Unit 3. COMPARATIVE POLICING SYSTEM
Lesson 1: Police Models
Model Police Systems
Old/ Continental Policing – traditional in nature. Base its efficiency in the number of arrests and
people put into jail.
Modern System of Policing – the measurement of efficiency and effectiveness is based on the
absence of crime or low crime rate.
THE MODEL POLICE
Switzerland – “there is no crime in Switzerland.” The Swiss Police is effective in applying
the “iron fist, velvet glove” approach towards criminals.
When a poor person commits a crime, the Swiss government go on analyzing the family, education,
and employment needs in that poor person’s family. They make a long-term plan to help the person
raise his family out of poverty after he has served his sentence.
Japan Police – they implement the KOBAN system also known as Police Box or Polibox.
The kōban system has become popular with international police training and assistance programs,
particularly those of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). JICA has invested money in
establishing kōban-style community policing programs in several countries, including Indonesia,
Brazil, and Honduras. It is also a model system of Police Cops on the Blocks presently known as
COMPAC.
Ireland Police – they are known as the “Guardian of the Peace of Ireland” This force is
responsible for all aspects of civil policing, both in terms of territorial policing and in the policing of
infrastructure. It is the only territorial police force in the Republic.
Egypt Police – the Siwa Oasis has recorded a zero-crime rate place in Egypt despite of
conflicts between eleven tribes residing in the Area. They practice the moderate form of Islamic
Justice. They are the best example of folk communal or informal justice system.
Saudi Arabia - Saudi Arabia is a typical model of centralized coordinated police force with a
singular line of command emanating from the King. The Police known as Public Security police is
responsible for general policing throughout the country and derives its authority from Executive
Orders and the Shariah. Public Security Police is divided into Regular Police and Special Investigative
Police (SIP) known as “Mubahit”. Regular Police is directly under the control of Ministry of Interior,
and is run by Director of Public Safety. SIP works under the control of General Directorate of
Investigation (GIP) and is responsible for criminal investigations and manages domestic security and
counter intelligence functions. In addition to the Public Security Police, there is also a religious police
called Mutawwiun, which is directly under the King, and whose main duty is enforcement of Islamic
Shariah, Since Mutawwiun generally takes the form of a religious band, and is not responsible for any
general law and order maintenance functions, they are more a religious sect, than a police force.
Except the Mutawwiun, police force is organised as a single unit in Saudi Arabia.
China- is another model of Singular Coordinated Centralised police force. The Ministry of
Public Security (MPS) is a functional organization under the State Council in charge of public
security work nationwide. Public security departments are set in provinces and autonomous regions;
metropolitan public security bureaus are set in direct municipalities; public security bureaus or
divisions are assigned to cities and prefectures; sub-bureaus are set in subregions of cities, under the
direct leadership of their superior public security agencies; public security bureaus are set in counties
and banners, under the leadership of their respective local government and superior public security
agencies. Dispatched police stations are directly subordinate to their superior public security bureaus
and sub-bureaus in counties and banners.
France - is a typical example of a police force with Multiple Coordinated centralized force.
France has two national law enforcement agencies: Police Nationale, formerly called the Sûreté- a
civilian force; primary responsibility in urban areas; run under the Ministry of the Interior)


Gendarmerie Nationale, a gendarmerie; primary responsibility in rural areas and military
installations; run under the Ministry of Defence and under operational control, for most
purposes, of the Ministry of the Interior). Apart from these two, there are other agencies like:
Direction générale des douanes et droits indirects, a civilian customs service more
commonly known as the “Douane”, under the Minister of Budget, Public Accounting and
Civil Servants.
French municipalities may also have local police called the Police municipale, Garde
municipale or Garde champetre, with restricted powers: they can only enforce the municipal
by-laws.
Spain - is a typical example of a multiple Uncoordinated Centralized police force. As in
almost all European Countries, policing is based on the principle of “Policing by law”. The system is
called Multiple Centralized Uncoordinated force since, there is more than one police force in the
country, but at the top both these forces report to the same authority. The authority of these forces
overlaps in many places. Spain has a National Police, which is a civilian force and operates basically
in urban areas. The Guardia Civil (Civil Guard), which is a military force “POLIS and operates
mainly in rural areas. Local communities have either units of police forces attached to their executives
or their own police forces.
