Chapter
3
Plant Kingdom
2023
T4/ 1
T3/ 1
2019
T4/ 1
2022
T2/ 1
T1/ 2
T3/ 1
T1: Introduction, Algae
T2: Bryophytes
T3: Pteridophytes
T4: Gymnosperms
T1/ 3
2020
T3/ 1
T1/ 2
T2/ 1
T3/ 1
Easy
Average
4
3-4
2021
Difficult
Gymnosperms
3/5
9
Algae
Rhodophyceae
(e.g. Polysiphonia)
Reproduction
Germination
and growth
Wind dispersal
Sorus
Bryophytes
Psilopsida
e.g. Psilotum
Pteropsida
e.g. Pteris
Sphenopsida
e.g. Equisetum
Lycopsida
e.g. Selaginella
e.g. Sphagnum
Life Cycle of Moss
Gametophyte
Sp
Antherid
(n)
Archegonium
Mature
Egg
sporophyte New
Zygote
(2n)
sporophyte
Fertilization
(2n)
gametophyte
Spore
Young
Spore (n)
Meiosis
gametophyte
dispersal
Sporangium
Mature
Sporangium
Spores
Rhizoids
The Life Cycle of a Liverwort
(Simple roots)
Thallus
Pteridophytes
Phaeophyceae
(e.g. Laminaria)
Coralloid roots
associated with
Cyanobacteria (e.g. Cycas)
Gymnosperms
Roots associated
with fungusMycorrhiza (e.g. Pinus)
Chlorophyceae
(e.g. Volvox)
Liverworts
(e.g. Marchantia)
Spore
case
50
Biology
Plant Kingdom
TOPIC 3.1
51
Introduction, Algae
INTRODUCTION
Ø
Plant kingdom includes eukaryotic, autotrophic or
photosynthetic and non-motile organisms.
Ø
Plant kingdom includes five major plant groups i.e.,
Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms
and Angiosperms as proposed by R.H. Whittaker
in 1969.
Ø
Main characters of plant kingdom are:
¨ presence of cellulosic cell wall
¨ non-motile, except some aquatic forms
¨ reproduction is primarily sexual
¨ photosynthetic mode of nutrition, e.g., different
types of algae (green, brown, red algae),
bryophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Ø
There are various types of classification in
angiospermic plants.
Ø
All taxonomists, from Aristotle to Linnaeus, proposed
artificial system of classification.
Ø
In Artificial classification, plants are classified on the
basis of one or two morphological characters i.e.,
over all morphology is not considered.
NEET 2013
Ø
Classification proposed by Linnaeus is artificial.
Ø
In Natural classification, plants are classified on the
basis of their complete morphology. In natural
classification, floral (reproductive) characters have
more importance than vegetative (root, stem and
leaves) characters. Maximum characters are taken
as base in this classification.
Ø
Natural classification is believed to be the best
classification because it represents the natural
similarities and dissimilarities of plants i.e., it
represents the inter-relationship among plants.
Ø
In this classification, the plants belonging to the same
group show many similarities, while in artificial
classification, the plants belonging to the same group
show only one or two similar characters. They have
many dissimilarities.
Ø
Benthan and Hooker gave a system of botanical
taxonomy on the basis of natural affinities.
Ø
In phylogenetic classification system, evolutionary
relationship between the various organisms are
acceptable. Organism belonging to same taxa have a
common ancestor.
¨ Numerical taxonomy – based on all observable
characters. Numbers & codes are assigned to all
characters and then data are processed using computers.
¨
¨
Cytotaxonomy – based on cytological information
like chromosome number, structure,
behaviour.
Chemotaxonomy – uses chemical constituent of
plant to resolve confusions.
ALGAE
Ø
The branch of botany dealing with the study of algae
is called as phycology or algology.
Ø
Algae are defined as chlorophyllous and thalloid
avascular plants with no cellular differentiation.
Ø
Large marine algae are generally known as sea
weeds or kelps.
Ø
Algae are mostly found in fresh water as well as in
salt water.
Ø
They occur in a variety of other habitats also like
moist stones, soils and wood.
Ø
The body or thallus of algae ranges from microscopic
unicellular (Chlamydomonas), colonial (Volvox),
aggregates of cells, fine filaments (Ulothrix), to
flattened sheets of cells.
Ø
All kinds of reproduction are found in algae like
vegetative, asexual and sexual.
Ø
Vegetative reproduction occurs through
fragmentation. Each fragment develops into a thallus.
Ø
Asexual reproduction occurs through the
production of different types of spores like zoospores,
hypnospores, akinetes, endospores, cysts, etc. The
most common being the zoospores. They are
flagellated (motile) and on germination give rise to
new plants.
Ø
Sexual reproduction takes place through fusion of
two gametes. These could be¨ Isogamy occurs commonly in unicellular algae,
where male and female gametes are
morphologically similar but differ in physiology.
The gametes can be flagellated and similar in size
(as in Ulothrix) or non-flagellated (non-motile)
but similar in size (as in Spirogyra). NEET 2017
¨
¨
Anisogamy is the fusion of gametes where male
gametes are comparatively smaller in size and
more active than female gametes which are
larger and sluggish. E.g., Eudorina.
Oogamy is the most advanced type of sexual
reproduction where fusion of one large, nonmotile (static) female gamete with a smaller motile
male gamete takes place. E.g., Volvox, Fucus.
52
Biology
Algae play an important role in carbon dioxide
fixation on earth through photosynthesis thereby
increasing the level of dissolved O2 in the environment.
They are chief primary producers.
Ø
About 70 species of marine algae like Porphyra,
Laminaria and Sargassum are used as food.
Ø
Algae are used commercially for various products like:
¨ Algin from brown algae.
¨ Carrageenan from red algae.
¨ Agar from Gelidium and Gracilaria are used
to grow microbes & in preparation of ice creams
& Jellies.
Chlorophyceae (Green Algae)
Ø
Chlorophyceae are commonly called as green algae.
Ø
The plant body may be unicellular, colonial or
filamentous.
Ø
They are usually green in colour due to the dominance
of pigments chlorophyll a, b and xanthophyll, which
are localised in definite chloroplasts.
NEET 2014
Ø
The chloroplast maybe discoid, Plate-like, reticulate,
cup-shaped, spiral or ribbon in different species.
Ø
Chloroplasts generally contain one or more storage
bodies called pyrenoids. Pyrenoids contain proteins
besides starch. Some algae may store food in the
form of oil droplets also.
Ø
Green algae usually have a rigid cell wall made of an
inner layer of cellulose and an outer layer of
pectose. They store starch. For these reasons, they
are believed to be ancestors of land plants.
Ø
Vegetative reproduction usually takes place by
fragmentation or by formation of different types of
spores.
Ø
Asexual reproduction is by flagellated zoospores
produced in zoosporangia.
Ø
The sexual reproduction shows considerable variation
in the type and formation of sex cells and it may be
isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous.
Ø
Examples are Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix,
Spirogyra and Chara.
Ø
(a)
(b)
Fig: Green algae: (a) Volvox (b) Ulothrix
Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae)
Ø
The phaeophyceae are commonly called as brown algae.
Ø
They are found primarily in marine habitats.
Ø
They range from simple branched, filamentous
forms (Ectocarpus) to profusely branched forms as
represented by kelps, which may reach a height of
100 metres.
Ø
They possess chlorophyll a, c, carotenoids and
xanthophylls (such as fucoxanthin for brown colour
and diatoxanthin).
NEET 2021
Ø
Food is stored as complex carbohydrates, in the form
of laminarin or mannitol.
Ø
The vegetative cells have a cellulosic wall usually
covered on the outside by a gelatinous coating of
alginic acid. The protoplast contains, in addition to
plastids, a centrally located vacuole and nucleus.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. : Brown algae: (a) Laminaria (b) Fucus (c)
Dictyota
Ø
The plant body is usually attached to the substratum
by a holdfast, and has a stalk, the stipe and leaflike photosynthetic organ, the frond.
Plant Kingdom
53
Vegetative reproduction takes place by fragmentation.
Asexual reproduction in most brown algae is by
biflagellate zoospores that are pear-shaped and
have two unequal laterally attached flagella.
Ø
Sexual reproduction may be isogamous,
anisogamous or oogamous. Union of gametes may
take place in water or within the oogonium (oogamous
species). The gametes are pyriform (pear-shaped)
and bear two laterally attached flagella.
Ø
The common forms are Ectocarpus, Dictyota,
Laminaria, Sargassum and Fucus.
Rhodophy ceae
Ø
Rhodophyta are commonly called red algae because
of the predominance of the red pigment, rphycoerythrin in their body.
Ø
Majority of the red algae are marine with greater
concentrations found in the warmer areas.
Ø
They occur in both well-lighted regions close to the
surface of water and also at great depths in oceans
where relatively little light penetrates.
Ø
The red thalli of most of the red algae are multicellular.
Some of them have complex body organisation.
Ø
The food is stored as floridean starch which is very
similar to amylopectin and glycogen in structure.
Ø
Ø
NEET
The red algae usually reproduce vegetatively by
fragmentation.
They reproduce asexually by non-motile spores
and sexually by non-motile gametes.
Sexual reproduction is oogamous and accompanied
by complex post fertilisation developments.
The common members are Polysiphonia, Porphyra
Gracilaria, Gelidium.
