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What are the 3 histologic layers of the eye?1. Tunica Fibrosa 2. Tunica Vasculosa/Uvea/Uveal Tract 3. Tunica Interna (Retina)
Only fibrous layer that envelops the eye completely Also give its 2 regionsTunica Fibrosa 1. Sclera 2. Cornea
Also called Uvea or Uveal Tract Give its 3 regions1. Choroid 2. Ciliary body 3. Iris
Also called as the Retina Also give its 2 regionsTunica Interna 1. Anterior Retina 2. Posterior Retina (Retina proper)
Part of the tunica fibrosa that is composed of dense connective tissue What type of collagen fibers does it have?Sclera Type 1 Collagen Fibers
It is a delicate mucuous membrane in the sclera Name the part where it covers the exposed part of the sclera: Where it lines the inner surface of the eyelid:Conjunctiva 1. Bulbar Conjunctiva 2. Palpebral Conjunctiva
Circumferential system of interconnecting endothelium-lined and irregularly-shaped tubes embedded in the sclera near the corneoscleral junction or limbusCanal of Schlemm
Junction of the sclera and cornea. Also known as limbusCorneosacral Junction
Thicker than the sclera. 0.55 to 1mm thick Part of the tunica fibrosaCornea
The angle with loose connective tissue fibers that connect the cornea to the irisTrabecular Network or Meshwork
5 Layers of the Cornea :) Mnemonic: Corn Bread So Darn Corny1. Corneal Epithelium 2. Bowman's Capsule 3. Substantia Propria (Stroma) 4. Descemet's Membrane 5. Corneal Endothelium
Has non-keratinized stratified squamous with microvili. With free sensory nerve endings between the epithelial cells With a protective layer of lipid and glycoprotein called?Corneal epithelium Precorneal tear film
Has a thick fibrillar lamina to which the basal lamina of the corneal epithelium is anchored It is also acellularBowman's Membrane
95% of the cornea Has Dense regular connective tissue Made up of keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate where collagen fibers and fibroblasts called ___ and ___ are embedded. Transparency of the cornea isndue to the regularity of the collagen fiber's _____ and ____Substantia Propria (Stroma) Keratocytes and lymphocytes Size and arrangement
Basement membrane that consists of the basal lamina of the endothelial cellsDescemet's Membrane
- It is a SIMPLE LOW CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM - SQUAMOUS according to many authors. - Their apical surfaces are in contact with the aqueous humor.Corneal Endothelium
3 parts of the Tunica Vasculosa- Consists of 3 parts: A. CHOROID B. CILIARY BODY C. IRIS
-Its outer surface is attached to the sclera by a thin layer of loose connective tissue called SUPRACHOROIDAL LAMINA (EPICHOROID OR LAMINA FUSCA). Give its 3 layersChoroid 1. Vessel layer 2. Choriocapillary layer 3. Bruch’s membrane
which of the layer contains: 1. Blood vessels and melanocytes 2. middle layer which contains FENESTRATED TYPE OF CAPILLARIES originating from no. 1. Has the largest capillaries in the body which supplies the outer layer of the retina with oxygen and nutrients 3. has 5 layers and the innermost consist of basal lamina of the pigment epithelium of the retina1. Vessel layer 2. Choriocapillary layer 3. Bruch’s membrane
Part of the Tunica Vasculosa which forms a ring of tissue on the inner surface of the anterior part of the sclera Name its 2 regionsCiliary body 1. Epithelial portion 2. Uveal Portion
Portion of the Ciliary body that adjoins the vitreous cavity and equator of the lens Name its 2 portions 1. devoid of ciliary process 2. has ciliary process richly supplied with fenestrated type of capillariesEpithelial portion 1. Pars Plana 2. Pars Plicata
- Secretes the AQUEOUS HUMOR fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye.PARS PLICATA
The epithelial portion of the ciliary body of the tunica vasculosa is covered posteriorly by what? This is part of the anterior retina (non-photosensitive portion of the retina)Ciliary Retina
This portion of the ciliary body of the tunica vasculosa is adjacent to the scleraUveal Portion
- Near its free margin, there are smooth muscle fibers arranged in a circular manner comprising the SPHINCTER PUPILLAE MUSCLE which constricts the pupil when stimulated by parasympathetic impulses.Iris
in the iris there are smooth muscle fibers arranged in a circular manner comprising the _______? it constricts the pupil when stimulated by the parasympathetic impulsesSPHINCTER PUPILLAE MUSCLE
Innermost histologic layer of the wall of the eyeball gives its 2 regionsTunica Interna /Retina 1. Anterior Retina 2. Posterior Retina / Retina Proper
Ciliary part of the retina non photosensitive Consists of the ciliary body and iridial retina CILIARY PART of the retina is composed of a single layer of ______? Iridial Retina is located on the posterior surface of the iris, composed of a double layer of _____?Anterior Retina Ciliary Body - Single layer of pigmented cuboidal epithelium. Iridial Retina - Double layer of pigmented cuboidal epithelium.
