Building material is any material utilized for construction purpose such as materials for house building. Natural Available Materials are those that are unprocessed or minimally processed by industry, such as lumber or glass. Artificial/Industrial Materials are made in industrial settings after much human manipulations, such as plastics and petroleum-based paints. Materials provide strength, durability, functionality, aesthetics, and compliance with regulations, ensuring safe and long-lasting structures. Construction Materials and Testing can identify issues related to the quality of the ASTM American Society for Testing Materials AASHTO American Association of Highway and Transportation Officials Set of sieves, fine mesh strainer, or sift is a device for separating wanted elements from Sieve shaker are devices designed to help promote particle movement through a stack of sieves, facilitating accurate particle separation construction material, highlight future risks, help classify a building site, and assist with engineering decisions. unwanted material or for controlling the particle size distribution of a sample, using a screen such as a woven mesh or net or perforated sheet material. Cement Cement Concrete Mortar Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) OPC Types of cement Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) PPC OPC Rapid Hardening Cement 30 minutes 600 minutes Quick setting cement Low heat cement Sulfate Resisting Cement Blast Furnace Cement High alumina cement High Alumina Cement White Cement is an adhesive substance to bind different materials used in building and civil engineering construction. It is used to make concrete as well as mortar, and to secure the infrastructure by binding the building blocks. is made of cement, water, sand, and gravel mixed in definite proportions, consists of cement, water, and lime aggregate. Widely used. It is used for general construction purposes. It is also used in most of the masonry works. is costlier than PPC. 1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) 2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) 3. Rapid Hardening Cement 4. Quick Setting Cement 5. Low Heat Cement 6. Sulphate Resisting Cement 7. Blast Furnace Cement 8. High Alumina Cement 9. White Cement 10. Colored Cement 11. Air Entraining Cement 12. Expansive Cement 13. Hydrophobic Cement are natural or synthetic materials that contain silica in reactive forms. It reacts with calcium hydroxide generated by hydrating cement to form additional cementations materials when it is finely divided. is usually used in hydraulic structures, marine structures, construction near the seashore, dam construction, etc. is made from argillaceous, calcareous, and gypsum When finely grounded, tri-calcium silicate (C3S) is present in OPC with higher content, it gains strength more quickly than OPC RHC initial setting time RHC final setting time is the cement which sets in a very short time. The initial setting time is 5 minutes and the final setting time is 30 minutes. It is a spatial type of cement which produces low heat of hydration during the setting. is used to resist sulfate attacks in concrete Portland cement clinker and granulated blast furnace slag are intergraded to make ______ is obtained by mixing calcining bauxite (it’s an aluminium ore) and ordinary lime with clinker during the manufacture of OPC. It also used where the concrete is subjected to frost and acidic action.; It is used where concrete structures are subjected to high temperatures like workshops, refractory, foundries, etc. It is usually used in decorative work. It can also use for traffic barriers, tile grouts, swimming pools, roof tiles patching materials, and terrazzo surfaces. Colored cement Air Entraining Cement expansive cement Le Chatelier Test Hydraulic cement Vicat Needle Testing Method calcium silicate binder Soundness Le chatelier Test consistency Vicat test ASTM C 348: ASTM C 109 Setting time Hydraulic cement Fresh concrete Testing Slump test Slump test Compaction factor test Workability Vebe test hardened concrete Cube test Split tensile test Rebound hammer test penetration resistance test penetration depth is used for different decorative work is a special type of cement which entrains tinny air bubbles in concrete. In the hydration process, it expands its volume. It can be possible to overcome shrinkage loss by using this. tests the expansion of cement due to lime. refers to the ability of cement to not shrink upon hardening A type of cement that sets very quickly and hardens with the addition of water to the finely ground cement is called hydraulic cement. a widely used technique in the field of construction and materials engineering to determine the setting time and consistency of cementitious materials They are used to plug leaks in concrete or masonry structures such as dams, culverts, water tanks, cisterns, swimming pools, mines, and sewer and water pipes. refers to the ability of cement to not shrink upon hardening tests the expansion of cement due to lime The ability of cement paste to flow is ___. The consistency of cement is measured by ___ Flexural Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars : Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars can also be an indicator of hydration rate. is a product used to stop water and leaks in concrete and masonry structures. 