READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading
Passage 1 below.
The early history of Scott and Bowne’s cod liver oil
Cod liver oil is a type of fish oil used today for general health purposes, but northern
European fishing communities used cod liver for centuries before the doctors and
chemists of 19th-century Europe began to take an interest. Its manufacture was simple:
the livers of the codfish were left for some days, then oil was taken from them. The oil
grew darker according to how long the livers were left, resulting in three grades of oil:
pale, light brown and dark brown.
Ludovicus Josephus de Jongh of the Netherlands produced the first extensive chemical
analysis of cod liver oil in 1843. His studies of the three grades of oil led him to conclude
that the light-brown oil was the most healthy. He attributed this superiority to the larger
quantities of iodine, phosphate of chalk and volatile acids found in it.
In 1846, de Jongh traveled to Norway to obtain the purest oil available. By the 1850s,
‘Dr. de Jong’s Light Brown Cod Liver Oil’ was marketed throughout Europe and
exported to the United States. Each bottle had de Jongh’s signature and stamped seal
on it – a blue codfish on a red shield – guaranteeing that the product was ‘put to the test
of chemical analysis’. Advertising emphasized de Jongh’s credentials as a doctor and
chemist, and included testimonials from other men of science and medicine.
However, even the most enthusiastic supporters of cod liver oil admitted that the highly
disagreeable taste and smell presented a significant obstacle to its use. De Jongh
believed the problem of the oil’s unpleasant taste and smell could be overcome with a
little perseverance or, failing that, by following it with some fruit or biscuit, or glass of
wine. But his recommendations appear not to have worked well. It was often combined
with coffee, although a few people recommended taking the oil with tomato ketchup.
In 1873, Alfred B. Scott came to New York and, along with partner Samuel W. Bowne,
began experimenting to produce a more pleasant preparation of cod liver. Three years
later they established the firm of Scott and Bowne, and began marketing their product
as Scott’s Emulsion. Though not a doctor or pharmacist by training, Scott had the eye
for opportunity that was necessary for achievement in business. Advertising, the two
men believed, would propel their product to success. And so it did: by the 1890s Scott
and Bowne had factories in five European countries, and were selling their emulsion
throughout the Americas, Europe and Asia.
Scott got his oil for Scott’s Emulsion directly from the Lofoten Islands in Norway, the
world center of cod fishery – located above the Arctic Circle. The codfish streamed to
the islands in early January to lay their eggs, and by the end of April were gone. The
Gulf Stream, the Arctic waters, and the Norwegian fjords combined to create a perfect
breeding group for the codfish and an unequaled fishing industry for the fishermen.
Scott and Bowne’s first trademark, registered in 1879, included the initials P.P.P. and
three words – ‘Perfect, Permanent, Palatable’. The mark reflected that Scott’s Emulsion
was a perfect formula, a permanent emulsion (that is, one in which the ingredients
would not separate), and most importantly, that it had a pleasant taste. ‘Palatable as
milk’ became a key phrase in Scott’s advertising.
A man with a fish on his back first appeared on Scott’s Emulsion around 1884 and
became Scott and Bowne’s trademark in 1890. As Scott told it, he saw this fisherman
with his record-breaking catch while on business in Norway. A photographer was quickly
found to record the scene. Later, the photo was faithfully reproduced as a drawing, and
registered as the company’s trademark. In the drawing, the man stoops forward,
glances out from under the brim of his hat, legs tensed under the weight of his load. A
thick rope, wrapped round his waist, shoulders and hands, secures the load on his back
– a huge fish with gaping mouth and glassy yellow eye, its tail sweeping the floor. The
common codfish is recognizable by the brown and amber spots all over its body, the
light stripe down its side, and the three dorsal fins. The words ‘SCOTT’S EMULSION’
appear in the tittle of the picture.
Trade cards and booklets featured the fisherman and his catch along with the words
‘Scene taken from life on the coast of Norway’ and ‘The Codfish, weighing 156 pounds,
was caught off the coast of Norway’. The realistic image, a direct reference to the
natural source of the medicine, served as a reassurance of quality in a market that
contained some impure, unsafe products.