also called retina proper it is the photosensitive region of the retina extends from the ______ to the posterior edge of the ______ where it ends as a wavy line called the _______Posterior Retina it is the photosensitive region of the retina extends from the OPTIC DISC to the posterior edge of the CILIARY BODY where it ends as a wavy lines called the ORA SERRATA
•BICONVEX ELASTIC STRUCTURE •CELLULAR BUT TRANSPARENT enveloped by Thick lens capsule made up of Type __ Collagen and _____ Ant. Surface is covered by Simple cuboidal epithelium called ___________Lens Thick lens capsule made up of Type IV Collagen and Glycoproteins Ant. Surface is covered by Simple cuboidal epithelium called SUBSCAPULAR EPITHELIUM
•LENS FIBERS ARE ________________________ COMPRISING THE SUBSTANCE OF THE LENS DEVOID OF _________. •LENS FIBERS CYTOPLASM IS FILLED WITH PROTEIN CALLED ________•LENS FIBERS ARE ANUCLEATED SPECIALIZED CELLS COMPRISING THE SUBSTANCE OF THE LENS DEVOID OF ORGANELLES. •LENS FIBERS CYTOPLASM IS FILLED WITH PROTEIN CALLED CRYSTALLIN.
Give the 3 components of the cavity of the EYEBALL Clue: contains the aqueous and vitreous humors1. Anterior Chamber 2. Posterior Chamber 3. Vitreous Chamber
this chamber of the eyeball is filled with aqueous humor that nourishes the cornea and act as refractive mediumanterior chamber
this is part of the cavity of the eyeball that is just filled with aqueous humorposterior chamber
this chamber has a large spherical compartment behind the lens filles with vitreous humorvitreous chamber
99% WATER, SERVE AS REFRACTIVE MEDIUM AND PATHWAY FOR NUTRIENTS TO THE LENS,CILIARY BODY AND RETINA.vitreous humor
•Thin transluscent mucous membrane that covers the exposed anterior portion of the sclera and lines the inner surface of the eyelid.CONJUNCTIVA
•conjunctiva that overlies the scleraBULBAR CONJUNCTIVA
•conjunctiva that lines the eyelidsPALPEBRAL CONJUNCTIVA
•space bounded anteriorly by the palpebral conjunctiva and posteriorly by the bulbar conjunctiva.CONJUNCTIVAL SAC
CONJUNCTIVAL SAC receives ________ consists of epithelium that is _____ ____ with numerous ______ cells and a lamina propria made up of loose connective tissue•This sac RECIEVES OCULAR MEDICATIONS. •consists of an EPITHELIUM THAT IS STRATIFIED COLUMNAR with numerous goblet cells and a lamina propria made up of loose connective tissue.
