Assignment 1: 1. What is a human rights-based approach to science, technology, and development? The framework for evaluating how science, technology, and development (S&D) advance human welfare is established by a human rights-based perspective. It aims to make people's responses to pressing global issues center around their concern for human rights. A human rights-based perspective generally acknowledges that science is a human activity that is socially organized, value-laden, and shaped by organizational structures and procedures. It poses the question of how governments can design and carry out programs to protect people's lives, livelihoods, and health; integrate their needs and priorities into development and environmental strategies; and guarantee that people are involved in decision-making that impacts their quality of life and access to resources. 2. How do the documents and their key principles present in the table two position human rights in the intersection of technology and humanity? It includes human culture as well as the rules and regulations required for a society that is just and compassionate. Additionally, it upholds everyone's right to be shielded from scientific abuses and to take part in and benefit from scientific advancements. Since the right to the advantages of science falls within the category of "culture," it is typically studied from the standpoint of cultural rights. Environmental and economic challenges including brain drains, pollution-free production, effective resource use, and biodiversity protection are also covered in the texts and their guiding principles. 3. Why should human rights be at the core of scientific and technological advancement? According to Mukherjee, respect for human rights and sound science are closely related to one another. All scientific and technological developments are made with the benefit of humanity in mind. However, the social and ecological systems that support life can suffer significant damage as a result of science and technology. Human rights perspectives can clarify the moral implications of emerging technologies and look at how policy can keep up with the speed at which science is developing. 4. What is the danger of using human rights as merely a decorative moral dimension of scientific and technological policies? Achieving the highest good should be accompanied by respect for human rights. They ought to direct people toward not just personal growth but also toward the collective flourishing of society as a whole. Human rights violations could result in an unfair and cruel society if they are used as a decorative moral component of scientific and technological policies. Environmental deterioration would ensue from the continued unequal distribution of goods. 5. Do you agree with Mukherjee’s assertion That human rights-based approach to science. technology, and development can form the very heart of sustainable futures? explain. Yes. We can lead to a more humane society by promoting human rights in science, technology and development. This will help to maintain and protect the poor and vulnerable from the excesses of market driven science and technology. This approach can also lead to a more effective and sustainable way of bridging the gap between poor and rich countries, both in terms of tangible and intangible aspects. In the end, all of this will bring us together through science and technology to flourish. Assignment 2: 1. Has the volume of misinformation in fake news in social media observably increased in recent years? Why do you say so? The volume of misinformation and fake news on social media has indeed observably increased in recent years. This is significantly relevant in the increased social media usage, where people spend time on social media platforms, allowing access to opportunities for misinformation to spread and grow. Further, Social media algorithms are designed to promote content that generates high engagement leading to dissemination of misinformation. 2. What are some of the most common Pieces of misinformation you see in social media? Several common types of misinformation regularly circulate on social media, often reflecting current events and societal concerns. In Filipino culture it is highly relevant in the practice of political misinformation. Occurrence of election fraud where there are claims about widespread voter fraud or rigged elections, often without evidence, have been prominent. This misinformation leverages the viral nature of social media, exploiting emotional responses and cognitive biases to spread rapidly and widely. 3. What types of misinformation are difficult to encounter? Certain types of misinformation are more difficult to encounter because they are less emotionally charged, target specific, or niche audiences. Technical misinformation is one of the difficult to encounter which involves complex scientific data. Such in different fields, technical jargon, which may not be easily understood or disseminated by the general public. 4. How does misinformation affect the following? a. Healthcare and public health Misinformation has significant adverse effects on healthcare and public health. This endangers public health, which misinformation about vaccines and other preventive measures can lead to outbreaks of diseases that were previously under control. Consequently, the delayed response to health crises when misinformation spreads faster than accurate information, it can delay the public's response to health crises, making containment and mitigation efforts less effective. b. Politics and democracy Misinformation has far-reaching effects on politics and democracy, leading to the distorts of public perception and opinion. Misinformation can dominate the information landscape, crowding out accurate information and skewing public perception of key issues. This can lead to poorly informed decision-making by both the public and policymakers. c. Climate change environment protection Misinformation significantly impacts climate change and environmental protection.Misinformation creates confusion about climate science, leading to a lack of understanding and decreased concern among the public. If people believe that climate change is not real or not serious, they are less likely to support necessary measures concerning the environment. 5. Should social media platforms be held accountable for the spread of misinformation, misinformation, and fake news online? why or why not? It is complex and involves a balancing of different aspects of whether social media platforms should be held responsible for spreading misinformation and fake news online. While there are valid concerns with regard to different aspects, it is necessary to hold social media platforms responsible to some degree in order to mitigate the harmful effects of misleading information. However, this accountability must be balanced with protections for free speech, transparency, and fairness to avoid overreach and unintended consequences. In order to effectively combat the spread of misinformation and to preserve fundamental freedoms, a collaboration involving different platforms, governments, civil society and users is essential. Rapid growth of information technology, particularly its pervasive capacity for surveillance communication computation storage and retrieval. Increased value of information in decision making impel policymakers to covet information, Which often comes at the price- Invading people's privacy. Information pulls up people's lives. This Is exacerbated when the party holding in accurate information are in positions of power and authority Another burden on the accuracy of information is when people rely on information for matters concerning life and death. Several economic and ethical questions surrounding intellectual property hinged on the special attributes of information and the ways it is transmitted. Intellectual property is difficult to safeguard, because, Unlike tangible property, Once it is produced it becomes communicable and replication comes in handing without destroying the original, Regardless of how difficult it is to produce it Reading, writing, reasoning and calculating our task for education but the demands of literacy in the information age compels stakeholders to ensure two other things. Individuals must have access to how information technologies store, convey and process information. Individuals must have access to the information itself which reverts to the issue of property and whether the right to access supersedes other information rights such as property or privacy.
