F ox
’
M AR T Y R S
OF
s B O OK
.
HI ST O R Y
OF
T HE
L I V E S , S UF F E R I N G S ,
‘
T R I U M P HAN T D E A T HS ,
OF
T HE
PRIMITIVE AS WELL AS THE PROTESTA
NT MARTYRS,
F R O M T HE
C OMMENCEMENT OF CHRIS T IANIT Y TO THE LAT ES T
PERIOD S OF PAGAN AND POPISH
PERS EC UT ION
.
TO
WH
I C H I S A D D ED
AC CO UN T or THE I N Q UISI T I O N ;
MASSA C RE I N F RA NC E , AND
X IV ; T HE MASSA C R E S
CRE
TE]
B AR TH O LOME W M
GE N E R L PE R E C UT O N UN D ER LOUIE
R EB ELL O N I N THE
OF T H E 1 m m
ASSA
T HE
A
S
I
I
YE A R 1 6 4 1 ; AND T HE R E C E N T PL R S E C UT IO NS O E
PR OTE S T AN T S I N T HE S OUTH O F F R A NC E
.
.
I I N A LLY C O MP O S ED B Y T HE
OR G
RE V J O H N F O X , A M
.
.
ILL US TR ATE D
.
E D ITI ON
.
NEW Y O RK
J O HN
B
.
A L D E N, P UB L I S HER
.
LIS T OF ENGRAVINGS
l FBO NT IS PIECB
2 Vi gne t t e
3 Ma r t y r d o m o f S t S teph en
Ma r ty r d o m o f S y m plt orou
t tt v c Ma r t r d o m
5 a
6 Ma r ty r d o m o f e n t a
7 Vl S l O Il o f C o n t an tin e
8 F e m a le Ma r ty r d o m
9 W a ld en so s m C a la b r t a
[0 W a d e n e in th e va le y o f Pi ed mont
H Ma r t r d o m Of Ma r u, Bt s h op o f Ar etl msa
l s m on
o f t h e In qu
12 C r u
e t e
I3 As s a s s m a n o n o f t h e Pn ue o f O ran g e
14 Bu
t h e ry o f e ven t y p ro t e t an t
15 Ma r ty r d o m o f Fr a n c x s Gro
16 S u
b m t s s ro n O f th e e m p ero r Henry IV to th e
17 Ma r ty r d o m o f J o hn Ba d b y
18 An n e Bo le y n
1 9 Ma r ty r d o m o f S IX p e r on s
20 D r e
o f m a le r ec an t m g p en it ent
2 ! D re
o f fe m a le r ec a n tt n g p emt ent
22 La d y J a n e G r e y
2 3 Ex a mm a t io n O l K id le a n d La tt mer
24 Bu
m m g of t
le y an La t im e r
25 Bu
r n m g o f C r a nm e r
26 Ma r ty r d o m o f t h r ee wo m e n an d an inlant
2 7 Ro e Alle n
28 C u
t h b e r t S im on t o r tu
r ed
29 l
ou
r g e d t o d e a th
lia m Fe t ty
30 Ma r ty r d o m o f fi ve e r s o n s a t C an t e rb u
ry
3 1 Ma r ty r d o m o f Ad e l e r t ,b 1 s ho p o f Pr a gu
e
32 D t s c o v e ry o f G u
y Fa w k e
33 Ma a r e o f pr o t e t an t m Ir elan d
34 Mu
r d e r o f S n Ed m u
ry Go dfrey
nd b u
.
s
s
‘
0
l
s s
l s
c
l
c s
c
s
s
ss
s
.
s
ss
ss
s
ss c
s
sc
s
s
s
HI S T O R Y
C H R I S T I AN
M AR T Y R D O M
PAR T 1
.
C H A P T E R I.
tio n qf flz e Chr is tia ns a nd
F zr st P er secu
Ap os tles
Ma r tyr d om
.
No p r edic ti o n o f o ur S a v io ur h as bee n m or e str ikin g ly
l fille d , th a n th a t w hich r el a t ed t o th e p er sec ut io n an d
fu
s uffe r i n gs o f hi s peop le , by r e a so n o f t hei r fai t h ful n e ss
The se t h i n gs he b e que a t hed t o t hem ,
a n d lo v e t o h im
.
p o r t io n o f t hei r i n he r it a n ce in t hi s w o r ld ; a n d lest
ld b eco m e d ish e ar t e n ed a t t h e co m p lic a t e d sce n es
t hey sho u
o f hu
m a n m i se r y th a t a w a i t e d t he m , he n o t o n ly a pp r ise
ld h e h a t ed o f a ll me n fo r is n a m e s a ke ,
t he m , t h a t t hey sho u
b ut p r o n o un ced a glo r i o us be n edic t io n up o n al l s uch a s
sho uld b e fo un d w o r t hy t o s uffe r o n his a cco un t These
s
p
r epe a t ed t o t he m , d u
r o m ises h e o ft e n
r in
r a cio u
g
g th e
d a ys o f his p ublic m i n is t r y , a n d r e n e w e d the m a g a i n a ft e r
r r ec t io n fr o m t h e de a d , a cco m p a n ied w i t h
his gl or io us r es u
a ss u
r a n ce o f th e a id an d s u
pp o r t o f h is H oly S pi r i t , w hi ch
sho uld d w ell w i t h the m a s a co m fo r t e r un t il th e e n d o f the
w o r ld : n o r w as it lo n g a ft e r his i gn o m i n io us de a t h a n d
lo r i o us a sce n sio n to he a v e n , t h a t t hey w e r e b r o ugh t to
geel th e t r ut h o f w h a t he h a d so o ft e n t old t hem F o r
n o t w it hs t a n di n
h
e pu
rit y o f t h a t r eli io n th a t t hey
t
ro
g
g
p
fessed , w hich t a ugh t t he m t o li v e pe a ce a bly
all m e n ,
a n d t o do u
n t o o t he r s , a s t hey w o u
ld t h a t o t he r s sho uld
do un t o t hem s t ill , i n a s m uch a s it s s ubli m e doc t r i n e s an d
p r ecep t s w e r e di r ec t ly a t w ar w it h t h e n a t u
r al
pr o pen si
ties o f the h u
m a n he a r t , a n d s e t fo r t h th e o n e Li v i n g a n d
Tr ue Go d as the o nl y obj ec t o f a d o r a t i on , th r o ugh Je sus
as a
,
-
.
.
v
6
F
MA RT Y RS
OX S s o o n o r
’
.
t h e e n m i t y a n d r a ge o f both
his on ly be go t t e n s o n
s e d a g a i n s t t he m
l ew s an d he at he n s , w a s soo n a r o u
r , t o th e
r S a v io u
F r om th e t i m e o f t h e c r ucifi x io n o f o u
d a y o f Pen t ecos t , w hich occ ur r ed fi ft y d a ys a ft e r , it a p
pe a r s th a t t h e Apos t les , t o ge the r w i t h th e o t he r disciple s
s , e nj oyed a r espi t e fr o m pe r secut io n , a n d w e r e
o f Jes u
s uffe r ed t o a sse m ble t he m sel ves t o ge the r fo r w o r ship un
bu
t w he n o n t h a t m e m o r a ble d a y , t hey spok e
m ole s t ed
C h r ist
.
o
b old l y in t h e n a n e o f Jes us , a n d t hei r co n v e r ts be g an t o
be n um be r ed by t ho us a n ds , th e e n v y a n d bi go t r y o f t heir
Je w ish fr ie n ds w e r e a t o n ce a w a ken ed , a n d a re gul ar sy s
t io n a n d opposi t io n t o t h e p r o g r ess o f t he
te m o f p e r sec u
os
el
w
a s co m m e n ced
g p
Thi s , ho w e v e r , w a s fo r a w hile c ar r ied o n by g e n t l e
m e a n s , w hi ch p r o v i n g i n e ff ec t ua l , th e i n cr e a si n g e n mi t y
.
.
t r a ge , an d
f t h e p eople a t le n gt h b r oke o ut i n t o O pe n o u
m o r e t h a n t w o t ho us an d C h r is t i a n s pe r ished wit h in th e ci ty
Je r us a le m
o
.
St
.
S tep hen
Ma r ty r d o m of S t S tep hen
.
.
Th i s e m in e n t s a i n t , w a s th e fi r s t w h o s uff e r e d de a th for
m b r a c in g th e r eli gi o n o f Jes us Ch r is t , a n d t he r e fo r e w as
c r o w n d w i t h th e i m m o r t a l ho n o ur o f bei n g th e m an w h o
led th e v a n o f t h a t glo r io us b a n d o f C h r istian m ar ty rs t hat
soo n f llo w ed a fte r
e
o
.
F ox
’
B O OK OF
s
M AR T YR S
7
.
He wa s o n e o f th e se v e n t y disciples o f J esus, and w as
chose n , w i t h s ix o t he s , t o o fii c ia t e a s de a co n in th e ch ur ch
s a le m B ei n g a v e r y z ea lo us an d fa i t h ful w i tn ess
a t Je r u
se v e r a l o f t h e p r i n cip a l pe r so n s
fo r his Lo r d a n d Ma s t e r
belo n gi n g t o fi v e o f t he Je w i sh sy n a go gues , e n t e r ed i n t o
m e n t w i t h h im , o n t h e p r i n cip le s o f t h e r eligi o n
an a r gu
t o w i t hs t a n d
t he
n a b le
t h a t he p r o fessed , a n d bei n g u
so un d n ess o f his doc t r i n es ,w e r e gr e at ly i rr i t a t ed a n d t o
b
o
r n ed
f
a lse w i t n esses , w h o
r a tify t hei r
r e v e n ge , t hey s u
g
sed h im o f bl a sphe m i n g G o d , a n d t h e la w o f Moses
a c cu
H e w a s a cco r di n gly b r o ugh : be fo r e a Co un cil , w he n he
r e o f t he
m a de a n oble de fe n ce , p r o v i n g fr o m t h e sc r ip t u
O ld Tes ta m e n t , t h a t Jes us o f N a z a r e t h ,w ho m t hey h a d c r u
c ifi e d a n d sl a i n , w a s n o o t he r th an t h e t r u
e Messi a h At
t his t hey w e r e v e r y m u
ch e n r a ged , an d w e r e a b o ut t o p a ss
se n t e n ce up o n him , w he n he s a w a v isi on fr o m he a v e n ,
di scl osi n g t o his v ie w , t h e L o r d a n d S a v io ur in his glo r i
H e e x cl a i m e d in r a p t ur e , B ehol d I see t h e
fle d s ta t e
he a v en s op e n , a n d t h e S o n o f Ma n s ta n di n g o n th e r i gh t
”
ha n d o f G od
S ti ll m o r e e n r a ged a t t his , t hey im m e d i
a tely p a ssed
se n t e n ce up o n him , a n d d r a g ged h im o ut
H e died like his di v i n e Ma s t e r ,
an d s t o n ed hi m t o de a t h
i m p lo r i n g m e r cy fo r
his m ur d e r e r s s a yin g , L o r d , la y
”
n o t th is s in t o t hei r ch a r ge
On th e p l a ce w he r e h e w a s
m a r tyr ed , the E m p r ess E udoci a a ft e r w a r d c a used a m a g
ni fi ce n t ch u
r ch t o b e e r ec t ed t o hi s m e m o r y
B e in g p ut
to de at h , o n th e 26 th d a y o f D ec e m be r , it i s c o n se que n t ly
ob se r v ed in com me m o r a ti o n o f t his e v e n t
r
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
S t J a mes th e Gr ea t
.
.
This disc i ple w a s by bi r t h a G a lile a n , an d the s o n o f
Z ebedee , a fishe r m an
H e w a s a lso th e e lde r b r o t he r o f
Joh n a n d r el a t ed t o t h e L o r d hi m sel f ; hi s m o t he r , S e lo m e ,
b e i n g co u
si n gér rn a n t o th e Vi r gi n Ma r y B ei n g o n e
d ay e n g a ged w i t h his fa t he r , fishi n g in th e s e a o f G a li lee
he w a s c a lle d by t h e S a v io ur , w i t h his b r o t he r J oh n , t o
b eco m e his disciple
They chee r fully ob eyed t he m a n
d a t e , a n d le a v i n g t hei r fa t he r iri th e v essel , b ec a me th e fo l~
lo w e r s o f Jesus
It is t o b e ob se r v ed ,t ha t t he i r D i v i n e Ma st e r p la ce d
r e a t e r c o n fi de n c e in th e m
t o g e t he r w ith the a os t le P0
g
p
.
,
-
.
.
.
.
.
8
Fo x
’
s
no o n
on
M An T r R s
.
th an in the r es t o f h is disci ples ; a s he alw a ys t ook
s i o n o f t h e r es t
w he n h e w a s
t he m w i t h him , t o t h e e x cl u
li a r disclos ur e o f his po w e r H e
a b ou
t t o m a ke a ny pec u
r n a m e d t he s e t w o b r o t h e r s B o a n e r ges ,w hich m e a n s ,
a lso s u
so n s o f t h un de r ; by r e a so n o f th ei r v igo r o us m i n d s a nd
Im pe t u
o us t e m pe r
W he n H e r od A gr i pp a w a s m a de G o v e r n o r o f J ud e a to
bj ec t s , he r a i sed a
m g r a tia t e m ysel f w i t h hi s Je w i sh s u
pe r sec ut io n a g a i n s t t h e C h r ist i a n s J a m es w a s a cco r d
in gly si n gled o ut a s t h e nr s t o bj ec t o f his v e n ge a n ce
Bu
w ho m he co n de m n ed t o be behe a ded
t su
ch w a s his
co n s t a n cy a n d se r e n i t y o f m i n d , t h a t hi s a cc use r w a s st r uck
w i t h a d m i r a t io n , a n d bec a m e a co n v e r t t o C h r is t i a n i t y
This t r a n s i t io n so e n r a ged t h e m ult i t ud e w h o ha d a sse m
b led t o w i t n ess th e e x e c ut io n , t h a t , wi t h o n e v oice t hey
c r ied o ut , le t him die a lso : a n d t hey w e r e a cco r di n g ly
Thi s e v e n t t ook pl a ce , A D 214 ,
b o t h behe a ded t o ge t he r
w
of Ju
ly
hi
ch
is
obse
r v ed in c o m
a n d o n t h e 2 5 th d a
;
y
Ab o ut t his t i m e , Ti m o n a n d
m e m o r a t io n o f t his s a i n t
ffe r ed m a r t y r d om
Pa r m o n a s , t w o o f t h e se v e n de a co n s , s u
t h e fo r m e r a t C o r i n t h , a n d t h e l a t t e r a t P hillipi , in Ma
cedo n i a
te r ,
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
This a p o st le w a s bo r n a t B e t hs a id a in G a lilee , an d
w a s t h e fi r st c a lle d by th e n a m e o f disci ple
He W a s e m
ployed in se v e r al i m po r t a n t m issio n s by Je sus , a n d , a ft e r
his r esur r ec t io n , w a s dep ut ed t o p r e a ch t h e G osp el ir
Uppe r A si a A ft e r l a bo ur i n g fo r so m e t i m e in t his pl a ce
he t r a v elled i n t o Ph r ygia , w he r e h e fo un d th e i n h a b i t a n t s
so sun k in idol atr y a s t o w o r s hi p a l a r ge se r pe n t He
ho w e v e r , s uccee d ed in co n v e r t i n g m a n y o f t he m to Ch r is
t ia n it
Thi s so
y a n d p r oc ur ed th e de a t h o f th e se r pe n t
e n r a ged th e he a t he n p r iest s a n d m a g is t r a t es , t h a t t hey fi r s t
co m m i t t ed h im t o p r iso n , a ft e r w hich he w a s t a ke n o ut a n d
se v e r ely sco ur ged , a n d fi n a lly c r ucified H is fr ie n d Ba r
n d a n o ppo r t u
n i t y o f t a ki n g do w n his body
t h o lo m e w fo u
r yi n g it , fo r w hich
he n a r r o w ly esc a ped t h e s a m e
an d b u
H is c r uci fi x i o n t ook pl a ce Ma y 1 , A D 5 2 w hich
d a y , to ge t he r w i t h t h a t o f S t J a m es t h e Less , is ob se r v ed
in c o m me mo r a t io n o f th e eve n t
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
Fo x
’
BO O K
s
St
MA RT YRS
or
.
Ma t thew
.
.
This a po stle a n d e v an gelist w as b o rn in N a z a r e t h o f
G a lilee ,b ut r e si ded chie fly in C a pe r n a um w he r e he w as
a collec t o r o f t oll , o r t r ib u
t e , fr o m s uch a s h a d occ a sio n
to p a ss t h e se a o f G a lilee
On b ei n g c a lled as a disci p le ,
he i m m edi a tely obeyed ; le a v i n g e v e r y t hi n g besi de , t o
be co m e a follo w e r o f C h r i st Aft e r t h e a sce n sio n o f his
m a s t e r , he co n t i n ued p r e a chi n g t h e g ospel in J ude a , fo r
n e a r ly
n i n e ye a r s
As he w a s a bo ut t o le a v e t he m , fo r
th e p u
r p ose o f p r e a chi n
t
o t h e Ge n ti les , he w r o t e his gos
g
se
of
p e l iri H eb r e w ; w hi ch he le ft b ehi n d , fo r t h e u
i s Je wi sh co n v e r t s H e t he n t r a v elled i n t o E t hiopi a ;
Jvh e r e he m a de
m a n y co n v e r t s a n d es t a blished se v e r a l
ch ur ches He a ft e r w a r ds v isi t ed P a r t hi a , an d m e t w i t h
th e like su
ccess ; b ut , o n r e t ur ni n g t o E th io p ia , he w a s
sl a i n
w i t h a h a lbe r t , in th e ci t y o f Ma d a b a r , A D 6 0
The 2 1 5 t d ay o f Sep t e m be r is obse r v ed in c o mm e m ora tio n
o f his de a th
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
St
Ma r k
.
.
This E v an gelist a n d m a r t y r W as o f th e tr ib e o f L evi ,
a n d is s u
p posed t o h a v e b ee n a co n v e r t o f S t P e t e r , w ho m
he s e r v e d as a n a m an ue n sis B ei n g desir ed by th e c o n
e r t s a t Ro m e t o co m m i t t o w r i t i n g th e a d m i r a ble dis
co ur ses t h ey h a d he a r d fr o m S t P e t e r an d hi m sel f, he
co m posed h l S gospel , w hich w a s fir s t w r i t t e n in t he G r eek
lan g ua ge H e t he n w e n t t o E gyp t , a n d , a ft e r e s ta blishi n g
t he ch u
r ch a t Ale x a n d r i a , t r a v elled
in t o Ly b ia , w he r e he
a lso m a de m a n y co n v e r t s
On r e t ur n i n g a g a i n to Ale x
a n d r i a , so m e o f t h e E
l a n s , e x a spe r a t ed a t his s u
t
ccess
,
p
gy
de t e r m i n ed t o p ut him t o de at h Th ey t he r e fo r e ti e d his
fee t , a n d d r a g g ed him t h r o ugh th e s tr ee t s t ill he w as n e a r ly
de a d w he n t hey c a s t his m a n gled b ody in t o p r iso n , w he r e
he soo n a ft e r e x pi r e d
H is body w as t a ke n o ut , o n t h o
fo llo w in d ay ,a n d b urn ed
This occ ur r ed o n t h e 2 5 th d a y
o f Ap r i
w hi ch is dedic a t ed t o his m e m o r y
Aft e r th e
r n in
bu
g o f his body , his bo n es w e r e ga th e r ed u
p by the
C hris tia n s , an d aft e r w ar d c ar r ied t o Ve n ice , o f w hi ch city
he is cons id e r ed the p a tro n sain t
.
.
v
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
10
F ox
’
s
s oon
or
MAa T m
S t J a m es th e L ess
.
.
.
Thi s Apost le w as so de n om i n at ed t o dis t in guish mm
He w a s
fr o m t h e o t he r J a m es w h o w a s c a lled h e G r e a t
t ed fa t he r o f t h e Lo r d , by h i
t h e s o n o f Joseph t h e r ep u
fi r s t w i fe ,a n d i s t h e r e fo r e c a lled t h e Lo r d s b r o t he r Aft e r
w a s elec t e d
r r e c ti o n a n d a s ce n si o n o f C h r is t , he
th e r es u
bishop o f th e ch ur ch a t Je r us a le m ; an d a ft e r w a r ds w r o t e
a d a n ge r o u
n t er a ct
s d o ct r m e
his ge n e r a l e pis t le , t o co u
v iz
t h a t F a i t h in
C h r ist w as
t h a t w a s p r op a g a t i n g
”
A fte r
fli ic ie n t fo r s a l v a t io n w i t ho ut g ood w o r k s
a lo n e s u
l h ad
t his t h e J e w s , bei n g g r e a t ly e x a spe r a t ed t h a t S t P a u
esc a ped t hei r fur y , by a ppe a li n g t o Ro m e , de t e r m i n ed t o
w r e a k t hei r v e n ge a n ce o n J a m es , w h o w a s n o w n i n e t y
They a cco r di n gly c a s t h im do wn fr o m a
fo ur ye a r s old
pi n n a cle o f th e t e m ple , aft e r w hich t hey be a t o ut his b rai n s
b H is fest i v a l , t o ge t her w i t h th a t o f S t
w i t h a fulle r s cl u
P hillip , i s kep t o n th e fi r s t d ay o f Ma y
.
s
,
’
.
,
.
.
.
’
.
.
.
St
.
Ma tthia s
.
Thi s Apost le w a s c a lled t o th a t o flic e , by th e o th er
Apos t les , a ft e r t h e de a t h o f Ch r i s t t o supply t h e pl a ce o f
J ud a s th e a pos t a t e H e h a d bee n o n e o f th e se v e n t y dis
f
H
e
su
c i le s a n d his ch a r a c t e r w a s e m in e n t fo r p ie t y
p
s a le m , bei n g fi r s t s t o n ed a n d t hen
a r t y r do m a t Je ru
fe r e d m
behe a ded The 2 4 th d ay o f F b r uar y i s dedi c a t ed t o h is
m e m or y
.
.
e
.
.
St
.
An d r ew
.
This Apos t le w as th e b r o t he r o f S t P e t e r , a n d p r e a ched
On a r r i v i n g
th e gospel t o se v e r a l o f th e Asi a t ic n a t io n s
E dess a th e g o v e r n o r o f th e co un t r y n am ed E ge a s ,
at
t h r e a t e n ed h im fo r p r e a chi n g a g a i n s t t h e idols t he n w o r
S
t A n d r e w , pe r s i s t i n g in t h e p r op a g a t io n o f his
s hip ed
p
doc t r i n es , w a s o r de r ed t o b e c r uci fi ed o n a c r o s s , t w o e n d s
o f w hich w e r e
l
he
boldly
a ced t r a n s v e r sely in t h e g r o u
nd
p
t old his pe r se c u
ld n o t h a v e p r e a che d t h e
t o r s t h a t he w o u
An d
g lo r y o f t he c r oss ha d he h a v e fe a r ed t o die upo n it
a a i n , w he n he c a m e t o be c r u
cified ,he s a id t h at h e co v e t
e gth e c r oss , an d lo n ed t o di e u o n it , He w as a cco r d
g
p
.
.
.
.
.
r ox
’
s
s
MA R T YR S
o on o r
11
.
n it , n o t w i th n a ils b u
p
o
fi
x ed u
t w i t h co r ds , t h a t h is
e
de a t h m igh t b e m o r e slo w In t his m a n n e r he co n t i n ued
t
h
e g r e at e r p a r t o f th e t i m e ,
n e a r ly t W ) d a y s , p r e a chi n
g
t i ll his s t r e n g t h fi n a lly fa iled him , a n d he died o n th e 3 0t h
w hich is co m m e m o r at ed a s his fes t i v al
o f N ove m b e r
11 1
.
.
.
St
Peter
.
.