•it is a TUBULOALVEOLAR SEROUS GLAND located in the anterosuperior temporal portion of the orbital cavity.Lacrimal Gland
part of the ciliary body PRODUCES the AQUEOUS HUMOR. Tunica Vasculosa --> Ciliary Body ---> epithelial portion ---> ?PARS PLICATA (important thing to remember)
Middle layer of the choroid which contains FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES which is considered to be the LARGEST CAPILLARY IN THE BODY.CHORIOCAPILLARY LAYER
supplies the OUTER LAYER OF THE RETINA with nutrients and oxygenCHORIOCAPILLARY LAYER
artery that supplies the inner layer of the retinaCentral Retinal Artery
give the 3 neuronal types of the posterior retina or retina proper BTW the retina is only 3 neurons thick Mnemonics: RGBA. Rods and Cone Cells B. Bipolar Cells C. Ganglion Cells.
Give the 2 major types of ASSOCIATION NEURONS in the retina Mnemonics: AMHOAmacrine Neurons Horizontal Neurons
Give the 3 SUPPORTING CELLS in the retina mnemonics: MAMMuller cells Astrocytes Microglia
supporting cell of the retina that is large with processes that envelops the neuron of the retinaMuller cells
supporting cell of the retina that is present only in the nerve fiber layerastrocytes
supporting cell of the retina that is found all over the retina and serve as phagocytesMicroglia
Give the 10 histologic layer of the retina :)1. Pigment epithelium 2. Layer of RODS and CONES/ Photoreceptor Layer 3. Outer Limiting Membrane 4. Outer Nuclear Layer 5. Outer Plexiform Layer 6. Inner Nuclear Layer 7. Inner Plexiform Layer 8. Ganglion Cell Layer 9. Nerve Fiber Layer 10. Inner Limiting Membrane
Made up of a single layer of cuboidal cells that are RICHLY SUPPLIED WITH MELANIN. This layer serve to INCREASE THE CONTRAST OF THE VISUAL IMAGE BY ABSORBING LIGHT. The cells SYNTHESIZE AND STORE MELANIN as well as PRODUCE RETINAL, the visually active form of vitamin A. Cells in this layer PHAGOCYTOSE THE TIPS OF THE RODS as they are being renewed.Pigment Epithelium
Pigment epithelium is amde up of a single layer of _____ cells that are richly supplies with _____ Aside from synthesizing and storing ______ is also produces _____ which is the visually active form of Vitamin AMade up of a single layer of cuboidal cells that are RICHLY SUPPLIED WITH MELANIN. The cells SYNTHESIZE AND STORE MELANIN as well as PRODUCE RETINAL, the visually active form of vitamin A.
Pigment Epithelium serve to increase the contrast of the visual image by _________ the cells in this layer _________ the tips of the ______ as they are being renewedThis layer serve to INCREASE THE CONTRAST OF THE VISUAL IMAGE BY ABSORBING LIGHT. Cells in this layer PHAGOCYTOSE THE TIPS OF THE RODS as they are being renewed.
•Consists of the LIGHT SENSITIVE DENDRITES OF THE RODS and CONE CELLS. •Rods cells are more numerous than cone cells. •Rods are more sensitive to light and it is the cell that the eye uses in conditions where there is poor lighting.Layer of RODS and CONES/ Photoreceptor Layer
Layer of RODS and CONES/ Photoreceptor Layer consists of the LIGHT SENSITIVE ________ of the RODS and CONE CELLS Rods are _______ numerous than cone cells ________ are more sensitive to light and it is the cell that the eye uses in conditions where there is poor lighting•Consists of the LIGHT SENSITIVE DENDRITES OF THE RODS and CONE CELLS. •Rods cells are more numerous than cone cells. •Rods are more sensitive to light and it is the cell that the eye uses in conditions where there is poor lighting.
Rods contains the pigment _______ Cones contains the pigment ________ which is responsivle for COLOR RECEPTION and VISUAL ACUITY•Rods contains the PIGMENT RHODOPSIN. •Cones contains the PIGMENT IODOPSIN which is responsible for COLOR RECEPTION AND VISUAL ACUITY.