United States of America - There’s no national police force in the US, where policing is
organized on a state and local basis. The country has around 500,000 police officers and a total of
40,000 separate police forces, over half of which are simply one or two-man sheriffs’ offices in small
towns. In addition to regular fulltime police officers, many towns have auxiliary, part-time police
officers, special duty and volunteer sheriff’s possess (which assist sheriffs’ offices in some areas).
Law enforcement in the United States is decentralized. Federal authorities deal with violations of
federal law that fall within their specific jurisdictions. There are approximately 65 different federal
police agencies. At the local level, each of the 50 sovereign states has its own state legislature that
enacts criminal statutes under their state constitutions. Most of the U.S. States have police at all levels
- municipal, county and state level. Specific Organizational features of police vary greatly from small
informally organized departments with 2-3 employees to highly organized metropolitan departments
with numerous sub divisions and thousands of employees. Police structures vary greatly among and
within the federal, state and local levels. Primary responsibility of policing is at local level. State level
officials have only specific duties.
Police in India - tops the number of Police men in the world countries with 1,032,960 police
personnel. USA has the second largest police force in the world with 941,139 police officers. Indian
model of police organization is an example for a multiple unorganized decentralized policing.
Each state has its own police force, whose top echelons are filled by officers of Indian Police Service
Many analysts have commented that the Indian Police Act, 1861, which was brought into force
immediately after the First War of Indian Independence in 1857 was based on distrust of Indian
officials and was aimed at ensuring strict control over the Indian population. Even after attaining
independence, successive governments did not try to change this basic character of Indian Police
force.
Other Enforcement System
Police detectives - are responsible for investigations and detective work. Detectives may be called
Investigating Police, Judiciary/Judicial Police, and Criminal Police. In the UK, they are often referred
to by the name of their department, the Criminal Investigation Department (CID).
Detectives, in contrast to uniform police, typically wear 'business attire' in bureaucratic and
investigative functions where a uniformed presence would be either a distraction or intimidating, but a
need to establish police authority still exists. "Plainclothes" officers dress in attire consistent with that
worn by the general public for purposes of blending in.
In some cases, police are assigned to work "undercover", where they conceal their police
identity to investigate crimes, such as organized crime or narcotics crime, that are unsolvable by other
means. In some cases this type of policing shares aspects with espionage.
Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police
departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain
period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such
divisions to a specified period of time, after which officers must transfer out or return to patrol duties.
Auxiliary - Police may also take on auxiliary administrative duties, such as issuing firearms licenses.
The extent that police have these functions varies among countries, with police in France, Germany,
and other continental European countries handling such tasks to a greater extent than British
counterparts. In the Philippines, Auxiliary function are specifics and single unit task to undertake
specific function mostly funded by local government with defined purpose.
Specialized unit - They are specialized preventive and detective groups exist within many law
enforcement organizations either for dealing with particular types of crime, such as traffic law
enforcement and crash investigation, homicide, or fraud; or for situations requiring specialized skills,
such as underwater search, aviation, explosive device disposal ("bomb squad"), and computer crime.
In the United States these units go by a variety of names, but are commonly known as SWAT (Special
Weapons And Tactics) teams. The London Metropolitan police's Specialist Firearms Command is a
group of armed police used in dangerous situations including hostage taking, armed robbery/assault
and terrorism.
Lesson 2: Different Police Organizations
Japan Police System
“Keihoryo” – Japanese Police Bureau created within the Ministry of Home Affairs
National Public Safety Commission – It is a government body responsible for the administrative
supervision of the police.
It is responsible for the administration of the police in matters relating to public peace and
order in the country, for the administration of matters concerning police education, police
communication, criminal identification, criminal statistics, and police equipment, and for the
coordination concerning police administration.
The National Public Safety Commission is composed of the Chairman and five members. A
minister in the Cabinet is appointed as the chairman of the Commission. The chairman presides over
Commission meetings and also supervises matters relating to the operation of the Commission.