65 is freshly created concrete that hasn't yet hardened and taken on a permanent form. is necessary for quality assurance, to ensure that manufactured elements are durable, and to meet structural standards for both fresh and hardened concrete. is used to determine the consistency as well as the workability of freshly mixed concrete It measures the water content and the ease of inserting and completing the concrete by observing any subsequent slumping or settling. determines whether cement concrete is workable is the ability of concrete to be combined, poured, and compacted without losing its intended properties. The test is conducted by calculating the required for a concrete cone that has been slump cone-molded to fully settle inside the cylindrical mold after being vibrated. Concrete that has undergone the full curing process and solidified into a durable substance is known as ____. a sample of recently mixed concrete is taken, allowed to cure, then crushed to determine the compressive strength. An indirect method of assessing the concrete's tensile test is the ____ is based on the principle that the rebound of an elastic mass depends on the hardness of the concrete surface against which the mass strikes. is an NDT that determines the relative strength of the concrete structures. indicates the compressive strength of the concrete. penetration resistance Rodding Vibration Complete pavement Asphalt pavement Concrete pavement Cobblestone pavement Brick pavement Gravel pavement Core boring Impact-echo Method Cylindrical transducer(tool) Magnetic imaging tomography 3rd exam Metals Metals ores Luster malleable conductors Sonorous Reactivity Ferrous Metals Iron Ferrous metals Annealing Pig iron Blast furnace of concrete is computed by measuring the exposed length of probes driven into concrete. is designed to withstand the expected traffic loads and environmental conditions, providing a durable and safe surface for vehicles and pedestrians. is popular due to its durability, flexibility, and relatively low cost is known for its strength, longevity, and resistance to wear and tear. is a traditional paving material that adds a historical or aesthetic touch to streets and sidewalks. another traditional paving material that offers a unique and attractive appearance. It is made from individual bricks that are laid in a pattern and mortared together. is a low-cost and environmentally friendly paving option that is often used in rural areas or for temporary roads. It consists of a layer of compacted gravel or crushed stone. is a crucial non-destructive testing technique in concrete pavements that offers vital information on the pavement's quality, structural integrity, and performance. is a nondestructive test technique for masonry and concrete constructions. The test uses the stress waves, or sound typically produced when an impactor (Impact)strikes concrete, and it records the reflections and refractions from internal defects and other barriers (Echo) A patented self-standing transducer picks up signals produced by stress waves in structures reflecting off various targets The device's electromagnetic sensors then measure the strong magnetic field created by the reflector's eddy current. are any chemical element having "metallic properties" It is a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity. Metals are refined from ____ that have been extracted from the earth. Metals are shiny when cut, scratched, or polished. Metals are strong but____, which means that they can be easily bent or shaped. Metals are excellent ____ of electricity and heat Metals often make a ringing sound when hit Some metals will undergo a chemical change (reaction), by themselves or with other elements, and release energy. are those in which the chief ingredient is the chemical element iron (ferrum). is a shiny, grayish metal that rusts in damp air It is the most abundant of all metals, its pure form rapidly corrodes from exposure to moist air and high temperatures. is the process of heating iron and allowing it to cool slowly - hardening process. is the starting point for commercial iron products. Iron ore is converted into this in a blast furnace. separates the iron from the waste materials and sinters the ore and flue dust. Smelting Reduction Wrought iron Cast iron Cast iron Cast iron Cast iron Grey cast iron Malleable cast iron Malleable cast iron Mottle cast iron Toughened cast iron White cast iron Ductile cast iron Chilled cast iron Steel Carbon steels Heat-treated construction alloy steels Heat-treated highstrength carbon steels Heat treating High-strength lowalloy steels Alloy steels Stainless steels ferritic Austenitic is a process in which the ore is heated, permitting the iron to be separated from impurities that may be chemically or physically mixed in. is a process that separates the iron from oxygen with which it is chemically mixed. is the iron containing almost no carbon Is a durable alloy that is primarily composed of iron, carbon, and silicon. Known for its exceptional strength, heat resistance, and castability, cast iron has been fundamental material in construction. have carbon contents above 1.7 percent having white, gray, and malleable types. is obtained from the pig-iron which is re-melted with coke and limestone. Does not get attracted to magnet. it is grey in color. It has coarse crystalline structure. Its melting point is very low thus it has weak strength and it is only