By the 1900s, ‘the man with the fish’ was famous. His imaged appeared on countless
boxes and bottles of a cod-liver-oil preparation. It was printed in full colour on
advertising trade cards, booklets, and posters distributed around the globe, and in one
instance painted several stories high on the side of a building. The man with the fish
endures today, a testament to the persistence of an age-old tradition, even as scientific
and commercial interest in cod liver oil has risen and fallen
Questions 1 – 8
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1 – 8 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE
FALSE
NOT GIVEN
if the statement agrees with the information
if the statement contradicts the information
if there is no information on this
1 In the manufacturing process, cod livers left for the longest time produced the
lightest type of oil. F
2 A Dutch scientist called de Jongh suggested why one grade of cod liver oil was
particularly healthy. NG
3 De Jongh was both a researcher in, and a supplier of, cod liver oil. NG
4 Many scientists tried to find a solution to the bad smell of cod liver oil.
f
5 The experimental methods of Scott and Bowne were much better than de
Jongh’s. F
6 Scott was a trained chemist as well as a businessman. ng
7 Scott found a new location for cod fishing.NG
8 Cod around the Lofoten Islands could be caught during the first four months of
the year. T
Questions 9 – 13
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your
answers in boxes 9 – 13 on your answer sheet.
Two versions of cod liver oil
De Jongh’s version
to deal with the taste of the oil
Wine
• de Jongh suggested drinking some 9 ………………
after taking it
Ketchup
• others frequently added it to 10 ………………
Scott and Bowne’s version trademarks
and advertising:
• one slogan compared the product with 11 ……………… the image of the man
with a fish:
• contains
–
fish
a man with a 12 ……………… around his body
–
Mouth
a fish whose 13 ………………
is touching the ground.
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading
Passage 2 below.
A About half the world's human population currently live in urban areas, which cover about
3% of the Earth's land surface. Both figures are increasing rapidly and, by 2050, it is
estimated that two thirds of the world's population will live in an urban area. This growing
trend of urbanisation represents the most extreme form of habitat loss for most plants and
animals. As towns and cities grow, the natural habitats are removed and replaced with
hard, impermeable structures such as roads and buildings. In a recent global study,
researchers estimated that cities accommodate only 8% of the bird species and 25% of the
plants that would have lived in those areas prior to urban development.
B Until recently, we knew relatively little about how many of the species that do live in
towns and cities were coping. With a growing human population, it is now more important
than ever for scientists and the public to work together to monitor wildlife and biodiversity
effectively. When data is limited, it is difficult to understand the bigger picture: we can't
know if animal populations are becoming more or less abundant and why; or whether
conservation is needed.
C One way that hundreds of ordinary people in the UK are helping to assess biodiversity is
by setting up cameras in their gardens to record and then report any animal activity they
capture on film. They are taking part in a project known as the MammalWeb database.
Anyone with access to a camera can register to take part and become a 'spotter'. Using the
general public in this way gives the ability to have far more cameras out in the field than
any single researcher could manage, resulting in a much more comprehensive data set to
analyse. The database has now amassed over 500,000 photographs of local wildlife, and
recorded 34 species, ranging from the largest UK land mammal - the red deer - right down
to some of the smallest, such as hedgehogs and bank voles.
D Many of the participants have been surprised by what the animals were doing in their
own back yard. At times the cameras have revealed an animal coexisting happily with one
of its known predators. Another remarkable discovery was a North American raccoon,
living wild in the north-east of England. It is not known how long the raccoon was roaming
free and, without the aid of the public, it may never have been spotted, which highlights just
how easy it is for urban wildlife to go unnoticed. Once discovered, the authorities were able
to locate the animal and transfer it to a wildlife park, where it was given a more suitable
home. The raccoon is not the only American visitor to have made itself at home in the UK.
In fact, another - the American grey squirrel - is the most frequent sighting on
MammalWeb, far outnumbering the native red squirrel.
E In many European cities, the red squirrel appears well adapted to modern urban living,
and they are abundant in countries such as Finland, France and Poland. They once thrived
in the UK, too. However, since the grey squirrel was introduced in the 1800s, the
population has declined drastically, and they are now classed as endangered. Several
studies have shown that the introduction of the grey squirrel is the main factor in the red
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squirrel's decline, due to competition for food and shelter and the spread of the squirrelpox
virus (which grey squirrels transmit to red squirrels).
F However, again thanks in large part to the efforts of ordinary citizens, one area where the
reds haven't disappeared is a small coastal town in the north-west of England called
Formby, one of few red squirrel strongholds in England. Red squirrels can easily be
spotted in gardens throughout the town, and the local residents are passionate about
protecting them, with many volunteering with a local conservation group. This voluntary
organisation manages the extensive woodland nearby, supplying additional food, and
employing dedicated "squirrel officers" who help maintain "grey squirrel-free" habitats.
G Elsewhere in the UK, most research and conservation is carried out in more rural areas.