National Police Agency (NPA) – Headed by the Commissioner - General who is appointed and
dismissed by the National Public Safety Commission with the consent of the Prime Minister. Under
the control of the National Public Safety Commission, the Commissioner-General administers the
tasks of the NPA, appoints and dismisses Agency employees, and supervises and controls the
prefectural police regarding the affairs under the jurisdiction of the Agency.
The NPA's organization consists of
 Commissioner-General's Secretariat,
 Police Administration Bureau,
 Criminal Investigation Bureau,
 Safety Department,
 Traffic Bureau,
 Security Bureau, and
 Communication Bureau.
Duties of the National Police Agency
 Planning and research of various systems relating to the police
 National budget related to the police
 Operation of police forces in the event of incidents affecting public peace and order on a
national scale, such as a large-scale disasters and disturbances
 Formulation and implementation of plans to cope with an emergency situation
 Traffic control on trunk highways across the country
 International investigative assistance
 International emergency aid activities
 Imperial Guard
 Maintenance and management of police educational institutes and other matters pertaining to
police education
 Maintenance and management of police communication facilities and other matters pertaining
to police communication
 Maintenance and management of criminal identification facilities and other matters pertaining
to criminal identification
 Criminal statistics
 Police equipment
 Standards pertaining to recruitment, duties and activities of police personnel


Adjustments pertaining to police administration
Inspection of matters relating to the responsibilities of the NPA
Regional Police Bureaus
Headed by the Director General, The NPA maintains Regional Police Bureaus as its local
organizations to carry out part of its functions. There are seven Bureaus in the major cities of Japan
except Tokyo and Hokkaido.
Tokyo is under the jurisdiction of Metropolitan Police Department
Hokkaido is under the jurisdiction of Prefectural Police.
Organizations Attached to the NPA
 The National Police Academy – These institutions are intended to train specialists in
respective fields.
 The National Research Institute of Police Science – conducts research and experiments on
scientific investigation, examinations based on the applied use of results of research, and
research and experiments on the prevention of juvenile delinquency and traffic accidents.
 The Imperial Guard Force – it is responsible for escorting the Emperor, the Empress, the
Crown Prince and other members of the Imperial Family, and guarding the Imperial Palace
and other Imperial facilities. The Imperial Guard has three departments - Police
Administration Department, Security Department and Escort Department.
(JAPAN) National Police Agency Ranks
The Commissioner General of the NPA (Five Gold Rising-sun)
The Superintendent General of the MPD (Four Gold Rising-sun)
Superintendent Supervisor (Keishikan )
Chief Superintendent (Keishicho )
Senior Superintendent ( Keishisei )
Superintendent (Keishi)
Police Inspector (Keibu)
Assistant Inspector (Keibuho)
Police Sergeant (Junsabucho)
Senior Policeman (Junsacho)
Policeman (Junsa)
Singapore Police Force (SPF)
The Singapore Police Force (SPF) is the main agency tasked with maintaining law and order in
Singapore. Formerly known as the Republic of Singapore Police, it has grown from an 11-man
organization to a 38,587 strong force. It enjoys a relatively positive public image and is credited for
helping to arrest Singapore's civic unrests and lawlessness in its early years, and maintaining the low
crime rate today despite having a smaller police-citizen ratio compared to other major cities.
Singapore has been ranked consistently in the top five positions in the Global Competitiveness Report
in terms of its reliability of police services. The SPF is under the control and supervision of the
Ministry of Home Affairs.
The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) – it is the ministry of the Government of Singapore
responsible for public safety, civil defense and immigration. It is also known as the Home Team. It is
headed by the Minister for Home Affairs.
Home Team Academy (HTA) – it is the training institute for various organizations of the Ministry of
Home Affairs in Singapore, including the Singapore Police Force, the Singapore Civil Defense Force,
the Central Narcotics Bureau, the Singapore Prison Service, the Immigration and Checkpoints
Authority, and the Internal Security Department.