used for casting purposes. is a type of material that has the ability to form into any shape without breaking or cracking. It has good corrosive resistance. carbon content is slightly reduced and graphite content is precipitated as temper carbon. This reduce the brittleness of cast iron is the medium stage cast iron which properties are in between grey cast iron and white cast iron. It has Small amount of graphite in its composition. is the combination of cast iron and wrought iron. is silver in color. Its melting point is high so, strength wise it is better but not used for delicate casting purposes. Has heavy strenght is also called as spheroidal graphite iron. consists two layers of which one layer has white cast iron properties and other one has grey cast iron properties. the world's foremost construction material, is an iron alloy that contains between 0.2% and 2% carbon by weight and sometimes small amounts of other elements, including manganese must meet maximum content requirements for manganese and silicon. have more stringent alloying element specifications than carbon steel. They produce the strongest general-use structural steel. are brought to desired strength and toughness levels by heat treating. refers to the process of heating and cooling metals to produce changes in the physical and mechanical properties. are a group of steels to which alloying elements have been added to produce improved mechanical properties and greater resistance to atmospheric corrosion. Their carbon range is typically from 0.12 to 0.22 percent. contain other metals such as aluminum, copper, or nickel. They may be used in auto parts, pipelines, and motors. always contain chromium and maybe also nickel or molybdenum. They are shiny and generally resistant to corrosion. (types of stainless steels) which is similar to carbon steel and strongly resistant to stress corrosion cracking but is not good for welding. - which is the most common and good for welding Martensitic Duplex Tool steels W-shape (wide flange) / W 16 3 31 S-shape (American Standard I-beam) C-shape The bearing pile, or HP-shape Steel angle Structural tees Steel pipe and structural tubing Steel plate 1st exam which is moderately resistant to corrosion but high in strength. - which consists of half ferritic and half austenitic steels and is stronger than either of those two types are alloyed with hard metals such as vanadium, cobalt, molybdenum, and tungsten. As their name suggests, they are often used to make tools, including hammers. () (Structural Steel Shapes) indicates a W-shape with a web 16 inches deep and a weight of 31 pounds per linear foot. has parallel inner and outer flange surfaces with a consistent thickness. The most widely used structural steel member is the W-shape, whose cross-section forms the letter H. I has a slope of approximately 17 degrees on the inner flange surfaces. It is distinguished by its cross-section being shaped like the letter I. S-shapes are used less frequently than are W-shapes, since the S-shapes provide less strength. is similar to the S-shape in that its inner flange surface is also sloped. It is called the American Standard channel and has a cross-section similar to the letter C. It is especially useful in locations where a single flat face without a flange on one side is required. , is almost identical to the W-shape except that the flange thickness and web thickness of the bearing pile are equal, whereas the W-shape has different web and flange thicknesses. is a structural shape whose cross-section resembles the letter L. Angles are available in an equal leg angle and an unequal leg angle have a cross-section that resembles the letter T. They are produced by splitting the webs of beams with rotary shears. Structural tees are designated by their depth and weight per liner foot. are available in square, rectangular, and circular shapes and are commonly used for columns and other load-bearing applications. They are designated by their crosssectional dimensions. is a structural shape whose cross-section is in the form of a flat rectangle that has a width of greater than 8 in. and a thickness of 1/4 in. or greater. Plates frequently are referred to by their thickness and width in inches, as plate 1/2 in. 3 24 in. Plates are frequently used to make connections between other structural members or as component parts of built-up structural members. Building materials Naturally Available materials Synthetic/Artificial Materials Materials Construction Materials and testing ASTM AASHTO Geological Classification Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks metamorphism Physical Classification Foliated Rocks Stratified Rocks Unstratified Rocks Chemical Classification Argillaceous Rocks Siliceous Rocks Calcareous Rocks Structural Clay Bulk Density Porosity Durability Specific Gravity is any material which is used for construction purposes. This can be classified as natural or synthetic. are those that are unprocessed or minimally processed by industry, such as lumber or glass. are made in industrial settings after much human manipulations, such as plastics and petroleum-based paints. provide strength, durability, functionality, aesthetics, and compliance with regulations, ensuring safe and long-lasting structures. can identify issues related to the quality of the construction material, highlight future risks, help classify a building site, and