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
(a)
(b)
Fig. : Red algae: (a) Porphyra (b) Polysiphonia
2020
Table : Divisions of algae and their main characteristics
Classes
Major
Pigments
Stored
Food
Cell Wall
Flagellar
Number and
Position of
Insertions
Habitat
Chlorophyceae Green
algae
Chlorophyll
a and b,
carotenoids
and xanthophyll
Starch and
Sugar
Cellulose
2-8, equal,
apical
Fresh water,
brackish water,
salt water
Phaeophyceae
Brown
algae
Chlorophyll
a and c,
fucoxanthin,
Flavoxanthin
Mannitol,
laminarin
Cellulose
and algin
2, unequal,
lateral
Fresh water
(rare), brackish
water, salt
water
Rhodophyceae Red
algae
Chlorophyll
a and d,
phycoerythrin
Floridean
starch
Cellulose,
Absent
pectin &
polysulphate
esters
Ø
Common
Name
Gaidukov’s effect is found in both red algae and blue green algae.
Fresh water
(some), brackish
water, salt
water (most)
54
•
•
Biology
Misconcept : Are all algal bloom harmful?
Concept : Not all algal blooms are harmful, some can actually be beneficial. Phytoplankton are found at the
base of the marine food chain therefore all other life in the ocean relies on phytoplankton. Blooms can also be a
good indicator of environmental change not only in the water, but also on land.
Classroom Discussion Questions
1.
2.
Select the incorrect pair.
(a) Numerical taxonomy - Observable characters
(b) Cytotaxonomy - Cytological information
(c) Chemotaxonomy - Chromosome number and
structure
(d) Cladistic taxonomy - Origin from a common
ancestor
Agar-Agar is obtained from:
(a) Porphyra
(b) Gelidium
(c) Gracilaria
(d) Both (b) and (c)
TOPIC 3.2
3.
4.
5.
Bryophytes
BRYOPHYTES
Ø
Ø
Ø
Bryophytes are first amongst land plants which
occur in damp and shady habitats.
It includes mosses and liverworts.
Bryophytes are also called amphibians of the plant
kingdom because these plants can live in soil but
are dependent on water for sexual reproduction. They
usually occur in damp, humid and shaded localities.
NEET
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
Laminaria (kelp) and Fucus (rock weed) are the
examples of
(a) red algae
(b) brown algae
(c) green algae
(d) golden brown algae
In which of the following, all listed genera belong to
the same class of algae?
(a) Chara, Fucus, Polysiphonia
(b) Volvox, Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas
(c) Porphyra, Ectocarpus, Ulothrix
(d) Sargassum, Laminaria, Gracilaria
Pyrenoids in green algal cells are related to:
(a) Starch storage
(b) Protein storage
(c) General metabolism (d) Enzyme secretion
2012 & 2015
They play an important role in plant succession
on bare rocks/soil.
The gametophyte is thalloid in primitive forms
(Riccia) and differentiated into rhizoids, stem and
leaves in higher bryophytes (mosses). Gametophyte
lacks vascular tissues (xylem and phloem).
Rhizoids are the organs of absorption and fixation.
The sex organs in bryophytes are multicellular. The
male sex organ (called antheridium) produces
biflagellate motile antherozoids. The female sex organ
(called archegonium) is flask-shaped with tubular
neck and swollen venter and produces a single egg.
Archegonium appears first time in bryophytes
in plant kingdom. The antherozoids are released into
water where they come in contact with archegonium.
An antherozoid fuses with the egg to produce the
zygote. Zygotes do not undergo reduction division
immediately. They produce a multicellular body called
a sporophyte.
NEET 2014
Ø
The sporophyte is not freeliving but attached to the
photosynthetic gametophyte
and derives nourishment from
it. Some cells of the
sporophyte undergo reduction
division (meiosis) to produce
haploid spores in sporogonium.
The spores, produced by
sporogonium are all alike
(homosporous). Then these
spores germinate to produce
gametophyte.
Fig : Structure of a bryophytes
Plant Kingdom
Ø
Ø
Asexual reproduction is absent.
The life cycle of bryophytes consists of two distinct
phases– the gametophytic phase and the
sporophytic phase.
The haploid gametophyte is dominant, long lived,
green and independent whereas the diploid
sporophyte is short lived and dependent upon
the gametophyte. The two phases are morphologically
distinct.
Fig: Bryophytes: A liverwort - Marchantia (a) Female
thallus (b) Male thallus; Mosses - (c) Funaria,
gametophyte and sporophyte (d) Sphagnum
gametophyte
Ø
The bryophytes are fundamentally terrestrial plants
but require presence of water to complete their life
cycle. The water is required for dehiscence of
antheridia, liberation of antherozoids, transfer
of antherozoids from antheridia to archegonia,
opening of archegonial neck, and the movement
of antherozoids into the archegonial neck.
Ø
Bryophytes in general are of little economic
importance but some mosses provide food for
herbaceous mammals, birds and other animals.
Species of Sphagnum, a moss, provide peat that
have long been used as fuel, and because of its
capacity to hold water as packing material for
trans-shipment of living material. Mosses along with
55
lichens are the first organisms to colonise rocks and
hence, are of great ecological importance. They
decompose rocks making the substrate suitable for
the growth of higher plants. Since mosses form dense
mats on the soil, they reduce the impact of falling
rain and prevent soil erosion.
Liverworts
Ø
The plants of this class are commonly called as
liverworts because the gametophytic plant body has
liver like appearance.
Ø
Liverworts usually grow in moist, shady habitats such
as bank of streams, marshy ground, damp soil and bank
of trees.
Ø
The plant body of a liverwort is thalloid. e.g.,
Marchantia. The thallus is dorsiventral and closely
appressed to the substratum. The leafy members have
tiny leaf-like appendages in two rows on the stemlike structures.
Ø
Asexual reproduction in liverworts takes place by
fragmentation of thalli, or by the formation of
specialised structures called gemmae (sing. gemma).
Gemmae are green, multicellular, asexual buds,
which develop in small receptacles called gemma
cups located on the thalli. The gemmae become
detached from the parent body and germinate to form
new individuals.
NEET 2021
Ø
During sexual reproduction, male and female sex
organs are produced either on the same or on different
thalli. The sporophyte is differentiated into a foot,
seta and capsule. After meiosis, spores are produced
within the capsule. These spores germinate to form
free-living gametophytes.
Ø
Examples of liverworts are Riccia, Marchantia,
Pellia, Porella, etc.
Mosses or Bryopsida
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
Bryopsida are commonly called as mosses.
The protonema stage, develops directly from a
spore.
NEET 2023
It is a creeping, green, branched and frequently
filamentous stage. The leafy stage develops from
the secondary protonema as a lateral bud. They consist
of upright, slender axis bearing spirally arranged
leaves. They are attached to the soil through
multicellular and branched rhizoids. This stage bears
the sex organs.
Vegetative reproduction in mosses is by
fragmentation and budding in the secondary
protonema.
56
Ø
Ø
Ø
Biology
In sexual reproduction, the sex organs antheridia and archegonia are produced at the apex of the leafy shoots.
After fertilisation, the zygote develops into a sporophyte, consisting of a foot, seta and capsule.
The sporophyte in mosses is more elaborate than that in liverworts. The capsule contains spores. Spores are
formed after meiosis. The mosses have an elaborate mechanism of spore dispersal.
Common examples of mosses are Funaria, Polytrichum and Sphagnum.
•
•
Misconcept : Rhizoids and roots are the same thing?
Concept : Rhizoids and roots are two different things. Rhizoids have structure similar to roots but more primitive.
They have absorption property of water and nutrients. Fungi and mosses have rhizoids and not roots. Also, Rhizoids
differ from roots as rhizoids arise in gametophytes but root in sporophytes.
•
•
Misconcept : All the plants having moss in their names belong to the bryophytes.
Concept : There are several plants with the name “moss” associated with them, but not all of them are mosses. For
instance, Reindeer moss is a lichen, Spanish mosses are angiosperms and Club mosses are ferns in true sense.
Classroom Discussion Questions
6.
7.
8.
Bryophytes include:
(a) Liverworts and ferns (b) Mosses and ferns
(c) Mosses and liverworts(d) None of these
Bryophytes grow in moist and shady environments
because:
(a) they cannot grow on land.
(b) their gametes fuse in water.
(c) they lack vascular tissue.
(d) they lack roots and stomata.
Bryophytes resemble algae in which of the following
aspects:
(a) Filamentous body, presence of vascular tissues
and autotrophic nutrition.
(b) Differentiation of plant body into root, stem and
leaves and autotrophic nutrition.
TOPIC 3.3
(c) Thallus-like plant body, presence of root and
autotrophic nutrition.
(d) Thallus-like plant body, lack of vascular tissues
and autotrophic nutrition.
9. Protonema and leafy stage are the predominant stage
of the life cycle of
(a) moss
(b) dicots
(c) liverwort
(d) gymnosperm
10. Which is not the characteristic feature of
bryophyta?
(a) Motile sperms
(b) Presence of archegonium
(c) Water is essential for fertilisation
(d) Independent autotrophic sporophyte
Pteridophytes
PTERIDOPHYTES
Ø
The pteridophytes include horsetails and ferns.
