americans were the most powerful nation in the world, economically and militarily. American forces provided the coalition with the best equipment and technology. Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 12/05/18 4:07 PM • The Gulf War, 1991 (pages 166–170) c Which UN organisation conducted weapons inspections in Iraq as part of the ceasefire agreement? ............................................................................................................................................ d What weapons of mass destruction did they discover in Iraq? ............................................................................................................................................ e What event led to America’s demand to remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ f Create a spider diagram to summarise the impact of the UN sanctions on Iraq. Give each impact a rating out of ten based on how seriously it worsened living conditions for Iraqi people. What was the impact of the UN sanctions on Iraq? g List four methods Saddam Hussein used to maintain his control in Iraq after the UN sanctions. i .................................................................................................................................. ii .................................................................................................................................. iii .................................................................................................................................. iv .................................................................................................................................. Photocopying prohibited 421202_C7_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_085-094.indd 93 Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Workbook 1 93 12/05/18 4:07 PM Reinforce learning and deepen understanding of the key concepts covered in the latest syllabus; an ideal course companion or homework book for use throughout the course. » Develop and strengthen skills and knowledge with a wealth of additional exercises that perfectly supplement the Student’s Book. » Build confidence with extra practice for each lesson to ensure that a topic is thoroughly understood before moving on. » Build a strong understanding of the main events of the course and the confidence to know how to use this knowledge. » Keep track of students’ work with ready-to-go write-in exercises. m bridge A YEARS ss es al E Ca 25 ducation king for ove or r on W » Save time with all answers available online in the Online Teacher’s Guide. i sm WITH rnat e n t Int e This resource is endorsed by Cambridge Assessment International Education ✓ Provides learner support for Option B for the Cambridge IGCSE, IGCSE (9–1) and O Level syllabuses (0470/0977/2147) for examination from 2020. ✓ Has passed Cambridge International’s rigorous quality-assurance process ✓ Developed by subject experts ✓ For Cambridge schools worldwide 421202_C7_Cam_IGCSE_O_L His_085-094.indd 94 31/05/18 7:42 AM

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