The organizational structure of the SPF is split into two
a. staff departments
b. line functions
Police Officer Ranks
Commissioned Officers
Non – Commissioned Officers
Commissioner of Police
Senior Station Inspector (2)
Deputy Commissioner of Police
Senior Station Inspector
Senior Assistant Commissioner
Station Inspector
Assistant Commissioner
Senior Staff Sergeant
Deputy Assistant Commissioner
Staff Sergeant
Superintendent
Sergeant
Deputy Superintendent
Corporal
Assistant Superintendent
Special Constable
Chief Inspector
Constable
Inspector
The Royal Hong Kong Police Force (HKP)
The Hong Kong Police is the finest police agency and first to operate with modern policing
system in the world, known and recognized for its Professionalism, Organization, Attitude on Law
Enforcement and prompt response and efficiency in crime solutions. One of the best police forces in
the world. It is under the supervision and control of the Security Bureau of Hong Kong.
Security Bureau – it is responsible for a range of activities, including law enforcement,
search and rescue and administer various laws in relation to the security of Hong Kong.
The Hong Kong Police Force is commanded by the Commissioner of Police who is assisted by two
deputy commissioners - a "Deputy Commissioner - Operations" supervises all operational matters
including crime - and a "Deputy Commissioner - Management" is responsible for the direction and
coordination of the force management including personnel, training and management services.
The HKP is organized into six regions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Hong Kong Island
Kowloon East
Kowloon west
New Territories North
New Territories South
Marine Region
The Headquarters (Management) is made up of 5 departments:





Operations & Support
Crime & Security
Personnel & Training
Management Services
Finance, Administration and Planning
Regions are largely autonomous in their day-to-day operation and management matters, and each has
its own headquarters, which comprises administration and operation wings, Emergency Units, as well
as traffic and criminal investigation units. Each region is divided into districts and divisions and in a
few cases sub-divisions.
A. Operations and Support – Charged with the formulation and implementation of policies, the
monitoring of activities and the efficient deployment of personnel and resources.
Operations: The Operations Wing consists of the
a. Operations Division,
b. Counter-Terrorism and Internal Security Division, and the
c. Key Points and Search Division – includes the Police Dog Unit.
These three divisions altogether contain the following formations:

Operations Formation
o Regional Command and Control Centre provides the means for exercising control
over resources both at regional and district levels. It also acts as an information centre
for the passage of information to the Headquarters CCC and other agencies. Equipped
with the Enhanced Computer Assisted Command and Control System, each Centre
receives 999 calls from the public and provides a fast and efficient service to
operational officers.
o Emergency Unit comprises the ordinary uniformed policemen. The unit is primarily
tasked with regular patrol beats as well as providing quick responses to emergency
situations such as 999 calls, as well as a speedy and additional presence of uniformed



police on the ground to combat crime. An EU comprises a headquarters element and
four platoons which operate on a three-shift basis.
Administration Formation: Implements policies laid down by the Regional Commander and
is responsible for the Region's general administration. Its responsibilities include community
relations, staff relations, and magistracies.
Crime Formation: Investigates serious and inter-district crimes. In addition, it collects,
collates and evaluates intelligence on criminals and criminal activity within the Region.
Traffic Branch Headquarters: Tasked with traffic control, enforcement of traffic legislation
and regulations, investigation of traffic accidents, promotion of road safety, and implementing
Force and Regional traffic policies.
Support Wings: Oversees the execution and staffing of operational support matters, including the
formulation of operational policies for both the regular and Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force and for
updating kit and equipment. It is also responsible for the various licensing functions of the Force and
public relation in coordination with the Police Public Relations Branch.
Support Wing Branches

Traffic Branch Headquarters – it is responsible for formulating force priorities, policies and
procedures on matters related to traffic; coordinating their implementation and monitoring
their effects. It processes all traffic prosecutions such as the processing of traffic summons
and fixed penalty tickets. It also collects and maintains traffic-related data such as monitoring
the changes in traffic legislation.

Support Branch is divided into five divisions:
1.
Field Division – it is responsible for coordinating policy matters relating to firearms,
equipment, uniforms and operational procedures.
2.
General Division – handles policy matters relating to station procedures and the
security and management of the Police Headquarters.
3.
Transport Division – it is responsible for the management and deployment of the
Force fleet of approximately 2,400 vehicles, driver establishment and the acquisition
of new police vehicles. It also administers all policy matters relating to police
transport requirements.