Ø
Pteridophytes are used for medicinal purposes and
as soil binders. They are also frequently grown as
ornamentals.
Ø
They are the first terrestrial plants to possess
vascular tissues - xylem and phloem.
Ø
They are found in cool, damp, shady places though
some may flourish well in sandy soil conditions.
Ø
Ø
Ø
In pteridophytes, the main plant body, sporophyte is
differentiated into true root, stem and leaves.
These organs possess well-differentiated vascular
tissues.
The leaves in pteridophyta are small (microphylls)
as in Selaginella or large (macrophylls) as in ferns.
The sporophytes bear sporangia that are subtended
by leaf-like appendages called sporophylls. In some
cases, sporophylls may form distinct compact
Plant Kingdom
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
57
structures called strobili or cones (e.g., Selaginella,
Equisetum). The sporangia produce spores by
meiosis in spore mother cells.
The spores germinate to give rise to inconspicuous,
small but multicellular, free-living, mostly photosynthetic
thalloid gametophytes called prothallus. These
gametophytes require cool, damp, shady places to grow.
Because of this specific restricted requirement and the
need for water for fertilisation, the spread of living
pteridophytes is limited and restricted to narrow
geographical regions.
NEET 2020
The gametophytes bear sex organs called
antheridia and archegonia.
Water is required for transfer of antherozoids
to the mouth of archegonium. Fusion of male
gamete with the egg present in the archegonium result
in the formation of zygote.
Zygote thereafter produces a multicellular welldifferentiated sporophyte which is the dominant
phase of the pteridophytes.
In majority of the pteridophytes, all the spores are of
similar kinds; such plants are called homosporous.
Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia which produce
two kinds of spores-macro (large) and micro (small)
spores are known as heterosporous.
NEET 2023
The megaspores and microspores germinate and give
rise to female and male gametophytes, respectively.
The female gametophytes in these plants are retained
on the parent sporophytes for variable periods. The
development of the zygotes into young embryos takes
place within the female gametophytes. This event is
a precursor to the seed habit, considered an
important step in evolution.
NEET 2021
Ø
Pteridophytes are divided into four class i.e. Psilopside
(Psildium), Lycopsida (Selaginella Lyopodium),
Sphenopsida (Equisetum) and Pteriopsida
(Dryoptesis, Pteris, Adiantium).
NEET 2020
Fig: Pteridophytes : (a) Selaginella
(b) Equisetum (c) Fern (d) Salvinia
Classroom Discussion Questions
11. Seed habit first originated in:
(a) Certain pteridophytes (b) Certain pines
(c) Certain monocots
(d) Certain dicots
12. Fern plant is a
(a) haploid gametophyte
(b) diploid gametophyte
(c) diploid sporophyte
(d) haploid sporophyte
13. The main plant body in pteridophyte is:
(a) sporophyte (2n) which is differentiated into root,
stem and leaf.
(b) gametophyte (n) which is differentiated into root,
stem and leaf.
(c) sporophyte having no root, stem and leaf.
(d) gametophyte having no root but only stem and
leaf.
14. The first plants to appear after a forest fire are the
ferns, this is because of the survival of their:
(a) Spores
(b) Leaves
(c) Fronds
(d) Rhizomes
15. Which one of the following is heterosporous?
(a) Dryopteris
(b) Salvinia
(c) Adiantum
(d) Equisetum
58
Biology
TOPIC 3.4
Gymnosperms
GYMNOSPERMS
Ø
All gymnosperms are perennial and include mediumsized trees or tall trees and shrubs.
Ø
One of the gymnosperms, the giant redwood tree
Sequoia is one of the tallest tree species. NEET 2016
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
The roots are generally tap roots. Roots in some
genera have fungal association in the form of
mycorrhiza (Pinus), while in some others (Cycas)
small specialised roots called coralloid roots are
associated with N2- fixing cyanobacteria. NEET 2019
The stems are unbranched (Cycas) or branched
(Pinus, Cedrus). The leaves may be simple or
compound.
In Cycas, the pinnate leaves persist for a few years.
The leaves in gymnosperms are well-adapted to
withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and
wind. In conifers, the needle-like leaves reduce the
surface area. Their thick cuticle and sunken stomata
also help to reduce water loss.
The gymnosperms are heterosporous which
produce haploid microspores and megaspores. The
two kinds of spores are produced within sporangia
that are borne on sporophylls.
NEET 2016 & 2017
The two types of sporophylls aggregate to form
compact cones or strobili.
The strobili bearing microsporophylls and
microsporangia are called microsporangiate or
male strobili. The microspores develop into a male
gametophytic generation which is highly reduced and
is confined to only a limited number of cells. This
reduced gametophyte is called a pollen grain. The
development of pollen grains takes place within the
microsporangia.
The cones bearing megasporophylls with ovules or
megasporangia are called macrosporangiate or
female strobili. The male or female cones or strobili
may be borne on the same tree (Pinus) or on different
trees (Cycas).
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
The megaspore mother cell is differentiated from one
of the cells of the nucellus. The nucellus is protected
by envelopes and the composite structure is called
an ovule. The ovules are borne on megasporophylls
which may be clustered to form the female cones.
The megaspore mother cell divides meiotically to form
four megaspores. One of the megaspores enclosed
within the megasporangium (nucellus) develops into
a multicellular female gametophyte that bears two or
more archegonia or female sex organs. The
multicellular female gametophyte is also retained
within megasporangium.
NEET 2013
Unlike bryophytes and pteridophytes, in gymnosperms
the male and the female gametophytes do not have
an independent free-living existence. They remain
within the sporangia retained on the sporophytes.
The pollen grain is released from the microsporangium.
They are carried in air currents and come in contact
with the opening of the ovules borne on
megasporophylls.
NEET 2023
The pollen tube carrying the male gametes grows
towards archegonia in the ovules and discharge their
contents near the mouth of the archegonia. Following
fertilisation, zygote develops into an embryo and the
ovules into seeds. These seeds are not covered.
Fig: Gymnosperm: Ginkgo
Plant Kingdom
59
Classroom Discussion Questions
16. Coralloid roots of Cycas are useful in
(a) N2-fixation
(b) Absorption of water
(c) Transpiration
(d) Fixation
17. Fruits are not formed in gymnosperms because of:
(a) Absence of pollination.
(b) Absence of seed.
(c) Absence of fertilisation.
(d) Absence of ovary.
18. In which of the following, fertilisation is possible
without water?
(a) Algae
(b) Bryophytes
(c) Pteridophytes
(d) Gymnosperm
19. Which of the following is the tallest gymnosperm?
(a) Cycas
(b) Sequoia
(c) Pinus
(d) Ephedra
20. Which of the following is living fossil?
(a) Pinus
(b) Ginkgo biloba
(c) Thuja
(d) Deodar
Home Assignment (NCERT Based MCQs)
TOPIC 3.1
1.
2.
3.
Introduction, Algae
Mannitol is the stored food in NCERT Page-33 / N-27
(a) Chara
(b) Porphyra
(c) Fucus
(d) Gracilaria
Ulothrix can be described as a NCERT Page-30 / N-26
(a) non-motile colonial alga lacking zoospores
(b) filamentous alga lacking flagellated reproductive
stages
(c) membranous alga producing zoospores
(d) filamentous alga with flagellated reproductive stages
Alginates (alginin), used as highly efficient gauze in
internal operations are obtained from cell walls of
NCERT Page-32 / N-26
4.
(a) Cyanophyceae
(b) Phaeophyceae
(c) Rhodophyceae
(d) All of these
Why rhodophyta exhibit a red colour? NCERT Page-33 / N-27
(a) Since most rhodophyta grow at great depths, the
chlorophyll can only absorb light in the red area
of the spectrum.
(b) The wavelengths of light that are absorbed by
chloro- phyll are passed to phycoerythrin (a red
pigment).
(c) Red pigment of rhodophyta absorbs all the light
waves.
(d) The light reaching the greatest depth in water is
in the blue-green region of the spectrum, is
absorbed by phycoerythrin.
5.
Algin, carrageen and proteins are obtained from
NCERT
6.
7.
8.
Page-33 / N-27
(a) red algae, brown algae, green algae respectively.
(b) brown algae, red algae, green algae respectively.
(c) red algae, green algae, brown algae respectively.
(d) green algae, brown algae, red algae respectively.
Pyrenoids is related to
(a) starch formation
NCERT Page-32 / N-26
(b) water storage
(c) general metabolism
(d) enzymatic activity
Which one of the following statements concerning
the algae is incorrect ?
NCERT Page-30 / N-24
(a) Most algae are photosynthetic.
(b) Algae can be classified according to their pigments.
(c) All algae are filamentous.
(d) Spirogyra does not produce zoospores.
Which of the following example belong to the same
class of algae?
NCERT Page-32 / N-24
(a) Chara, Sargassum, Polysiphonia
(b) Volvox, Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas
(c) Porphyra, Ectocarpus, Dictyota
(d) Sargassum, Laminaria, Chara
60
Biology
9.