•Contains the JUNCTIONAL COMPLEXES formed by the RODS and CONE CELLS with MULLER CELLS.Outer Limiting Membrane
•Composed of the NUCLEI AND CELL BODIES of the RODS AND CONE CELLS.Outer Nuclear Layer
•Contains the AXONS OF THE RODS AND CONE CELLS and the DENDRITES OF THE BIPOLAR CELLS AND THE SYNAPSES THAT THEY FORM.Outer Plexiform Layer
•Contains the NUCLEI AND CELL BODIES OF BIPOLAR CELLS, CELL BODIES OF HORIZONTAL AND AMACRINE NEURONS, and the NUCLEI OF MULLER CELLS.Inner Nuclear Layer
•Contains SYNAPSES FORMED BY THE AXONS OF BIPOLAR CELLS with the DENDRITES OF GANGLION CELLS.Inner Plexiform Layer
•Consists of the CELL BODIES AND NUCLEI OF GANGLION CELLS.Ganglion Cell Layer
•Contains AFFERENT FIBERS/AXONS OF GANGLION CELLS. •OPTIC NERVE = Consists of AXONS OF GANGLION CELLS.Nerve Fiber Layer
•Layer of the retina that adjoins the vitreous body. •Consists of the basement membrane of Muller Cells.Inner Limiting Membrane
Area of the eye where visual acuity is greatest and color perception is at its finest.Fovea Centralis
•Where axons of the Ganglion Cells of the retina converge and exit the eye. •Referred to as the BLIND SPOT because it has no photoreceptors.OPTIC DISC
•_________________ = Supplies the inner layer of the retina. •_________________ = Supplies the outer layer of the retina. •_________________ = Venous drainage•Central Artery of the Retina = Supplies the inner layer of the retina. •Choriocapillary Layer of the Choroid = Supplies the outer layer of the retina. •RETINAL VEIN-Venous drainage
Clinical Correlation SEPARATION OF PIGMENT EPITHELIUM LAYER FROM RODS AND CONES LAYER DUE TO LOSS OF VITREOUS HUMOR •CAN BE DUE TO EYE LACERATION OR SHRINKAGE WHICH LEADS TO SEPARATION OF THE PIGMENT EPITHELIUM FROM THE RODS AND CONES LAYER WHICH CAN LEAD TO BLINDNESS.Retinal Detachment
Retinal detachment is the •SEPARATION OF ________ Layer FROM _________ LAYER DUE TO LOSS OF _________•SEPARATION OF PIGMENT EPITHELIUM LAYER FROM RODS AND CONES LAYER DUE TO LOSS OF VITREOUS HUMOR.
Retinal Detachment isDUE TO _________OR __________ WHICH LEADS TO SEPARATION OF THE PIGMENT EPITHELIUM FROM THE RODS AND CONES LAYER WHICH CAN LEAD TO _________•DUE TO EYE LACERATION OR SHRINKAGE WHICH LEADS TO SEPARATION OF THE PIGMENT EPITHELIUM FROM THE RODS AND CONES LAYER WHICH CAN LEAD TO BLINDNESS.
•An ocular emergency which presents with acute painless, monocular visual loss wherein the flow of blood through the CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY is OCCLUDED. •It is the OCULAR ANALOGUE OF A CEREBRAL STROKE.CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION
CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION •An ocular emergency which presents with acute painless, monocular visual loss wherein the flow of blood through the _________ ARTERY is _________. •It is the OCULAR ANALOGUE OF A _______________.CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION •An ocular emergency which presents with acute painless, monocular visual loss wherein the flow of blood through the CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY is OCCLUDED. •It is the OCULAR ANALOGUE OF A CEREBRAL STROKE.
Central retinal artery occlusion MOST COMMON CAUSE IS ________________•MOST COMMON CAUSE IS CAROTID ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS.
central retinal artery occlusion •Medical management may include use of Pentoxifylline and Isosorbide dinitrate which are ____________ to increase _________________ content.•Medical management may include use of Pentoxifylline and Isosorbide dinitrate which are vasodilators to increase blood oxygen content.A