4.
Force Data and Access to Information Co-ordination Unit – it is responsible for
coordinating the Force response to devising internal policy on and ensuring
compliance with the provisions of the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance and the
Code on Access to Information.
5.
Police Licensing Office – acts as the licensing authority for a number of licenses and
permits.
Police Public Relations Branch is responsible for maintaining a high level of public
confidence by robustly projecting a positive image of the Force through community and
media relations. It is divided into two branches:
o Community Relations Bureau
o The Information and Publicity Bureau

B. Crime and Security
Crime & Security Department is responsible for the force policy regarding the investigation of crimes
and matters of a security nature consisting of operational bureau and specialized units.
The operational bureau deal with specific areas of criminal activity whereas the specialized
units provide support services to operational units in the force and deal with policy matters on
various issues including child abuse, domestic violence and witness protection.
Security Wing
counterterrorism.
provides
VIP
protection
and
security
co-ordination,
including
Organized Crime and Triad Bureau (OCTB): Investigates major organized and serious crime
including triad societies and their hierarchies.
Criminal Intelligence Bureau (CIB): It is the central coordinating body for intelligence.
Commercial Crime Bureau: Investigates serious commercial and business fraud, computer crimes,
forgery and counterfeiting and coordinates with international law enforcement for the investigation of
international commercial related crimes.
Narcotics Bureau: Responsible for the investigation and intelligence gathering in involving illegal
drug activities. The Bureau is also responsible for financial investigations using powers granted under
the Drug Trafficking (Recovery of Proceeds) Ordinance, Organized and Serious Crimes Ordinance
and the UN (Anti-Terrorism Measures) Ordinance.
Liaison Bureau: Responsible for local and international police relations. It represents the force in
Interpol (the International Criminal Police Organization or ICPO) as a sub-bureau of the China
National Central Bureau.
Crime Prevention Bureau: Provides advisory security services to the Government, commerce and
industry, and the public in general.
C. Personnel Wing and Police College
Personnel Wing – It is responsible for all cores human resource management functions, including
recruitment, promotion, conditions of service, staff relations and welfare matters.
The Hong Kong Police College – It is responsible for all matters relating to training within the Hong
Kong Police.
D. Management Services
Information Systems – It has two branches and one bureau.
Communications Branch – designs, acquires, examines and maintains all force
communications networks and equipment.
Information Technology Branch – It is responsible for the planning, development,
implementation, operation and maintenance of information technology systems.
Business Services Bureau – It coordinates the business needs of the five departments of the
HKP.
Service Quality – Responsible for making initiatives to improve and implement quality services.
E. Finance, Administration and Planning
Finance – It is responsible for the financial management, stores and internal audit of the
HKP.
Administration – It is responsible for civilian staff; force establishment matters and the
management of the Police Museum.
Planning and Development Branch (P&D) – It conducts strategic planning for the
maintenance, improvement and modernization of HKP.
Ranks and Insignia: The HKP continues to use similar ranks and insignia to those used in British
police forces. The crest of the force was modified in 1997:
Commissioner of the Police (CP)
Superintendent of Police (SP)
Deputy
(DCP)
Police
Chief Inspector of Police
(Insignia of a Captain)
Senior Assistant Commissioner of
Police (SACP)
Senior Inspector of Police (SIP)
Commissioner
of
Assistant Commissioner of Police
(ACP)
Chief Superintendent of Police (CSP)
Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP)
(CIP)
Inspector of Police (IP)
Probationary Inspector of Police (PI)
Station Sergeant (SSGT)
Sergeant (SGT)
Senior Constable (SPC)
Police Constable (PC
The Royal Malaysian Police (RMP)
The Royal Malaysian Police is a centralized organization with responsibilities ranging from
traffic control to intelligence gathering headed by Inspector – General of Police (IGP). The force is
form in 1963 from the Royal Federation of Malayan Police (RFMP), the North Borneo Armed
Constabulary and the Sarawak Constabulary merged to form the Royal Malaysian Police.