Match column-I with column-II and choose the
correct option. NCERT Page-30, 36, & 38 / N-26, 27, 28 & 29
Column-I
Column-II
A. Phaeophyceae
I. Have an elaborate
mechanism of spore
dispersal
B. Rhodophyceae
II. First terrestrial plant
with vascular tissuephloem and xylem
C. Mosses
III. Asexual reproduction
by biflagellate zoosposes
D. Pteridophytes
IV. Polysiphonia,
Porphyra, Gracilaria
(a) A – III; B – IV; C – I; D – II
(b) A – IV; B – III; C – I; D – II
(c) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I
(d) A – IV; B – I; C – III; D – II
10. If you are asked to classify the various algae into distinct
groups then which of the following characters you should
choose for the classification?
NCERT Page-30 / N-24
(a) Nature of habitat
(b) Structural organization of thallus
(c) Chemical composition of the cell wall
(d) Types of pigments present in the cell
11. Which of the following pairs is incorrectly matched?
NCERT
(a) Chlorophyceae
TOPIC 3.2
Page-32 & 33 / N-26 & 27
– Major pigments are chl a and b.
(b) Phaeophyceae – Cell wall is made up of
cellulose and algin.
(c) Rhodophyceae – Stored food is mannitol.
(d) Chlorophyceae – Cell wall is made up of
cellulose.
12. A student was given a sample to observe under the
microscope. He observed and found that the sample
is the most common type of spore involved in asexual
reproduction in algae. Identify the spore.
NCERT
Page-30 / N-24
(a) Zoospore
(b) Endospore
(c) Hypnospore
(d) None of these
13. In class phaeophyceae, the plant body is usually attached
to the substratum by a A and has a stalk, the B
and leaf like photosynthetic organ-the C .
NCERT
Page-32 & 33 / N-26 & 27
(a) A – holdfast, B – stipe, C – frond
(b) A – stipe, B – holdfast, C – frond
(c) A – frond, B – stipe, C – holdfast
(d) A – stipe, B – frond, C – holdfast
14. If you are asked to classify the various algae into
distinct groups, which of the following characters you
should choose?
NCERT Page-29 & 30 / N-23 & 24
(a) Nature of stored food materials in the cell
(b) Structural organization of thallus
(c) Chemical composition of the cell wall
(d) Types of pigments present in the cell
Bryophytes
15. Statement I: Main plant body of bryophytes is
sporophytic.
Statement II: Main plant body of pteridophytes is
gametophytic. NCERT Page-34, 35, 36 & 38 / N-28, 29, 30 & 32
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
(b) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
(c) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
(d) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
16. A bryophyte differs from pteridophytes in having
(a) archegonia.
NCERT Page-35 / N-29
(b) lack of vascular tissue.
(c) swimming antherozoids.
(d) independent gametophytes.
17. Protonema
NCERT Page-36 / N-30
(a) is a stage of gametophytic generation.
(b) is a creeping, green, branched and develops
directly from a spore.
(c) Filamentous stage.
(d) All of the above
18. Mosses are of great ecological importance because
of
NCERT Page-36 / N-30
(a) its contribution to prevent soil erosion.
(b) its contribution in ecological succession.
(c) its capability to remove CO from the atmosphere.
(d) both (a) and (b)
19. Mosses do not have ‘true leaves’ because their leaflike structures lack
NCERT Page-36 / N-30
(a) starch in their chloroplast.
(b) vascular tissues.
(c) chlorophyll.
(d) cellulose in their cell walls.
20. Mosses and ferns are found in moist and shady places
because both
NCERT Page-36 / N-30
(a) Require presence of water for fertilization.
(b) Do not need sunlight for photosynthesis.
(c) Depend for their nutrition on micro-organisms
which can survive only at low temperature.
(d) Can not compete with sun-loving plants.
Plant Kingdom
61
21. Bryophytes resemble algae in the following aspects
NCERT Page-35 & 36 / N-28 & 29
(a) filamentous body, presence of vascular tissues
and autotrophic nutrition
(b) differentiation of plant body into root, stem and
leaves and autotrophic nutrition
(c) thallus like plant body, presence of root and
autotrophic nutrition
(d) thallus like plant body, lack of vascular tissues
and autotrophic nutrition
22. You are given an unknown plant to study in the
laboratory. You find that it has chlorophyll, no xylem.
Its multicellullar sex organs are enclosed in a layer
of jacket cells. Its gametophyte stage is free living.
The plant probably belongs to NCERT Page-35 / N-29
(a) chlorophyceae
(b) bryophyte
(c) pteridophyte
(d) gymnosperm
23. Moss peat is used as a packing material for sending
flowers and live plants to distant places because
(a) it reduces transpiration.
NCERT Page-36 / N-30
(b) it serves as a disinfectant.
(c) it is easily available.
(d) it is hygroscopic.
24. The unique feature of bryophytes compared to other
plant groups is that
NCERT Page-34 / N-29
TOPIC 3.3
(a) they produce spores.
(b) they lack vascular tissues.
(c) they lack roots.
(d) their sporophyte is attached to the gametophyte.
25. In bryophytes, male and female sex organs are called
______ and ______ respectively. NCERT Page-35 / N-29
(a) microsporangia; macrosporangia
(b) male strobili; female strobili
(c) antheridia; archegonia
(d) androecium; gynoecium
26. Protonema and leafy stage are the predominant stage
of the life cycle of
NCERT Page-36 / N-30
(a) moss
(b) dicots
(c) liverwort
(d) gymnosperm
27. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct
about mosses?
NCERT Page-35 & 36 / N-29, 30
(a) The predominant stage of its life cycle is the
gametophyte which consists of two stages –
protonema and leafy stages.
(b) Leafy stage are attached to the soil through
multi-cellular and branched rhizoids.
(c) Sex organs-antheridia and archegonia are
produced at the apex of the leafy shoots.
(d) All of the above
Pteridophytes
28. Fern plant is a
NCERT Page-36 / N-30
(a) haploid gametophyte (b) diploid gametophyte
(c) diploid sporophyte (d) haploid sporophyte
29. Which one of the following is a correct statement?
NCERT
Page-36 / N-30
(a) Pteridophyte gametophyte has a protonemal and
leafy stage.
(b) In gymnosperms, female gametophyte is free-living.
(c) Antheridiophores and archegoniophores are
present in pteridophytes.
(d) Origin of seed habit can be traced in pteridophytes.
30. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
NCERT
Page-36 / N-30
(a) Pyrenoids contain protein besides starch.
(b) Sexual reproduction may be isogamous, oogamous
and anisogamous in green and brown algae.
(c) Some of the members of algae also occur in
association with fungi (lichen).
(d) The spores in pteridophyta are small (macro)
and large (micro).
31. Which of the following pteridophytes belong to class
pteropsida?
NCERT Page-38 / N-32
(a) Equisetum and Psilotum
(b) Lycopodium and Adiantum
(c) Selaginella and Pteris
(d) Pteris and Adiantum
32. Which one of the following is the major difference
between mosses and ferns?
NCERT Page-36 / N-30
(a) Ferns lack alternation of generation while
mosses show the same.
(b) Mosses are facultative aerobes while ferns are
obligate aerobes.
(c) Vascular bundles of ferns show xylem vessels
while those of mosses lack it.
(d) Sporophytes of ferns live much longer as
compared to the sporophytes of mosses.
33. The spreading of living pteridophytes is limited and
restricted to narrow geographical region because
NCERT
Page-36 / N-30
62
Biology
(a) gametophytic growth needs cool, damp and
shady places.
(b) it requires water for fertilization.
(c) due to absence of stomata in leaf and absence
of vascular tissue.
(d) both (a) and (b)
TOPIC 3.4
Gymnosperms
35. Which of the following group of plant is being
described by the given statements?
(i) They are plants in which the ovules are not
enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed
before and after fertilization.
(ii) The giant red wood tree Sequoia is one of the
tallest tree species of the group.
(iii) The roots are generally tap roots.
(iv) They are heterosporous and they produce haploid
microspores and megaspores.
(v) Roots in some genera have fungal association.
(a) Algae
(b) Bryophytes
(c) Gymnosperms
(d) Pteridophytes
36. A plant having seed but does not have flowers and
fruits comes under:
(a) Bryophyte
(b) Pteridophyte
(c) Gymnosperms
(d) Angiosperm
37. Fruits are not formed in gymnosperms because of
(a) absence of pollination.
NCERT Page-38 / N-32
1.
2.
3.
34. The most dominant group of plant kingdom is:
(a) Bryophyte
(b) Pteridophyte
(c) Gymnosperms
(d) Angiosperm
Isogamous condition with non-flagellated gametes is
found in :
NCERT | Page-30 / N-26 | 2013
(a) Spirogyra
(b) Volvox
(c) Fucus
(d) Chlamydomonas
Which one of the following is wrongly matched?
(a) Nostoc-Water blooms NCERT | Page-30 | Kar.2013
(b) Spirogyra-Motile gametes
(c) Sargassum-Chlorophyll c
(d) Basidiomycetes-Puffballs
Select the wrong statement:
NCERT | Page-30 | 2013
(a) Anisogametes differ either in structure, function
or behaviour.
(b) In oomycetes female gamete is smaller and
motile, while male gamete is larger and non-motile.
(b) absence of seed.
(c) absence of fertilization.
(d) absence of ovary.
38. _______ represent the reproductive organs amongst
gymnosperms.
NCERT Page-38 / N-32
(a) Prothallus
(b) Capsules
(c) Setae
(d) Cones
39. In which of the following groups do the male and
female gametophytes have independent, free living
existence?