However, given the predicted future increases in urbanisation, managing urban sites like
the one in Formby may be a better alternative, particularly as it makes the most of the
benefits to animals of living alongside people, such as easy access to food and shelter. Of
course, there are downsides too: road traffic poses an ever-present threat, as do pets.
Even supplemental feeding can have unintended consequences, drawing animals from the
safety of their nests and lairs and encouraging the spread of disease. Still, the benefits
appear to outweigh the risks, and it is also worth noting that many native plant and bird
species continue to exist in cities that were never designed with biodiversity protection in
mind.
H humans rely on biological diversity, either directly for food, or indirectly, through nutrient
cycling and pollination. As these community-based conservation management programmes
show, with cameras offering fascinating insights into the secret lives of mammals, and local
volunteers safeguarding endangered species, there are many courses of action we can
take to help to counteract the damage brought by urbanisation and ensure that animals not
only survive, but thrive in our towns and cities.
2
DAY 2
Questions 14-20
The reading passage 2 has eight paragraphs, A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-H, next to questions 1-7.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
C
14 the pros and cons for animals living in cities
15 an example illustrating the benefit to research of working with non-scientists G
16 an explanation for the drop in numbers of one type of animal F
17 the likely proportion of local wildlife remaining once a location has been urbanized A
18 the activities of a programme designed to help a particular at-risk speciesE
19 the consequences of having too little information about wildlife numbers H
20 an argument for more conservation programmes in cities rather than country areas B
Questions 21-25
Complete the notes below.
Choose NO MORE THAN ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each
answer.
The Mammalweb Database
biodiversity
• It is a UK wildlife programme aiming to measure 21 ……………….
spotter
• Members of the public can apply to be something called a 22 ………………….
Findings
• A total of 23 ………………… different types of animal have been recorded
• The most common animal recorded is a type of 24 …………………
• One unusual report was of a 25 …………….. (it was later taken to a wildlife park).
Questions 26
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Which of the following is the most suitable title for this reading passage?
A The hidden world of garden animals
B It’s time to limit urban development
C How local residents aid conservation
D Why the future looks bad for urban wildlife
C
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading
Passage 3.
The value of research into mite harvestmen
Few people have heard of the mite harvestman, and fewer still would recognize it at close range.
The insect is a relative of the far more familiar daddy longlegs. But its legs are stubby rather than
long, and its body is only as big as a sesame seed. To find mite harvestmen, scientists go to dark,
humid forests and sift through the leaf litter. The animals respond by turning motionless, making
them impossible for even a trained eye to pick out.’ They look like grains of dirt.’ said Gonzalo
Giribet, an invertebrate biologist at Harvard University.
Dr Giribet and his colleagues have spent six years searching for mite harvestmen on five
continents. The animals have an extraordinary story to tell they carry a record of hundreds of
millions of years of geological history, chronicling the journeys that continents have made around
the Earth. The Earth’s landmasses have slowly collided and broken apart again several times,
carrying animals and plants with them. These species have provided clues to the continents’ paths.
The notion of continental drift originally came from such clues. In 1911, the German scientist Alfred
Wegener was struck by the fact that fossils of similar animals and plants could be found on either
side of the Atlantic. The ocean was too big for the species to have traveled across it on their own.
Wegener speculated correctly, as it turned out that the surrounding continents had originally been
welded together in a single landmass, which he called Pangea.
Continental drift, or plate tectonics as it is scientifically known, helped move species around the
world. Armadillos and their relatives are found in South America and Africa today because their
ancestors evolved when the continents were joined. When South America and North America
connected a few million years ago, armadillos spread north, too.
Biogeographers can learn clues about continental drift by comparing related species. However,
they must also recognize cases where species have spread for other reasons, such as by crossing
great stretches of water. The island of Hawaii, for example, was home to a giant flightless goose
that has become extinct. Studies on DNA extracted from its bones show that it evolved from the
Canada goose. Having colonized Hawaii, it branched off from that species, losing its ability to fly.
This evolution occurred half a million years ago, when geologists estimate that Hawaii emerged
from the Pacific.
When species jump around the planet, their histories blur. It is difficult to say much about where
cockroaches evolved, for example, because they can move quickly from continent to continent.
This process, known as dispersal, limits many studies. ‘Most of them tend to concentrate on
particular parts of the world.' Dr Giribet said. I wanted to find a new system for studying
biogeography on a global scale.