This a p os t le w a s b or in B e t hs a i d a in G a li lee , bei n g
th e s on o f Jo n a h , a fi she r m a n , w hich e m ploym e n t he
H e w a s p e r s ua ded by his b r o t he r An
a l so follo w ed
d r e w , t o b eco m e a follo w e r o f C h r is t , w h o g a v e h im t h e
w hich i m plies ,in t h e Sy r i a c l a n gu
a ge , a
na m e o f Ceph a s
r ock
H e w a s c a lled t o be a n a pos t le , a t th e s a m e t im e
w i t h his b r o t he r A n d r e w , a n d ga v e un co m m o n p r oo f o f hi s
ze a l a n d fa i t h ful n ess t o C h r is t , n o t w i t hs t a n di n g hi s fe ar s ,
o n o n e occ a sio n ,so fa r o v e r c a m e h im t h a t he de n i ed h im
A ft e r th e de a t h o f C h r is t , t h e Je w s , s t ill co n t i n ui n g t o
pe r s ecut e hi s fo llo w e r s , o r de r ed P e t e r , w i th se v e r a l o f th e
o t he r a po st les , t o b e sco ur ged Thi s th ey b o r e wit h pa
t ie n ee , r ej oici n g t h a t t hey w e r e fo u
n d w o r t hy t o s u
ffe r fo r
th e s a ke o f t hei r Re dee m e r
W he n H e r od Ag r ip pi h a d c a used J a m e s th e G r e a t t o
be p ut t o de a t h , bec a use it ple a se d th e J e w s , h e p r oceeded
n e x t a g a i n s t P e t e r , a n d c a s t him i n t o p r iso n ; i n t e n di n g , a ft e r
the fest i v a l o f E a s t e r , t o b r i n g him o ut t o s uffe r a p ubli c
e x ecutio n An d th e be t t e r t o se cur e him , h a d a pp oi n t ed
si x t ee n sol die r s t o keep co n s t an t w a t ch a t th e doo r o f th e
r iso n
B
u
t a n a n gel a ppe a r ed t o P e t e r o n t h e e v e n i n g
p
ti o n , an d d e
p r e cedi n g t he d a y a pp oi n t ed fo r his e x e c u
li v e r ed him o ut o f p r iso n ; a t w hich H e r od w a s so m uch
e n r a ged , th a t he c aused t h e so ldie r s t o b e put t o de a t h
S t P e t e r a ft e r v a rio us o t he r m i r a cles , r eti r ed t o R o m e ,
w he r e he de fe a t ed a ll th e
co n fo un ded
a r t i fi ces , a n d
th e m a gic o f Si m o n Ma g u
s , a gr e a t fa v o ur ite o f th e E m
o r o r N e r o H e a lso co n v e r t ed t o Ch r is t i a n i t y o n e o f t h e
v ou
r i t e co n c u
bi n e s o f t h a t m o n a r ch w hi ch so e x a spe r
fa
sed b o t h him a n d P a ul t o b e a p p r e
a t ed him , t h a t he c a u
he n de d D ur i n g th e t i m e o f t hei r co n fi n e m e n t , t hey c o n
ve rt ed t w o o f t h e C a p t a i n s o f th e
r i st i a n i ty
a r d to
Ch
u
g
wit h fo r t y se v e n o t he r s
H a v i n g b ee n n in e m o n t h s in
r iso n , Pete r w as bro u ht o u
f
r om t he n ce an d af t e r b ei n g
t
g
p
n
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
-
.
’
12
9 0 11 s
B OOK o r
MA RT YR S
.
se v e r ely scour ged ,w a s c r ucified w i t h his he a d d ow n w a rds
Thi s p osi t io n w as , ho w e v er , o f hi s o w n ch m c e , a s h e
ffe r in th e s a m e m a n n er a s
n w o r t hy t o s u
n t ed hi m sel f u
c ou
H is fes t i v a l i s obse r v ed o n t h e 29 th d a y
d id his m a s t e r
l s uffe r ed H is
n e , o n w hich d a y he a s w ell a s S t P a u
of J u
b o dy w as t ake n do w n , e mb a l m ed , a n d b ur ied in t he Va t i
r ch w a s e r ec t ed
This
c a n , o v e r w hi ch a sple n did ch u
w a s , ho w e v e r ,des tr oyed by t h e E m pe r o r H elio g a b a l us ,a n d
s th e t w e n t ie t h B ishop o f
t h e b ody r e m o v ed , t ill Co r n eli u
Rome , h a d it a g a i n r e t ur n ed , an d C o n st a n t i n e th e G r e a t
e r ected o n e o f t he m os t m a gn ifice n t ch ur ches in t he w o r ld
o v e r th e pl a ce Pr e v io us t o th e de a t h o f S t P e t e r his
w i fe s u
ffe r ed m a r ty r do m fo r h e r fa i t h in C h r ist , a n d b e
h a v e d w ith gr e a t c a l m n ess an d co n stan cy
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
l
S t Pa u
.
.
Th i s a pos t le w a s a J e w , o f the t r ibe o f Be nj am i n , b orn a t
T a r sus , in C ilici a , a n d b e fo r e his co n v e r sio n , w a s c a lled
S aul H e w a s a t fi r st a gr e a t e n e m y a n d pe r secut o r o f
th e C h r is t i a n s ,a n d a p r i n cip a l p r o m o t e r o f th e de a t h o f S t
S t ephe n Goi n g t o D am a sc us , soo n a ft e r fo r th e p ur pos e
ch a s he sho uld fin d c a lli n g upo n th e
o f ar r es t i n g all s u
n a m e o f th e Lo r d , s u
dde n ly a li gh t fr o m he a v e n sho n e
r ou
nd
a bo u
t h im , a cco m p a n ied w ith a v 01 c e , s a yi n ,
g
S a ul , S aul , w hy pe r sec ut es t tho u m e
At t hi s he
w as s t r uck t o th e gr o u
n d , a n d s m i t t e n w it h bli n d n ess d u
r in g
t h r ee d a ys
I m m e di a t ely af t e r his r eco v e r y , h e bec a me
p r o fesso r a n d a n a po s t le
a
D ur i n g his l a b o ur s in
r e a di n g
th e go s pel , h e co n v e rt ed t o th e fa i t h , S e r gi u
s
saulus ,the p r oco n sul o f Cyp rus o n w hich a ccoun t he t ook
his n a m e ,a n d , a s so m e suppose , w a s fr o m t hen ce c a lled
P a ul us i n s t e a d o f S a ul us
A ft e r hi s m a n y l a bo ur s he
t ook w i t h him B a r n ab a s an d w e n t u t o Je r u
s a le m ,t o Pe t e r ,
p
J a m es ,a n d Joh n , w he r e he w a s o r d a i n ed a n d sen t o ut t o
p r e a ch t o th e Ge n t iles At Ico n i um , he a n d Ba r n a b us
w e r e n e a r bei n g s t o n ed t o de a t h by t h e e nr a g ed Je w s , an d
fled fr o m t he n ce t o Lys t r a H e r e t hey w e r e s t o n ed ,
d r a gged o ut o f th e ci t y , a n d le ft fo r de a d They ho w e v e r
r e v i v ed a n d
esc a p ed t o D e r be
At P hillipi , t h ey w e r e
i m p r iso n ed a n d w hi ped a n d a ft e r w a r d
e
d
r e at ly pe r sec u
t
,
p
g
at Thess a lo n ic a
B ei n g a ft e r w ar d ta ke n a t J e r us ale m,
.
.
.
“
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
B OOK o r mum
’
r ox s
13
s.
t a ppe a li n g t o Ces a r , he wa s
Pa 1 wa s s e n t to Ces a re a , bu
se n t to Ro m e He r e he wa s det a i n ed fo r a while a s a
.
priso n er a t l a r ge , b ut bei n g a t le ngt h rele a sed , he visited
the ch urches i n Rome , a n d i n Gr ee ce , a n d t r a velled i n to
Fr a n ce a nd S p a i n
r n i n g a g a i n to Ro m e , he wa s a
Ret u
seco n d ti m e a pprehe n ded , a nd by the order o f Ne r o , wa s
b ehe a ded with a s wo r d T wo d a ys a r e dedi c a ted to th is
a pos t le , o n e in com m e m o r a tio n o f his co n versio n , a n d the
other o f his de a th the first be i n g the 2 5 t h o f J a n ua ry ,an d
the other 29 th of J un e
.
'
.
.
St Ju
de
.
.
This a postle wa s the brother o f J a mes the L e s s, a n d 13
s B ei n g se n t to Edess a , he wro ught
a lso c a lled Th a dde u
m a n y mir a cles , a n d m a d e m a n y co n verts ,whi ch , st i rr in g
n tme n t o f the people he wa s cr u
the
rese
ci fi ed , A D
u
p
72 , o n the 2 8 md ay o f O ctober , whi ch 18 dedic a ted to his
memory
.
.
.
.
S t B a r th olomew
.
.
Thi s a pos t le pre a ched in m a ny co un tries , he a le d m any
di se a ses , a n d per form ed o ther m i r a cles He fi n a lly tr a
ve lle d i n to I n d i a , whe n he t r a n sl a ted the gospel i n to the
I n d i a n l a n g ua ge ,a n d m a de m a n y co n verts in th a t co un try
Bu
t the idol a ters be co m i n g we a ry o f his pre a chi n g , fi rst
s co urged , the n cr uci fied him , a n d the n cut o ff his h e a d
The a n n iversa ry o f his m artyrdom , is o n the 2 4 th o f
Au
g ust
.
.
.
.
St
.
Th omas
.
Th is a pos t le wa s c a lled , in his n a t ive l a n gua ge ,
Tho m a s ,b ut in the Sy r i a c , D idym us He pre a ched i n
P a r thi a a n d I n d i a ; where , d isple a si n g the P a g a n p r ie s ts ,
he was thru
st thro ugh with a spe a r H is m a rtyrdom is
co m memor a t e d o n the 2 1 5 t o f D e cemb er
.
.
.
S t Lu
ke th e E va ng elist
.
.
t h or o f th e Gospel that
This emin ent sain t wa s th e a u
s
’
I4
Fox s
B OOK o r MA RT Y RS
.
He
b e a rs his na me , a s a lso o f the A cts o f the A postle s
tr a velled wi t h S t P a ul ,to Ro m e ,a n d p r e a ched to sever al
b a r b a ro us n a tio n s He wa s , ho wever , fi n a lly h a nged , o n
a n olive tree , by o r de r o f t he he a the n pries t s o f Gree ce
The a n n ivers a ry o f his m a rtyrdom ,is o n the 1 8th o f C c
.
.
.
.
tob e r
.
St
.
S imon
.
Th is a postle was disti n g uished for his z e al,by t he n a m e
He pre a ched w ith gre a t s uccess in Ma urit a n i a ,
o f Z elotes
eve n in B r it a i n ; whe r e ,
a n d other p a r ts o f A fr i c a , a n d
tho ugh he m a de m a n y co n verts , he wa s fi n a lly crucified ,
A D 74
The a n n ivers a ry o f his de a th , together with
th a t o f S t J ud e , is commemora ted o n the 2 8th d ay o f
O ctob e r
.
.
.
.
.
.
S t J o hn
.
.
Th is e min e n t s a i n t was d isti n g uished fo r b e ing a
prophet , a postle , e va n gelist , divi n e , a n d m a rtyr He is
c a lled the beloved disciple ,a n d wa s b r other to Ja me s the
Gre a t He wa s fi r st a disciple o f Joh n the B a ptist , a n d
wa s n o t o n ly a fte r wa rd o n e o f the t welve a pos t les , b u
t
o n e o f the th r ee to who m
Ch r i st co m m un i c a ted t he most
se cret p a ss a ges o f his li fe
H e fo un ded the ch ur ches o f
S myr n a , P e r g a m os , S a r d ia , P hil a delphi a , La o d icia , a n d
Thy a ti r a , to who m he di r e cted his book o f Revel a ti o n s
B e i n g a t Ephes us , he wa s o r dered by the E m p eror Do m i
t i a n , to be se n t bo u
n d to Ro m e , w he r e he wa s co n de m n
ed t e be c a st i n to a c a ldro n o f b oili n g oil But he r e a
mi r a cle wa s wr o ught in his fa vo ur , a s he s ust a i n ed n o in
jury fr o m the o il ; upo n whi ch he wa s se n t t o the isl a n d
o f P a t m os , to wo r k in the m i n es
H e wa s a fter wa rds r e
c a lled by Nerva wh o s ucceeded Domiti a n , b ut wa s d ee m e d
a m a r tyr o n a cco u
n t o f h a vi n g u
tio n
n de r go n e a n e x ec u
tho ugh it did n o t t a ke e ffe ct H e wrote his Gospel ,
Epistle ,a n d Revel a tio n s a ll in a di ffe r e n t style ,b u
t they a r e
a lly a d m ired
al l eq u
He wa s t he o n ly a postle who esc a ped a
viole n t de a th ,a n d lived t h e lo n gest o f a n
y o f them ; bei n g
n dred ye a rs old a t h is de a th
The 2 7 t h d ay
n e a rly a h u
of D e c em b e r ,is kep t in c o mm e mora tio n o f his d ea th
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
B OOK o r
’
F OX S
MAR T YB I
S t B a rn a bas
.
15
.
.
This s a int was a n a t ive o f the isl an d o f Cy pru
s ,b u
t wa s
T he time o f his de a th is u
b orn o f J e wish p a re n ts
n cer
tai n ; b u
t is s u
pposed to ha ve o cc urre d A D 7 3 His fes
ival is o b s er ve d o n the 1 1 th o f J u
ne
.
.
.
.
‘
.
C HA P T E R 1 !
tion: u
nd er the Roman
r P r imitive P er secu
The fi r st fou
E mp er or s
.
tion u
nd er Ner o
P ersecu
.
fi rs t p e rs e cut ion in the prim itive ages o f t he
ch u
rch was bega n by the c r uel a n d tyr a n n i c a l N er o ,the
si x th e mperor o f Rome ,in A D 6 7 This emperor reig n ed
for five ye a rs with t oler ab e credit to himsel f, a fter which
he g a ve way to the gre a test e x tr a v a g a n ce o f temper , a n d
to the most a tro cio us b a rb a rities Amo n g m a n y other
di a bol ic a l o utr a ges , he orde r ed th a t the city o f Rome
sho uld be set o n fire ; which wa s d o n e by h is o ffice r s ,
g ua rds , a n d serva n ts W hile the ci ty wa s in fl a m es , he
w
o f Me c e n a s pl a yed u
to
the
to
er
po
n hi s h ar p ,
we n t u
p
rn i n g o f Troy ; a n d decl a red
a n d s a n g the so n g o f the b u
Th a t he wis hed the r uin o f all thi n gs be fore his de a th
A mo n g the n oble b uildi n gs b urn ed ,wa s the cir cus ,or pl a ce
It wa s h a l f a mile in le n gth ,
a ppropri a ted to horse r a ces
o f a n ov a l form ,with risi n g se a t s o n either side , a n d c a
p ah le o f co n t a i n i n g up wa rd o f o n e hun d r ed tho us a n d spe c
ses an d p a l a ces we r e co n s umed ,a n d
t a t o r s Ma n y other ho u
sever a l tho us a n d o f the i n h a bit an t s perished in t he fl a mes
This terrible co n fla gr a t io n co n ti n ued n in e d ays wi tho ut
ct
in termissi o n ; a n d whe n the tyr a n t s a w th a t his co n d u
was gre a tly bl am ed by the people , he so m a n a ged a s to
m upo n the Ch r isti a n s ; which g a ve him a n
fix the odi u
elties A furio us perse
n i ty o f w it n essi n g n e w cr u
opp o r tu
ile rin gs o f
cu
t io n wa s a ccor di n gly comme n ced , a n d the s u
c h as to e x cite the comp as sio n o f
the Chr is t ia n s wer e su
Ta n
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
'
16
’
Fo x s s o on
MA RT Y RS
or
.
h ea th e n s the m selves S o m e were s e wed up in the
others
s k i n s o f wild be a sts , a n d wo r r ied to d e a th by d ogs
spe n d ed
were dresse d i n shi r ts m a de sti ff with wa x ,the n s u
o n poles a n d set o n fi r e , i n the g a r de n s o f the p a l a ce
This persec utio n wa s ge n er a l t hr o ugho w t h e whole Ro m a n
E m pi r e ; b ut it r a the r i n cre a sed th a n d i m i n ished the sp iri t
B eside S t P eter a n d S t P a ul , m a n y 0
o f Ch r isti a n ity
ished co nve r ts , whose n a m es h a ve n o t
t heir most d isti n g u
bee n h a n ded do wn to posteri ty , were a m o n g the s ufferers
‘
We sh all there fore n oti ce o n ly those whose history is we l
t he n ti c a ted
au
E r a stus , the C h a mberl a i n o f Cori n th , wa s co n verted by
S t P a ul , a n d de t ermi n ed to follo w the fort un es o f th a t
For this p ur pose he resig n ed his o ffi ce , a n d a o
a postle
co m p a n ied h im in his voy a ges a n d tra vels , till he wa s le ft
by the a postle in Ma cedo n i a ; whe r e he wa s fi r st m a d e
b ishop o f th a t provi n ce ,a n d a fte r wa r d s uffered m a r ty r dom ,
bei n g to r t ur ed to de a t h by the p a g a ns a t P hilippi
Arist a rch us ,the Ma cedo n i a n , wa s bor n in Thess a lo n ic a ,
l , be c a m e his co n st a n t com
a n d bei n g co n verted by P a u
p a n i o n H e wa s with t h a t a postle a t Ephes us , d ur i n g t he
co m motio n r a ised by D e m et r i us , t he silvers m ith He a lso
a cco m p a n ied him i n to Greece , where they we r e ver
y
s uccess ful in prop a g a ti n g t he gospel , a n d bri n gi n g ove r
m a n y to Christi a n ity
H a vi n g le ft G r ee ce ,they t r a versed
a gre a t po r tio n o f Asi a Mi n o r a n d J u
de a A fter t his b e
a ccomp a n ied
S t P a ul to Rome , where he s uffered the
s a m e fa te a s th a t a p os tle , bei n g behe a ded wi t h a s wo r d
T r o ph in u
by
s , a n Ephesi a n by b i r th , a n d a Ge n tile
l to C hristi a n ity , a n d
r eligio n , wa s co n verted by S t P a u
a ccomp a n ied h im in his t r a ve ls
O n his a cco u
n t ,the Je ws
r a ised a gre a t d ist ur b a n ce in the temple a t J a r us a
le m , the l a st ti m e he wa s in th a t city , b e c a u
se t he
a postle in trod u
ced h im i n to the te m ple But bei n g r e s
c ued by the ce n t ur io n ,b e a c co m p a n ied his m a ster to R ome ,
l ; wh er e he wa s m a de b ishop ,
a n d a fte r wa r ds i n to G a u
0 11 the follo wi n g y e a r he
a n d le ft in the city o f Air n s
visited S t P a ul , a t Rome , a n d a cco m p an ied h im i n to
Asi a , b ut o n his r et ur n to th a t city he wa s behe a ded , a
fe w d ays a fter the de a th o f hi s m a ste
Jo seph co m m o n ly c a lled B a rs a b a s was a pri m it ive d is
c i le , a n d by so m e is s u
pp o sed to h a ve b ee n o n e o f the
p
t he
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I8
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B OO K
Fo x s
or
M A RT Y R S
.
m a gistr a te o n the ch a rge o f b ei n g s uch , t hey we r e com
ma n d e d to t a k e the a ttes t o a th , which if t hey re fu
sed , s e n
te n ce o f d e a t a wa s i m m edi a t ely p a ssed o n them , a n d if
they co n fessed the m selves to be C hr isti a n s ,the re s ult wa s
t he s a me
The v a rio us ki n ds o f p un ish m e n t i n fli cted were im
priso n m e n t , co n fi sc a t io n o f p r o p e r ty , b a n ishme n t , b r oili n g
po n slo w fi r es , r a cki n g ,b ur n i n g , s co ur gi n g ,sto n i n g ,
t he m u
h a ngi n g , a n d wo r ryi n g with dogs a n d wild b e a sts Ma ny
were to r n pie ce m e a l with r e d hot pi n cers , a n d others
po n the horn s o f furio us b ulls
wer e thro wn u
A fter h a vi n g s uffered these cr uel t ies , the fr ie n ds o f t he
de ce a sed were eve n forb id d e n to b urn o r b ur y t hei r r e
m a i n s Th e follo wi n g ar e the most rem a r k a ble o f t he
nu
me r o us m a rty r s wh o s uffered d ur i n g t his perse c utio n
s the A r eop a gite , wa s a n Athe n i a n by b i r th
D io n ysi u
a nd ed u
c a ted in a ll the use ful a n d o r n a m e n t a l b r a n ches o f
Gre ci a n li t e r a t ure
He tr a velled i n to Egypt , to st udy
l a r observ a tio n s o n t he
a st r o n o m y , a n d m a de v e r y p a r tic u
s upe r n a t ur a l e clipse th a t o cc ur r ed a t the ti m e o f o ur
r n to Athe n s he wa s
S a vio ur s cr uci fi x i o n
O n his ret u
r ed by the people , a n d a t le n gth p r omoted to
highly ho n o u
the di gn i ty o f se n a tor in th a t celeb r a ted city B e comi n g
a co n vert to the gospel , he ch a n ged fr om a worthy P a g a n
m a gistr a te to a fa i t h ful C h r is t i a n p a sto r ,fo r eve n while ia
volved in the d a r k n ess o f idol a try , he wa s highly ho n o ur ed
st a n d be n evole n t p r i n ciples A ft e r his co n v e r
fo r hi s j u
sio n ,the s a n ctity o f hi s li fe wa s s uch a s reco m m e n ded h im
st r o n gly to the love a n d ho n o ur o f the Chris t i a n b r eth r e n ,
a n d he wa s a cco r di n gly a ppoi n ted b ishop o f Athe n s
He
disch a r ged his d uty with t he ut m ost d ilige n ce , till the
tio n , viz : A D 6 9 , whe n he
s eco n d ye a r o f t his pe r se c u
r e ceive d the c r o wn o f m a rty r do m by bei n g behe a ded
Nico m e d e o , a Ch r is t i a n o f some disti n ctio n a t Ro m e ,
d uri n g the re ig n o f D o m i t i a n , m a de g r e a t e ffo r ts to ser v e
the a ffli c t ed , by com fo r ti n g the p oo r , v isiti n g those c o n
l
fi n e d , e x ho r ti n g t h e wa ve r i n g , a n d co n fi r m i n g the fa ith fu
s a ctio n s , he wa s seized a s a
Fo r those a n d othe r pio u
Chri ti a n , a n d bei n g se n t e n ced w a s s co ur ged t o de a th
t
Pr o t a t iu
s a nd Gr ev u
s iu
s we r e m a r ty r ed a t Mil a n , b u
l ar irc um s t a n ces atte n d i n g th ei r de a ths ar e n o t
the p a rti c u
a
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s
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c
F
O X S B OO K o r
’
MA R T Y R S
19
.