(a) Bryophytes and gymnosperms
(b) Bryophtes ans pteridophytes
(c) Pteridophytes and gymnosperms
(d) Algae and gymnosperms
40. The gametophyte is not an independent, free living
generation in :
NCERT Page-38 / N-33
(a) Polytrichum
(b) Adiantum
(c) Marchantia
(d) Pinus
4.
5.
(c) Chalmydomonas exhibits both isogamy and
anisogamy and Fucus shows oogamy.
(d) Isogametes are similar in structure, function and
behaviour.
Which of the following is not correctly matched for the
organism and its cell wall degrading enzyme?
(a) Plant cells-Cellulase
NCERT | Page-33 | 2013
(b) Algae-Methylase
(c) Fungi-Chitinase
(d) Bacteria-Lysozyme
The plant body is thalloid in
NCERT | Page-35 | 2013
(a) Funaria
(b) Sphagnum
(c) Salvinia
(d) Marchantia
Plant Kingdom
63
6.
Besides paddy fields cyanobacteria are also found inside
vegetative part of:
NCERT | Page-38 | 2013
(a) Cycas
(b) Equisetum
(c) Psilotum
(d) Pinus
7. Read the following statements (i-v) and answer the
question which follows them.
2013
(i) In liverworts, mosses and ferns gametophytes are
free-living
(ii) Gymnosperms and some ferns are heterosporous.
(iii) Sexual reproduction in Fucus, Volvox and Albugo
is oogamous
(iv) The sporophyte in liveworts is more elaborate
than that in mosses
(v) Both, Pinus and Marchantia are dioecious
How many of the above statements are correct?
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) One
8. What is common in all the three, Funaria, Dryopteris
and Ginkgo?
NCERT | Page-36, 38 & 39 / N-32 | 2013
(a) Independent sporophyte
(b) Presence of archegonia
(c) Well developed vascular tissues
(d) Independent gametophyte
9. Which one of the following shows isogamy with nonflagellated gametes?
NCERT | Page-30 / N-26 | 2014
(a) Sargassum
(b) Ectocarpus
(c) Ulothrix
(d) Spirogyra
10. Which one of the following is wrong about Chara?
20 14
(a) Upper oogonium and lower round antheridium.
(b) Globule and nucule present on the same plant.
(c) Upper antheridium and lower oogonium.
(d) Globule is male reproductive structure.
11. An alga which can be employed as food for human
being is:
NCERT | Page-32 / N-26 | 2014
(a) Ulothrix
(b) Chlorella
(c) Spirogyra
(d) Polysiphonia
12. Which of the following is responsible for peat
formation?
NCERT | Page-35 / N-29 | 2014
(a) Marchanita
(b) Riccia
(c) Funaria
(d) Sphagnum
13. Male gametes are flagellated in :
NCERT | Page-33 / N-24 | 2015
(a) Anabaena
(b) Ectocarpus
(c) Spirogyra
(d) Polysiphonia
14. Which one of the following statements is wrong?
NCERT | Page-33 / N-26 | 2015
(a) Agar - agar is obtained from Gelidium and
Gracilaria
(b) Chlorella and Spirulina are used as space food
(c) Mannitol is stored food in Rhodophyceae
(d) Algin and carragen are products of algae
15. Which one is wrong statement?
2015
(a) Mucor has biflagellate zoospores
(b) Haploid endosperm is typical feature of gymnosperms
(c) Brown algae have chlorophyll a and c and
fucoxanthin
(d) Archegonia are found in Bryophyta, Pteridophyta
and Gymnosperms.
16. In which of the following gametophyte is not
independent free living? NCERT | Page-39 / N-33 | 2015
(a) Marchantia
(b) Pteris
(c) Pinus
(d) Funaria
17. Read the following five statements (i to v) and select
the option with all correct statements:
NCERT | Page-35, 38 & 39 / N-30 | 2015
(i) Mosses and Lichens are the first organisms to
colonise a bare rock.
(ii) Selaginella is a homosporous pteridophyte
(iii) Coralloid roots in Cycas have VAM
(iv) Main plant body in bryophytes is gametophytic,
whereas in pteridophytes it is sporophytic
(v) In gymnosperms, male and female gametophytes
are present within sporangia located on sporophyte
(a) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (b) (i), (iv) and (v)
(c) (ii), (iii) and (v) (d) (i), (iii) and (iv)
18. In bryophytes and pteridophytes, transport of male
gametes requires
NCERT | Page-35 & 36 | 2016
(a) Wind
(b) Insects
(c) Birds
(d) Water
19. Select the correct statement:
NCERT | Page-38 | 2016
(a) Gymnosperms are both homosporous and
heterosporous
(b) Salvinia, Ginkgo and Pinus all are gymnosperms
(c) Sequoia is one of the tallest trees
(d) The leaves of gymnosperms are not well adapted
to extremes of climate
20. Conifers are adapted to tolerate extreme
environmental conditions because of
NCERT | Page-38 | Phase-II 2016
(a) thick cuticle
(b) presence of vessels
(c) broad hardy leaves (d) superficial stomata
21. An example of colonial alga is: NCERT | Page-30 | 2017
(a) Volvox
(b) Ulothrix
(c) Spirogyra
(d) Chlorella
22. Select the mismatch
2017
(a) Cycas
– Dioecious
(b) Salvinia
– Heterosporous
(c) Equisetum
– Homosporous
(d) Pinus
– Dioecious
64
Biology
23. Which one is wrongly matched?
NCERT | Page-34 / N-28 | 2018
(a) Uniflagellate gametes – Polysiphonia
(b) Biflagellate zoospores – Brown algae
(c) Unicellular organism – Chlorella
(d) Gemma cups
– Marchantia
24. Winged pollen grains are present in
2018
(a) Mustard
(b) Cycas
(c) Pinus
(d) Mango
25. Pinus seed cannot germinate and establish without
fungal association. This is because:
(a) its embryo is immature. NCERT | Page-38 | 2019
(b) it has obligate association with mycorrhizae.
(c) it has very hard seed coat.
(d) its seeds contain inhibitors that prevent
germination.
26. Phycoerythrin is the major pigment in
NCERT | Page-33 / N-27 | Phase-II 2020
(a) Brown algae
(b) Red algae
(c) Blue green algae (d) Green algae
27. Which of the following pairs is of unicellular algae?
NCERT | Page-32 / N-28 | 2020
(a) Gelidium and Gracilaria
(b) Anabaena and Volvox
(c) Chlorella and Spirulina
(d) Laminaria and Sargassum
28. Floridean starch has structure similar to
NCERT | Page-33 / N-27 | 2020
(a) Amylopectin and glycogen
(b) Mannitol and algin
(c) Laminarin and cellulose
(d) Starch and cellulose
29. Strobili or cones are found in NCERT | Page-36 / N-33 | 2020
(a) Pteris
(b) Marchantia
(c) Equisetum
(d) Salvinia
30. Which of the following algae produce Carrageen?
NCERT | Page-32 / N-26 | 2021
(a) Blue-green algae
(b) Green algae
(c) Brown algae
(d) Red algae
31. Which of the following algae contains mannitol as
reserve food material? NCERT | Page-33 / N-27 | 2021
(a) Ulothrix
(b) Ectocarpus
(c) Gracilaria
(d) Volvox
32. Gemmae are present in NCERT | Page-35 / N-29 | 2021
(a) Some Liverworts(b) Mosses
(c) Pteridophytes (d) Some Gymnosperms
33. Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia produce two kinds
of spores. Such plants are known as:
NCERT | Page-38 / N-30 | 2021
(a) Heterosporous (b) Homosorus
(c) Heterosorus
(d) Homosporous
34. Hydrocolloid carrageen is obtained from:
NCERT | Page-32 / N-26 | 2022
(a) Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae
(b) Rhodophyceae only
(c) Phaeophyceae only
(d) Chlorophyceae and Phaeophyceae
35. Which of the following is incorrectly matched?
NCERT | Page-32 & 33 / N-26 & 27| 2022
(a) Ulothrix - Mannitol
(b) Porphyra - Floridian Starch
(c) Volvox - Starch
(d) Ectocarpus - Fucoxanthin
36. Match the plant with the kind of life cycle it exhibits:
NCERT | Page-38 & 39 / N-24 | 2022
List-I
List-II
(A) Spirogyra
(i) Dominant diploid sporophyte
vascular plant, with highly
reduced male or female
gametophyte
(B) Fern
(ii) Dominant haploid
free-living gametophyte
(C) Funaria
(iii) Dominant diploid
sporophyte alternating
with reduced
gametophyte called
prothallus
(D) Cycas
(iv) Dominant haploid leafy
gametophyte alternating
with partially dependent
multicellular sporophyte
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(a) (A)-(ii), (B)-(iii), (C)-(iv), (D)-(i)
(b) (A)-(iii), (B)-(iv), (C)-(i), (D)-(ii)
(c) (A)-(ii), (B)-(iv), (C)-(i), (D)-(iii)
(d) (A)-(iv), (B)-(i), (C)-(ii), (D)-(iii)
37. Given below are two statements : One labelled as
Assertion A and the other labelled as Reason R:
NCERT | Page-36 / N-30 | 2023
Assertion A : The first stage of gametophyte in the
life cycle of moss is protonema stage.