RMP Support Group
Extra Police Constables
Police Volunteer Reserves
Auxiliary Police
Police Cadets
Civilian Service Elements
Rakan Cop (Friends of Cops) – is a community police corps lunched by the RMP on August 9, 2005
to help combat crime in the city and any situations around Malaysia.
Ministry of Home affairs – It has the supervision and control over the RMP.
RMP Organizations
Administrative
a. Management Department – It is tasked with the routine of management and administration
affairs of the RMP. It is the nerve centre of the RMP and acts as the support services platform
for the rest of the force.
b. Logistics Department – Responsible for the equipment needed by the RMP with the
following functions:
a. Operate operating budget and RMP's development
b. Plan, manage, operate and maintain communication, information technology,
transport and weaponry
c. Manage projects and maintain buildings and properties
d. Manage turnover and supplies of general equipments/ RMP's tech
e. Manage RMP's assets
Crime Prevention
a. Criminal Investigation Division – It deals with the investigation, arrest and prosecution of
crimes and also specializes in gambling, vice and secret societies (triads).
Functions
i. Investigations and Detective Duties
ii. Arrests and Prosecutions
iii. Enforcement of laws related to gambling, vice and secret societies
b. Narcotics Criminal Investigation Division – Its function is to fight against dangerous drugs
by enforcing the law to stop and reduce the demand and supply of dangerous drugs.
c. Internal Security and Public Order Department (KDN / KA) – It is tasked with the
maintenance of public security and order. It is responsible for traffic control and search &
rescue (SAR) operations.
d. Special Branch – It is responsible for intelligence gathering for national security both
domestic and external threats, intercept subversive activities by extremist groups and
individuals which could threaten the nation's stability.
e. Commercial Crime Investigation Department – Its main function is to investigate, arrest,
and prosecute offenders committing white collar crimes such as fraud, breach of trust, cybercrimes, forgery, counterfeiting etc.
f. Counter-Terrorism Special Operations Team – Tasked to gather intelligence data and
arrest of terrorist.
All departments are led by the directors with the rank of Commissioner of Police (Army
Equivalent rank of Three Stars General or Lieutenant-General)
Police rank
Senior Officers
Gazette Officers
Commissioners
Inspector General of Police (IGP)
Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIGP)
Commissioner of police (CP)
Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP)
Senior Deputy Commissioner of Police I (SAC I)
Senior Deputy Commissioner of Police II (SAC II)
Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)
Superintendent
Superintendent of Police (SP)
Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP)
Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP)
Non – Gazette Officers
Inspectors
Chief Inspector (C/INSP)
Inspector (INSP)
Probationary Inspector (P/INSP)
Rank in File Officers
Sub – Inspector (SI)
Sergeant Major (SM)
Sergeant (SGT)
Corporal (CPL)
Lance Corporal (L/CPL)
Constable (PC)
The Indonesian National Police (INP)
The Indonesian National Police (KAPOLISIAN NEGARA REPUBLIK INDONESIA) was
formerly a part of the Tentara Nasional Indonesia since its independence from the Dutch and
separated from the military in April 1999 and place under the Office of the President, a process which
was formally completed in July 2000.
Organization: Indonesian national Police (Polri) has a centralized command and divided into
territorial forces;
 Provincial police (Kepolisian Daerah or Polda)
 Regional police (Kepolisian Wilayah or Polwil),
 City or regency police (Kepolisian Resort or Polres)
 Sub-district police (Kepolisian Sektor or Polsek).