P a ul , a n d b ishop
s , wa s b o r n a t Lystr a , in the provi n ce o f
o f Ephes u
His fa ther wa s a G e n tile , a nd his mother a
Ly c a o n i a
t both his p a re n ts a n d his gr a n d mo t her embr a
J e wess ,b u
ght fr om his
ced Christi a n i ty , by whi ch me a n s h e wa s t a u
i n fa n cy the p r e ce pts o f the gospel
W he n S t P a ul a r
rived a t Ly c a o n i a , he ord a i n ed T i m othy , a n d m a de him
the co m p a n io n o f his l a b o urs He me n t io n s him wi t h pe
ld fi n d n o o n e so
cu
lia r r espect , a n d de cl a res th a t he co u
truly un i t ed to him , b oth in he a rt a n d m i n d T i m othy
l to Ma cedo n i a , where , wi t h t h a t a postle
a t te n ded S t P a u
S t P au
r ed in p r op a g a ti n g the gospel
l
a n d S il a s , he la b o u
t he wa s le ft behi n d to
we n t fr om the n ce to A ch a i a ,b u
str e n g t he n t h e fa i t h o f t hose a lre a dy co n ver t ed S t P a ul a t
le n gth se n t fo r h im to A t he n s ,a nd the n ce d esp a t ched him to
Thess a lo n i c a , to pre a ch to the s ufferi n g C h r is t i a n s the r e ,
tio n th a t the n prev a iled
a g a i n st the t err o r s o f the pe r se c u
H a vi n g pe r fo r m ed his m issio n ,he ret ur n ed to Athe n s , a n d ,
l a n d S il a s in co m p os i n g t he t wo
t he r e a ssisted S t P a u
E pistles to t he Thess a lo n i a n s He t he n a c co m p a n ied S t
P a ul to C ori n th , Je r us a le m , a n d E p hesus A ft e r per
for m i n g seve r a l o t he r co m m issi o n s fo r S t P a u
l , a n d at
t e n di n g him o n v ario u
s j o ur n eys , the a p os t le co n s t i t uted
h im b isho p o f E phes u
s , t ho ugh he wa s o n ly t hirty ye a r s
o f a ge , a n d in t wo a d m i r a b le ep istles g a ve him p r ope r in
s tr u
c t i o n s fo r his co n d u
ct He wa s so ve r y te m pe r a t e in
his li v i n g , t h a t S t P a ul bl a m ed h im fo r be i n g t o o a bste
m io n s , a n d re co m m e n ded t o him the mo d er a te u
se o f wi n e ,
to r e c r ui t his stre n gth a n d sp i r its
W hile th a t gre a t a pos t le wa s in his l a st co n fi n e m e n t a t
Rome , he desi r ed Ti m othy to come t o him
H e a fter
wa r d r et u
r n ed t o E phes u
s , whe r e he ze a lo usly gove r n e d
the ch ur ch , t ill A D 9 7
A t t his pe r iod the P a g a n s
w ere a b o u
t to celebr a t e a fe a st c a lled C a ta go gio n , the
pri n ci p a l ce r e m o n ies o f wh i ch w ere , t h a t t he people
sho uld c a r r y s t icks in t heir h a n ds , go m a sked , a n d b e a r
a bo u
t the s t r ee t s , t h e i m a ges o f t hei r Gods
T imothy
m e t t he pro cessio n ,a n d se ve r ely r ep r o v ed t he m fo r their
rid ic ulo us id ol a t ry , wh i ch so e x a sper a ted them , t h a t t hey
fell u
po n h im with t heir cl ubs , a n d be a t him in so d r e a d
fu
l a m a n ner , th a t he e x pi re d o f t he b r u
i s es two d ay s
T i m o t hy th e celebr a ted d is cip le o f S t
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afte r.
n d er
Tr aj a n
P er secu
tion u
.
p e rse cu
t ions was
cceedi n g D o miti a n ,he sho we d
bu
t o n e ye a r Upo n Nerv a s u
respe ct to the Chris t i a n s , b ut r e ig n ed o n ly t e n m o n ths
His s uccesso r , T r aj an ,in the te n th ye a r o f his reig n , a n d
r L o r d 1 08 ,beg a n t he thi r d pe r sec u
tio n
in the ye a r o f o u
a g a i n st the m
ile this perse c utio n r a ge d , Pli n i us S e
t
he a the n philosophe r , wrote to t he E m peror in
cu
nd u
s a
r o f the Ch r is t i a n s ,st a ti n g th a t he fo un d n othi n g o b
fa vo u
a n d t h a t the whole s u
ct
m
e c tio n a b le in their co n d u
o f their
,
j
errors co n sisted in this ,th a t they we r e wo n t a t cert a i n ti m es
o m t e d to m eet b e fo r e d a y , in the m or ni n g , t o wo r ship
a
pp
o n e Ch r ist , their God , a n d to co n fede r a te a m o n g themselves
to a bst a i n fro m a ll the ft ,m ur de r ,a n d a d ul tery ,to keep thei r
d n o m a n , whi ch do n e ,they de pa r t ed
fa i t h ,a n d to d e fr a u
fo r th a t ti m e , a n d h a vi n g a g r eed to co m e togethe r a g a i n
to comm un e o n e with a n other , a n d yet witho ut a ny a ct
To this ep istle , Tr aj an ret ur n ed the follo w
o f evil
Th a t Christi a n s o ught n o t
in g i n de cisive a n s we r :
ght a fter , b ut whe n b r o ught be fo r e the m agis
t o be so u
”
t r a cy they sho uld b e p un ished
P r ovoked by this a n
s we r , Tert ulli an e x cl a i m ed ,
O h ! co n fu
sed se n te n ce ,
he wo uld n o t h a ve the m so ught fo r , a s i n n oce n t m e n ,
”
ld h a ve the m p un ished a s gui lty
The Em
a n d yet w o u
i
n cohere n t a n s wer ,ho weve r ,o cc a si o n ed the
e
r
r
s
o
p
pe r s e c u
re ,to a b a te a s his o ffi ce r s we r e un ce r
t io n ,in so m e m e a s u
ta i n ,if they c a rr ied it o n wi t h severi ty ,h o w he m ight choose
to e x pl a i n his o wn m e a ni n g
Traj a n , ho we v e r , soo n
s a lem , a n d g a ve o r de r s to e x te r mi n a te the
wrote t o Je r u
sto ck o f D a vid ; in co n seq ue n ce o f whi ch , a ll th a t co uld be
n d o f th a t r a ce were
fo u
t to de a th
pu
Abo ut this period , the E m pe r o r T r aj a n ,wa s s ucceeded
by Adri a n , wh o co n ti n ued the persec utio n with the gre a test
r igo u
r
P ho ca s , b i shop o f P o n t us , re fusi n g to s a cri fi ce to Nep
t un e , wa s , by the i mm edi a te order o f T r aj a n , c a st fi r st
in t o a hot li m e k il n , a n d b ei n g d ra wn fr o m the n ce , wa s
thro wn i n to a sc a ldi n g b a th , till he e x pi r ed
T r aj a n l ike wi se co m m a n de d the m a rt y r do m o f Ig n a ti us ,
bishop o f A n tioch T his holy m a n wa s the perso n who m ,
whe n a n in fa n t , Chri s t took i n to his a rms , a n d sho we d
Bet we e n Li e se co n d a n d third Rom a n
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Fox
’
s
B O O K o r MA RT Y RS
21
.
his d isc iples ,a s o n e th a t wo uld be a p a tte r n o f h umility
H e re ce ived the gospel a ft erwa r d s by S t
a n d i n n o ce n ce
P a ul the E va ngelist ,a n d wa s e x ceedi n gly ze a l o us in his
missi o n He b oldly vi n di c a ted t he fa ith o f C h r ist b e fore
t h e E mpe r or , fo r whi c h he wa s c a st i n to p r iso n , a n d wa s
el m a n n er , a n d a ft er bei n g d r e a d fully
to r m e n te d in a c r u
sco ur ged , he wa s compelled to h old fi r e in his h a n ds , a n d
t to hi s sides
a t t h e s a m e ti m e ,p a pers d i pped i n o il we r e p u
H is fle s h wa s the n to r n wi t h r e d ho t p in
a n d set o n fire
ce r s , a n d a t l a st he wa s desp a tched by wild be a sts
Ig n a ti us ha d a ti m ely i n form a ti o n o r p r ese n ti m e n t of his fa te
fo r writi n g to P oly c a r p a t S myr n a , h e s a ys ,
W o uld t o
G od ,I were o n ce com e to the be a sts which a r e prep a r ed fo r
m e , which , a lso , I wish th a t they with g a pi n g m o u
ths we r e
r e a dy , whom a ls o
I w ill seek , t h a t they w itho ut d el a y ,
r me
m a y devo u
An d if t hey will n o t , un less t h ey b e
”
p r ovo ke d , I will the n e n force t he m ag a i n st mysel f
to
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Ma r ty r d o m of
S y m p no r a s a
.
S y m ph o r a s a , a wido w, a n d her seve n so n s we r e co m
m a n d ed by Tr aj an to s a c r i fice to the he a the n D e ities ;
t o n re fu
si n g to co m ply ,he o r dered he r to b e h un g up
bu
by the h a ir o f he r he a d ,a fter which a weight wa s a tt a ched
to her n e ck , a n d she wa s c a st i n to the river Her so n s
we r e the n p u
t u
po n th e r a ck , a n d the ir limb s d isloc a te d
bu
res d id n o t a ffect th eir re s ol utio n , th ey
t a s these to r t u
t t o d ea t h
were p u
.
.
.
t ox
’
s no o n
or
nt t n r r
'
us
.
Abo ut th is ti m e Ale x a n de r , b ishop o f Ro m e , a fter fi ll ing
th a t o ffi ce fo r a bo ut t e n ye a r s , Wa s p ut to de a th , wi t h t wo
ir in u
Z e n on,
a lso H e r mes G u
s , a nd
o f his d e a co n s , a n d
t t e n tho us a n d o t hers
a Rom a n n oble m e n , w ith a bo u
Ma n y were c r uci fied o n Mo un t A r a r a t , cr o wn ed with
tho r n s in i m i ta tio n o f the c r uci fi x i o n o f the S a vio ur
A m o n g these wa s a d isti n g uished m ilit a ry com m a n der ,
r o f v ic
who wa s co m m a n de d to s a c r i fice , in ho n o u
tor ie s g a i n ed by himse lf, b ut re fusi n g t o comply , he wa s
m a r ty r ed wi t h his whole fa m ily
D uri n g thi s pe r se c uti o n o cc urred the m a r tyrdo m o f
F a s t in e s , a n d Jovi t a , t wo b r o t he r s o f the city o f B r esci a ,
their p a tie n ce wa s s uch un d e r t heir co m pl i c a t ed s ufferi n gs ,
th a t C a lc o n is a P a g a n ,wa s str uck w i t h a d m i r a tio n ,a n d c a ll
”
t,
g r e a t is t he God o f t he Chris t i a n s , fo r whi ch ,he
ed o u
t to de a th wi t h them
wa s i mm edi a tely a pp r ehe n ded , a n d pu
This persec utio n co n ti nued till G ua d r a tus , b ishop of
Athe n s , a n d A r istides , a disti n g uished philosophe r o f the
s a m e city , a dd r essed e a ch a very le a r n ed a pology t o
Ad r i a n in fa vo ur o f t he Ch r isti a n s , wh o i mm e d i a tely t here
a ft e r r el a x ed his seve r ities , so fa r a s to co m m a n d t h a t n o
C h r isti a n s sho uld b e p un ished m erely fo r t hei r o pi n io n s
Bu
t t h e e n e m ies o f Ch r is t i a n i ty , a m o n g whi ch we r e a g r e a t
m a n y Je ws , so u
ght o t he r me a n s o f gr a ti fyi n g their m a lig n
ity , by s u
born i n g wit n esses , a n d a cc usi n g t he m o f othe r
c r i m es
Ad r i a n died A D 1 3 8 or 1 3 9 ,whi ch wa s sever a l ye a r s
a ft er he h a d d isco n ti n u
ed his pe r se c utio n s a g a i n st t he
C h r i sti a n s He wa s s ucceede d by A n to n i n us P i us This
E m pe r or possessed by n a t ur e s o a mi a ble a dispositio n ,
”
th a t he wa s te r med by his s ubj ects , the fa ther o f vi r t ues
I m m edi a tely a fte r a sce n di n g t he th r o n e , he p ublishe d a n
edi ct with t hese words , I f a n y sho uld he r e a ft e r ve x or
a cc u
se the Ch r i s ti a n s , h a vi n g n o o t he r c a use b ut t h a t
they a r e s uch ,let t he a cc used be r ele a se d , a n d the a cc user
”
be p un ished
This p ut a fi n a l stop to the p e r sec ut io n ,
which u
n til this ti m e wa s co n t i n u
ed in m a n y p a rts o f the
E m pi r e , a n d the Ch r isti a n s e nj oyed a r espite fr om their
s uffe r i n gs d ur i n g this E m pero r s r eig n S uch wa s the
goo d n ess o f t his E m pe r o r s he a rt , th a t he o fte n d ecl a red
th a t the prese r v a t io n o f o n e s ubje ct g a ve him m o re
r e th a n the dest r u
c t io n o f a tho us a n d e n em ie s
olea s u
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’
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Fo x
5
o o k o r MA RT YR S
B
.
23
m
s Au
er o r s Ma r cu
r eliu
s
n d er t h e E
ti o n u
P er s ecu
p
s
a n d C o mmod u
.
P r i m it i ve llI a r ty r d om
.
A n to n i n us P i us wa s s ucceeded by Ma rc us A ureli us
under who m wa s co m m e n ce d , wh a t i s us ua lly te r m ed the
r th perse c u
t io n , whi ch r a ged with the g r e a test viole n ce
fo u
in t he A si a ti c ch u
rches ,a n d in Fr a n ce
S uch we r e t he c r uelties with which t his perse c utio n
wa s ch a r a cte r ized , th a t m a n y o f the spe ct a tors sh u
dde r ed
a t t h e sigh t , a n d w e r e a sto n ished a t the i n trep idity o f the
s ufferers S o m e o f t he m a r ty r s we r e co m pelled to p a ss
wi t h n a ked feet ove r tho r n s a n d n a ils , othe r s we r e s co ur ged
till the ve i n s a n d si n e ws we r e l a id b a re ,a n d a fter s uff e r i g
the most e x cr uci a ti n g tort ur es ,were fi n a lly p ut to de a t h by
the most ho r rid c r uelty
Germ a n i c us , a yo un g m a n o f S myr n a , wh o h a d em
br a ced the Ch r is t i a n fa ith , wa s gi ve n to b e devo ur ed by
wild b e a s t s ,b u
r a ge a n d fo r tit ude ,
t b eh a vi n g wi t h gre a t co u
sever a l were str uck with a dmir a tio n , a n d e m br a ced the
Ch r isti a n fa i t h
A t this , t h e p ersec utors were so m uch e n r a ged , th a t
they d ete r m i n ed to e x ti r p a te the Christi a n s fr om tha t
city , a n d t hey i m m edi a t ely c r ied o ut , let P olyc a r p be
”
so ught a ft e r , wh o , it will b e re colle cted , wa s the fi rst
b i s hop o f the m a r ch ,a t S myrn a
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n
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’
$4
Fo x s
o o k o r Ma t ur es
B
.
ght a ft e r , esc a ped
Po y ca r p o n he a ri n g th a t he wa s so u
n t ry , b u
t wa s soo n d iscovered
t o a sm a ll v ill a ge in the co u
.
b r o ught b a ck t o Ephes us
No r d id he e x press a ny
rel uct a n ce to r e t ur n , a s he d r e a m ed , a bo ut th a t time , th a t
m ed in a m o m e n t
his bed took fi r e , a n d th a t he wa s co n s u
F r o m this he co n cl ud ed it wa s the will o f God th a t he
ld s uffe r m a r ty r do m , a n d he a ccord i ngly a wa i t ed his
s ho u
d e a t h , wi t h a be co m i n g fi r m n ess a n d resig n a t io n
Those who a pp rehe n d e d hi m , we r e so forcibly st r uc k
wi t h his ve n er a ble a p pe a r a n ce a n d g r a vity , th a t they
e a r n es t ly beso u
ght h im to s a ve his li fe by a bj ur i n g Christ
He t h a n ked t hem fo r t he i n te r est whi ch they m a n i fes t ed
in his wel fa re , b u
ld n ever fors a ke a
t decl a r ed th a t he co u
m a ste r , wh o ha d sho wn h im n othi n g b u
A fter
t ki n d n ess
fe a s t in g them , he d esired a n ho u
r fo r p r a yer , whi ch wa s
ch wa s his fe r vo ur , th a t t hey serio usly
gr a n ted h im ,a n d s u
r epe n ted h a vi n g t a ke n a n
He wa s
y p a r t in his de a t h
ho wever , first t a ke n b e fo r e the p r o co n s ul ,a n d co n dem n ed
r n t in the p u
bli c m a r ket pl a ce He wa s a ccord
to b e b u
n d to a st a ke , a n d the fa ggots with which he wa s
in gly bo u
s urro un ded set o n fi r e , b ut whe n i t be c a me so h o t th a t
the sol d i e r s we r e co m pelled to r eti re , he co n ti n ued p r a y
The
in g a n d si n gi n g pr a ises t o G od for a lo n g ti m e
fla m es r a ged w i t h gre a t viole n ce , b u
t still hi s b ody t e
m e d ,a n d sho n e like b u
m a i n ed u
r n ished g old It is
n co n s u
l odo ur like th a t o f m y r r h ,a rose fro m
a lso s a id , t h a t a gr a te fu
ch a s t o n is h ed t he spect a t o r s ,t h a t m a n y
t h e fi r e ,whi ch s o m u
o f t he m we r e by th a t
me a n s co n v e r t ed to Christi a n ity
H is e x ec utio n ers fi n di n g i t i m possible t o p ut him to d e a th
by fi re , th r u
st a spe a r i n to his si d e ,fr om which the blood
flo w ed in s uch a q ua n ti ty ,a s t o e x ti n g uish t he fl a me H is
body was the n co n s um ed to a shes ,by order o f the p r o con
su
l le st his follo wers sho uld m a ke it a n obj e ct o f a dor a
tio n
H e wa s n e a r ly a h un dred ye a rs old wh e n h e suffere d ,
h a v in g b ee n a disciple o f Christ eighty-six ye a rs , a n d se
He wa s a co n vert o f S t Joh n the
ve n ty ye a r s a bishop
Eva n gelist , a n d by him wa s co n stituted bishop o f S myr n a
wh o p r e a ched b oldl y , a n d
Me tr od or u
s , a m i n ister
Br o n iu
s , wh o wro t e se v e r a l a pologies
in b eh a l f o f the
Christi a n s ,we r e a lso b ur n t a bo ut the s a me ti m e C a r p us
a n d P a pil a s , t wo worthy C hri s t i an s , a nd A a t ho n ic a ,a
g
a nd
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
26
F
’
o x s B O OK o r MA RT Y RS
till so disg usti n g to him th a t he i mm edi a tely determ in e d
o n his r u
i n , whi c h he m a n a ged t o e ffe ct The se co n d
e
sti n , wa s o cc a si o n ed by t he follo wi n g c ir
p s tle o f J u
cu
m s ta n ce s
A ce r t a i n m a n a n d h i s wi fe li v i n g a t
Ro m e , the l a tte r bec a m e a co n v e r t t o Ch r is t i a n i ty , a n d
a tte m pted to
b r i n g her h usb a n d ove r to the fa ith
Not s ucceedi n g , she the n s ued fo r a d i vo r ce , whi ch so e x
a spe r a ted h im , th a t he i m m edi a t ely a cc u
sed he r o f bei n g a
Ch r isti a n O n her petiti o n i n g h im , b e disco n t i n ued his
s uit a g a i n st h e r ,a n d levelled his e n m i ty a t Pt o le m ia s , who
wa s the m e a n s o f co n ve r ti n g h e r
He wa s co n seq ue n tly
co n de mn ed to de a th , a n d m e t his fa te wi t h fo r t i t u
de
J us t i n s r e m ar ks o n these seve r i t ies , g a v e C r e sc a s t he
a dv a n t a ge he h a d so a r de n t ly d esi r ed , a n d co m l a i n i n g
p
t o the
E m p e r or he wa s i m m edi a tely a p p r ehe n ded wi t h
They we r e a ll fi r st se ve r ely s co ur
s ix o f h is co m p a n io n s
ged ,a n d the n p ut to de a t h by b e h e a d in
A m o n g the n um e r o us a n d v a l ua b le p r od uctio n s o f t his
e m i n e n t s a i n t a n d m a r ty r , o n ly se ve n a r e n o w e x t a n t
Abo ut t hi s ti m e m a n y o t he r s we r e p ut to de a th fo r r e fu
si n g to s a c r i fice to J up iter , a m o n g who m wa s C o n co r d us ,
a de a co n o f t he city ,wh o bei n g c a rr ied be fo r e t he i m a ge ,
he n o t o n ly r e fused to s a c r ifice , b ut sp it in its fa ce , upo n
W hi h he w a s im m edi a t ely
t to de at h
pu
s
.
'
.
.
.
.
’
.
v.
.
c
.
Ill ir a cu
fou
s i n t erf er en c e of t h e D ivi n e B eing
.
Abo ut this ti m e se v e r al o f th e n o r the r n n a ti o n s ha
v i n g co n s i r e d a g a i n s t Ro m e ,t h e E m pe r o r m a r c hed a g a i n s t
p
the m w i t h
men
H a v i n g a r r i ve d wi thi n th e
co un tr y o f Ge r m a ny ,t hey fell un co n scio usly i n t o a n a m b us
c a de o f the e n e m y , whe r e t hey we r e in i m m i n e n t d a n ge r
lt y ,
o f bei n g de fe a t ed , a n d to a d d s t ill m o r e t o t hei r d i ffi c u
hey we r e a l m ost e n t i r ely c ut o ff fr o m wa te r The E m
e r o r in this e m e r ge n cy , co m m a n d ed his soldie r s to c a ll
p
upo n the i r gods fo r a id , whi c h w a s a cco r di n gly do n e , b ut
n t h a t d i v isio n o f his
He
po
to n o p u
r ose
n e x t c a lled u
p
a r m y w hi ch wa s co m osed o f Ch r is t i a n s , a n d co m m a n de d
p
t he m to p r a y to thei r G o d , which wa s i m m edi a t el y c o m
r e He a v e n
f
m
lied
i
h
They
p
os
ted
he
selves
b
e
o
w
r
a
t
t
r
t
p
dde n ly a he a vy sho wer d e
a n d i m plored relie f, w he n s u
s s a ved ,a nd whi le it
s ce n ded , a n d t he whole a r m y wa s th u
.
t
.
.
.
’
Fo x s
B OO K o r
MA RT Y R S
27
.
ra i n ed upo n the Ro m a n a r m y , the b a il desce n ded in tor
po n t he ir e n e m ie s , which i n d uced a g r e a t p o r ti o n o f
re nt s u
t he m to d ispe r se , while m a n y o t he r s c a m e o v e r t o the R0
Th us w a s a g r e a t v i c t o r y g a i n ed ,a n d t he e m pi r e
man s
p r ob a bly s a v ed t h r o ugh t he i n t e r p ositio n o f He a ve n
The E m pe r or ur o t e i mm edi a t ely to t he S e n a te o n the
b ct , in whi ch b e fu
lly a ck n o wle d ges t he se r vi ces o f the
su
Ch r isti a n s , a n d g a ve i mm edi a te o r de r s for stoppi n g the
perse c utio n a g a i n st t he m
.
.
e
.
'
ti on s i n F r a nce
P er secu
.
N ot withst a ndi n g the a bove edict o f t he E m pe r or te n ded
to stop the pe r se c utio n s fo r a ti m e in t he i mm edi a te v i
l a r ly
c in ity o f Ro m e , in o t he r p a r ts o f t h e e m pi r e , p a r t i c u
in F r a n ce , it wa s c a r r ied o n to a n e x te n t which e x cee d ed
el ty a ll fo r m e r e x a m p les I n t h e ci ty o f Lyo n s , a ll
in c r u
ch a s b a n ish m e n t ,
m a n n e r o f t o r m e n t s we r e i n ve n ted , s u
h a ngi n g , b ur n i n g , & c a n d m a n y o f the se r v a n ts o f o p u
le n t Ch r isti a n s , were p ut up o n t h e r a ck , to co m pel t he m t o
se thei r m a s t e r s The follo wi n g wer e ll e p r i n ci p a l o f
a cc u
n g m a n w h o h a vi n g
t hese m a r ty r s , Ve t iu
s , a yo u
s Aga t hu
sed be fo r e a m a gis tr a te ,
p r o fe s sed C h r is t i a n i t y b e i n g a cc u
bol d ly a ck n o wledged hi m sel f t o b e s uch , a n d wa s imm e d i
a tely co n de m n ed t o de a t h
tio n ,whe n
Bla n d in ia ,a Ch r is t i a n l a dy o f a we a k co n stit u
r e ,r e ceived s u
ch a id fr o m He a v e n , t h a t he r
t to the t o r t u
pu
to r m e n to r s se ve r a l ti mes b ec a m e we a r y in thei r wo r k o f
c r uel t y , a n d decl a r ed t h a t she m ust h a ve bee n s uppo r ted
by s a m e i n v i s i ble p o we r S a n c t us a l s o ,a de a co n in the
c i ty o f Vie n n a , b o r e his s uffe r i n gs wi th eq ua l fo r t i t ud e ,
Re d hot pl a tes
a n d o n ly e x cl a i m ed
I a m a Ch r i s t i a n
po n the m ost se n si t ive
o f b r a ss w e r e r epe a tedly p l a ced u
p a r ts o f t he body , till t he si n e ws we r e co n t r a cte d , still r e
m a i n i n g i n fl e x ible , he wa s a g a i n co n sig n ed to p r iso n
He
wa s b r o u
ght o ut a g a i n a fe w d a ys a ft e r wa r d , whe n his p e r
n ds he a led ,
t o r s we r e g r e a t ly a sto n ished to fi n d his wo u
se c u
Ag a i n they p ut h im to the to r tur e ,
a n d his body p e r fect
bu
t be i n g u
n a ble to t a ke
his li fe , he wa s r e m a n ded to
p r iso n , w he r e he wa s soo n a ft e r behe a ded
A t ta l us a d isti n g uished ci t ize n o f P e r g a m us , s uffered
abo u
t thi s ti m e , a n d P o t hi n us , the ve n e r a ble b ishop o f
.
.
'
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
‘
-
r ox
’
s
BO OK or
M ARr v n s
'
.