Reason R : Protonema develops directly from spores
produced in capsule.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most
appropriate answer from options given below:
Plant Kingdom
65
Assertion A : In gymnosperms the pollen grains are
released from the microsporangium and carried by
air currents.
Reason R : Air currents carry the pollen grains to
the mouth of the archegonia where the male gametes
are discharged and pollen tube is not formed.
In the light of the above statements, choose the
correct answer from the options given below :
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct
explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the
correct explanation of A
(c) A is correct but R is not correct
(d) A is not correct but R is correct
38. Identify the pair of heterosporous pteridophytes
among the following :
NCERT | Page-38 / N-32 | 2023
(a) Lycopodium and Selaginella
(b) Selaginella and Salvinia
(c) Psilotum and Salvinia
(d) Equisetum and Salvinia
39. Given below are two statements : One labelled as
Assertion A and the other labelled as Reason R :
NCERT | Page-39 / N-33 | 2023
C
1.
2.
3.
4.
Which one of the following statements concerning
the algae is incorrect?
(a) Most algae are photosynthetic.
(b) Algae can be classified according to their pigments.
(c) All algae are filamentous.
(d) Spirogyra does not produce zoospores.
Which of the following statement is incorrect for
chlorophyceae?
(a) The stored food material is starch.
(b) Major pigments are chlorophyll a and b.
(c) Spirogyra belongs to this class.
(d) These are generally brown algae.
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct
about mosses?
(a) The predominant stage of its life cycle is the
gametophyte which consists of two stages –
protonema and leafy stages.
(b) Leafy stage is attached to the soil through
multicellular and branched rhizoids.
(c) Sex organs-antheridia and archegonia are
produced at the apex of the leafy shoots.
(d) All of the above
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) In gymnosperms, the ovules are not enclosed by
any ovary wall.
(b) The giant redwood tree sequoia is one of the
tallest tree species.
5.
6.
(c) In gymosperms, roots in some genera have fungal
association in the form of mycorrhiza (Pinus)
while in some others (Cycas) small specialised
roots called coralloid are associated with N2 –
fixing cyanobacteria.
(d) All of the above
Match column-I with column-II and select the correct
answer using the codes given below.
Column-I
Column-II
A. Phaeophyceae
I. Have an elaborate
mechanism of spore
dispersal
B. Rhodophyceae
II. Equisetum, fern
C. Mosses
III. Asexual reproduction by
biflagellate zoospores
D. Pteridophytes
IV. Polysiphonia,
Porphyra, Gracilaria
(a) A – III; B – IV; C – I; D – II
(b) A – IV; B – III; C – I; D – II
(c) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I
(d) A – IV; B – I; C – III; D – II
Which of the following statement about plants are
correct?
(i) Kingdom Plantae includes eukaryotic, autotrophic,
chlorophyll containing organisms.
(ii) It includes bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms,
angiosperms but not algae.
(iii) They have well-defined cellulosic wall.
66
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (i) and (iii)
(c) (ii) only
(d) None of the above
7. Statement I: In Cycas, nitrogen fixation occuss.
Statement II: In coralloid roots of cycas,
cyanobacteria is present.
(a) Both statement I and II are correct.
(b) Both statement I and II are incorrect.
(c) Statement I is correct but statement II is incorrect.
(d) Statement II is correct but statement I is incorrect.
8. Which of the following statement is incorrect?
(a) Double fertilisation is unique to gymnosperms
and monocotyledons.
(b) Sequoia, a gymnosperm, is one of the tallest tree
species.
(c) Phaeophyceae members possess chlorophyll a
and c, carotenoids and xanthophylls.
(d) Moss is a gametophyte which consists of two
stages namely, protonemal stage and leafy stage.
9. The most common type of spore produced during
asexual reproduction of algae is:
(a) Aplanospore
(b) Endospore
(c) Zoospore
(d) Oospore
10. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct
about gemmae?
(i) These are specialised structures by which
asexual reproduction takes place in liverworts.
(ii) They are green, multicellular and asexual buds.
(iii) They develop in small receptacles called gemma
cups.
(iv) They detach from parent body and germinate to
form new individuals.
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(d) All of these
11. In mosses, the second gametophytic stage is leafy
stage. Consider and choose the correct statements
about leafy stage.
(i) They consist of upright, slender axes bearing
spirally arranged leaves.
(ii) This leafy stage bears the sex organs.
(iii) They are attached to the soil through multicellular
rhizoids.
(iv) Leafy stage is produced from the secondary
protonema as a lateral bud.
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
12. Which of the following statements with respect to
algae are correct?
(i) Fusion between one large, non-motile female gamete
and a smaller, motile male gamete is termed as
oogamous.
Biology
(ii) Fusion of two gametes dissimilar in size is termed
as oogamous.
(iii) Fusion of two gametes similar in size is called
anisogamous.
(iv) In chlorophyceae, the major pigments are
chlorophyll a and b , and the food is stored as
starch.
(v) In rhodophyceae, the major pigments are
chlorophyll a and d , and the food is stored as
mannitol.
(a) (i) and (v)
(b) (iii) and (v)
(c) (i) and (ii)
(d) (i) and (iv)
13. The main plant body in pteridophyte is:
(a) sporophyte (2n) which is differentiated into root,
stem and leaf.
(b) gametophyte (n) which is differentiated into root,
stem and leaf.
(c) sporophyte having no root, stem and leaf.
(d) gametophyte having no root but only stem and leaf.
14. Seed-habit is seen in
(a) adiantum
(b) cycas
(c) certain monocots
(d) primitive dicots
15. Consider the following four statements whether they
are correct or wrong?
(i) The sporophyte in liverworts is more elaborate
than that in mosses
(ii) Salvinia is heterosporous
(iii) The life cycle in all seed-bearing plants is diplontic
(iv) In Pinus male and female cones are borne on
different trees.
The two wrong statements together are
(a) Statements (i) and (iii)
(b) Statements (i) and (iv)
(c) Statements (ii) and (iii)
(d) Statements (i) and (ii)
16. Match the column-I with column-II and select the
correct answer using the codes given below.
Column-I
Column-II
(Group of Plant Kindgdom) (Examples)
A. Algae
I. Sphagnum
B. Bryophyte
II. Equisetum
C. Gymnosperm
III. Cycas
D. Pteridophyte
IV. Chlamydomonas
(a) A – III; B – IV; C – I; D – II
(b) A – IV; B – I; C – III; D – II
(c) A – IV; B – I; C – II; D – III
(d) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I
Plant Kingdom
17. The bryophytes are fundamentally terrestrial plants
but require a film of water to complete their life cycle.
Water is essential for:
(i) opening of archegonial neck.
(ii) the movement of sperms into the archegonial neck.
(iii) transfer of sperms from antheridia to archegonia.
(iv) dehiscence of antheridia.
(v) liberation of antherozoids.
(a) (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v)
(b) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(c) (iii), (iv) and (v)
(d) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v)
18. Statement I: Members of phaeophyceae vary in
colour from olive green to various shades of brown.
Statement II: Phaeophyceae possess chlorophyll a,
c, carotenoids and xanthophyll.
(a) Both statement I and II are correct.
(b) Both statement I and II are incorrect.
(c) Statement I is correct but statement II is
incorrect.
(d) Statement II is correct but statement I is incorrect.
19. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct
about pteridophytes?
(i) The main plant body is a sporophyte which is
differentiated into true roots and leaves.
(ii) The leaves are small (microphylls) as in ferns or
large (macrophylls) as in Selaginella.
(iii) Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia which
produce two kinds of spores–macro (large) and
micro (small) spores, are known as heterosporous.
(iv) Common examples are Funaria, Polytrichum and
Sphagnum.
(a) Both (i) and (ii)
(b) Both (ii) and (iii)
(c) Both (i) and (iii)
(d) All of the above
20. Match column-I with column-II and select the correct
answer using the codes given below.
Column-I
Column-II
(features)
(term)
A. Presence of tap roots I. Bryophytes
and coralloid roots
B. Horsetails and ferns II. Red algae
C. The food is stored as III. Pteridophytes
floridean starch which
is very similar to
amylopectin and
glycogen in structure
67
D. Presence of sporophyte IV. Gymnosperms
which is not free living
but attached to the
photosynthetic
gametophytes and
derives nourishment
from it
(a) A – I; B – II; C – III; D – IV
(b) A – III; B – I; C – II; D – IV
(c) A – III; B – I; C – IV; D – II
(d) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I
21. Consider the following statements about green algae.
(i) Presence of localised pigments of chlorophyll a and
b in the chloroplast gives green algae its distinct
green colour.
(ii) Food is stored in the form of starch in algae, in
special structures called pyrenoids which are
located in the chloroplast. Food may also be stored
in form of oil droplets.
(iii) Vegetative reproduction occurs through cell
division, fragmentation.
(iv) Members of chlorophyceae are commonly called
green algae.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) (ii) and (iii)
(b) (i) and (ii)
(c) (i) and (iii)
(d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
22. In mosses, the second gametophytic stage is leafy stage.
Consider and choose the correct statements about leafy
stage.
(i) They consist of upright, slender axes bearing
spirally arranged leaves.
(ii) This leafy stage bears the sex organs.
(iii) They are attached to the soil through multicellular
rhizoids.