assist with engineering decisions. American Society for Testing Materials American Association of Highway and Transportation Officials This classification is based on mode of formation of the rock from which building stones are obtained. those rocks of the earth that have been formed by the natural process of cooling and crystallization from originally hot and molten magma are formed from any type of preexisting rocks by a simple process of breakdown into smaller particles under the influence of natural agencies like wind, water and ice and atmospheric gases. The process for their change under the influence of increased temperature, pressure, and chemical environment is called ____. The basis for such a classification is the physical properties of rocks, the manner and arrangement of different particles and mass forming a stone. show definite parallel arrangement of minerals showing a tendency to split in a specific direction. formed due to the splitting of parallel layers of sedimentary rocks. They exhibit distinct layers which can be separated. The plane of separation is called as a cleavage plane. are granular or crystalline structure and become solid and cooling. They do not show any sign of strata. The presence of chemical constituents in the rocks is the basis for their type of classification clay and alumina is the main constituents Silica is the main constituents calcium carbonate or lime is the main constituents in these rocks It is a recyclable and sustainable product, it is fire resistant and the color ranges from light brown to burnt red. is the ratio of mass to the volume of the material in its natural state that is including voids and pores. gives the volume of the material occupied by pores. It is the ratio of volume of pores to the volume of material. is the property of a material to withstand against the combined action of atmospheric and other factors. is the ratio of mass of given substance to the mass of water at 4oC for the equal volumes Fire Resistance Frost Resistance Weathering Resistance Spalling Resistance Water Absorption Water Permeability Hygroscopicity Refractoriness Strength Hardness Elasticity Plasticity brittleness Fatigue Impact strength Abrasion creep Chemical resistance Corrosion resistance Thermal Capacity Thermal conductivity Thermal Resistance Specific heat Aggregates Bulk density Voids Fineness modulus Impact value 1 ½ inch or 37.5mm is the ability to withstand against fire without changing its shape and other properties is the ability of a material to resist freezing or thawing. is the property of a material to withstand against all atmospheric actions without losing its strength and shape. is the ability of a material to undergo certain number of cycles of sharp temperature variations without failing. is the capacity of a material to absorb and retain water in it is the ability of a material to permit water through it. is the property of a material to absorb water vapor from the air. is the property of a material which cannot melts or lose its shape at prolonged high temperatures is the capacity of a material to resist failure caused by loads acting on it. is the property of a material to resist scratching by a herder body is the capacity of a material to regain its initial shape and size after removal of load is known a is when the load applied on the material will undergo permanent deformation without cracking and retain this shape after the removal of load is when the material subjected to load, fails suddenly without causing any deformation If a material is subjected to repeated loads, then the failure occurs at some point which is lower than the failure point caused by steady loads If a material is subjected to sudden loads and it will undergo some deformation without causing rupture. It designates the toughness of material. The loss of material due to rubbing of particles while working is the deformation caused by constant loads for long periods. is the ability of a construction material to resist the effects of chemicals like acids, salts and alkalis. Resistance in the formation of rust (iron oxide) in metals, when they are subjected to atmosphere is called as corrosion. is the property of a material to absorb heat and it is required to design proper ventilation. The amount of heat transferred through unit area of specimen with unit thickness in unit time . It is the ability to resist heat conduction. And it is the reciprocal of thermal conductivity is the quantity of heat required to heat 1 N of material by 1C. is a material used for mixing with cement, bitumen, lime, gypsum, or other adhesive to form concrete or mortar. It is defined as the weight of the aggregate required to fill a container of unit volume. The empty spaces between the aggregate particles is generally used to get an idea of how coarse or fine the aggregate is. gives a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to sudden shock or impact. Mechanical splitters are commonly available in sizes adequate for aggregate having the largest particle size not over Sieve analysis Sieve Cumulative Method Fractional Method Specific gravity absorption Aggregates Fine aggregates Coarse aggregates Bulk Dry Specific Gravity Bulk Saturated Surface Dry Specific Gravity (SSD) SSD Apparent Specific Gravity (Gsa) Absorption (% Abs) 230 ± 9°F (110 ± 5°C) 73.4 ± 3°F (23 ± 1.7°C) Bulk density Unit weight Weight Voids Moisture content