Ly m s , n o w n i n ety ye a r s o f a ge , bei n g a ss a ulted in th e
st reet by a n i n fur i a ted m o b , received s uch inj ur y th a t he
e x p i r ed a fe w d a ys a ft e r
At Lyo n s , e x cl usive o f those a l r e a dy me n tio n ed , the
m a r ty r s we r e co m pelled to set upo n r e d hot ch a i n s o f iro n ,
till thei r flesh wa s b r oiled This wa s i n flic t ed wi t h pe
s , a l r e a dy m e n tio n ed , a n d se
lia r seve r ity u
cu
p o n S a n ct u
ve r a l o t he r s I n deed , so fa r d id t he m a lice o f t he P a ga n s
procee d t h a t they s a t g ua r ds o ve r the b odies ,while the dogs
ld t a ke the m
r i n g t he m , lest thei r fr ie n ds sho u
we r e devo u
r y the m
a wa y a n d b u
The whole n um be r o f m a r ty rs , a t Lyo n s , wa s 4 8 , who
s uffe r ed in t he ye a r o f Ch r ist 1 7 7 ,a n d a ll o f the m beh a ve d
de B esides t hese , m a n y o t he r s
wi t h the g r e a test fo r t it u
s uffe r ed soo n a fte r , n ot o n ly in th a t city , b ut in v a r io us
othe r p a r t s o f the Ro m a n e m pi r e
s, a nd
O f t hese the m ost celeb ra ted , we r e Ep ip o d iu
Ale x a n de r , the l a t te r a G r eek , a n d t h e fo r m e r a citize n o f
Lyo n s ,disti n g uished fo r t hei r fr ie n dshi p a n d lo ve fo r e a ch
o t he r B ei n g co n ce a led by a Ch r is t i a n l a d y , t hey r e
m a i n ed un disco v e r ed fo r se v e r a l d ays
Thei r h idi n g
re a
t
t
l
hey
e
a ce , ho weve r , be i n g a t le n g t h fo u
nd o u
w
,
p
p
t
en
u
t
ou
rehe
bro
gh
n d ed a n d t h r o w n i n t o
r iso n
c
p
p
fo r t r i a l , they a vo wed t he m sel ves Ch r is t i a n s , a t which the
go v e r n o r wa s so m uc h e n r a ge d ,th a t h e e x cl a i m ed , wh a t
sig n i fy a ll t h e fo r m e r e x ec ut io n s if so m e y e t r e m a i n wh o
”
d a r e a v o w the m sel ves C h r isti a n s
Th r o ugh p r ete n ded co m p a ssio n ho weve r , t he gove r n o r
r o m his b elie f, by c o n
a tte m p t ed to d iss u
a de E i o d iu
f
s
p p
a l e nj oy m e n ts tole r a t e d by t h e P a g a n r c
tr a s t in g t h e se n s u
ligio n , wi t h wh a t he wa s p le a sed t o te r m , a gloo m y li fe o f
Ch r i sti a n i ty
Do n ot , s a id he , r ui n yo ur sel f, wi t h yo ur
obsti na cy , o ur De i t ies a r e wo r shi pp ed by the g r e a te r
p a r t o f the people in t he U n i v e r se , we a do r e t he m wi t h
ci fied m a n W e
fe a sti n g a n d m i r th , while y o ua do r e a c r u
to ho n o ur our Gods ,l a un ch i n to ple a s ures ,y o u,by yo ur fa ith
deb a r r ed fr o m a ll e nj oy m e n t s o f a se n s ua l n a t ur e
are
Ou
r s a r e t h e j oys o f li ce n tio u
s bl a n di sh m e n t s , yo ur s the
b a r r e n vi r t ue o f ch a sti t y ; c a n y o ue x pect p r o t ec t io n fr o m
ld n o t se c ur e hi m sel f fr o m the pe r se c utio n o f
o n e wh o co u
T h e n q uit a p r o fessio n o f s uc h a us
a co n te m ptible peo p le
te r it y , a n d e n jo y the g r a t ifi c a t io n s w hi ch t h e w o r l d a ffo r d s
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
‘
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
F ox
’
s
B OO K
o r M AR r y n s
29
'
.
yo ur yo ut h de m a n ds E p ip o d ius in h is r e
ply , co n tem n ed t is p r ete n ded co m p a ssio n
Y o ur k i n d
al cr u
el ty , a n d t h e h a ppy li fe y o ud e
n e s s s a id he , is a c t u
s c r ibe , i s re p le t e wi t h e v e r l a s t i n g de a th C h r ist s ufle r e d for
us , th a t o ur j oys sho uld b e i m m o r t a l , a n d h a t h prep a r e d fo r
hi s follo we r s a n e te r n i ty o f b liss T h e fr a m e o f m a n b e in g
co m posed o f t w o p a r ts , a b o d y a n d s o n ] , t he fi r st bei n g
ld b e b r o ught i n to s ubj e c t io n to
m e a n a n d pe r ish a ble , s ho u
Y o ur idol a t r o us fe a sts m a y g r a t i fy the m o r t a l ,
th e l a t t e r
Th a t c a n n ot the r e fo r e
r e t h e i m m o r t a l p ar t
bu
t t hey i nj u
be c a lled ple a s ur e , whi ch wr o ks t he dest r uctio n o f the
r pains
n oble r
r es le a d to ete r n a l de a t h ,o u
r ple a s u
pa r t Y o u
t o e t e r n a l p le a s u
re
F o r thi s spee ch , he wa s fi r s t seve r el y
be a te n , t h e n p ut upo n t he r a c k , a n d his flesh t o r n wi t h
i r o n b o o k s , a ft e r whi ch , he wa s behe a ded A le x a n de r ,
his co m p a n io n , wa s b r o ught be fo r e t he s a m e j ud ge t wo
d a ys a ft e r , a n d o n r e fu
si n g to a bj ur e Ch r is t i a n i ty ,wa s fi r st
se ve r ely s co ur ged , a n d the n b ehe a d ed This wa s in A I)
whi ch
and
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
179
.
.
.
Abo ut thi s ti m e ,t he follo wi n g pe r so n s a lso s ufle r e d m a r
ty r d o m , v iz
Va le r i a n , a n d Ma r cell us , o f Lyo n s ; B e n ig
nu
s ,o f Dij o n ; S e u
s , a n d o t he r s ,a t L a n g r es ; Th y r
p s ip p u
se us , a n d Feli x , a t S a lie u; S y m p o v ia m a n d Flo r ell a , a t
A ut un S eve r i n us , Feli ci a n , a n d Ex up e r us , a t Vie n n e
Ce cil i a ,a v ir gin ,o f S icily ; a n d T hr a s e us , bisho p o f S m y r n a
In t h e ye a r o f Ch r is t 1 80,t h e E m p e r o r A n t o n i n u
s d ie d ,
a n d wa s s u
ccee d ed by h is s o n Co m m o d us ,wh o did n o t i n i
t a te hi s fa t he r in a ny r es p ect
H e ha d n ei t her his Vi r
es n o r his v i ces , h e w a s w i t ho ut le a r n i n g o r m o r a li t y ;
tu
n e i t he r d id he possess hi s p r ej u
dice a g a i n st t h e Ch r is t i a n s
His g r e a test we a k n ess wa s a v a i n a n d fo olish p r ide , whi c h
led h im to c o n s d e r hi m sel f a s He r c ules , a n d a s s uch h e
co m m a n ded his s ubj e cts to wo r shi p h im
S e v e r a l o f t he
Ch r is t i a n s o n r e fusi n g to co m ply w i t h so e x t r a v a g a n t a r e
q ues t , were p ut to de a t h , a m o n g who m wa s A pollo n i us , a
Ro m a n S e n a t o r
This e m i n e n t m a n wa s s k illed in a ll the
b r a n c hes o f p ol i t e lite r a t u
bl i m e
a s in t h e s u
r e , a s w ell
tr u
t hs o f t h e G os p el
He wa s a cc used by hi s sl a ve Se
ve r us , a n d r e fusi n g to r ec a n t wa s put to d e a t h ,by be ing b e
he a d e d o n t h e i 8t h o f A p r il , 1 86
Abo ut t his t i m e a lso wa s p ut t o d e a th fo r the s a m e c a us e
An i c et us , S ote r , a nd Ele ut he r i us , the l a tter 0: wh om wa s
'
~
.
.
t
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3 3?
30
F
O X S B OOK o r MA RT YR S
’
.
e n t t o B i ta in by t he r eques t o f L uci us , t he ki n g , who was
b y hi m co n v e r ted to Ch r is t i a n i ty ,a n d o n t h e follo wi n g ye a r
sebi us Vi n ce n t i us , Po te n t ius , P e r eg r i n us , a n d the Se n a
Eu
tor J uli us , a lso s ufle r e d m a r tyrdo m , fo r re fusi n g to s a cr i
flee to C o m m od u
s
s
“
.
C
H APT E R I I
.
ti o n s , u
n d er
The fif t h ,s ix t h , s even t h ,a n d eig h th P er s ecu
t h e R o ma n E mp er or
.
The E m pero r Co m m od us dyi n g in the ye a r o f Ch r ist ,
lia n iu
s , both
1 9 1 , wa s s ucceeded by P e r t i n a x , a n d he by J u
On the de a th o f t he
t a sho r t ti m e
o f who m r eign ed b u
s bec a m e E m p e r o r in A D 1 7 2 B ei n g c ured
la st , S eve r u
s dise a se by a Ch r is t i a n phy si ci a n , he h e
o f a d a n ge r o u
c a m e so fr ie n dl y to wa r d the m , t h a t he e ve n s uffe r ed his
r sed by a Ch r ist i a n fe m a le
T he C h r is t i a n s
s o n to be n u
t her e fo r e fo r seve r a l ye a r s o f his r eig n , e njoyed a r espite
m be r s v e r y r a p id
Bu
t i n c r e a si n g in n u
fr o m pe r se c utio n s
ly , the fe a r s o f the he a t he n s we r e e x ci t ed , les t thei r r e
l d beco m e e n ti r ely s up p l a n te d , a n d i m p ut i n g
ligio n sho u
s m is fo r t un es whi ch h e fel the e m p i r e to thei r im
the v a r i o u
p ie ty , a fur io us p e r sec ut io n wa s s udde n ly r a ised a g a i n st
F i r e , s wo r d ,w ild be a s t s , a n d i m p r i s o n m e n ts ,we r e
t he m
r eso r t ed to , a n d eve n t h e de a d b od ies o f Ch r is t i a n s w e r e
bj e c t ed t o t he vilest i n s ul t s
to r n fr o m thei r g r a v es a n d s u
The Gos p e l,n o t wi t hs t a n d i n g , wi t hs t ood t hese a tt a cks , a n d
co n t i n ued t o s pr e a d to s uch a deg r ee , t h a t h a d it s vo t a r ies
n t r ies , the
wi t hd r a wn the m selves to o t he r co u
Ro m a n
e m pi r e wo uld h a ve bee n g r e a tly d epo p ul a ted Vi cto r ,
bisho p o f Ro m e , s uffe r ed m a r ty r do m A D 2 01 L eo n id a s ,
fa t he r o f t h e celeb r a t ed O r ige n , wa s behe a ded a bo ut the
s a m e t i m e P r e vio us t o his de a t h , his s o n , in o r de r to e n
co ur a ge h im , wr o t e t o h im in t h e fo llo wi n g wo r ds
Be
r c a r e fo r u
s does n o t m a ke
ch
a n ge
wa r e s ir , th a t yo u
o
u
y
”
vo ur r esol ut io n
S e ve r a l o f O r ige n s he a r e r s a lso s uffe r ed de a th , a m o n g
ta r chu
who m w e r e t wo b r o t he r s n a m ed Plu
s a n d S e re n u
s,
s , He r o n a n d He r a c lid e s , wh o we r e h e
a n o t he r S e r e n u
h e a d ed ; Rh a i s a fe ma le , wa s s c a lded , by h a vi n g boil i n g
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
F
o x s B OO K o r
’
MA R T Y R S
3]
.
p it ch po ur ed upo n he r , a n d t he n b ur n ed , wi t h Ma r cel ta her
mo
Po t a m ie n a , t h e siste r o f Rh a is ,wa s e x ec u
t ed in th e s a m e
m a n n e r a sho r t t i m e a ft e r , a n d B a s ilid e s t he o ffi ce r who
t i o n , wa s co n ve r t ed to Ch r is t i a n i t y by
a tt e n d ed h e r e x e c u
de Bei n g a ft e r wa r d r eq ui r ed t o t a ke
wit n essi n g h e r fo r t i tu
sed , s a yi n g ,th a t he co uld n o t s we a r
a ce r t a i n o a t h , he r e fu
by th e he a the n ido ls , a s he w a s a C h r is t i a n The people
co uld n o t a t fi r s t belie v e h im se r io us , b ut o n repe a ti n g t h e
be fo r e t he j ud ge , co n d e m n ed
a sse r t io n , he wa s d r a gged
ffe r ed m a r ty r do m soo n a ft e r
t o d e a th , a nd su
Ir e n e u
s,
bishop o f Lyo n s , wa s by b i r t h a G r eek , a n d r ece i ved a
Ch r is t i a n ed uc a t io n I t is ge n e r a lly s upposed t h a t the
r sec u
a cco u
n t o f the
t io n s a t Lyo n s wa s wr i t te n by h im
e
p
sel f He s ucceeded the m a r ty r P o t hi n us , a n d r uled his
d io c e ss wi t h g r e a t p r o p r ie ty
He wa s a ze a lo us oppo
s e r o f he r esies in ge n e r a l , a n d wr o t e a celeb r a t ed t r a c t o n
the s ubj ec t , a bo ut A D 1 87 I n co n se q ue n ce o f a dis
p ut e wi th Vi cto r , b ishop o f R o m e ,o n t h e s ubj e ct o f a p a r
t ic u
la r m o d e o f keepi n g E a s t e r , he be c a m e co n spic u
o us
a s a ch a m p io n o f C hr is t i a n i t y ,a n d wa s behe a ded by o r der
o f the E m pero r , A D 2 02
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
t i on in A
P er s ecu
f r ica
.
T hi s p e r se c utio n e x te n ded i n t o A fr i c a , a n d m a n y we r e
m a r ty r e d in co n seq ue n ce o f t hei r p r o fessio n ,a m o n g w ho m
wa s a v e r y a m i a b le m a r r ied l a d y by t he n a m e o f Pe r p e
S he w a s a bo ut twe n ty s ix ye a r s o f a ge a t t he t i m e
a
tu
she wa s a p p r ehe n ded , a n d h a d a yo un g i n fa n t a t he r
b r e a s t He r fa t he r , who lo v ed h e r te n de r ly , v i s i t ed h e r in
p r iso n , a n d a tt e m p t ed to pe r s ua de he r to s a v e he r li fe , by
s i n g , bec a m e so
o n h e r r e fu
r en o u
n ci n g Ch r is t i a n i t y , a n d
e x a spe r a t ed , th a t he be a t he r wi t h se ve r i t y This h o w
eve r she bo r e wi t h p a t ie n ce , up o n whi ch he le ft he r , a n d
did n o t visi t he r a g a i n fo r seve r a l d ays W he n he d id ,h o w
ever , he wa s a ll t e n de r n ess , a n d a t t e m p t ed a g a i n to pr ev a il
n ce h e r p r o fessi o n
The co n s ul a lso b e
o n h e r t o re n o u
gh t un i t ed w i t h t h e un h a ppy fa t her ,
fo r e who m she w a s b r o u
in r e p r ese n t i n g t o h e r t h e t e a r s o f he r fr ie n ds , t h e hel p less
co n di t io n o f he r i n fa n t , wi t h s uch o t he r a rg um e n t s a s we re
r pose ,
t a ll wa s to n o p u
M t likely t o m ake her rec a n t , b u
-
.
.
.
.
.
32
F
’
o x s B OOK o r MA RT YRS
.
she fi r m ly decl a red , th a t she wa s will i n g t o fors a ke a l
fo r Chri s t
He r fa ther fi n di n g her i m move a ble , a tte m pted
to c a rry her o ff by force ,in whi ch a t tempt he r e ceived a
severe blo w fro m o n e o f the soldiers I r r i t a ted a t this ,
P e r pet ua de cl a red th a t she felt the blo w mo r e seve r ely
th a n if it h a d fa lle n o n he r sel f W he n r e m a n ded to priso n
she a wa ited with p a tie n ce t he ho ur o f he r e x e c utio n , whe n
she wa s p ut to de a th wi t h seve r a l o the r s ,a m o n g who m wa s
F e licit a s a m a r rie d Ch r isti a n l a dy , wh o wa s deli vered o f a
chi ld the d ay be fore he r e x e c utio n
Re vo c a t u
m a n a n d sl a ve o f C a r th a ge ,with S a
s ,a c a te c h u
r , S atu
tu
r n i n s ,a n d S e c u
ndu
lu
sed o f bei n g Ch r isti a n s
s ,a cc u
a n d se n te n ced to s u
ffe r de a t h a t the s a m e ti m e
The fi r st
th r ee h a vi n g the co ur a ge to de n o un ce the j udg m e n t o f
He a v e n a g a i n st t he i r pe r se c uto r s , we r e co m pelled to r un
the g a un t let bet wee n t wo files o f soldiers ,e a ch o f whi ch
g a ve the m a seve r e blo w wi t h a l a sh F e lic it a s a n d Pe r
pet ua we r e fi r st stripped , a n d t he n th r o wn t o a m a d b ull ,
whe n he h a d tossed the m seve r a l ti m es ,the s p e ct a to r s de
si r ed , th a t fo r dece n cy s s a ke ,their clo t hes m ight b e r epl a
c o d ,wh i ch wa s a cco r d i n gly do n e
The h ull the n m a de a n
a tt a ck u
po n the m b ut fa il i n g to desp a tch the m , the e x e
cu
t io n e r fi n ished his w o r k w i t h hi s s w ord
s a nd
Re vo ca t u
S a t ur were to r n in pie ces by wild be a sts S a t ur n i ns wa s
behe a de d , a n d S e c un d ulus died in p r iso n The ir e x e c u
tio n s took pl a ce o n the 8 th d a y o f Ma r ch , A D 2 05
The a cc us a tio n s l a id to the ch a r ge o f the Ch r is t i a n s ,
we r e s e ditio n a n d r ebelli o n a g a i n st the E m p e r o r , s a c r ilege ,
mu
r deri n g o f in fa n ts ,i n cest u
o us poll ut io n , e a t i n g r a w flesh ,
libidi n o us co mm i x t ur e , fo r wh ich m a n y o f those c a lled g n os
t ic i were disg ra ced
It wa s a lso s a id o f the m th a t they
wo s hipp e d the he a d o f a n a s s ; which ch a rge wa s l a id
a g a i n st them by the Je ws
They were a lso ch a r ged with w o r shippi n g the s un , b e
c a use they us ua lly a sse m bled e a r ly in the m or n i n g for t he
p ur p ose o f s i n gi n g p r a ises to the ir Redee m e r
t wel v e o t he r s we r e behe a ded , as a ls o
s a nd
S p er a t u
Asclepi a des bishop o f An
wa s An d r o c h u
s , in F r a n ce
ffe r ed m a n y to r m e n ts a bo u
t this time , b ut hi s life
t io c h , s u
wa s sp a r ed
C ecili a , a yo un g l a dy o f good fa m ily in Ro m e , wa s m a r
n g ge n tle m a n by the n a m e o f V a le r i a n , an d
ried t o a yo u
as
.
.
.
.
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’
.
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.
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.
—
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.
84
’
r ox s
B O OK o r MAk r r as.
'
0
C a le p o d iu
s , a Ch r isti a n m i n iste r , a ft er
in t n e s a m e way
t t h e s t r eets in a n i n h um a n m a n n er ,
b e i n g d r a gged a bo u
va s t h r o w n
i nt o the Tibe r , wi t h a m ills t o n e a bo ut his
Q ui r ita s , a Ro m a n n oble m a n , w i t h his fa m ily a nd
n eck
do m es t i cs , o n a cco un t o f bei n g C hr is t i a n s , we r e fi r st se
a r t i n a , a n obl e
r ed , a n d t he n
ve re ly t o r t u
u
t
t
o de a t h
M
p
l v i r gi n , s uffe r ed m a r ty r d o m , be i n g v a r io usly
a n d be a u
t i fu
to rt ur ed , a n d t he n behe a ded Hippo lit us ,a Ch r is t i a n p r e
l a t e , wa s t ied t o a w il d ho r se a n d dr a gged t h r o ugh t he
s tr ee t s t ill he wa s d e a d
.
.
.
.
.
D ur i n g t his pe r sec ut io n n um ero us Ch r isti a n s w ere sl a i n
r ied i n d isc r i m i n a t e ly in he a ps , so m e
wi t ho ut a t r i a l ,a n d b u
ti m es fi fty o r si x t y in a p it t oge t he r
Bu
t Ma x i m u
s dyi n g in A D 2 3 8 , a nd b e i n g s ucceede d
by Go r di a n , t he pe r sec ut io n ce a sed , n or wa s it r evi ved in
the r e ig n O f P hili p ,his s uccesso r , which g a ve t he Ch r is t i a n
ch ur c h a r e s p i t e fr om suffe ri ng , fo r a t e r m o f t e n ye a r s
ti o n b r oke o ut in Ale x
Bu
t in A D 2 4 9 , a v iole n t pe r se cu
It is , ho weve r , wo r t hy o f rem a r k, t h a t th is wa s
a nd r i a
do n e a t the i n s t ig a ti o n o f a P a g a n p r iest , wi t ho ut the
k n o wledge o f t he E m pe r o r S uch wa s the fur y o f the m o b ,
ses o f the
t h a t t hey b r oke ope n a n d pl u
n de r ed the ho u
Ch r is t i a n s w i t ho ut disti n c t io n , a n d m ur de r ed t ho s e whom
they fo un d , w i t ho ut eve n t he cere m o n y o f a t r i a l Me t r us ,
a n a ged a n d ve n e r a ble Ch r i s ti a n ,o n r e fu
si n g t o bl a sphe m e
r , w a s be a t e n w i th cl u
bs , p r icked
t h e n a m e O f hi s S a vio u
Q ui n t a , a
wi t h t h o r n s , a n d a ft e r wa r d sto n ed to de a t h
Ch r i s t i a n wo m a n , wa s c a r r ied to a he a t h e n t e m ple , b ut
r e fu
si n g t o s a c r ifice t o idols ,wa s sco ur ged wi t h t ho n gs ,a n d
t h e n s t o n ed
A pollo n i a , a n a n cie n t m a ide n l a d y , o n co n
t,
fessi n g he r sel f a Ch r is t i a n , ha d h e r tee t h fi r s t be a t e n o u
a n d wa s t he n b o u
n d t o a s t a ke fo r t h e p u
rnin
r pose o f b u
g
he r
S he , ho weve r , r eq ues t ed to be un bo un d , w hich wa s
r e a dily co m plied w i t h , s u osi n g t h a t i t wa s he r in te n t io n
pp
to r e c a n t , b u
t , t o t hei r a s t o n ish m e n t , she wa s n o soo n e r a t
li b e r t y , th a n she r ushed vol un t a rily i n to t he fl a m es ,where
she wa s soo n co n s u
med
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
P er s ecu
t i on u
n d er t h e E m er or D cc iu
s
p
.
Im me di a tely a ft e r the s ucc e s s i o n o f Deci us to th e th r o n e
le n t pe r se c u
a r
ti o n w as r a i s e d a g a i ns t t h Chr i s ti a ns
"
e
.
F ox
’
s
n o on
or
MA R T Y RS
35
.
p a r tly th r o ugh the h a t r ed th a t he b o r e to his predecesso r ,
wh o wa s s up posed t o be a C h r is t i a n i n he a r t , a n d p a r t ly
th r o ugh a j e a lo usy o f t he r a pid p r og r ess o f the C h r isti a n
r ches ha d n o w be c a m e n u
Ch
ch
u
m
ero
u
s
ri s t i a n
r e i i io n
g
a n d well filled , while t h e he a t he n t e m ples we r e a l m ost d e
De ci us p r ovoked a t this , de t e r m i n ed 1 f po ssibl e
s e r te d
to e x t e r m i n a t e t he ve r y n a m e o f Ch r is t i a n fr o m the e a r t h
h
r ch , m a ny e r r ors h a d c r e t
n fo r tu
n a t ely fo r
t e ch u
a nd , u
p
in t o it , a n d m a n y o f it s m e m be r s w e r e a t v a r i a n ce w i t h
e a c h o t he r In t his un h a p p y s t a t e o f t hi n gs , t he he a t he n s
be c a m e a m bi t io us t o e x e c ut e t he i m pe r i a l de c r ee , looki n g
upo n t he m ur de r o f C hr is t i a n s ,a s t he m ost a ccep t a ble ser
V1 e e t hey co u
ld r e n de r to thei r d e ities
.
.
.
.
Ma r ty r d om of F a b ia n a n d o t her s
.