(iv) Leafy stage is produced from the secondary
protonema as a lateral bud.
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
23. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
(i) Agar, one of commercial products obtained from
Laminaria and Sargassum is used to grow
microbes and in preparations of ice-creams and
jellies.
(ii) In phaeophyceae, major pigments are chl a, d
and phycoerythrin.
(iii) Pteridophytes are classified into four classes:
Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida and
Pteropsida.
68
(iv) Gemmae are green, multicellular, asexual buds,
which develop in small receptacles called gemma
cups located on the thalli.
(a) Both (i) and (ii)
(b) Both (ii) and (iv)
(c) Both (iii) and (iv)
(d) All of the above
24. Place the following groups of plants in order, beginning
with those that first appeared on the earth and
progressing toward those that appeared most recently
in time.
(a) Gymnosperms, angiosperms, ferns, moss, algae
(b) Algae, moss, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms
(c) Moss, algae, ferns, angiosperms, gymnosperms
(d) Algae, ferns, angiosperms, gymnosperms, moss
25. The following statements are associated with one class
of algae. Identify the class of algae.
(i) One or more storage bodies called pyrenoids
located in the chloroplasts are present in the
members of this class.
(ii) They have a rigid cell wall made of an inner
layer of cellulose and an outer layer of pectose.
(iii) Asexual reproduction is by flagellated zoospores
produced in zoosporangia.
(iv) Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra
and Chara are commonly found members of this
class.
(a) Chlorophyceae
(b) Rhodophyceae
(c) Phaeophyceae
(d) None of these
26. Which of the following statements is/are correct?
(i) Equisetum, is a pteridophyte.
(ii) Ginkgo, is a gymnosperms.
(iii) Sphagnum is a pteridophyte.
(iv) Sexual reproduction in Volvox is isogamous.
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) One
27. Match column-I with column-II and select the correct
answer using the codes given below.
Column-I
Column-II
A. Amphibians of the
I. Sphagnum
plant kingdom
B. Specialised structures II. Gymnosperms
in liverworts for
asexual reproduction
Biology
C. Naked seeds
III. Bryophytes
D. A plant which has the IV. Gemmae
capacity of holding
water
(a) A – III; B – IV; C – I; D – II
(b) A – III; B – IV; C – II; D – I
(c) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I
(d) A – III; B – II; C – IV; D – I
28. Choose the correct statement about liverworts.
(i) In liverworts, the antheridium and archegonium
produce the antherozoid and the egg which fuse
during sexual reproduction.
(ii) Both male and female sex organs may be present
on same thalli or different thalli.
(iii) A sporophyte is formed from the zygote which
is differentiated into the foot, seta and capsule.
(iv) Meiosis occurs in some cells of the capsule giving
rise to haploid spores.
(a) (i) and (iii) only
(b) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv) only
(d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
29. The characteristic trait of the plant body of bryophtyes
is:
(a) it is more differentiated than that of algae.
(b) it is equally differentiated to that of algae.
(c) it is less differentiated than that of algae.
(d) it is not differentiated at all.
30. Consider the following statements.
(i) The commercial product, Agar, obtained from
Gracilaria and Gelidium, is used in ice cream
and jelly preparation as well as to grow microbes.
(ii) Chlamydomonas and Chlorella are used in
sewage disposal ponds.
(iii) Some species of marine algae like Porphyra,
Laminaria and Sargassum are used as food.
(iv) Sargassum is a member of red algae.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) (ii) and (iii)
(b) (i) and (ii)
(c) (i) and (iii)
(d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
31. Plants of this group are diploid and well adapted to
extreme conditions. They grow bearing sporophylls
in compact structures called cones. The group in reference is
(a) monocots
(b) dicots
(c) pteridophytes
(d) gymnosperms
Plant Kingdom
69
32. Match column-I with column-II and select the correct
answer using the codes given below.
Column-I
Column-II
A. Gelidium
I. Peat moss
B. Sphagnum
II. Agar agar
C. Adiantum
III. Sphenopsida
D. Equisetum
IV. Pteropsida
(a) A – II; B – I; C – IV; D – III
(b) A – I; B – II; C – IV; D – III
(c) A – II; B – I; C – III; D – IV
(d) A – II; B – IV; C – I; D – III
33. Statement I: Red algae contribute in producing coral
reefs.
Statement II: Some red algae secrete and deposit
calcium carbonate over their wall.
(a) Both statement I and II are correct.
(b) Both statement I and II are incorrect.
(c) Statement I is correct but statement II is incorrect.
(d) Statement II is correct but statement I is incorrect.
34. Read the following statements carefully.
(i) Funaria possesses unicellular and unbranched
rhizoids.
(ii) Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms
to colonise rocks.
(iii) Gemmae are asexual buds, which originate from
small receptacles called gemma cups.
(iv) Sphagnum plants have magnificent property of
retaining water.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) (b) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(c) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
35. Identify the plants which are given below and choose the correct option.
A
B
C
D
A
(a) Gemma cup
B
C
Archegoniophore Sporophyte
D
Sphagnum
(b) Archegoniophore Gemma cup
Gametophyte
Sphagnum
(c) Archegonia
Antheridia
Gemma cup
Sphagnum
(d) Antheridia
Archegonia
Gemma cup
Sphagnum
70
Biology
4
Assertion Reason MCQs
Directions : These questions consist of two statements,
each printed as Assertion and Reason. While answering
these questions, you are required to choose any one of
the following four responses.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason
is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason
is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is not correct.
(d) Assertion is not correct but Reason is correct.
1. Assertion: Selaginella and Salvinia are homosporous.
Reason: In Selaginella and Salvinia, different kind
of spores are produced.
2. Assertion: In cycas, male cones and megasporophylls
are borne on different trees.
Reason: The multicellular female gametophyte is
also retained within megasporangium.
3. Assertion: Rhodophyta is red in colour due to
abundant formation of r-phycoerythrin.
Reason: r-phycoerythrin is able to absorb blue green
wavelength of light and reflect red colour.
4. Assertion: Archegonium is the female sex organ in
bryophytes.
Reason: Algae also possess the archegonium.
5. Assertion: Only anisogamous type of reproduction
is seen in algae.
Reason: Gametes may be flagellated or be nonflagellated in algae.
6. Assertion: Liverworts fail to spread to a new locality
through fragmentation.
Reason: Gemmae are helpful in propagating
liverworts in different locality.
7.
Assertion: The colour of brown algae varies from
olive green to brown.
Reason: In brown algae, xanthophyll pigment,
fucoxanthin are responsible for colour variation.
8. Assertion: The spread of living pteridophytes is
limited and restricted to narrow geographical regions.
Reason: They require cool, damp, shady places to
grow and water for fertilisation.
9. Assertion: In cycas the pinnate leaves persist for a
few years.
Reason: The leaves in gymnosperms are welladapted to withstand extremes of temperature,
humidity and wind.
10. Assertion: Algae are grouped in thallophyta.
Reason: Algae show no differentiation in thallus.
11. Assertion: Chlorella could serve as a potential
source of food and energy.
Reason: Chlorella is a rich source of protein.
12. Assertion: Sperms of Marchantia are biflagellate.
Reason: The sperms can swim.
13. Assertion: The sporophyte in mosses is more
elaborate than that in liverworts.
Reason: Sporophyte consists of capsule only.
14. Assertion: Bryophytes are known as the amphibians
of plant kingdom.
Reason: They are found in swamps and the areas
where land and water meet.
15. Assertion: The color of red algae is due to
predominance of xanthophyll pigment.
Reason: They also found at great depth in oceans
where relatively little light penentrates.
5
1.
Which of the following group of plant is being
described by the given statements?
(i) They are plants in which the ovules are not
enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed
before and after fertilization.
(ii) The giant red wood tree Sequoia is one of the
tallest tree species of the group.
(iii) The roots are generally tap roots.
(iv) They are heterosporous and they produce haploid
microspores and megaspores.
(v) Roots in some genera have fungal association.
(a) Algae
(b) Bryophytes
(c) Gymnosperms
(d) Pteridophytes
Plant Kingdom
2.
3.
71
Statement I: The pteridophytes are found in cool,
damp, shady places
Statement II: In pteridophytes, the main plant body
is a sporophyte.
NCERT Page-36 / N-30
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
(b) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
(c) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
(d) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
Match the column-I with column-II and choose the
correct option.
NCERT Page-29 & 30 / N-23 & 24
Column-I
(System of
classification)
Column-II
(Characteristics)
I. Based on
fewmorphological
characters
B. Natural system
II. Based on evolutionary
of classification
relationships between
the various organisms
C. Phylogenetic system III. Based on natural
of classification
affinities among the
organisms and
consider external as
well as internal
features.
D. Numerical Faxonomy IV. Carried out using
computer
5.
NCERT
6.
A.
B.
C.
D.
7.
Page-35, 36 & 38 / N-26, 27 & 28
Column-I
Column-II
Chlorella
Adiantum
Sargassum
Selaginella
I. Heterosporous
II. Marine algae
III. Pteridophyta
IV. Unicellular alga rich in
proteins
(a) A – II; B – IV; C – I; D – III
(b) A – I; B – IV; C – III; D – II
(c) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I
(d) A – III; B – II; C – I; D – IV
Choose the correct statement about liverworts.