Dr Giribet realized that mite harvestmen might be that system. The 5,000 or so mite harvestmen
species can be found on every continent except Antarctica. Unlike creatures found around the
world like cockroaches, mite harvestmen cannot disperse well. The typical harvestman species has
a range of fewer than 50 miles. Harvestmen are not found on young islands like Hawaii, as these
types of islands emerged long after the break-up of Pangea.
According to Assistant Professor Sarah Boyer, a former student of Dr Giribet. ‘It’s really hard to find
a group of species that is distributed all over the world but that also doesn’t disperse very far.' What
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mite harvestmen lack in mobility, they make up in age. Their ancestors were among the first land
animals, and fossils of daddy longlegs have been found in 400 million-year ago rocks. Mite
harvestmen evolved long before Pangea broke up and have been carried along by continental drift
ever since they’ve managed to get themselves around the world only because they’ve been around
for hundreds of millions of years, Dr Boyer said. Dr Boyer, Dr Giribet and their colleagues have
gathered thousands of mite harvestmen from around the world, from which they extracted DNA.
Variations in the genes helped the scientists build an evolutionary tree. By calculating how quickly
the DNA mutated, the scientists could estimate when lineages branched off. They then compared
the harvestmen's evolution to the movements of the continents. ‘The patterns are remarkably clear.’
Dr Boyer said.
The scientists found that they could trace mite harvestmen from their ancestors on Pangea. One
lineage includes species in Chile South Africa, Sri Lanka and other places separated by thousands
of miles of ocean. But 150 million years ago, all those sites were in Gondwana which was a region
of Pangea.
The harvestmen preserve smaller patterns of continental drift, as well as bigger ones. After
analyzing the DNA of a Florida harvestman, Metasiro americanus, the scientists were surprised to
find that it was not related to other North American species. Its closet relatives live in West Africa.
Dr Boyer then began investigating the geological history of Florida and found recent research to
explain the mystery. Florida started out welded to West Africa near Segenal. North America than
collied into them Pangea was forming. About 170 million years ago, North America ripped away
from West Africa, taking Florida with it. The African ancestors of Florida’s harvestmen came along
the ride.
Dr Giribet now hopes to study dozens or even hundreds of species, to find clues about plate
tectonics that a single animal could not show
2
Questions 27 – 32
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
27 Why is it difficult to find mite harvestmen?
A they are too small to see with naked eye
B they can easily be confused with daddy longlegs
C
C they are hard to distinguish from their surroundings
D they do not exist in large numbers in any one place.
28 Why are mile harvestmen of interest to Dr Giribet and his colleagues?
A they have been studied far less than most other species.
B they show the effects of climate on the evolution of animals.
D
C they have an unusual relationship with plants and other animals.
D they provide evidence relating to a field of study other than insects.
29 What factor contributed to Wegener’s idea that present-day continents used to form a
single landmass?
A changes in the level of the ocean
B
B the distance that species could travel
C the lack of certain fossils on one side of the Atlantic
D similarities in living conditions on both sides of the Atlantic
30 What point is made by the reference to armadillos?
A regions have both separated and become connected.
B certain animals could travel longer distances than others.
D
C the oldest species of animals are likely to be found in Africa.
D there is a tendency for animals to spread in a particular direction.
31 Which of the following is stated in the fifth paragraph?
A Hawaii is a habitat that cannot support large birds.
B Hawaii is an attractive habitat for certain species of birds.
C flightless birds are more likely to become extinct than others.
D the Hawaiian goose became flightless after it had reached Hawaii.
32 Why is evidence from cockroached of limited value?
A they spread too fast.
B they multiply too quickly.
C they are found in too few places.
A
D they have divided into too many species.
A
Questions 33 - 36
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet, write
YES
if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO
if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN
if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
33 The colonization of Hawaii by geese provides evidence of continental drift. YES
34 The reason why mite harvestmen don’t exist on Hawaii can be explained.nt
35 The DNA of certain species has evolved more quickly than that of others. NT
36 Dr Boyer’s theory concerning the origins of Florida is widely accepted.NO
Questions 37 - 40
Complete the summary using the list of words A-I below.
Write the correct letter A-I in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.
The age and evolution of mite harvestmen Some of the first creatures to live on land were
E
the 37 …………. of mite harvestmen. Boyer, Giribet and others study differences in the 38
I
…………..
of these insects, and trace the development of a number of 39 ………………..
of
D
F
the species. Their evolution appears to reflect changes in the location of 40……………...
For example, the same type of mite harvestman is found in places that are now far apart
but used to form Gondwana, part of a huge landmass
A branches B fossils
E evolution F Pangea
C drift
D DNA
G dispersal H ancestors I continents