Fa b i a n , o f Ro m e , w a s the fi r st p e r so n o f e m i n e n ce wh o
gh t t o feel t he se ve r i ty o f t his pe r se c ut io n P hi
wa s b r o u
li p ,the fo r m e r E m pe r o r ,ha d co m m i t t ed his tr e a s ur es to t he
c a r e o f t his good a n d holy m a n , b ut Deci us , fi n di n g them
i t a p r ete n ce fo r wr e a ki n g his
n o t a s he e x p e c t e d , m a de
v e n ge a n ce u
po n him H e wa s a c co r di n gly p ut to de a t h by
dec a p it a t i o n
A b do n a n d S e m e n , t wo P e r si a n s , were
s eized o n a s str a n ge r s a n d Ch r is t i a n s , a n d p ut t o de a t h in
the s a m e m a n n e r Mo y s e s , a pr ies t , wa s behe a ded fo r t he
s a m e r e a so n J uli a n , a n a t ive o f C ic ilia ,wa s seized o n
r ed b u
fo r b ei n g a Ch r is t i a n , a n d w a s se v e r a l ti m es t o r t u
t
st ill r e m a i n ed i n fle x i ble He wa s t he n m a de to t r a vel for
t wel v e m o n t hs ,t o ge t he r fr o m ci ty t o city, fo r the p ur p ose o f
e x posi n g hi m sel f t o t he i n s ults o f the p ubli c
S t ill r e fu
is h his fa i t h , he w a s se ve r ely s co u
r ged a n d
s m g t o l e lin q u
the n se w ed up in a le a t her b a g wi t h se r pe nt s a n d s co r pio n s ,
P ete r ,a n a m i a
a n d m t his m a n n e r w a s c a s t i n to t he s e a
ble yo un g m a n , o f L a mp s a c us , wa s a cc used o f C h r is t i a n
s , t he p r o co n s ul o f Asi a , who c o m
ity be fo r e O p t i m u
s , t o whi c h he replied
m e n ded h im t o s a c r ifice to Ve n u
I a m a s t o n ished th a t y o u sho uld co m m a n d m e to wo r
shi p a w o m a n , who , a cco r di n g t o yo ur o wn his t o r y wa s a
vile a n d lice n t io us ch a r a c t e r , a n d g uil ty o f s uch c r i m es a s
ni s h w i th d e ath
o
u
r o wn l a w s n o w p u
No , I sh a ll o ffer
y
to t he o n e o n ly livi n g a n d t r ue G o d , t he s a c r i fi ce o f p r a yer
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
36
F
m d p r a ise
’
o x s B OO K o r MA RT YRS
.
O pti m us o r de r e d him to b e p ut upo n the
.
'
ra ck , which wa s a cco r d i ngly do n e , a n d most o f his b o n es
He ho wever s m iled o n his to r m e n to r s a s
we r e broke n
ld h a ve i n vited them t o a still g r e a ter t r i a l o f
if he w o u
His he a d wa s the n struck o ff, a n d his b ody give n
s kill
to the dogs
Nicho m a ch us , a n other C h r ist ia n , b ei n g co mm a n ded b y
s to s a c r ifice to idols , re pl ied , I c a n n ot re n der
O pti m u
”
th a t wo r ship to idols th a t is d ue o n ly to God
Upo n this ,
he wa s i mm edi a tely p l a ced upo n the r a ck , a n d s uffe r ed
de , b ut whe n
th e to r m e n ts for a while w i t h gre a t fo r t i t u
gh to a bj ur e hi s
r e a dy to die w i t h p a i n , he wa s we a k e n o u
He wa s the r e upo n r ele a sed , whe n he fell i n to t he
fa i t h
l ho r r or a n d dist r ess , a nd i m m edi a tely fell do wn
m ost a wfu
a n d e x p ired
.
.
.
“
.
.
.
fi l a r ly r d om of Den i s a
.
De n is a a n a m i a ble yo un g l a dy o f si x tee n ye a rs o f a ge ,
whe n she b eheld the sig n a l j u
dg m e n t o f he a ve n up o n t his
n g m a n ,e x cl a i m ed , O ! m ise r a ble wretch wh
a post a te yo u
,
y
wo u
ld y o uby a m o m e n t s e a se p ur ch a se a m ise r a ble ete r
”
n it
n which she wa s a sked by O pti m u
2
u
o
s whethe r s he
p
y
we r e a Ch r isti a n , to whi ch she rep lied in the a ffi r m a tive ,
whe n he delive r ed h e r ove r to t wo l ibe r ti n es , wh o m a d e
s ever a l a tte m pts u
po n her ch a s t ity , b ut witho ut s ucces s
The v were ho wever a l a r me d a t m id n i ght by a visio n fro m
“
’
.
r
’
o x s s o o n O F MA RT Y RS
37
.
He a ve n , upo n wh ich t hey fell up o n t hei r k e e e s be fore
Thi s ho we ve r d id
D e n is e a n d i m plo r ed h e r fo r gi v e n ess
r e h e r a g a i n st the r a ge o f O ptim u
s , wh o c a us ed
n o t sec u
ll
he r to be des tr oyed by a m a d b u
A n d r e w a n d P a ul t wo c m p a n io n s o f Nicho m a c h us ,
co n fessi n g t he m sel ves Ch r is t i a n s , w e r e co n de m n ed t o die ,
a n d delive r ed to the m u
lti tude wh o sto n ed t he m to de a th
They d i ed like t h e fi r st Ch r is t i a n m a r ty r , S te phe n ,c a lli n g
upo n the n a m e o f the L o r d Jes us
Ale x a n d e r a n d Ep i m a c us o f Ale x a n d r i a , were a pp r e
he n ded fo r be i n g C h is t i a n s , a n d o n co n fessi n g t he a cc u
s a t io n , we r e be a t wi th s t a v es ,to r n with hooks , a n d fi n a lly
b ur n t ; a n d we a r e i n fo r m ed by E usebi us ,t h a t fo ur t e m a le
m a r ty r s s u
ffe r ed o n t h e s a m e d a y by bei n g behe a d e d
L uci a n a n d Ma r ci a n t wo P a g a n m a gi ci a n s ,be c a m e c o n
C h r is t i a n i t y , a n d to a t o n e fo r the i r fo r m e r lives ,
ver ts to
bec a m e he r m i t s , s ub s is t i n g o n ly o n b r e a d a n d wa t er
A fte r s p e n di n g so m e t i m e in t hi s m a n n e r , t hey refle c ted
th a t the i r l i v es we r e i n e ffi cie n t , a n d a cco r d i n gly le ft t heir
soli t ud e fo r the p ur pos e o f m a ki n g co n v e r ts to C h r is t i a n i ty
B e co m i n g ze a lo us p r e a che r s , they w e r e seized a n d c a rr ied
be fo r e t he go v e r n o r o f B i thy n i a , who a s ked t he m by wh a t
au
t ho r i ty t hey p r e s u
m ed to p r e a ch the Ch r i s t 1 a n fa i t h
L uci a n a n s we r ed , The l a ws o f Ch r is t i a n ch ar ity a n d
h um a n ity obliged t he m to co mfo r t thei r n eighbo ur s
Ma r ci a n a lso s a id , Th a t t hei r co n ve r sio n w a s by t he s a m e
g r a ce t h a t wa s give n to S t P a ul ,wh o fr o m a ze a lo us per
”
sec uto r o f the ch ur ch , b ec a m e a p r e a che r o f the gospel
W he n the p r o co n s ul fo un d th a t he co uld n o t p r ev a il o n
the m to re n o un ce t hei r fa i th , he o r de r ed t he m to be
b ur n t a live , whi ch wa s e x e c uted a cco r d i n gly
T r y ph o a n d Re s p ic iu
s ,t w o e m i n e n t m e n ,w e r e seized a s
Ch r is t i a n s a n d i m p r iso n ed a t N ice They we r e soo n a ft er
t to the r a ck ,which t hey bo r e wi t h a d m i r a ble p a tie n c e
pu
fo r th r ee ho ur s , u
tte r i n g t h e p r a ises o f God a t t he s a m e
ti m e They we r e t he n e x posed n a ked in t he ope n a ir till
a ll thei r l i m bs we r e be n u
m bed , whe n they w e r e r e m a n ded
to p r iso n , fr o m wh ich t hey we r e a ft e r wa r d t a ke n o ut ,
gh t h e s t r ee t s , t hei r flesh te n t
s co u
r ged a n d d r a gged t h r o u
su
wit h hooks ,a n d v a r io us o t he r to r m e n ts ,whi ch were co u
by b ehe a di n g the m in A D 2 5 1
ma t
.
.
o
.
.
r
.
.
.
.
.
.
'
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
88
r o x s 3 0 01: o r n
ur s e s
.
Agt ha , a S icili a n l ady , wa s r e m a r k a ble fo r he r be a ut y ,
r ed
Q ui n t a i n , t he go ve r n o r , t h a t he
whi c h so e n a m o u
po n he r ch a s t ity ,w hi ch p r oved un
m a de seve r a l a tt e m pts u
s uccess ful
Agt ha be i n g a Ch r is ti a n , a n d k n o wi n g him
s P a ga n a n d a libe r t i n e , r e m oved fr o m
t o be bo t h a ze a lo u
the ci t y fo r t he p ur pose o f esc a p i n g his po we r Her r e
tr e a t wa s , ho we v e r , discove r e d , a n d she wa s b r o ught b a ck
to C a t a n a , a n d delive r ed to the c a r e o f a fe m a le o f in fa
mo us ch a r a c t e r , who used eve r y m e a n s in h e r po we r t o
ti o n , b u
t w i t ho u
t e ffec t
Q ui n
win her ov e r to p r osti t u
t a i n o n bei n g i n fo r m ed o f this , de t e r m i n ed to wr e a k his
ve n ge a n ce up o n he r S he wa s t he r e fo r e co n de m n e d a s a
C hr is t i a n , a n d , a fte r be i n g seve r ely sco ur ge d , wa s t o r t ur ed
wi t h r e d h o t pl a t es o f i r o n , h e r fi e s h to r n wi t h b o o k s , a n d
fi n a lly she wa s la id n a ked upo n h o t co a ls All t hese
tort ur es she bo r e wi t h a d m i r a ble fo r titude , a n d die d o n the
ar y , A
D 25 1
[ st o f F eb r u
.
.
.
.
i
.
.
.
.
[Ma r ty r d o m of C y r i l
.
Cyril ,b ishop o f G o r ty n a , wa s seized by o r de r o f L uc 1 us ,
the go v e r n o r o f th a t pl a ce , wh o fi r st e x ho r ted h im to s a ve
t t he ve n e r a b le
a ble li fe by a r e c a n t a t io n , b u
re
n is v a l u
p
r ye a r s old ,r eplied , I h a v e spe n t
la t e , wh o wa s eigh t y fo u
ls ; I
m a n y ye a rs i n te a chi n g othe r s h o w t o s a ve thei r so u
m ust n o t n o w lose my o wn fo r r e n o un ci n g m y o n ly S a
”
He wa s the n se n te n ced t o b e b ur n ed a live , whi ch
r
vio u
ted
wa s a ccordi n gly e x e c u
-
.
.
t i o n in
P er s ecu
C r e te
.
I n the isl a n d o f Crete this pe r se c u
tio n r a ged with g r e a t
viole n ce , a s the go v e r n o r o f the pl a ce w a s v e r y a ct i ve i n
p utt i n g the dec r ees o f the E m p e r o r i n to e x e c ut io n The
r i n ci pa l m a r ty r s , w hose n a m es h a v e bee n t r a n s m i t t ed to u
s
p
ro u
lu
s , S a tu
r n i n s , a n d Eu
s , in
a r e t he follo w i n g : T h e o d u
p
h a b i t a n t s o f t he ci ty o f G o r ty n a ; Z e t i c us , E un ic ia n us , Cleo
s,
ght
wh o we r e b r o u
m e n es ,Aga t h o pa s ,Ba s t id e s a n d E u
a r is t u
fr om di ffe r e n t p a r ts o f t h e i s l a n d o n t he ch a r ge o f C h r is
They we r e a ll tr ie d a t t he s a m e t i m e , a n d were
t la n it y
t to
c o m m a n ded t o s a c r ifice to t h e g ods o f t h e Ro m an s , b u
.
.
’
ro x s
B O OK o r M A RTYRS
39
.
hey r eplied , Th a t they so ught n o g r e a ter e nj o y
me n t in t he wo r ld ,th a n t h a t o f s uffe r i n g fo r the c a use o f
”
thei r Redee m e r
E n r a ged a t this , the gover n or fir s t put
the m to t he r a ck ,a n d the n behe a ded the m
tms t
.
.
i
Ma r ty r d om of B a by la s , bis h op of Ant ioch , a n d o ther s
.
Ba b y la s wa s a n a tive o f the city o f A n tioch , a n d a m an
pe r io r fi r m n ess , a n d e n do wed wi th a li ber a l ed uc a tio n
of su
He s ucceeded t o t h a t see a t t he d e a t h o f Z e b in us ,in A D ; 2 3 7
.
.
.
H e go ve r n ed the ch ur ch d ur i n g those tro ubleso m e ti m es
wi t h g r e a t p r u
de n ce O n G o r di a n s de a t h , in the reig n o f
De ci us , th a t E m pe r o r c a m e t o A n tio ch , a n d o n e x p r essi n g
a desi r e t o visi t t he co n g r eg a t io n o f Ch r is t i a n s in th a t ci t y ,
w a s opposed b y Ba b y la s
H e disse m bled hi s a n ger fo r
t h e p r ese n t ,b u
t soo n a ft e r se n di n g fo r the b isho p repro ved
him wi t h se v e r i t y , a n d co m m a n ded h im to w o r ship the
he a t he n dei t ies To do t his he re fused ,upo n whi c h he wa s
se n t to p r iso n a n d lo a ded wi t h ch a i n s In a sho r t ti m e
a ft e r he wa s b r o u
ght o ut to be behe a ded w ith th r e e yo un g
m e n wh o h a d b ee n hi s p u
pils O n goi n g to the pl a ce o f
e x e c uti o n , t he b ishop e x cl a i m ed , B ehold m e a n d the
”
c hild r e n th a t t h e L o r d h a th gi ve n m e
They we r e m a r
ty r ed in A D 2 5 1 ,a n d t he ch a i n s wor n by the bishop we r e
bu
r ied wi t h h im
Ale x a n d e r ,b is h o p o f J e r us a le m ,wa s c a st
i n t o pr iso n a bo ut t his t i m e ,o n a cco un t o f his r eligio n ,whe r e
he d ied soo n a fte r , in co n seq ue n ce o f the severity o f his
t r e atm e n t
S e r a pio n o f Ale x a n d r i a ,s uffe r ed m a r tyrdom a b o ut thi s
ti m e , by h a v i n g his b o n es broke n , a n d be i n g th r o wn fr o m a
lo ft J ul i a n us a n d C r o n io n t wo a ged Ch r isti a n s o f the
s a m e p la ce , we r e b o u
nd u
po n the b a cks o f c a m e ls , severely
sco ur ged , a n d t he n co n s um ed wi t h fir e A spec t a tor who
see m ed t o co m m ise r a te the m wa s o r de r ed to be behe a ded
a s a r e wa r d fo r his se n t i m e n t s
o f te n der n ess
Ma c a r , a
Ly b ia n C h r is t i a n , wa s b u
Ho r o n Ate r , Is o d o r us , a nd
rn t
D io s c h or u
s , a b oy o f fi ft ee n , w e r e b u
Egypt , a n d
r n t in
fo r t y vi r gi n s s u
ffe r ed m ar ty r do m a t A n t ioch
The o d o r a , a yo un g l a dy o f A n ti och , wh o is represe n t ed
a s e x ceedi n gly be a u
t i fu
l ,r e fus i n g t o s a c r ifice to idols , wa s
co n dem n ed to a b r o t hel , t h a t he r v i r t ue m ight b e s a crificed
’
.
.
.
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.
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-
.
.
o
’
F x s
40
8 0 0K
or
MA RT Y RS
.
D idy mus ,a Christi a n ,bei n g i n fo r m ed o f her sit ua tio n , d is
g uised hi m sel f a s a Ro m a n ,w e n t t o the ho use ,a n d i n fo r m ed
Theo d o r a wh o he wa s He p r e v a iled o n h e r to esc a p e
in his d r ess , whi ch she a cco r di n gly did , w h ile he c o n
ti n n ed in h e r ste a d He r esc a p e beco m i n g k n o w n , D idy
In the me a n
mu
s wa s i m m edi a tely co n de m n ed to de a t h
ti m e Theodo r a , he a r i n g th a t h e r deli ve r e r w a s lik e ly to s uf
dge , t h r e w he r sel f a t his feet , a n d b e g
fe r , c a m e t o t he j u
ged to d ie in his s t e a d But the r ut hless m o n ster orde r ed
t he m bo t h to be behe a ded
.
.
.
.
.
Accoun t of O r ig en
.
O r ige n ,the celeb r a ted presbyte r a n d c a techist o f A le x a n
d r i a , a t the a ge o f si x ty fo ur ye a r s , wa s seized a n d thro wn
mt o a lo a thso m e priso n , his feet pl a ced in the stocks , a n d
h is legs e x te n ded to the u
t m ost fo r se ve r a l d ays He wa s
th r e a te n ed wit h fi r e , a n d eve r y othe r to r m e n t th a t the m a
tors co uld in ve ns , b ut his Ch r isti a n
lign ity o f his pe r sec u
fo r tit u
de bo r e him th r o ugh a ll No t w i t hs t a n di n g , the e x
e cu
t io n e r s w e r e co m m a n ded to e x te n d his s u
ffe r i n gs a s
lo n g a s possi ble , t h a t de a t h m ight n o t too soo n rele a s e
him , he b o r e a ll wi t ho u
t a m ur m ur , a n d his fa ith see m
ed r a the r to i n c r e a se w ith his p a i n s D ur i n g his p r o
ffe r i n g the E m pe r o r Deci u
s d ied , a n d
t r a cted sce n es o f s u
cceed ed by G a ll us , who bei n g e n g a ged in a wa r
wa s s u
wi t h the Goths , the Ch r is t i a n ch u
r ch e nj o yed a
r espi t e
se a so n
D ur i n g t he i n te r va l
fr o m pe r se c u
t io n fo r a
O r ige n ob t a i n ed his libe r ty a n d r e m o v ed t o T y r e , whe r e
he r e m a i n ed t ill his de a t h , whi ch o cc ur r ed in t h e si x ty n i n t h
ye a r o f his a ge A m o n g those who a re di s t i n g uished by
r ch , fe w dese r ved
i t more
t h e t i t le o f fa t he r s o f the c h u
th a n O r ige n ,fo r fa ithfuln es s ,z e a l,a n d piety B esides p e r
fo r m i n g his o t he r d u
t ies , it i s s a id t h a t he wr ote t h e in cr e d i
ble n um be r o f seve n t ho us a n d vol umes o n d iffet e n t s ub
-
.
.
.
,
.
,
-
.
.
j
e ct s
.
mer o u
s M a r t r s i n t h e r ie n o
Nu
D
eciu
s
g
y
f
.
Besides those m a r ty r s a l r e a dy m e n t io n ed , gr e a t n um b ers
ffered in P h r ygi a , C a p p a doci a ,Asi a Mi n o r ,a nd other p a rts
su
42
Fox
’
s
B
O OK o r
MA RT Y RS
.
q ue n c o o f whi ch , they we r e b r o ught b a ck to Rome , a n d
ffe r i n g a v a r ie ty o f to r t u
a ft e r s u
r es , we r e fi n a lly
to
u
t
p
de a t h by behe a di n g
In t he s a m e ye a r S te ph a n u
s , b ishop o f Ro m e , wa s b e
he a de d , a n d S a t ur n i n s , bisho p o f T h o ulo use , wa s tied to
the t a il o f a b ull , wh ich wa s d r ive n d o wn the st e p s o f a
he a t he n te m ple , by whi c h m e a n s his b r a i n s we r e d a shed
ou
t
S e x t us s ucceed ed S teph a n us a s b ishop o f Ro m e , a n d
is rep r ese n ted a s a m a n o f e x t r a o r di n a r y p r u
de n ce ,le a r n
in g , a n d piety
W he n a n edi c t wa s sig n ed by Va le r i a n
fo r p u
tti n g to d e a th a ll the Ch r isti a n clergy a t Ro m e , S e x
tu
s is
s a id to h a ve bee n o n e o f the fi r st wh o felt its se
ve r i ty He wa s behe a ded , ac cord i n g to Cypri a n , A ug ust
6 th ,A D 258
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Ma r ty r d om of S t L a ur en ce
.
.
L a ur e n ti us , ge n er a lly c a lled S t L a ure n ce , wa s a d e a
co n u
n de r S e x t u
s , a n d follo wed him to the pl a ce o f e x e cu
tio n J ust be fo r e he s uffe r ed , S e x t us predi cted th a t L a u
r e n t iu
s wo u
ld m eet him in he a v e n w ithi n th r ee d a ys C o n
s id e r in
r en ti u
this
ce
t
i
i
n dic a tio n o f hi s fa t e , L a u
s
r
a
n
a
a
s
g
we n t ho m e , c a lled t h e poo r people o f t he ch u
r ch
to
gethe r , a n d dist r i b ut ed a m o n g the m a ll the m o n eys c o m
m it te d to h is c a r e ,t hi n ki n g ,in t he p r ese n t c r isis ,t h a t it co uld
n o t be be t t e r dis o s ed o f
nd u
a l a r m i n g the
His
co
c
t
er
p
p
se c u
t o r s , t hey i m m e d i a t ely seize d h im , a n d co m m a n d ed
h im in t he n a m e o f t he E m pe r o r to gi ve a n a cco un t o f th e
ch ur ch t r e a s ur e s e n t r usted t o h is ch a r ge This he pr o m ised
t o do if t hey w o u
ld give him t i m e t o put t hi n gs in t he ir
p r o p e r o r de r T h r ee d a ys we r e a llo wed h im , d ur i n g
m be r o f a ged , i n fi r m ,
whi ch ti m e he colle cted a g r e a t n u
a n d i m po t e n t
oo
r , a n d t a ki n g t he m be fo r e t he m a gist r a t e
p
”
s a id
These a r e t he tr ue t r e a s ur es o f t he ch ur ch
P r o v oked a n d dis a ppoi n te d ,t he gove r n o r in a g r e a t r a g e
s co ur ged , the n bi n d i n g him
o r de r ed h im to b e se v e r ely
po n a woode n ho r se , a n d tyi n g weights t o his h a n ds a n d
u
t t h e s t r eets till seve r a l o f his
(b e t , they d r a gged him a bo u
n a l a r ge
oi
He
w
a s t he n pl a ced u
o
n ts w e r e disloc a t e d
p
j
gr idi r o n o ve r a s lo w fi r e fo r a lo n g t i m e ,a n d n ot wi t hst a n di n g
c alm
a lly r o a sted a liv e , he r e m a i n ed
ha t he wa s a ct u
.
.
.
.
.
.
~
.
.
t
F
’
o x s B OO K o r MA RT YR S
43
.
an d
colle cted , e ve n to the l a st m o m e n t ,e x ho r t i n g t he spe c
t a t or s to e m b r a ce t h e r el igio n o f J es u
s Ch r is t It is a l s o
s a id o f h im ,th a t a ft e r h a v i n g bee n a w h ile o n t h e g r idi r o n ,
he c a l led o u
t j o cosel y t o t h e E m p e r o r , wh o wa s p r ese n t ,in
a L a ti n dis t ich , which m a
s
y be t r a n sl a t ed th u
.
Th s s i d
Th t u
i
e en o
en
rn
ugh is to as t ed,
m e t y r a n t, a n d e a t ;
h h
b
s d
An d s e e w e t er r a w o r r o a t e ,
I a m t h e e t t er m e a t
.
the e x ec ut io n e r t ur n ed h im ove r , a n d h a vi n g
l a id a while lo n ge r o n the othe r side , he a g a i n c a lled o ut
to the E m p e r o r , s a yi n g t h a t he w a s n o w s uffi cie n tly r o a sted
a n d wa s r e a dy to b e se r ved u
H e the n chee r fully li ft ed
p
up hi s eyes to he a v e n a n d with c a l m n ess y iel d ed up his
b r e a t h Th i s o cc ur r e d o n th e l 0t h d a y of Augus t , A D 2 58
Ro m a nu
s , a soldie r wh o a tte n ded the e x ec uti o n o f
L a ur e n t i us , wa s s o st r uck wi t h his fi r m n ess , th a t he b e
c a m e a co n ve r t a n d wa s i mm e di a tely behe a ded
O n this
.
.
.
P er s ecut i on in Af r i ca
.
.
.