Ranks of Indonesian National Police
 High ranking officers
o Police General / Jenderal Polisi (Jend. Pol.) – General
o Police Commissioner General / Komisaris Jenderal Polisi (Komjen Pol.) – Lieutenant
General
o Police Inspector General / Inspektur Jenderal Polisi (Irjen Pol.) – Major General
o Police Brigadier General / Brigadir Jenderal Polisi (Brigjen Pol.) – Brigadier
General
 Mid rank officers
o Police Grand Commissioner / Komisaris Besar Polisi (Kombespol) – Colonel
o Police Grand Commissioner Adjutant / Ajun Komisaris Besar Polisi (AKBP) –
Lieutenant Colonel
o Police Commissioner / Komisaris Polisi (Kompol) – Major
 Low rank officers
o Police Commissioner Adjutant / Ajun Komisaris Polisi (AKP) – Captain
o First Police Inspector / Inspektur Polisi Satu (Iptu) – First Lieutenant
o Second Police Inspector / Inspektur Polisi Dua (Ipda) – Second Lieutenant
 Warrant officers
o First Police Inspector adjutant / Ajun Inspektur Polisi Satu (Aiptu) – Chief Warrant
Officer
o Second Police Inspector Adjutant / Ajun Inspektur Polisi Dua (Aipda) – Warrant
Officer
 Non-commissioned officers
o Chief Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Kepala (Bripka) – Sergeant Major
o Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi (Brigadir) – Chief Sergeant
o First Police Officer / Brigadir Polisi Satu (Briptu) – First Sergeant
o Second Police Officer / Brigadir Polisi Dua (Bripda) – Second Sergeant
 Enlisted
o Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi (Abrip) – Chief Corporal
o First police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi Satu (Abriptu) – First Corporal
o Second Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi Dua (Abripda) – Second
Corporal
o Chief Bhayangkara / Bhayangkara Kepala (Bharaka) – Chief Private
o First Bhayangkara / Bhayangkara Satu (Bharatu) – Private First Class
o Second Bhayangkara / Bhayangkara Dua (Bharada) – Private
The Australian Federal Police
The Australian Federal Police (AFP) is the Federal Police Agency of the Commonwealth of
Australia created by the Amalgamation in 1979 of three Commonwealth law enforcement agencies.
The role of the AFP is to enforce criminal law and to protect Commonwealth and national interests
from crime in Australia and overseas. The AFP is Australia's international law enforcement and
policing representative, and the Government's chief source of advice on policing issues.
Home Affairs Ministry – the agency responsible for the Australian Federal Police
Current areas of focus for the AFP:
Illicit drug trafficking
Organized human trafficking
Serious Fraud against the Government
High tech crimes
Transnational and multi-jurisdictional crime
Money laundering
Organized Crime
Anti – Terrorism
Titles and ranks
AFP Commissioner's Order 1 (Administration) states that all Members (Police Officers) are titled
Federal Agent, unless undertaking duties in ACT Policing (Australian Capital Territory), External
Territories, Aviation, International Deployment Group (mission component only), where uniforms are
worn.
AFP Commissioner's Order 1 (Administration) states that every AFP Member holds a rank (as
detailed below), with the corresponding title and role adopted.
Commissioner
Station Sergeant
Deputy Commissioner
Senior Sergeant
Assistant Commissioner
Sergeant
Commander
Senior Constable
Superintend
1st Constable
Constable
Inspector
Note: Constable to Assistant Commissioner is address as Federal Agent.
AFP Uniform Protection) protective service officer ranks
Protective Service officer – PSO
Assistant Inspector
Protective Service officer 1– PSO1
Inspector
Protective Service officer 2– PSO2
Superintendent
Senior Protective Service officer– SPSO
Commander
United States Police Force
Law enforcement in the United States is one of three major components of the Criminal
Justice System, along with courts and corrections.
Policing in the United States is conducted by numerous types of agency at many different
levels. Every state has their own nomenclature for agencies, and their powers, responsibilities and
funding vary from state to state.
Federal Police – possess full federal authority as given to them under United States Code (U.S.C.).
Federal Law Enforcement Officers are authorized to enforce various laws not only at the federal
level, but also state, county, and local in many circumstances.
The Department of Justice (DOJ) is responsible for most law enforcement duties at the federal level.
It includes the Federal Bureau of Investigaton (FBI),
the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA),
the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,Firearms and Explosives (ATF),
the Unitesd Satates Marshals Service
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is another branch with numerous federal law
enforcement agencies reporting to it.
U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP),
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE),
U.S. Secret Service (USSS),
U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), and
Transportation Security Administration (TSA).
State Police – are a Police body unique to each U.S. State, having statewide authority to conduct law
enforcement activities and criminal investigations.
The State police is under a state Department of Public Safety. Additionally, they may serve under
different state departments such as the Highway Patrol under the state Department of Transportation
and the Marine Patrol under the Department of Natural Resources.
