Unit I
The Living World
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8th Aug, 2023
Living?
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What is Living?
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Purpose of Living?
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Living vs Non-living?
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Diversity in the world
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Biodiversity
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1.7-1.8 billion
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Local names vs Scientific names?
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Nomenclature
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Nomenclature
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Identification
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International Code for Botanical Nomenclature
(ICBN)
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
(ICZN)
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Binomial Nomenclature
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Carolus Linnaeus
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Mango – Mangifera indica Linn
Generic Name/genus
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Latinised
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Underlined/italics
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Specific epithet/species
6
Classification
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Identification

Characterisation
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Classification

Nomenclature
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Systematics
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Classification
Classification is the process by which anything is grouped
into convenient categories based on some easily observable characters.
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15th Aug, 2023
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Taxa/Taxon
The scientific term for these categories is taxa.
Taxa can indicate categories at very different levels:
Animals, mammals, dogs
Taxonomy: the process of classification
External and internal structure,
Structure of cell,
Development process and
Ecological information of organisms
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Systematics
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Evolutionary relation between organisms

Systema Naturae : Linnaeus’ book
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Taxonomic Categories
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Rank/Category/Taxon
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Taxonomic Category
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Taxonomic hierarchy
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Groups – category – rank
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Taxonomic Categories
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Species



Fundamental
similarities
Distinct morphological
differences



Mangifera
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06/06/2024
Mangifera indica
Panthera leo(lion), Panthera
tigris(tiger)
Solanum tuberosum (potato),
Sonalum nigrum (Black
nightshade),
Sonalum melongena(brinjal)
Homo sapiens
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Genus

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Group of related species
which has more characters in
common in comparison to
species of other genera


Groups of closely related
species
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Panthera leo(lion),
Panthera tigris(tiger),
Panthera pardus (panther)
Solanum tuberosum (potato),
Sonalum nigrum (Black
nightshade),
Sonalum melongena(brinjal)
Homo sapiens
Panthera vs Felis
06/06/2024
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Family

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Groups of related genera with still less number
of similarities as compared to genus and
species
Basis of both vegetative and reproductive
features of plant species
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Family
Solanaceae
Petunia
Solanum
Datura
Felidae
Felis (cats)
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Panthera
Felidae vs Canidae
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Order

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Order and other higher taxonomic categories
are identified based on the aggregates of
characters
Group of families which exhibit a few similar
characters
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Order
Polymoniales
Solanaceae
Convolvulaceae
Carnivora
Felidae
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Canidae
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Class
Related orders!!!
Mammalia
Primata
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Carnivora
OTHERS
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Phylum/Division
Birds
Mammals
Chordata (notochord)
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
presence of notochord and dorsal hollow neural system
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Kingdom

Animalia
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Plantae
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!!! Lower the taxa, more are the characteristics that
the members within the taxon share.
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SUMMARY

Nomenclature

Classification

Taxonomy

Hierarchy

Different taxon
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