Ab o ut this ti m e t h e pe r se c utio n r a ged in A fr i c a wi t h
pe c uli a r v iole n ce ,a n d m a n y tho us a n d s r ecei v e d the c r o wn
o f m a r ty r do m , a m o n g who m the follo w i n g we r e the m ost
d is t i n g uished
Cy p r i a n , b isho p o f C a r th a ge , w a s a n e m i n e n t p r el a t e ,
s o r n a m e n t to the ch ur ch His do c t r i n es we r e o r
a n d a pio u
a ge e a sy a n d eleg a n t , a n d
his
r e , his l a n g u
th o d o x a n d p u
l H e wa s s a id t o h a v e bee n so p e r fect in
m a n n e r s gr a ce fu
t i o n a n d t he p r i n ci ples o f philoso p hy ,
t h e p r a c t i ce o f eloc u
th a t he wa s m a de a p r o fesso r o f t hese b r a n ches in his n a t ive
H e wa s b r ed up in the r eligio n o f t he G e n
ci ty o f C a r t h a ge
n e , live d
in g r e a t p o m p
tiles , a n d p ossessi n g a l a r ge fo r t u
r
In thi s m a n n e r he spe n t t h e fo r m e r p a r t o f
a n d s p le n do u
lgi n g in e v e r y se n s ua l g r a t i fic a t io n , till a bo ut
h is li fe , i n d u
A D 2 46 ,
w he n beco m i n g a cq u
a i n t ed w ith t h e p r i n ciple s
gh t he p r e a chi n g o f C Oe c i
o f the C h r is t i a n r el igio n t h r o u
li us , he i m m e d i a t ely be c a m e a co n ve r t o f Ch r ist ia n i t y ,
a n d dis osed o f t h e g r e a t e r po r t io n o f his est a t e , d is tr i
p
b uted the w hole o f it a m o n g t h e poo r , d r essed h i m sel f
s t e r ity a n d
in pl a i n a t t i r e , a n d co m m e n ced a li fe o f a u
S oo n a fter thi s he wa s m a de a p r esbyte r , an d
de
so lit u
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
44
F
’
o x s B O O K o r MA R T Y RS
.
his vi r t ues , wa s ele cted bishop
o f C a rth a ge in A D 2 48
In the ye a r 2 50 he wa s p u
b
licly p r e s c r ib ed by the e m pe r o r D e ci u
s , an d wa s in g r e a t
d a n ge r o f s uffe r i n g m a r ty r do m fr o m t he r a ge a n d fur y o f
the p a g a n s H e ho we v e r wi t hd r e w fr o m the r a ge o f the
l a ce , upo n whi ch his e ffects we r e i mm e d i a tely co n
p op u
fi s ca te d
D ur i n g hi s r eti r e m e n t he wr ote o ft e n t o his
flock fo r the p ur p ose o f wa r n i n g the m a g a i n st m a n y evil s
th a t we r e n o w begi n n i n g to c r eep i n t o t h e ch ur ch , a n d
n e a si n ess
Bu
which g a ve h im g r e a t u
t a ll his e ffo r t s
a n d whe n t he r igo u
we r e i n e ffe ct ua l
tio n
r o f the pers ec u
wa s a lit t le a b a ted , he r e t u
r n ed a g a i n to C a r th a ge fo r t he
r ch
r pose o f e x
n gi n g these e r rors fr o m the ch u
Bu
t
pu
pu
a t e r r ible pl a g u
e soo n b r e a ki n g o ut in t he ci ty , a s us ua l it
wa s i m p u
ted to the impie ty o f t he Chris t i a n s , a n d t he per
se cu
t io n wa s a g a i n r evived a g a i n st the m with gre a ter
v igo u
r th a n be fo r e
Cyp r i a n wa s b r o ught be fo r e the p r o co n s ul , a n d co m
m e n ded to co n fo r m to the religi o n o f the e m p i r e , b u
t he
boldly r e fused , a n d m a de a n o p e n a vo wa l o f his fa ith
This , ho weve r , d id n o t o cc a si o n his d e a th , b ut he wa s b a
n is h e d t o a s m a ll city o n the L iby a n s e a
A fter the de a t h
l, he ret u
o f the p r o co n s u
r n ed a g a i n t o C a r t h a ge , whe r e he
wa s seized by the go v e rn o r , w h o o r de r ed him to b e h e
he a ded ; whi ch wa s a cco r di ngly d o n e o n the 1 4 t h d ay o f
S epte m be r , A D 2 5 8 S e ve r a l o f his d i s ciples were
a ls o m a rt yr ed a t the s a m e time
b ei n g gr e a tly a d m i r ed fo r
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
~
.
.
.
.
.
.
n d r ed C hr i s tia n s
Ma r ty r d om of thr ee h u
.
P e r h a ps t here is n o t a m o r e st r iki n g i n st a n ce re corded
in ch u
r ch histo r y o f Christi a n fortit ude o n the o n e h a n d ,
and c r u
elty o n the o t he r , t h a n th a t whi ch t r a n s p i r e d in
t h e ci ty o f Utic a , d u
ri n g t he
tio n be fo r e m e n
p e r sec u
t io n e d
Three h und r ed Ch r isti a n s , o f bo t h se x es , we r e
pl a ced a r o un d t he o r i fice o f a b ur n i n g li m ekil n , a n d a p a n
o f co a ls a n d i n ce n se be in g p r e p a r ed , t hey we r e co m m a n d
e d either to s a c r i fice to J u
p i te r , o r be t h r o w n i n t o the
They a ll wi t h o n e a cco r d r e fused to s a c r i fice , a n d
fla me
jum p ed i n to t he pit them selve s ,where t hey we r e s uffo c a te d
immed i a t ely
.
.
.
F
O X S B O O K o r M AR I Y R S
46
‘ ‘
.
n t o a C h r is t ia n L a d
S ing u
la r Acc ou
f
y
.
b eau
s , gove rn o r
o f Ale x a n d r i a , h a d a
tifu
P h l ipp u
.
g ht e r , who ha d r e ceived a libe r a l ed uc a tio n a n d eve ry
d au
othe r a cco m plish m e n t th a t the a ge a d m itte d H a vi n g
bee n m uch in the comp an y o f Ch r is t i a n s , she a t le n gt h b e
c a m e a co n ve r t , a n d t o esc a pe t he pe r sec ut io n th a t wa s
’
the n r a gi n g , s he esc a ped fr o m he r fa t he r s ho use , clo t hed
he r sel f in m a le a ttire , a n d c a lli n g h e r n a m e E uge n i us ,wa s
a d m it t ed i n t o a co n v e n t o f Ch r is t i a n s , o f whic h , a t le n g t h ,
b y r e a so n o f h e r v i r t u
e a n d le a r n i n g , she wa s m a de the
he a d He r e , it is s a id , she pe r fo r m ed m a n y m ir a cles , a n d
r ed by h e r , w a s a m a tro n o f
a m o n g o t he r s w h o w e r e c u
A le x a n d r i a , by the n a m e o f Mel a n ci a , wh o , s up posi n g her
t o be a m a n , co n cei v ed a c r i m i n a l p a ssio n fo r h e r , a n d
beso ught her to g r a t i fy he r d esi r es E uge n i us e x ho r ted
e in t he p a t h o f v i r t ue , b ut Mel a n ci a , e n
he r t o co n ti n u
o f a n e x pos u
r e , d ete r m i n ed
r a ed a t t h e r e fu
s
a l ,a n d fe a r fu
l
g
s a t io n Sh e a cco r d i n gly a cc used
t o a n t i ci p a te t he a c c u
E uge n i us a n d he r co m p a n io n s o f a n a tte m pt to d e b a uch
h e r , upo n w hich they we r e i mm edi a t ely a pp r ehe n ded a n d
brou
gh t b e fo r e P hili pp us ,t h e go ve r n o r E uge n i us ,t hi n ki n g
i t n o w n o ti m e fo r d 1ss im ula t io n , disclosed he r sel f to P hi
lipp us a s his d a ughte r , a n d h e r t wo co m p a n io n s , Pr o t he us
a nd
Hia c in t h us , a s t wo p io us e un uchs , a n d r eve a led to
h im the c a u
se o f h e r dep a r t ur e By t his the j udges we r e
fu
lly s a t is fied a s to he r i n n o cence , a n d he r a cc user wa s
utte r ly co n fo un ded
P hili p p us w a s soo n a ft e r co n ve r ted
ffe r ed m a r ty r do m , b u
t o Ch r is t i a n i ty a n d s u
ge n i us , go
t Eu
in g to Ro m e ,wa s a pp r ehe n de d a s a Ch r isti a n ,a n d a ss a iled
wi t h v a r io u
s ki n ds o f to r m e n t , fr o m a ll o f whi ch she wa s
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
m i ra cu
lo usly delive r e d S he wa s fi r st c a st i n to the Tibe r
wi t h a s t o n e a bo u
t he r n eck , b ut wa s n eve r theless s a ved
fro m d r o w n i n g
S he wa s n e x t p ut i n t o a sc a ld i n g b a th
bu
r ed ; a n d l a stly , bei n g c a st i n to pris e
t esc a p ed u
n i nj u
.
.
to die o f h un ge r ,wa s fe d in a s upe r n a t ur a l m a nn er
F a te of t h e E mp er or
Va ler ia n
.
.
This tyr a n t , who so l o n g a n d so c r uelly perse c uted t he
C hr is t i a n ch ur ch , wa s fi n a lly t a ke n p r iso n er by S a p ho r es ,
ki n g o f P e r si a , wh o t r e a ted him with the m ost un e x a m ple d
46
r ox
’
s
B OOK o r
M A R T Y RS
.
in dig n ity , m a ki n g him to k n eel do wn , a n d pl a ci n g n is fo ot
upo n his n eck whe n he mo un t ed his ho r se H a vi n g k ept
him in t his m a n n e r fo r seve n ye a r s ,he fi r s t c a used his eye s
t ou
t ,a n d the n o r de r e d him t o be fl a yed a live ,a n d
to be p u
to h a ve his body r ubbed wit h s a l t U n der t his ope r a t io n
.
.
he died
Va leri a n wa s s ucceeded by G a llie nus , h is s o n , in A D
2 6 0, d u
ri n g whose r eig n the ch ur ch wa s mostly free fro m
perse c utio n
.
.
.
.
C
T he n in th
a nd
H A P T E R IV
.
t io n s
t en t h p er s ecu
E mp er o r s
un d er
th e
R oma n
.
G a llie n us wa s s ucceeded by A ureli a n , wh o , in A D
t io n a g a i n s t t he Ch r is t i a n s a n d
2 7 4 , co m m e n ced a pe r sec u
c a used m a n y to b e p ut t o de a th , a m o n g who m w a s Fel i x ,
b isho p o f Ro m e , who wa s behe a ded t he 2 2 d d a y o f De
Bu
r de r ed soo n a f
ce m b e r , 2 7 4
t the e m p e r o r bei n g m u
ter , by hi s o wn d o m es t i cs , he wa s s uccee d ed by T a cit us
H e be i n g soo n a ft e r sl a i n , wa s s ucceeded by P r o b us , a n d
he a g a i n by C a r us
This E m p e r o r , b ei n g killed by
ligh t n i n g , w a s s ucceeded by h is so n s , C a r in us a n d N um e
ri a n , d ur i n g the r eig n o f a ll whi ch the ch ur ch e nj oyed a
st a te o f r est
D iocle t i a n n e x t s ucceeded to the th r o n e , in A D 2 84 ,
r to the C h r is t i a n s , b u
t in
a n d a t fi r s t sho w ed g r e a t fa v o u
the ye a r 2 86 , he a sso ci a t ed w i t h h im in t he e m p i r e Ma x i
mi a n , a n d the follo wi n g Ch r isti a n s we r e p ut to de a th b e
t io n co mm e n ced
Felici a n a n d
fore a ny ge n er a l pe r sec u
s , t wo brothers , we r e se i zed b y a n o r de r fr om the
Pr i m u
e m pe r o r , a n d co n fessi n g t hemselves C hristi a ns , we r e first
to r t u
r ed a n d the n behe a ded
Ma r c us a n d Ma r ce lia n us were t wo t wi n brothers o f n o
b le d esce n t
Thei r p a r e n ts we r e he a t he n , b ut they ,
h a vi n g bee n b r o ught up un de r the c a r e o f Ch r isti a n t ut o r s ,
ha d e m b r a ced t h e Ch r is t i a n fa ith
They we re se nte n ced
to d e a th o n a cco u
n t o f thei r
fa ith , b u
t a respi t e o f a
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Fo x
’
s
B O OK o r ms n r x a s
47
.
mo n th wa s a llo wed the m , d uri n g whi ch ti m e the i r p a r e n ts
s e d eve ry m e a n s in t heir po we r t o win t hem
a n d fr i e n d s u
ove r to p a g a n i s m ,b ut a ll t o n o p ur pose Thei r co n st a n cy
fi n a lly wo n o v e r t hei r pe r s ua de r s t o Ch r is t i a n i t y , a n d the
whole fa m i ly e c a m e co n v e r t s j u
s t be fo r e the s e n t e n ce
wa s e x ec u
t ed e
ng m e n
t n e t w o yo u
n g m e n , b ei ng
T r a n q uillin u
s , m e fa t h e r o f t he t wo yo u
se n t fo r b y t h e p r e fe t , t o gi v e a n a cco un t o f the s uc cess
i n ste a d o f p r eva ili n g
o f his e d e a v o u
r s , he r e plied , t h a t
n c e r he 1 r r eligi o n , he h a d hi m sel f b e
o n his so n s to r e n o u
co m e a co n ve r t to Ch r i s ti a n i t y Ht: f u
e n s t e pp e d till the
m i ng
m a gis t r a te h a d reco ver e d fr o m h is s u
r prise , a n d r e s u
his disco ur se , used s uch a r g um e n t s a s p t e va ile d upo n the
m a gi s t r a t e hi m sel f t o be c o m e a co n ve r t , wh o i m medi a tely
t he r e u
po n r esig n ed his o ffi ce , a n d s p e n t the re m a i n d e r o f
his d a ys in p io us re t i re m e n t Hi s s uccesso r in o ffi ce wa s
a m a n o f a ve r y m o r ose a n d c r u
el t m p e r , whose fi r st offi
f
c ia l a c t w a s to co m pel this n e wly co n v e r ted fa m ily to s u
fe r a v a r iety o f to r t u
r e , a fter which they w e r e a ll behe a ded
These , wi t h seve r a l o t he r pe r so n s o f dis t i n c t io n , s uffe r ed
m a r ty r do m be fore a ge n er a l persec u
t io n w a s co mm e n ced
.
e
'
n
.
c
r
.
.
e
.
.
J I a s s a cr e of a wh o le L eg io n of C hr is t ia n S o ld ier s
.
A ve r y r e m a r k a ble e v e n t o cc ur r ed in A D 2 86 A
legio n o f soldie r s , co n sisti n g o f 6 6 6 6 m e n , co n t a i n ed n o n e
bu
t Ch r is t i a n s
This wa s c a lled the Theb a n L egio n , b e
c a use t he m e n ha d bee n r a ised in Thebes They h a d
bee n q ua r t e r ed in t he e a st , t ill t he e m pe r o r Ma x imia n
co m m a n ded t he m to m a r ch t o G a ul , t o a ssis t in q uelli n g a
r ebellio n in B u
rg u
nd y
H a v i n g p a ssed t he Alps , t he e m
e r o r o r dered a ge n e r a l s a c r ifice , a t whi c h t h e w hole a r m y
p
we r e to a s sist ; a fte r whi ch they were to t a ke the o a t h o f
a llegi a n ce , a n d s w e a r a t t h e s a m e t i m e , to a ssi st him in
the e x t i r p a ti o n o f Ch r is t i a n i ty fr o m G a ul
To this m e a s ure t he wh ole legi o n a bsol utely re fuse d
ob edie n ce , p r o fes s i n g t o t h e e m pe r o r , t h a t t hey were
re a dy to se r ve him whe n his l a w s did n o t i n ter fere with
the co m m a n d s o f t hei r Divi n e Ma ste r , b ut whe n t he oppo
site wa s the c a se , they sho uld o n a ll o cc a sio n s h a z a r d t he
co n seq ue n ces o f ob eyi n g God r a t her t h a n m a n Ma x i
mi a n , i n s t e a d o f b ei n g s o ft e n ed a t t h is reply , o r de r ed t he
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
48
F
’
o x s B O OK o r M A RT Y RS
.
whol e legio n to b e p u
t to the s wo r d , whi ch wa s a c c ord
ingly do n e , o n the 2 6 th d ay o f S eptember , A D 2 86
.
.
.
Alba n , t he F ir s t B r itis h M a r ty r
.
Alb a n , fr o m who m S t Alb a n s in He r t fordshi r e re ce ive d
He wa s o r igi n ally
i ts n a m e , wa s the fi r st B r i t ish m a r tyr
r a lly o f a
h um a n e d ispositio n , he
a p a g a n , a n d bei n g n a t u
shelte r ed a Ch r is t i a n m issi o n a ry n a m ed A m phib a l us , wh o
wa s p u
r su
ed o n a c co un t o f his r eligio n The pio us e x
gitive ,led Alb a n
a m ple a n d edi fyi n g co n ve r s a tio n o f the fu
to i n q ui r e i n to the p r i n ciples o f a r eligi o n th a t p r od uced
s uch fr uits , a n d the co n seq ue n ce wa s , he soo n b e c a m e a
co n ve r t t o C h r isti a n i t y T h e e n emies o f A m phib a l us ,
le a r n i n g a t l en gth whe r e he ha d t a ke n shelte r , c a m e in
p ur s uit o f him , upo n which Alb a n p r ev a iled o n h im to
e x ch a n ge d r esses wit h h im , a n d m a ke his esc a pe in dis
guise Wh e n the p ur s ue r s c a m e to the ho use o f Alb a n , he
o ffe r ed hi m sel f to the m , wh o took him i m m edi a tely b e fore
The
a m a gist r a te , whe n the de cep t i o n w a s dis co v e r ed
s , dete r
m a gist r a te , e n r a ged a t the es c a pe o f A m phib a l u
He a ccordi n gly
m i n ed to wr e a k his r eve n ge o n Alb a n
co m m a n ded h im to s a c r i fice to th e p a g a n dei t ies , whi ch
Alb a n r e fusi n g to do , a n d co n fessi n g hi m sel f a chr isti a n ,
ell y sco ur ged ,a n d t he n behe a ded This ha p
was fi r st c r u
pe n ed o n the 2 2 d d a y o f J un e , A D 2 87 , a t Ve r ul a m , n e w
St Alb a n s , in He r t fo r dshi r e A m a g n ifice n t ch ur ch wa s
e r ected o n the spo t a b o ut t he ti m e o f Co n st a n ti n e , whi ch
r i n g t h e S a x o n wa r s
A n other ch urch
wa s dest r oyed d u
a n d m o n a s t e r y w a s a ft e r wa r d e r ected o n the s a me sp ot
s ome r em a i n s o f whi ch a r e still visible
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
t i on , u
n d er D ioc let ia n
S econ d P er s ecu
.
Not withst a n di n g the r epe a ted e ffo r ts o f the he a the n t o
e x te r m i n a te t h e Ch r isti a n s ,the y i n cre a sed so fa st th a t theJ
m be r s
Forget
ha d n o w b eco m e fo r m id a ble by thei r n u
ght
ti n g , ho weve r , the p r e cepts o f thei r religio n , whi ch t a u
dy in their
m ility a n d m eek n ess , they bec a m e g a u
the m h u
a p p a r el , a n d e x t r a v a g a n t in t hei r m a n n e r o f livi n g , i n so
ch th a t they e x cited the e n vy o f the he a the n ,who were
mu
i
rep
t
o
n
a ri n g to co m m e n ce a g a i n st them a n other perse c u
p
.
.
50
F
’
o x s B O OK o r M A R T Y RS
.
of
the provi n ci a l gove r n ors , we a ry o f the repe a te d
ffe r i n g th a t t hey h a d bee n co m pelled to w it
s ce n es o f s u
n ess , a dd r essed th e e m pe r or , besee chi n g h im to w i t hd r a w
sio n o f blood W it h these r e
h is edi ct , a n d s top the e ffu
ques t s he co m p li ed , a n d t his lo n g a n d cr uel perse c utio n
ght to a close
wa s a t le n g t h b r o u
It wo uld e x ceed t he b o un ds o f the prese n t wo r k to
e n um e r a te the m a n y e m i n e n t pe r so n s , o f b oth se x es , wh o
r i n g this lo n g sce n e o f a ffl ictio n , n o r h a ve we
perished d u
room to de t a il the m a n y i n st a n ces o f C h r is t i a n fortit ude
th a t were e x hibited by those wh o we r e m a rtyr ed A fe w
e x a m ples sh a ll s uffi ce
S eb a sti a n , a celebra ted a nd holy m a n , wh o wa s a n
o ffi ce r o f the emperor s g ua r d , co n ti n ued ste a d fa st in the
fa ith d u
r in g
this bl oody perse c utio n , a n d wa s h ighly
estee m ed b oth by C hr isti a n s a n d he a the n He wa s , ho w
eve r , i n fo r m ed a g a i n st by a prete n ded Ch r isti a n , a n d
b r o ught b e fo r e the e m peror , who r e p r o a ched him w ith in
g r a tit ude , for d ar i n g to p r o fess a r eligio n th a t he hi m sel f
disco un te n a n ced To w hi ch S eb a sti a n replied , th a t his
r eligi o n wa s o f go od a n d n o t o f evil te n de n cy , a n d t a u
ght
him to do n othi n g co n t r ar y to the i n terest o f hi s ma ster ,
a n d th a t the g r e a test p r oo f he co u
ld give o f his fidelity ,
was the p r a yi n g to the o n ly tru
e God fo r his he a lth a n d
p r osperi t y I n ce n sed a t t his re p ly , the e m pe r o r o r de r e d
s
him to b e t a ke n to a field n e ar t h e city , c a lled t he C a m p u
Ma r tins , a n d there b e shot w ith a rr o ws This wa s a c
r is t i a n s , o n t a ki n g u his b ody
do
ne ,bu
so
m
e
Ch
co r d in l
t
p
gy
si n g p r o
fo r i n t e r m e n t , discove r ed sig n s o f li fe ; a n d by u
t t his
p e r m e a n s , he wa s soo n resto r ed a g a i n to he a l t h ; b u
was o n ly p r ep a r a to r y to a seco n d m ar ty r do m , fo r , pl a ci n g
hi m sel f n e a r a h e a the n te m ple , he w a ited till the e m p e r or
a pp r o a ched , wh o wa s n o t a l ittle a sto n ished in fi n di n g h im
still a live Nor wa s he less s ur p r ise d whe n S eb a sti a n ,
ke him fo r his m a n y
wi t h g r e a t b old n ess , beg a n to r eb u
elty W he n the e m pe r o r s s ur p r ise wa s a li tt le
a cts o f cr u
s ubsided , he o r de r ed him to be be a t e n to de a th w i t h cl ubs ,
whi ch wa s a cco r di n gly do n e ,a n d his body wa s th r o w n i n t o
a se w e r , fr o m whi ch it wa s r ecovered by a fe m a le m e m ber
r ch , a n d i n te r r ed with the -r ights o f Chri sti a n
o f the ch u
rial
bu
ma ny
.
.
.
.
’
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
.
Fox
'
s
B O OK o r
MA R T Y R S
5
.
No ble con d uc t of thr ee Chr is tz a n F r iend s
”
.
s,
W hile Ma x i m us , gove r n or o f C ili ci a , wa s a t T a rsu
thr ee Christi a n s we r e b r o ugh t be fo r e him , by De m e tr i us ,a
mili ta r y o ffi ce r T a r a c hus , the eldest o f t he th r ee , wa s
s , wh a t he wa s ? The p r iso n er repl ied ,
a ske d by Ma x i mu
The go v e r n o r , o ffe n ded a t t his a n s we r , c o m
a C h r is t i a n
ma n d e d h im to s a c r ifice to the gods , ad di n g , a t the s a m e
ti m e , t h a t by so d oi n g he wo uld g a i n h is fa vo ur To t his
T a r a c hu
s replied , th a t to b e a follo wer o f Ch r ist wa s the
o n ly ho n o ur t h a t he desi r ed in this world , a n d so fa r fr o m
co v e t i n g th e co n di t io n o f s uch a s he , he co n side r ed h im
r a the r a n obj e ct o f pi t y , i n a s m uch a s he wa s a worshipper
of du
m b idols , a n d d e ce ived a n d led a str a y by the devil
F o r this b old n e ss o f spee ch h is j a ws we r e co m m a n ded
to be b r oke n , a n d he wa s th r o wn i n to p r iso n to a wa it the
tr i a l o f t h e o t her p r iso n e r s
Pr ob u
s wa s n e x t b r o ught be fo r e Ma x i m us ,wh o , a s usua l ,
a sked his n a m e
To t his he r eplied , The most n ob le
”
n a m e th a t 1 c a n bo a st o f is th a t o f Ch r is t i a n
Th a t
na m e w ill be o f li t t le se r vi ce to
ou
s
s
a id Ma x i m u
he
,
y
the r e fo r e guided by m e S a crifice to the gods ; e n g a ge
”
my fr ie n dshi p , a n d the fa vo ur o f the e m pe r o r
P rob us
n obly a n s we r ed ,
As he ha d a l r e a d y s a c r i ficed m uch for
the n a m e o f Ch r is t i a n , it m ight a p pe a r evide n t t h a t b e
n eithe r c a r ed fo r his fr ie n dship ,o r the fa vo u
r o f t h e e m pe
ror
He wa s the n seve r ely sco ur ged , a n d De m etr i us
observ i n g h o w t h e blood flo w ed ,e x ho r t ed h im to r eli n q uish
his p r o fessi o n o f Ch r i st ; b ut P rob us a n s we r ed th a t n o t hi n g
r e t h a n to b e fo u
n d wo r thy to
ga ve h im g r e a te r ple a s u
”
s uffe r fo r Ch r ist s s a ke
s , does
\Vha t , s a id Ma x i m u
”
the m a d m a n s t ill pe rs ist in his r esol ut i o n ? To this he
an s w e r ed ,
The t er m m a d m a n is ill a p plied to a disciple
”
of J csu
s
He wa s the n a g a i n sco ur ged , lo a ded with
ch a i n s , a n d co n sig n ed to p r iso n
A n d r o n ic us wa s n e x t b r o ught forth , a n d be i n g a sked
wh o he wa s ,r eplied , I a m a Ch r is t i a n ; a n a ti ve o f Eph e
s , a n d desce n ded fr o m o n e o f t h e n oblest fa m ilies in th a t
su
”
city H e wa s o r de r ed to un de r go a si m il a r p un is hm e n t to
th a t o f T a r a c h u
s , a n d wa s the n rem an ded t o
s a n d P r ob u
priso n
Ha vi n g b e e n co n fi n ed fo r some d a ys ,th ey we re b ro u
t
h
g
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
’
.