County police
County police tend to exist only in metropolitan counties and have countywide jurisdiction. In some
areas, there is a sheriff's department which only handles minor issues such as service of papers such as
a constable in other areas, along with security for the local courthouse. In other areas, there are no
county police and the local sheriff is the exclusive law enforcement agency and acts as both sheriff
and county police, which is much more common than there being a separate county police force.
County police fall into three broad categories:
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Full-service - provide the full spectrum of police services to the entire county, irrespective of
local communities, and may provide contractual security police services to special districts
within the county.
o Hawaii - Hawaii has only county police, there are no local police.
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Limited service - provide services to unincorporated areas of the county (and may provide
services to some incorporated areas by contract), and usually provide contractual security
police services to special districts within the county.
Restricted service - provide security police to county owned and operated facilities and parks.
Some may also perform some road patrol duties on county built and maintained roads, and
provide support to municipal police departments in the county.
Municipal Police – sometimes it is called Marshal. Example is the Las Vegas Metropolitan
Police Department which covers multiple municipalities.
The US police system is decentralized and every federal and state have different ranks.
This is the general model of US police ranking system.
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Chief of Police / Police Commissioner / Supreintendent / Sheriff –
o police commissioner is used mainly by large metropolitan departments
o chief of police is associated with small and medium-sized municipalities; both are
typically appointed by a mayor or selected by the city council or commission.
o "commissioner" is the civilian official or member of the board of officials in charge
of the department, while a "chief" is the top uniformed officer answering to the
commissioner or commission.
Assistant Chief/Assistant Commissioner/Assistant Superintendent/Assistant Sheriff:
Only seen in some departments. In New York City, assistant chiefs head borough commands
bureaus.
Deputy Chief/Deputy Commissioner/Deputy Superintendent/undersheriff: The top
lieutenant to the chief of police, commissioner, superintendent, or sheriff; may or may not
have a specific area of responsibility. In some places the undersheriff is the warden of the
county jail.
Inspector/Commander/Colonel: Sometime have an insignia of a Single Star, analogous to
Brigadier General, but in other areas wear a gold or silver eagle, similar to a Colonel.
o "Inspector" is also used as a term for "detective" in the San Francisco Police
Department and Chicago Police Department but is two ranks above captain in New
York and in the Philadelphia Police Department.
o In New York, inspectors command divisions, which may be groups of precincts
within a borough or specialized branches of the police service.
o The Colonel rank is extremely rare and is only used in the Baltimore Police
Department.
Major/deputy inspector: Sometimes have an insignia of a gold or silver Oak leaf, similar to
a Major or lieutenant colonel. In the Baltimore Police Department, New Orleans Police
Department, and Atlanta Police Department majors supervise police stations.
Captain: Two gold or silver bars ("Railroad tracks"). Often supervises a police station but
can supervise another division or unit (detectives, patrol, etc.) in smaller departments and
only certain sections of a police station in larger departments. In NYC captains are the normal
commanders of precincts.
Lieutenant: A single gold or silver bar, who supervises two to three or more sergeants.
Lieutenants can supervise an entire watch shift of a police station or detective squad
(Narcotics, Homicide, etc.) in larger police departments and entire precincts in smaller police
departments.
Sergeant: Three inverted chevrons, a police officer who supervises an entire watch shift in
smaller departments and areas of a precinct and individual detective squads in larger
departments.
Detective/Inspector/Investigator: An investigatory specialist, usually working in plain
clothes. This may be in several classes that correspond to higher supervisory and pay grades.
In NYC, technically a designation: detectives do not exactly outrank police officers albeit
they are in charge of cases and are often senior in years of service and so have a certain
degree of authority beyond police officers in specific situations.
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Officer/Deputy/Corporal: A regular officer/deputy wears no rank insignia, and there may be
several pay grades.
In many departments, officers from Lieutenant up wear a white shirt instead of the blue or
brown uniform shirt common to lower-ranked police officers. Senior police officers may wear fretting
("scrambled eggs") on their visors.
Advancement from Officer to Captain is generally by appointment after successful
completion of a series of examinations, and after the officer has sufficient time in grade. Grades above
Captain are generally by appointment of the chief/sheriff. In addition, there must be vacancies for a
higher rank.