NCERT
(a) A – II; B – I; C – III; D – IV
(b) A – I; B – III; C – II; D – IV
(c) A – III; B – II; C – I; D – IV
(d) A – I; B – II; C – III; D – IV
Refer to the following statement(s) and identify the
group of plant which is being described by the given
statements?
(i) They include various mosses and liverworts that
are found commonly growing in moist shaded
areas in the hills.
(ii) They lack true roots, stem or leaves.
(iii) The main plant body is haploid.
(iv) They produce a multicellular body sporophyte
which is not free living but attached to the
photosynthetic gametophyte and der ives
nourishment from it.
(v) Its plant body is more differentiated than that of
algae.
Page-34 & 35 / N-28 & 29
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
(b) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
(c) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
(d) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
Match the following columns.
NCERT
A. Artificial system
of classification
4.
(a) Algae
(b) Fungi
(c) Bryophytes
(d) Pteridophytes
Statement I: Antheridium is the male sex organ is
bryophytes.
Statement II: Bryophytes need water for fertilization.
8.
Page-35 / N-29
(i) In liverworts, the antheridium and archegonium
produce the antherozoid and the egg which fuse
during sexual reproduction.
(ii) Both male and female sex organs may be present
on same thalli or different thalli.
(iii) A sporophyte is formed from the zygote which
is differentiated into the foot, seta and capsule.
(iv) Meiosis occurs in some cells of the capsule giving
rise to haploid spores.
(v) The spores germinate to form free - leving
sporophytes.
(a) (i) and (iii) only
(b) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv) only
(d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
Statement I: In numerical taxonomy obserrable
characters are not given equal importance.
Statement II: More than 20 characters can’t be
studied at a time in numerical taxonomy.
72
9.
Biology
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
(b) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
(c) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
(d) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
Match the following
NCERT Page-38 / N-32
Column-I
(Classes)
A. Psilopsida
B. Lycopsida
C. Sphenopsida
D. Pteropsida
Column-II
(Examples)
I. Dryopteris, Pteris,
Adiantum
II. Equisetum
III. Selaginella
IV. Psilotum
(a) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I
(b) A – I; B – II; C – III; D – IV
(c) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I
(d) A – III; B – IV; C – I; D – II
10. How many of the following statements is/are correct?
(i) Equisetum is a gymnosperm.
(ii) Ginkgo is a pteridophyte.
(iii) Fucus is a brown algae.
(iv) Sexual reproduction in Volvox is oogamous.
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) One
11. Statement I: Bryophytes are amphibians of plant
kingdom.
Statement II: They live in soil but depend on water
for sexual reproduction.
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
(b) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
(c) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
(d) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
12. Match column-I with column-II and choose the correct
option.
Column-I
A. Phaeophyceae
B. Rhodophyceae
C. Mosses
D. Pteridophytes
13. Refer to the given Venn diagram and select the
correct option regarding P and Q
Column-II
I. Sphagnum
II. Equisetum?
III. Asexual reproduction by
biflagellate zoosposes
IV. Gelidium
(a) A – III; B – IV; C – I; D – II
(b) A – IV; B – III; C – I; D – II
(c) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I
(d) A – IV; B – I; C – III; D – II
(a) P could be an alga or a bryophyte whereas Q
could be a pteridophyte.
(b) True roots, stems and leaves are present in P
but absent in Q.
(c) Anthridium in Q is sessile whereas that in P (If
present is stalked)
(d) P is exclusively xerophytic whereas Q is
amphibious by nature.
14. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct
about gemmae?
NCERT Page-35 / N-29
(i) These are specialised structures by which
asexual reproduction take place in liverworts.
(ii) They are green, multicellular and asexual buds.
(iii) They develop in small receptacles called gemma
cups.
(iv) They detach from parent body and germinate to
form new individuals.
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(d) All of these
15. Statement I: Main plant body of bryophytes is
sporophytic.
Statement II: Main plant body of pteridophytes is
gametophytic.
NCERT Page-29 & 32 / N-35 & 38
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
(b) Statement I is correct but Statement II is
incorrect
(c) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is
correct
(d) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
16. Funaria may be differentiated from Pinus by the
character
NCERT Page-36 / N-30
(a) No fruits are produced
(b) No seeds are produced
(c) Antheridia and archegonia
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Plant Kingdom
73
17. Match the column-I with column-II and select the correct
answer using the codes given below.
NCERT
Column-I
(Group of Plant
Kindgdom)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Algae
Bryophyta
Gymnosperm
Pteridophyte
Page-30, 36 & 38 / N-24, 34
Column-II
(Examples)
I. Sphagnum
II. Equisetum
III. Cycas
IV. Chlamydomonas
(a) A – III; B – IV; C – I; D – II
(b) A – IV; B – I; C – III; D – II
(c) A – II; B – I; C – III; D – IV
(d) A – IV; B – I; C – II; D – III
18. Match column-I with column-II and select the correct
answer using the codes given below.
NCERT Page-30 & 34 / N-24 & 28
Column-I
A. Ectocarpus
Column-II
I. Plant body with frond,
stipe and holdfast
B. Volvox
II. Filamentous
C. Laminaria
III. Colonial
D. Polysiphonia
IV. Floridean starch
(a) A – II; B – I; C – IV; D – III
(b) A – II; B – III; C – I; D – IV
(c) A – II; B – III; C – I; D – IV
(d) A – IV; B – III; C – I; D – II
19. Which of the following statement(s) about algae is/
are correct?
NCERT Page-30 / N-24
(i) Algae are chlorophyll bearing simple, thalloid,
heterotrophic and aquatic (both fresh water and
marine) organisms.
(ii) Algae reproduce by vegetative means only.
(iii) Fusion of two gametes dissimilar in size is termed
as oogamous.
(iv) A few of the massive forms of algae such as
kelps, form massive plant bodies.
(v) Algae are not useful to man.
(a) Only (i)
(b) Both (i) and (iii)
(c) Only (iv)
(d) All of these
20. Match the column-I with column-II and select the correct
answer using the codes given below.
NCERT
A.
B.
C.
D.
Column-I
Pteropsida
Sphenopsida
Lycopsida
Psilopsida
Page-38 / N-32
Column-II
I. Equisetum
II. Psilotum
III. Lycopodium
IV. Pteris
(a) A – III; B – IV; C – I; D – II
(b) A – IV; B – I; C – III; D – II
(c) A – II; B – I; C – III; D – IV
(d) A – IV; B – I; C – II; D – III
74
Biology
1
(c)
2
(d)
3
(b)
6
(c)
7
(b)
8
(d)
11
(a)
12
(c)
13
16
(a)
17
(d)
18
1
2
3
4
(c)
(d)
(b)
(b)
5
6
7
8
(b)
(a)
(c)
(b)
9
10
11
12
(a)
(d)
(c)
(a)
1
2
3
4
(a)
(b)
(b)
(b)
5
6
7
8
(d)
(a)
(b)
(b)
9
10
11
12
(d)
(c)
(b)
(d)
1
2
3
4
(c)
(d)
(d)
(d)
5
6
7
8
(a)
(b)
(a)
(a)
9
10
11
12
(c)
(d)
(d)
(d)
1
2
(d)
(b)
3
4
(a)
(c)
5
6
(d)
(a)
1
2
(c)
(d)
3
4
(b)
(c)
5
6
(d)
(c)
ANSWER KEYS
CDQs 3.1 Classroom Discussion Questions
(b)
(a)
4
5
CDQs 3.2 Classroom Discussion Questions
(a)
9
10 (d)
CDQs 3.3 Classroom Discussion Questions
14 (d)
15 (b)
CDQs 3.4 Classroom Discussion Questions
(d) 19 (b)
20 (b)
Exercise 1 Home Assignment (NCERT Based MCQs)
(a)
(d)
17 (d) 21 (d) 25
(a)
18 (d) 22 (b) 26
(a)
19 (b) 23 (d) 27
(b)
(a) 24 (d) 28
20
Exercise 2 NEET Past Year MCQs
13 (b)
17 (b) 21 (a) 25
14 (c)
18 (d) 22 (d) 26
(c) 23 (a) 27
15 (a)
19
(a) 24 (c)
16 (c)
20
28
Exercise 3 Multi-Concept Exercise
13 (a)
17 (d) 21 (d) 25
(a) 22 (d) 26
14 (a)
18
(c) 23 (c) 27
15 (b)
19
16 (b)
20 (d) 24 (b) 28
Exercise 4 Assertion Reason MCQs
(a)
(b) 11 (a) 13
7
9
(a)
(a) 12 (a) 14
8
10
Exercise 5 Master Stroke
(d)
(a) 11 (d) 13
7
9
(a)
(a) 12 (a) 14
8
10
13
14
15
16
(c)
(a)
(d)
(c)
29
30
31
32
(d)
(d)
(d)
(d)
33
34
35
36
(d)
(b)
(c)
(c)
37
38
39
40
(d)
(d)
(b)
(d)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(a)
29
30
31
32
(c)
(d)
(b)
(a)
33
34
35
36
(a)
(a)
(b)
(a)
37
38
39
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(d)
29
30
31
32
(a)
(d)
(d)
(a)
33
34
35
(a)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(a)
15
(d)
(a)
(d)
15
16
(a)
(b)
17
18
(b)
(b)
19
20
(c)
(b)