.
.
.
.
52
Fox
’
s
no o n
MA RT Y RS
or
g a in be fore Ma x im us , w h o a t firs t beg a n t o re a so n W i t h
the m , b ut fi n di ng t he m s t ill s t e a d f ast , he c a use d t he m to be
to r t ur e d in v a r io us w a ys , a ft e r w hich he a g a i n i n q ui r ed o f
the m whe the r t hey wo uld n o t r eli n q uish t heir fa i t h a n d
”
s a c r i fi ce t o t he go d s
I co m e b e t t e r p r e p a r ed , rc p lie d
P r o b us
fo r wh a t I h a v e s u
ffe r ed h a s o n ly
t h a n be fo r e
stre n g t he n ed m e in my r esol ut io n Em ploy yo ur whole
po we r upo n m e a n d y o u sh a ll fi n d t h a t n e i t he r y o u, n o r
yo ur m a s t e r t h e e m p e r o r , o r t he gods who m y e se r v e , n o r
eve n t he D e v il , who is yo ur fa t he r , s ha ll co m pel m e to
”
wo r shi p idols
The go v e r n o r ,ho weve r , a tt e m p t ed a g a i n
to a so n wi t h h im ; e x t olle d , in t he m os t e x t r a v a g a n t
m a n n e r , t he gods who m t hey s e r ved ; to who m P r ob u
s
r epli e d
S h a ll I p a y di v i n e ho n o ur s to J up i t e r , to o n e
who m a r r ied his o w n sis t e r ; to a n i n fa m o u
s deb a uc hee , a s
”
he is a ck n o wledged t o h a ve bee n eve n by yo ur o wn poets
P r o v oked a t t his , t he go v e r no r o r d e r ed h im t o be s t r uck
upo n t h e m o uth fo r ut t e r i n g w ha t he co n side r ed t o b e bl a s
phe m y H e w a s t he n tor t ur ed in v a r i o us ways a n d c o n
sig n ed aga i n t o p r iso n
A n d r o n i c us w a s n e x t b r o ug ht fo r wa r d , who m Ma x i m us
a tte m t e d t o d e ce i v e , by t elli n g him t h a t his co m p a n io n s
p
ha d r epe n t ed o f t hei r o b s t i n a cy , a n d o w n ed t he gods o f t he
”
e m pi r e
I will n e v e r believe it , s a id A nd r o n i c us , I
k n o w the m t o o w ell to belie v e t h ey will e ver , un de r a ny
c i r c um s t a n ces , fo r s a ke t he wo rs h i p o f the t r ue God t o p a
thei r a do r a tio n t o de v ils so see k n o t t o dece i v e m e ,b ut d o
yo ur wors t : 1 a m a Ch r is t i a n Ch r is t i s my help a n d S ti p
po r t e r , a n d t h us a r m ed 1 will n e i t he r se r v e yo ur gods , n o r
do I fe a r yo ur a ut h o r i ty , o r t h a t o f yo ur m a s t e r ,t he e m pe
ror : co m m e n ce yo ur t o r m e n t s a s soo n a s y o uple a s e , a n d
m a ke us e o f eve r y m e a n s t h a t yo ur m a lig n i ty c a n i n v e n t ,
a n d y o u sh a l l fi n d in t he e n d , t h a t I a m n o t to be sh a ke n
”
t io n
F o r t his a n s w e r li e w a s m ost c r uelly
fr o m m y r esol u
bbed wi t h s a l t , a ft e r whi ch he
r ged , a n d his wo u
n ds r u
s co u
A fe w d a ys a ft e r , they
wa s a g a i n co n sig n ed to p r i so n
gh t o ut fo r a t hi r d e x a m i n a ti o n , a n d fi n di n g t ha t
we r e b r o u
they s t ill r e t a i n ed t hei r co n s t a n cy ,t hey w e r e fi r s t s e ve e | v
r ed , a n d t he n co n s i g n ed t o the a m p hi t he a t r e , t o b e
to r t u
to r n in p ie ces by wild a n i m a l s S e v e r a l be a s t s we r e a r
po n t he m ,b ut n ei t her o f t he m , t ho ugh
c o r d in gly le t loose u
h un g r y , wo uld t o uch t he m A l a rge be a r wa s n e x t b r o ugh t
a
.
,
.
.
r
e
.
.
.
.
'r
.
.
.
.
.
’
Fo x s
no o n
Ma nr r a s
or
53
.
ut t h a t h a d to r n t h r ee perso n s t he s a m e d a y b ut t his
cre a t ur e a n d a fie r ce lio n ess a lso re fused t o t o uc h t l e m
Fi n d i n g t his m e a n s o f d es t r oyi n g the m i n e ffec t ua l , Ma x i
mu
s o r d ered t he m to b e sl a i n w i t h a s wo r d , which w a s a o
c or d in l
g y d o n e o n t he 1 1 t h d a y o f O c t o ber , A n 3 03
o
.
-
.
.
.
.
s
II or r id Ma r ty r d o m o f Roma n u
.
Ro m a n us wa s a n a ti v e o f P a lesti ne ,a n d a de a co n in the
ch ur ch o f Ces a r e a , a t t he t i m e o f Dio cle t i a n s pe rse c ut io n
He w a s a t A n t io c h a t t he t i m e t he i m p eri a l edi ct c a m e fo r
s a c r i fi ci n g to i d ols , an d w a s m uch g r ieved t o se e m a n y
Ch r is t i a n s , th r o ug h fe a r ,s ub m i t to t he idol a tr o us m a n d a t e ,
ile ce n
a n d d e n y t heir f ai t h t o prese r v e thei r live s
t
s ur i n g so m e o f t he m fo r t hei r co n d uc t , he wa s i n fo r m ed
a g a i n st , a n d soo n a ft e r a pp r ehe n d ed
B ei n g b r o ugh t b e
fo r e t he t r i b un a l , he co n fessed li im se lf a C h r is t i a n , a n d
d e cl a r ed t h a t he wa s w illi n g t o s uffe r a n y t hi n g they m ight
see fi t to i n fli ct upo n h im , fo r t he s a ke o f C h r ist \Vhe n
co n de m n ed , he w a s sco ur ged , p ut t o the r a ck , his b ody
to r n w i t h hooks ,hi s flesh c ut w i t h k n ives ,his fa ce s ca r ifi e d ,
his t ee t h k n ocked o ut , a n d hi s h a i r pl ucked o ut by t he
roo t s Th us c r uelly m a n gle d ,he t urn ed to t he gove r n o r ,
a n d ve r y c a l m ly t h a n ked h im fo r wh a t he h a d do n e , a n d
fo r h a vi n g o p e n ed fo r h im so m a n y m o u
t hs w i t h which
to p r e a ch t h e gospel o f Ch r i s t I l e wa s t he n o rd e r ed t o
b e s t r a n gled , which w a s a cco r di n gly do n e o n t he 1 7 th d ay
o f November , A n 3 03
’
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Con ver s ion a n d D ea t h of Cyp r ia n
.
Cypri a n , k n o wn by the n a me o f th e m a gici a n , t o d is
is h him fr o m Cyp r i a n , bisho p o f C a r t h a ge , b e fo r e
t in gu
me n t io n e d , wa s a n a t i v e o f A nt io ch , a n d a ft e r r e ce i v i n g a
l i be r a l ed u
c a t i o n , t r a v elled in o the r co un t r ies , in se a r ch o f
k n o wle d ge , a n d fi n a lly se t tled n e a r B a bylo n bei n g skill
ed in t he Ch a lde a n m ys t e r ies , b e e m p loyed his t a le n t s in
a t t e m p t i n g t o sed u
ce vi rtu
o us w o m e n fr o m t he i r ch a s t ity ,
a n d in pe r sec u
He be c a m e a cq ua i n t ed
t i n g t he Ch r is t i a n s
wi t h J u
s t i n a , a yo un g l a dy o f A n t ioch , o f high b irt h ,
ie a u
ty , a n d a ccompl is h m e n t s , wh o h a d bee n bro u
g ht i p in
.
f
5 a:
54
Fo x
’
s
B O O K o r M A R T Y RS
.
idol a try ,b ut h ad n o w beco m e a Chr is t i a n , a n c pers ua de d
bo t h o f her p a re n t s to e m b r a ce the s a m e fa ith
A p a g a n ge n t le m a n , fa lli n g in love wi t h her , a n d bei ng
i n a ble to ob t a i n a fa vo u
ra ble re t ur n o f his a ffec t io n o n
n t o f h is religio n , he employed Cypri a n t o win he r
a cco u
n der t ook to do so , b u
o ve r t o his w ish e s , wh o u
t w i t h th e
tr e a che r o us pl a n o f poss e ssi n g her hi m sel f To e ffe c t t his
b e e m ployed a ll his skill , b u
t to n o p u
r pose , w hi ch led him
to s uppose th a t she m ust b e p r o t e c t ed by so m e s uperior
po w er H e a cco r di n gly a ppl ied hi m sel f t o t he st ud y o f
ch be n e fici a l e ffe cts
th e p r i n cipl es o f C hr is t ia n ity g with s u
to hi m sel f, t h a t he soo n be c a m e a co n ve r t t o t h e fa i t h ,a n d
his r epe n t a n ce wa s a s si n ce r e a s his i n i q uities h a d bee n
gr e a t H e i mm edi a tely b ur n ed his books , a n d did every
thi n g in his po we r t o a t o n e fo r hi s fo r m e r e r r o r s
H is co n ve r sio n h a d s uch a n e ffect upo n the lover o f the
n g l a dy , t ha t he hi m sel f b e c a m e a co n ve r t , a n d soo n
you
a fter m a rried t he be a u
ti ful J usti n a
D ur i n g the pe r se c ut i o n o f D io cleti a n , J usti n a a n d Cyp
ri a n were se ized upo n a s Ch r is t i a n s ,whe n , a fter b ei n g va
r io u
sl
t
a th by b ei n g b e
r ed , they we r e b oth
u
to
de
y tortu
p
he a ded
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Ma r ty r d om of Th r ee S is ter s
.
Three s isters , whose n a m es we r e C hio n ia , Ag a pe , a n d
Ire n e , wh o ha d bee n ed uc a ted in the Chris t i a n fa i t h , were
seized upo n a s Ch r isti a n s , in Thess a lo n i c a , d ur i n g t he b e
t io n
B e i n g d esi r o us o f co n t i n ui n g
fo r e me n t io n ed pe r se c u
n k n o wn , t hey h a d r e t i r ed to a soli t ar y pl a ce , a n d spe n t
u
the i r leis ur e ho urs in pe r fo r m i n g religio us d ut ies B e i n g ,
ho weve r dis cove r ed a n d seized , they r e n o un ced the i r
fo r m er ti m idi t y , bl a med the m selves for bei n g th us fe a r fu
l
a n d b egged o f God to st r e n gthe n the m fo r t he t r i a ls t h a t
a wa i t ed the m
W he n Ag a p e wa s e x a m i n ed be fo r e D a lc a
t i us , t he gove r n or , she wa s a sked whe t he r she felt di s
p osed t o co m ply wi t h the fa ws o f the e m pi r e ? she a n s we r
ed , Th a t bei n g a C hr is t i a n , she wo uld n o t obey a n V
a ws t h a t co mm a n ded t h e wo r shi
p o f i d ols a n d d e v ils , t h a t
he r resol u
tio n s we r e t a ke n , a n d th a t n o t hi n g sho uld de te r
”
he r from co n t in u
i n g in the m
.
.
.
.
.
.
F
‘
o x s B O O K o r M AR T Yns
55
.
He r si s t e r C hio n ia r e p l i ed in t h e s a m e m a n n e r , a n d the
n a ble to d r a w t he m fr o m t he ir
v e r n o r fi n di n g hi m sel f u
o
g
po n t he m , a n d they were
fa i t h , p a ssed se n t e n ce o f de a th u
r n t , Ma r ch 2 5 , A D 3 04
a cco r di n gly b u
I r e n e w a s t he n bro ught be fo r e the j udge , wh o fa n ci ed
th a t the de a th o f h e r sis t ers w o u
ld h a ve a n e ffec t upo n her
l d i n d uce
fe a r s , a n d t h a t the d r e a d o f a s i m il a r fa te w o u
H e t he r e fo r e e x
he r t o c m ply w i t h hi s o ffe r s o f m e r cy
ho rt e d he r t o a ck n o wledge t he he a t he n de i t ies , t o s a c r ifice
to t he m , a n d t o gi v e up he r b oo ks o n Ch r is t i a n i t y But
she posi t ively r e fused , a n d told h im fi r m ly , t h a t n o p un
ld ever sh a ke
is hm e n t t h a t he h a d t h e po we r to i n flict , sho u
h e r r esol u
t io n in t h e le a st ; t h a t t h a t God w ho h a d co m
ld gi v e h e r s t r e n g th
m e n ded h e r t o lo v e Him to the l a st ,w o u
to e n d ur e her s ufferi n gs a n d th a t she wa s in re a di n ess t o
l si s ters , b ut n o t to a bj ur e
follo w t h e e x a m ple o f her fa i t h fu
her r eligio n
The go v ern o r fi n di n g th a t he co uld n o t prev a il o n h e r
ish h e r fa i t h , co m m a n ded her first to be e x posed
t o reli n q u
n a ked in the st r eets , a n d w he n thi s sh a m e fu
l orde r was
co m plied wi t h , she wa s b ur n ed , Ap r il 1 , A D 2 04 , o n the
s a me spot whe r e her sisters h a d s uffer e d
.
.
.
o
.
.
.
.
.
.
i
sko
ct o
h
i
l
B
i
P
Con d u
,
f
p
p
H
er a clea
f
o
.
This ve n e r a ble b ishop h a d eve r p r oved hi m sel f to b e a
tr ue Ch r is t i a n , by eve r y work o f vi r t ue a n d ch a rity He
wa s a dvised by hi s fr ie n ds to sh ut himsel f u
p , or to le a ve
the city d ur i n g the pe r se c utio n , b ut i n ste a d o f co m ply i n g ,
he reproved those with seve r ity who o ffe r ed this a dvi ce ,
ed in the ope n pe r fo r m a n ce o f his d uties , till
a n d co n t i n u
a pp r ehe n ded by order o f the gover n o r , wh o a d d r e s sed him
sed in
in the follo wi n g m a n n er , B r i n g a ll the vessels u
yo ur worship , a n d a lso the scrip t ur es whi ch y oure a d a n d
te a ch ; a n d see th a t y o us urr e n de r t hi in , b e fo r e co m pelled
so to do by the tortu
po n y o uin
r es th a t will b e in fli cted u
”
c a s e o f a re fus a l
”
r e in
If, r eplied the b ishop , y o u t a ke a n y ple a s u
seei n g us s uffer , my old a n d i n fi r m b ody i s in yo ur po wer ,
do with it a s y o uchoose The vessels y o u d e m a n d sh a ll
be give n up , fo r o ur God is n o t ho n o ur ed by gold a n d
Bu
s ilver , b u
t a s to th e S a cred
t by th e fe a r o f hi s po we r
.
.
.
.
56
r ox
’
s B O O K o r ma n r vn s
'
.
vol umes ,it is n eithe r proper for me to p a rt wit h the m , n or
”
This a n s wer so m uch i n ce n se d
fo r y o uto re ceiv e them
the gover n or ,t h a t he ordered him to the to rt ur e He r m es ,
o n e o f P h ilip s dis ciples , a nd a de a co n o f t h e ch u
rch , r e
m o n st r a t e d wi t h the j u
dge o n s uch a n a r bi t ra r y a ct o f c r uel t y ,
r ged a t the s a m e t i m e
fo r whic h he wa s o r de r ed to b e sco u
The p a ga n s , h a vi n g p r o ceeded to the pl a ce whe r e the
res a n d ch urch pl ate we r e kep t , e m bezzled t he t r e a
s cript u
su
re ,b ur n ed t he sc r i pt ures ,a n d t he n de m olished the ch ur ch
P hilip wa s the n t a ke n to the m a r ket pl a ce , a n d co m
m an d e d to s a c r i fi ce to the Ro m a n dei t ies in ge n e r a l , a n d
Herc ules in p a rt i c ul a r In a n s we r to whi ch com m a n d he
m a de a n a n i m a ted a dd r ess o n the re a l n a t u
r e o f the tru
e
D eity , a n d co n cl u
ded , with s ayi n g th a t t he he a t he n wo r
s hipped wh a t might l a wfu
lly be tro d de n upo n , a n d m a d e
gods o f t hi n gs o n ly d esti n ed fo r thei r o wn service At
th is a n i m a ted a dd r ess the gove r n o r w a s h ighly i n ce n sed ,
an d ordered P hilli p to b e d r a gged th r o u
gh the st r ee t s by
his feet , till he was b r uised in a most sho cki n g m a n n er
He wa s the n b ro ught a g a in be fore the gover n or , who
ch a rged him wi t h obsti n a cy a n d r a sh n ess , a n d beso ught
hi m to s a ve his li fe by a ck n o wledgi n g the Ro m a n deiti es
Philip ,ho wever ,r eplied th a t he p r e fer r ed h e a ve n to e a r th ,
a n d t h a t his fa i t h co m m a n ded h im to obey God r a t he r t h a n
”
ma n
I m m edi a tely up o n thi s he wa s se n te n ced to be
b ur n t ,which wa s e x e c uted a ccord i n gly , a n d he died p r a is
in g God in the m i d st o f the fl a m es
Her m es a n d S ever us,
fo r simil a r co n d u
ct ,wa s s h o rtly a fter co n dem n e d t o the
st a ke
No t lo n g a fter this D io clet ia n a nd Max im ian , we a ry o f
the to ils o f gove r n m e n t ,resign ed the i m peri a l d ia d e m ,whic h
che cked fo r a ti m e a perse c ut i o n mo r e cr uel a n d e x te n si v e
th a n t he ch ur ch ha d eve r be fo r e s uffered O ur li m i t s pr o h i
m er o u
b it fr o m eve n n a m i n g t he n u
s pe r so n s o f t he highest
d ist in c t io n , a s well a s t ho us a n ds o f o t he r s , iit e v e r y pa r t
o f t h e Ro m a n e m pire ,w ho s u
ffe r ed t h e m os t c r u
el t o r t ur es ,
a n d dis p l a yed t he u
t m ost fo r t i t ude , by o cc a sio n o f their
fa i t h a s Ch r is t i a n s
This r esig n a t io n took pl a ce in A D 3 04 , a n d Co n st a n
tius a n d G a le r ius s ucceeded to the govern m e n t o f the
e mp i re
C ons tan tius was a p r in c e o f a mild , hum a n e , a nd a nt i
"
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-
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i oX s
BO O K
on
M Att r v rt s
'
.
ror Ma x e n ti a s But r eme m be r i n g the fa t a l m is eat
l t ipli c i ty
r ia ge s o f h is p r e d e cesso r s w h o h a d m a i n t a i n ed a m u
o f gods , a n d r efle c t i n g t h a t w hile h is fa t he r a do r ed o n ly o n e
God he co n t i n ua lly p r ospe r ed , he r ej ec t ed t he w o r sh ip o f
idols a n d i m plo r ed t he a id o f t he Al m igh ty a n d s uc lt
lo us i n t e r posi t io n s o f he a v e n in his fa vo ur
wee r t he m i r a c u
sebi us , th a t they w o ul d h a ve a ppe a r ed to h im in
s ay s E u
c redible h a d he n o t re ce i ve d the m fr o m t h e e m pe r or
th , who sole mn ly r a t ified t hem wi t h a n o a t h
o w n mo u
empe
.
’
.
Vis ion of Cons ta n tine
.
The a r m y h a vi n g a dv a n ced w ithi n three m i les o f
t ej a c u
l a tio n s ,
Ro m e , t he e m p e r o r , e m ployed in h is d evo u
o n t he 2 7 t h o f O c t obe r ,a bo u
t t h r ee o clo ck in the a ft e r n oo n
whe n t he s u
n w a s decli n i n g , t he r e s u
d d e n ly a ppe ar ed t o
h im , a p ill a r o f light in t he he a ve n s in t h e fo r m o f a c r oss
t i t , T O YT SZ NIK A
wi t h t his pl a i n i n sc r ip t io n , o n o r a bo u
”
‘
In this o v e r co m e
Co n s t a n t i n e wa s gre a tly s ur p r ised
a lly v isi ble t o t h e w hole
a t t his s t r a n ge sight which wa s eq u
a r m y , w h o eq u
a lly w o n de r ed a t it
w i t h hi m sel f
The
o ffi ce r s a n d co m m a n de r s p r o m pte d b y t he soo t hs a ye r s c o n
s p i cio us o m e n , p o r te n d i n g a n un fo r t un a t e
s id e r e d it a n i n a u
e x pe d i t io n , n o r did t he e m p e r o r hi m sel f un d e r s t a n d it t ill
the S a vio ur a p pe a r ed to h im in a V i i o h o ldi n g a c r o s s
’
,
.
.
s
n .
Fo x
’
MA R T Y RS
s s oon or
59
.
m his h a n d ,a n d com m a n di n g him to m a ke a roy a l st a n d a r d
like th a t he ha d see n in t he he a ve n s , a n d c a use it t o b e
co nt i n ua lly c a rried b e fo r e his a r m y , a s an e n sig n bo th o f
vi c t o r y a n d s a fe t y E a r ly the n e x t m o r n i n g , Co n s t a n t i n e
i n fo r m ed his fr ie n ds a n d o ffi cers o f wh a t he ha d see n in
th e n igh t , a n d s en di n g fo r p r ope r w o r k m e n , desc r ibed t o
the m t he fo r m o f the st a n d a r d , whi ch w a s a ccord i n gly
The fo r m
m a d e w i t h t h e g r e a t est a r t a n d m a g n i fice n ce
s : A lo n g spe a r pl a t ed wi t h gold , w i t h a
o f it w a s t h u
tr a n sve r se piece a t t he top , in t h e fo r m o f a cross ,to w hich
r sq u
a r e b an n e r o f p u
r ple , emb r oid er ed
wa s fa s t e n ed a fo u
wi t h gold a n d beset w i t h p r e cio u
s sto n es To wa r d t he
t o p wa s de p i c t ed t h e e m pe r o r bet wee n hi s t wo so n s ; o n
b e t o p o f t h e sh a ft , a b ove the c r oss , stood a c r o wn o v er
l a id w i t h gold a n d p r ec io us s t o n es ,w i t hi n whi ch wa s pl a ced
the s a c r ed sy m b o l , v iz : t h e t w o fi r st letters o f Christ in
G r eek , X a n d P , st uck o n e t h r o ugh t he othe r This de2
v i ce he a ft e rw a r d bo r e u
po n hi s shield , a n d upo n his co i n s ,
m a n y o f whi ch a r e n o w e x t a n t
No t lo n g a ft e r t hi s he e n g a ged Ma x e n ti a s , a n d de fe a ted
m ph
Im m edi a t ely a fter this ,
him , e n te r i n g Ro m e in t r i u
a la w w a s p a ssed gi vi n g fr ee tole r a ti o n to Chris t i a n i ty
thr o ugho ut t he e m pi r e , a n d th us e n ded t he bloody t ri a ls o f
t
rch , a t le as t for a se a so n
he ch u
.
.
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.
PART IL
H A PT E R !
C
Miscella n eo us P er s ecut ion s d ur ing th e F our th C en tur y
AF T E R Co n st a n ti n e h a d s ub d ued Ma x e nt ius , the pe r se
t be
a tio n o f t he Ch r is t i a n s w a s n o t o n ly fo r b idde n , b u
.
hi m sel f a fa i t h ful follo we r o f C h r is t ,t he Christi a n
r eligio n wa s soo n es t a blished t h r o u
gho ut t he e m pi r e
A la w wa s n o w p ublished in fa v o ur o f t h e Christi a n s ,
s j oi n ed wi t h Co n st a n t i n e , a n d a copy
m whi ch Li ci n i u
po n Ma x i m us , C o n s t a n t i n e s a sso ci a te it: t he em
se r ved u
Ma x i m us w a s a b igo tt e d p a g a n , a n d gre a tly dis
p i re
pp r es s ed his d is a pp r ob a t io n ,fo r fe a
i ked thi s edic t , b u
t su
At l e n g h he i n v a de d the d
o f Co n st a nt i n e s a n g e r
m i ng
.