Aggregate Absorption Free moisture Soundness which is also known as gradation test is a laboratory test procedure that is an effective way of analyzing or determining the particle size distribution of coarse aggregates within a given sample. are wire screen having square openings. where each sieve fraction, beginning with the coarsest, is placed in a previously tared pan and weighed. where operator weighs the contents of each sieve fraction separately, waiting to discard material until the entire test is complete. is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of aggregate to the weight of an equal volume of water. is a measure of the amount of water that an aggregate can absorb into its pore structure and is determined by the same test procedure. is a granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, crushed hydrauliccement concrete, or iron blast-furnace slag, used with a hydraulic cementing medium to produce either concrete or mortar. are particles entirely passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve, and predominantly retained on the 75 µm sieves. are aggregates that will not pass through a sieve with 4.75 mm openings. It is used to determine the specific gravity of a compacted aggregate by determining the ratio of its weight to the weight of an equal volume of water. The ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of aggregate, including the weight of water within the voids filled to the extent achieved by submerging in water for approximately 15-19 hours, to the weight in air of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature. This is a condition in which the aggregate has been soaked in water and has absorbed water into its pore spaces. It is the ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of the impermeable portion of aggregate (does not include the permeable pores in aggregate) to the weight in air of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at the stated temperature. The increase in weight of aggregate due to water in the pores of the material, but not including water adhering to the outside surface of the particles. Temperature of the oven for drying the samples in dry test samples to constant weight (for specific gravity) Calibrate a specific gravity flask pycnometer by filling with water at ___ to the calibration line the mass of a unit volume of bulk aggregate material, in which the volume includes the volume of the individual particles and the volume of the voids between the particles. Expressed in kg/m3(lb/ft3) Mass per unit volume force exerted on a body by gravity - the space between particles in an aggregate mass not occupied by solid mineral matter. quantity of water contained in a material a material or structure formed from a loosely compacted mass of fragment action by which a material absorbs or is absorbed by another – absorbed water and moisture coating the surface determines the resistance of an aggregate to disintegration by weathering sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) or magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) Sulfate Soundness Freezing and thawing soundness Aggregate durability index Sodium hydroxide (NAOH) The soundness test repeatedly submerges an aggregate sample in a ___ solution (AASHTO T 104) This test subjects the aggregate samples to repeated immersion in either sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate solution. - this test was specified in AASHTO T 103 and similar to the sulfate soundness tests, however it uses actual freeze-thaw cycles with water or a weak ethyl alcohol – water solution. - This test, specified in AASHTO T 210, measures the relative resistance of an aggregate to produce detrimental clay-like fines when subjected to mechanical methods of degradation. solution used for organic impurities in fine aggregate (colour test) is the measure of aggregate toughness and abrasion resistance such as crushing, degradation and disintegration. The percentage wear of the sample aggregates due to rubbing with steel balls is determined and is known as 4th Bituminous materials or asphalts Bitumen Asphalts Tars Bituminous materials Pitch Bituminous mixture Bitumen Cutback bitumen Cutback bitumen Bitumen emulsion Emulsifier are extensively used for roadway construction, primarily because of their excellent binding characteristics and water proofing properties and relatively low cost. is defined as an amorphous, black or dark-colored, (solid, semi-solid, or viscous) cementitious substance, composed principally of high molecular weight hydrocarbons, and soluble in carbon disulfide may occur in nature or may be obtained from petroleum processing do not occur in nature and are obtained as condensates in the processing of coal, petroleum, oil-shale, wood or other organic materials. include primarily of asphalts and tars. is formed when a tar is partially distilled so that the volatile constituents have evaporated off from it. are generally used to denote the combinations of bituminous materials (as binders), aggregates and additives. is the residue or by-product when the crude petroleum is refined is a range of binders that are produced by blending (mixing) penetration grade bitumen and a hydrocarbon solvent, such as paraffin or mineral turpentine gets its name from the solvent that is involved in the process, because the solvent "cuts back" or evaporates, leaving behind the binder to "get on with the job". is a mixture of fine droplets of bitumen and water. But as the bitumen is a petroleum product it doesn’t mix with water and as it is sticky in nature, it doesn’t easily gets disintegrated into fine droplets. To overcome this problem an emulsifier is used. can be defined as a surface-active agent. It keeps the bitumen in its fine droplet state by disallowing it to mix with other droplets. Rapid setting emulsions Medium setting emulsions Slow setting emulsions Bitumen primers Bitumen primers Bitumen primers Modified bitumen Polymer modified bitumen (PMB)/ crumb rubber modified bitumen (CRMB) coal tar asphalt sealer Cold liquid pour asphalt Hot pour crackfill Surface texture Stripping Porous asphalt Perpetual pavement Hot mix asphalt Warm mix asphalt Quiet asphalt Thin overlays Coal tar pitch Coal tar pitch enamel are used for surface dressing work. are preferred for premix jobs and patch repairs work. are preferred in rainy season. the distillate is absorbed by the road surface on which it is spread. The absorption therefore depends on the porosity of the surface. are useful on the stabilized surfaces and water bound macadam base courses. are generally prepared on road sites by mixing penetration bitumen with petroleum distillate Certain additives or blend of additives called as bitumen modifiers can improve properties of Bitumen and bituminous mixes. Bitumen treated with these modifiers is known as should be used only in wearing course depending upon the requirements of extreme climatic variations. Recommended sealing products on the market, because of its ability to create an effective buffer against traffic, water, oil salt, and other staining agents. is high effective in sealing cracks up to ½” in width. is commercial-grade rubberized asphalt crack sealer that works on cracks up to 1” in width. It can be safely heated in a kettle or crack fill applicator melter and poured into cracks to seal out water, ice, and debris. It will keep cracks sealed for up to four years. Workability and pavement strength are influenced by When the asphalt film separates from the aggregate because of the action of water, it is called This type of asphalt is used in parking lots to enable water to drain through the pavement. is a multi-layer paving process designed for heavy loads and incorporates a strong, flexible base to prevent, a strong permanent middle layer and the smooth top driving surface. is used for driveways, producing a strong, durable surface that is easy to repair and maintain, withstands freezing and thawing. is produced the same way that hot-mix asphalt is, except it is 50-100 degrees Fahrenheit lower. is used to reduce the amount of noise pollution created by traffic on roads that are built through or near residential areas. improve ride quality and reduce pavement distress, noise levels, and life-cycle costs. It is produced by using warm-mix asphalt and recycled materials. is dark brown to black hydrocarbon obtained through the distillation of coke-oven tar. is made from coal tar pitch with added minerals fillers. It is used to protect pipe in pipeline work Felts is a sheet material made from the cellulose fibers of organic materials such as wood, paper, rags, glass fibers, and asbestos Saturated felts sometimes called tar paper, are made with an organic mat saturated with a layer of thin asphalt. Tar paper is used as an underlayment for shingles, as sheathing paper. also used to produced roll roofing Ice and water shield is a roofing membrane composed of two waterproofing materials bonded into one layer. Comprised of a rubberized asphalt adhesive backed by a layer polyethylene. Fiberglass mats can be impregnated with asphalt but are not “saturated” because the glass fibers will not absorb the asphalt. Fireproofing paper is made using asbestos fibers either in a pressed mat-liked felt or in a woven sheet. Asphalt g is used on masonry walls above and below grade. waterproofing Bitumen extraction is used to determine the amount of bitumen that is actually used as binding test content in asphaltic pavement or asphaltic concrete recently laid at site. Roll roofing uses either organic felt or fiberglass mats as a base materia Alligatoring refers to surface cracking caused by oxidation and shrinkage stresses, which can result in a repetitive mounding of the asphalt surface similar to an alligator’s hide. bitumen is the liquid binder that holds asphalt together Asphalt is produced in a plant that heats, dries and mixes aggregate, bitumen and sand into a composite. Penetration test It measures the hardness or softness of bitumen by measuring the depth in tenths of a millimeter to which a standard loaded needle will penetrate vertically in 5 seconds. Ductility is the property of bitumen that permits it to undergo great deformation or elongation. It is defined as the distance in cm, to which a standard sample or briquette of the material will be elongated without breaking. Softening point test denotes the temperature at which the bitumen attains a particular degree of softening under the specified condition of test. Specific gravity of is defined as the ratio of mass of given volume of bitumen of known content to the bitumen mass of equal volume of water at 270C 0.97 to 1.02 The specific gravity of bitumen varies from ____. Viscosity denotes the fluid property of bituminous material and it is a measure of resistance to flow.