’
.
l
’
t
.
60
Fox
’
s
n
o o n o n an ten n as
.
s , b ut b e i n g de fe a ted he p ut a n e n d to
min io n s o f L ic i n i u
L i ci n i us , ho we ve r , who a t fi rs t j o i n ed
his li fe b y poiso n
wi t h Co n s t a n t i n e , c a used m a n y e m i n e n t b ishops a n d p r i es t s
t to de a t h w i t hi n hi s o wn do m i n io n s
This b y
t o be pu
n ce n sed Co n s t a n t i n e t h a t he m a r ch
elty
so
i
o cr is y a n d c r u
p
ed a g a i n s t a n d de fe a ted h im , a ft er whi ch he wa s s l a i n by
his o wn soldie r s
r ch , in ge n e r a l , e nj oyed
But n ot wi t hst a n di n g the ch u
re st a n d p r ospe r ity ; the gosp e l h a vi n g spre a d beyo n d t he
ed
n d s o f t he Ro m a n em pire , its vo t a r ies s t i ll co n ti n u
bou
elty , whe n the po wer 01
t o feel t he e ffects o f he a t he n cr u
C o n s t a n t in e did n o t e x te n d for the ir pr o te ct io n
.
.
.
.
ti on of t h e Chr is t ia n s i n P er s ia
P er s ecu
.
co n s e que n ce o f the gospel h a vi n g spre a d in t o th is
n t r y , the p a g a n p r iests be c a m e a l a r med lest their rel i
co u
gi o n sho uld fi n a lly b eco m e e x t i n ct They , th ere fo r e , co m
pl a i n ed to t hei r sovere ig n , th a t t he Ch r isti a n s we r e e n e
m ies to the st a te , a n d held tre a so n a ble co r resp o n de n ce
The e m
wit h the Ro m a n s , the g r e a t e n e m ies o f Pe r s ia
e ro r ,bei n g hi m sel f a ve r se to Ch r isti an ity , g a v e orders for
p
tio n o f the Christi a n s thro ugho ut his do
a ge n er a l persec u
mi n i o n s
In co n seq ue n ce o f this m a n d a te , S i m eo n , a rchb ishop o f
c ia , w i t h o t her e cclesi a st i cs , to the n u
S e lu
m ber o f o n e
n d r ed a n d t w e n ty eight ,we r e a pprehe n ded ,a n d a cc u
sed
hu
B e i ng
o f h a vi n g b et r a yed the e m pire to the Ro m a n s
ght b e fo r e the e m pe r o r , S i m eo n boldly a vo we d his
n ou
fa i t h
O fle n d e d a t his fr eedo m , the mo n a r ch orde r ed h im
0 k n eel be fo r e h im , a s h e h a d hereto fo r e do n e
To th is
S i m eo n a n swe r e d , th a t b ei n g bro ugh t be fore him a s a pr i
s e n er o n a cco un t o f his religio n , it wa s n o t l a wful fo r him
to k n eel , lest he sho uld b e tho ught to wo r ship a m a n , a n d
b etra y hi s fa i t h to h is God
The emperor , still m o r e e m
r a ged , told him if he did n ot k n ee he a n d a ll the Ch r is
t ia n s in t he e m p ire sho uld b e put to de a t h B ut he sti ll
rej ected t he co m m a n d with disd a i n , a n d wa s or de red to b e
s e n t to priso n
A short ti m e a fter , S i m eo n a nd his comp a n io n s we r e
a a in b r o u
ght b e fo r e the e m pe r or for e x a mi n a tio n , who
g
co mm a n d e d the m to wors hi p t he s u
n , a gree a bl y t o the
In
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F ox
’
s
B OOK o r
MA R T YR S
61
.
n a n i m ou
t this the y u
sly re fused
Pers ia n c usto m , b u
They
were the n se n te n ced to b e behe a ded , w hi ch wa s a cco r d
t ed u
po n the m
in g i e x e c u
tio n , he wa s s a l uted by
he n S i m eo n w a s le d to e x e c u
Us t ha z a r e s , who h a d bee n t he t ut o r o f the e m pe r o r , a nd
rt , b u
t S i m eo n re fu
sed
wa s held in high es t i m a tio n a t co u
to ret ur n t he s a l ut a t i o n , o n a cco un t o f Us t ha z a r e s , who
h a v i n g bee n o n ce a Ch r is t i a n , ha d a post a tized t o ple a se his
m a ste r W he n t h us r ep r o v ed by S i m e o n , he co uld n o t re
fr a i n fr o m e x cl a i m i n g , Ah h o w sh a ll I he r e a fte r look
upo n m y God , w ho m I h a v e de n ied , whe n S i m eo n , my
old co m p a n i o n a nd fa m il i a r a cq ua i n t a n ce , di sd a i n s to g ive
”
rn m
te l
m e a ge n t le W o r n , o r t o r et u
y sal u
The e m pe r o r , o n be i n g i n fo r m ed o f t his , c a lled for h is
t utor , a n d a sked him t he c a use o f h is un h a ppi n ess telli ng
him , a t the s a m e ti m e , t h a t if the r e we r e a n y thi n g th a t
co uld b e do n e to m a ke him h a p py , it sho uld n o t be wi t h
held T o t his he r eplied , Th a t t he r e wa s n o t hi n g th a t
this wo r ld co uld a ff or d t h a t he d esi r ed , b ut t h a t t he c a use
o f his so r r o w w a s t h e h a vi n g de n i d his G od a g a i n st the
”
di c t a t es o f his co n scie n ce fo r w hi ch , c o n t i n ued he , I
b le d e a t h
fi r s t , fo r de nyi n g o f Chri st ,
a m d ese r vi n g a d o u
”
a n d se co n dly , fo r d isse m bli n g w i t h m y k i n g
The e m p e r o r , g r e a t ly o ffe n ded a t thi s speech , o r dered
a t w hi ch , Us t h a z a r e s r eq u
h im to be behe a ded
es t ed th a t
it migh t be p ubli cly p r ocl a i m ed , th a t he d ied fo r n o crim e
a g a i n s t the e m pe r o r or t h e st a te , b u
t o n ly th a t , bei n g a
Ch r is t i a n , h e wo uld n o t de n y his God This petiti o n wa s
gr a n ted , a n d he died w i t h g r e a t co m pos ur e
A sho r t ti m e a fter this a n edi ct wa s p ublished , o r der ing
ld be p ut
t h a t a ll w h o co n fessed t he m selves C h r is t i an s sho u
e n ce o f wh ich , gr e a t m ul t it udes s uf
t o de a t h ; in co n seq u
ti o n co n t i n ued t ill Co n st a n
fe r e d de a th ; a n d t he pe r se c u
ti n e t he G r e a t w r ote to the e m pe r o r o f P e r si a , r eq uest i n g
ti n g
him in a ve r y fr ie n dly m a n n e r t o d e sist fr o m perse c u
the Chris t i a n s He e n fo r ced hi s req uest by de cl a r i n g th a t
it wa s o nl y th r o ug h fa i t h
Ch r ist th a t he h a d b e e n e n a
bled to s ubd ue his e n e m ies a n d e n l a r ge the b o r ders o f t he
He a lso a ll ud ed t o the t r o ubles o f his
Ro m a n e m p i r e
prede cesso r s w h o h a d pe r se c uted t he Ch r isti a n ch ur ch , a n d
the prosperi t y o f t hose wh o h a d fa vo ur ed it ; a n d c o n
ded b v e x p r e s i n h is des i r e t ha t he w o uld sho w fa vo u
r
cl u
.
.
’
.
.
e
.
.
.
.
.
.
s
g
62
’
F o x s no o n
or
MA RT YRS
.
C hristi a n s t ha t resided in P ersi a ; an d th i s he
l d co n si d e r a s t he s t r o n gest evide n ce o f hi s fr ie n dsh ip
wo u
to wa r d hi m sel f
W i t h t h i s req uest the Persi a n mo n a r c h imm edi a tely
co m pli e d , a n d a s t op wa s p ut to the pe r sec utio n , a fte r
ha d e i t her s u
tfe r e d de a t h or b a n i s hme n t
to
t he
.
.
t i o n by t h e Ar i a n s
P er secu
.
The se ct de n o m i n a ted Ari a n s took their r i s e fr om
Ar i n s , a p r ies t o f Ly b ia , wh o fi r st b eg a n t o p r op a g a t e h is
se n t i m e n t s in Ale x a nd r i a , A D 3 1 8 He wa s co n de m n e d
n cil o f L b ia n a n d Egyp t i a n b ishops , a n d t he
b y a co u
y
se n t e n ce w a s s a n ct i o n ed by t h e co un cil o f Ni ce ,A D 3 2 5
A ft e r t he de a t h o f Co n s t a n t i n e , t hey fo un d m e a n s t o in
r a t ia t e t he m selves wi t h hi s s o n a n d s u
c
cesso
r , a n d soo n
g
r a ised a pe r se c utio n a g a i n s t t he o r thodo x b isho p s a n d clergy
The celeb r a t ed A t h a n a si us a n d o t h e r b i s hops were b a
h ishe d , a n d t hei r sees w e r e tilled w i t h A r i a n s
In Egyp t a n d Ly bia , t hi r ty b ishops we r e m a r ty r ed , a n d
a g r e a t m a n y othe r Ch r is t i a n s we r e c r u
elly t o r t ur ed In
n de r
A D 3 3 6 , Geo r ge the A r i a n , b isho p o f Ale x a n d r i a , u
the a ut ho r i t y o f t h e e m p e r o r , bega n a pe r se c ut io n in t h a t
ci t y a n d it s e n vi r o n s , in whi ch he wa s a ssisted by t he go
ve r n o r a n d seve r a l o f the e m pe r o r s o fl
i ce r s
The c r uelty
t li t t le sho r t o f th a t pr a cti sed by t h e
of these hereti cs fell b u
tti n g up the ch ur ches o f
pa g a n s They co mm e n ced by sh u
t h e o rt hodo x
p a r ty , by b a n ishi n g t he m , a n d pl un deri n g
t
u e ffe cts , b ut soo n p r oceeded to g r e a te r deeds o f vi o
le n ce A s the o r thodo x Ch r is t i a n s we r e prohibited fr om
sed o ft e n to r e t i r e to t he
wo r shippi n g in t h e c i t y , t hey u
deser t fo r t he p ur pose , a n d fo r a while we r e pe r m i t ted to
do so w i tho ut m oles t a ti o n b ut o n a T r i n i ty S un d a y ,while
th us e n g a ged , Geo r ge ,the A r i a n b ishop e n g a ged S eb a st i a n ,
a Ro m a n ge n e r a l , to fa ll u
po n t he m w i t h his soldie r s ,while
they we r e a t thei r p r a ye r s ,a n d g r e a t num be r s we r e s a cri fi ced
to the fu
r y o f his t r oo s
This o ut r a ge wa s follo wed by
p
others o f s i m il a r n a t ure , a n d fo r seve r a l ye a r s the whole
Ro m a n e m pi r e wa s a s ce n e o f co n te n t io n , r a p i n e , a n d
ghte r
sl a u
The weste r n h a l f o f the e m pi r e , ho weve r , wa s more
e n ce a n d p e r se c utio n ,a s Co n sta ns,
fr ee fr om Ar i a n i n fl u
.
.
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.
.
.
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.
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’
.
.
ne
.
.
.
Fo x is
B OO K
or
M i a r v as
.
mp eror , fa vo ur ed t he o rthodo x p a rty , whil e h is b r o
s fa v o ur ed those o f the Ari a ns
d wr Co n st a n ti u
a:
e
.
lia n
t ion u
n d er J u
Per secu
.
li a n th e a pos ta te , a s he is us ua lly c a lled , who suc
Ju
ce e d e d C o n st an s in t he i m pe r i a l gover n m e n t ,wa s the s et:
li us Co n s t a n ti us , a n d n e phe w o f Co n st an t i n e the
of J u
'
Gre a t
H e st udied t he rudi m e n ts o f gr a m m a r un der the ins pe c
tio n o f Ma r d o n ius , a e un uc h a n d a he a t he n H is f at her
cted in t he
s e n t h im a ft e r wa r d to Nico m edi a to b e i n s t r u
ch r isti a n r eligio n by E us bi us , his ki n s m a n , b ut his p r i n
pted by Ma x i m us t h e m a gici a n a n d Eu
c ip le s we r e co r r u
b a li us , a p r o fessor o f rhe t o r i c
D 3 6 1 , whe n J u
li a n s ucceeded
C o n s t a n s d ied in A
him , b u
t he ha d n o soo n e r a sce n ded t h e i m peri a l t hr o n e
n ced Ch r isti a n ity , a n d e m b r a ced he a t he n ism
th a n he r e n o u
He a g a i n i n s t i t ut ed idol a t r o us wo r ship , by ope n i n g se ve r a l
he a t he n t e m p les th a t h a d bee n sh ut up , r eb uildi n g s uch a s
ha d b e e n des t r oyed , a n d orderi n g the m a gis t r a te s a n d peo
ple ge n e r a lly t o follo w hi s e x a m ple H e did n o t , ho wever ,
iss ue a n y edi ct a g a i n st the Ch r is t i a n s ,b ut g a ve fr ee tole r a
ti o n t o t h e e x e r cise o f eve r y r eligio n , t ho ugh he dep r i ved
the Ch r is t i a n s o f a ll o ffi ces , c ivil o r m ili t a r y , a n d t he
cle r gy o f t h e p r ivileg es th a t h a d b ee n gr a n ted t o them
by Co n s t a n ti n e
No r d id he follo w the p r o fliga t e co urse o f his pr e d e ce s
sors ,b ut wa s r ese r ved ,t e m pe r a te ,l a b o r io us ,a n d a pp a r e n tly
pio us , whi ch r e n de r ed h im a m o r e d a n gero us e n e m y to
the Ch r is t i a n s t h a n a n y th a t h a d go n e b e fo r e him He a t
fi r st a t te m p t ed to win the m ove r to idol a tr y by l a vish in g
gi ft s a n d h o n o ur s upo n s uch a s follo wed his e x a m ple o f
a pos t a cy
a n d the n , by p r ohib i t i n g Ch r isti a n schools , b e
co m pelled the childre n e i t her to b e co m e idol a ters or t o
r e m a i n illi t er a t e
He a lso orde r ed th a t the Ch r i sti a n s m ight b e tre a te d
coldly up o n all o cc a sio n s , a n d in a ll p a rt s o f t he e m pire ;
a n d e m loyed w i tt y pe r so n s t o t u
r n t he m a n d t hei r p r i n
p
c i le s i n t o
r idic u
le Ma n y a lso w e r e m a r t y r ed in his
p
r e i g n , fo r tho u
gh he did n o t p ubli c y pe r se c ut e the m him
se l f, he c o n n ix e l a t t hei r b e i n g m u
r d e r ed by h is gov e r n o rs
.
~
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e
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l
64
’
Fo x s
s oon
or
MA RT Y RS
.
the r o ffi cers ; tho ugh b e a ffected n eve r t o rewa rd
h e m fo r t hose cr uel t ies , n ei t h e r d id he ever p un ish t he m
Amo n g t he m ost d is t i n g ui s hed p e r so n a ge s w ho s uffere d
m a rty r dom d ur i n g his reig n ,wa s Ba sil ,w ho r e n d e r e d him
o us by his o pp osi t io n t o t he Ar i a n heres y
se l f co n sp i c u
He wa s a n e m i n e n t p r e a c he r in t he ci ty o f A n cy r a , t he
c a pi ta l o f G a l a t i a , a n d n o t w i t hst a n d i n g he wa s v iole nt ly
Op posed by t he A r i a n b isho ps o f Co n s t a n t i n o pl e , he
ed in t he fa i t h ful pe r fo r m a n ce o f hi s d ut y t ill he
c ontin u
wa s a p p r ehe n ded o n t he ch a rge o f be i n g a n i n ce n d i a ry
r be r o f t he p u
a nd d is tu
bli c pe a ce But J uli a n , be i n g e n
a ged in a n e x pedi t io n a g a i n st P e r si a , p a i d b u
l
i
t
le
a tt e n
t
t
g
t io n t o t h e s u
bj ec t fo r t he p r ese n t , d ur i n g whi c h i n t e r v a l
Ba sil i m p r o v ed hi s ti m e in p r e a chi n g a g a i n st idol a tr y o n
the o n e h a n d , a n d Ari a n is m o n t he o t he r
O n e d a y , mee t i n g wi t h a n u
m be r o f p a g a n s goi n g in
processio n t o s a c r i fi ce , he b ol d ly e x pos t ul a t ed wi t h t he m
on t he w i cked n ess a n d folly o f s u
ch wo r sh ip , a n d w a s
sei zed by t he m ul t i t ud e a n d c a r r i ed b e fo r e S a t ur n i n o s ,t he
gove r n o r ,to who m he wa s a c c used o f r evili n g t he gods a n d
the e m pe r o r , a n d dis t ur bi n g t he pe a c e o f t he ci ty H a vi n g
he a r d t hese a c c us a t io n s , t he gove r n o r d esi r ed t o k n o w his
se n t i m e n ts fr o m his o w n m o ut h , whe n fi n d i n g h im t o b e
a st r e n u
o us Christi a n , he o r de r ed h im to be p ut , fi r st to
the r a c k , a n d t he n to be c a st i n t o p r iso n He t he n wrote
n t o f his p r o ceedi n gs to the e m pe r o r , w ho n ot
a n a cco u
o n ly co n fir m ed wh a t ha d b ee n d o n e , b ut se n t t wo a pos
t a te Ch r is t i a n s to t he pl a ce whe r e B a sil wa s co n fi n ed , to
r t o win him over to p a ga n is m F i n d i n g t he i r
e n de a v o u
e ffo r t s v a i n they g a v e ove r t hei r obj e ct a n d i m m e d i a tely
r n o f t he e m pe r o r , g a ve him a n a cco u
n t o f t he
o n t he r e t u
fa il u
r e o f t hei r e x e r t i o n s
Ju
li a n t he n o r de r ed B a sil be fore hi msel f, a n d by t h re a t s
and
r o m ises s tr ove to m a ke h im fo r s a ke t h e
r is t i an
Ch
p
fa i t h a n d e m b ra ce idol a t r y , b u
t he n o t o n ly obsti n a t ely
re fused , b ut , wi t h a p r ophe t i c a l spi r i t ,fo r e t ol d the de a t h o f
the e m pe r o r , a n d t h a t he sho uld b e t o r m e n t ed in t he o t her
worl d
At t he bold n ess o f t his co nd uct t he e m p e r o r was
ry m u
ch e nr a ged , a n d co m m a n d e d t h a t he sho uld b e put
a de a t h
, by h a v i n g a p a r t o f his flesh t o r n o ff d a ily in seve n
‘
fle r e n t pl a ces , till his body w a s co m ple t ely m a n gled
t
c e w a s a c co r d in e lv e x e c u
h is c u
ted , a n d Bas il
el
md
o
t
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a
'
f
.
r
se n
en
’
r o x s B OO K o r MAn r vn s
'
.
He a cco r di n gly w e n t to spe n d the e n s ui n g Ea ster with
S au
s a la , a Ch r is t i a n p r iest o f g r e a t s a n c t i t y , b u
t o n the
thi r d n ig ht a fte r his a r r iv a l , t hey we r e bo t h seized by a
co m p a ny o f soldie r s S a n s a la wa s pe r m i tt ed to d r ess h im
sel f, b ut S a b a s wa s t a ke n fr o m his bed n a ked , a n d c o m
r i n g whi ch t i m e
e lle d t o wa lk a co n side r a ble dis t a n ce , d u
p
they drove h im t hr o ugh t ho r n s a n d b r i a r s This c r uel ty
he bo r e W i t ho ut a m ur m ur , a n d whe n they sto p ped fo r the
n ight , th y e x te n ded h im be t w ee n t w o b e a m s tyi n g his
The wo m a n
feet to o n e e n d , a n d his h a n ds to the o t he r
se , ho we v e r , w e n t a n d r ele a sed him , b ut t h o ugh
)f the ho u
he wa s n o w a t libe r ty , he did n o t a t te m pt to esc a pe
to r s beg a n to t a m
O n the follo wi n g m o r n i n g his pe r se c u
n ce their
e r w ith h im a n d his fello w p r iso n e r to r e n o u
p
religio n , b ut fi n di n g the m both ste a d fa st , they r ele a sed
t S a b a s to de a th by d r o wn i n
Th
s
t pu
i
h
a
s a la , b u
S au
p
g
pe n ed o n the 1 2 th d ay o f Apr il ,A D 3 7 2
tice
'
.
.
.
e
.
.
.
.
C
.
H A PT ER 11
.
.
se biu
s
Accoun t of E u
.
E useb i us , b ishop o f S a m a s at a m a de a d isti n guished
r e in e c clesi a stic a l histo r y , a n d w a s o n e o f the m ost
fi g u
e m i n e n t ch a m p i o n s o f Ch r i st a g a i n st the A r i a n he r esy
The A r i a n s h a v i n g a dv a n ced Mii et us to the see o f An
m e n t o f his a d
tio ch , thi n ki n g h im o f t hei r p a r ty , t \ e doc u
v a n ce m e n t wa s p l a ced in the c a r e o f E useb i us W he n
Mile t us p r e a ched hi s fi r st se r m o n , the A r i a n s , to their
g r e a t s ur p r ise , fo un d th a t they h a d b ~e n m ista ke n in him
re
They the r e fo r e pe r s ua ded the
fo r his doct r i n e w a s p u
e m pero r to displ a ce him , a n d lik e w se to get the in str u
sebi us Milet us wa s a ccord
t o f t h e h a n ds o f E u
m en t ou
seb i us co mm a n d e d to gi v e up the a r ti
in gly de p osed ,a n d E u
cle ,b ut he r e fused ,s a yi n g t h a t he co uld n o t p a r t with it w ith
The e m pe r or ,
ou
t the co n se n t o f a ll p a r t ies co n ce r n ed
in ce n sed a t t h is r eply , wr ote to h im th a t he h a d give n the
m e sse n ge r o r de r s to c ut o ff his r ight h a n d in c a se he r e fuse d
m
u
the
i
n st r u
e
t
E
s ebi u
s , wi t h
a seco n d ti m e to g ive u
n
p
a n d decl a r ed th a t
ou
t the le a st e m otio n , o ffe r ed his h a n d
s
.
’
.
.
.
‘
.
.
.
s
,
r
o x s B OOK o r MA RT YR S
’
.
lose them b oth r a the r t h a n o r a r us t r ust
The e m peror , whe n he wa s i n fo r me d o f t m s , p p la ud e d
fo r h im e ver
his resol utio n , a n d pro fessed a high 6 5
a fter
The Ari a n s n o w l ooked upo n E useb i us a s a p o werful a nd
d a n ge r o us e n e my ,
ccess
a n d a s he wa s ve r y n a i ve a n d s u
l in op p osi n g t h e p r ogress o f t heir heresy , t h e y a t le n gth
fu
p r o c ur ed fro m t he empe r o r an order fo r his b a n ishme n t
fro m the see o f S a m a s a t a
W he n the m esse nger c a m e with his commis s io n , it wa s
l a te in t h e eve n i n g , a nd E useb i us , who wa s beloved o f t he
”
people , begged o f h im to co n ce a l his b usi n ess ; F o r ,
if it be comes k n o wn , the people will fa ll o n
ay s b e ,
th
r o w y o ui n to the r iver , a n d I sh a ll b e ch a r ged w ith
ou
,
y
”
yo ur de a th
He the n we n t th r o ugh w ith hi s usua l devo
tio n s , a n d l a te a t n ight set o ff upo n his j o urn ey , a tte n ded
o n ly by a fa i t h ful se r v a n t
W he n , o n the follo wi n g d ay , his people discovered th a t
he wa s a bse n t , a n d le a r n i n g wh a t co ur se he h a d t a ke n ,by
gre a t n um be r s p ur s ued h im , a n d whe n they h a d ove r t a ke n
ght h im n ot to fors a ke the m ;
him , w i t h te a rs they b eso u
t fi n di n g th a t they co u
ld n ot prev a il , they fur n ished him
bu
rn ey , a n d ret ur n ed
with eve r y n ecess a r y fo r his j o u
Th r a ce , the co un t r y to w hi ch he wa s b a n ished , wa s a t
t h e ti m e the se a t o f w a r bet wee n the Goths a n d Ro m a n s ;
seb i us wa s in gr e a t d a n
a n d in these co n tests the li fe o f E u
At le n gt h the empe r o r , i n order to p ut an e n d to the
ge r
wa r , dete r m i n ed to m a r ch a g a i n st th e Goths in perso n ,b u
t
firs t , t o sec u
r e the p r a yers o f t h e Ch r isti a n s , he g a ve pe a ce
to the ch ur ch , a n d a llo wed the b a n ishe d p r el a tes to r etur n
0 their ch u
r ches
E useb i us wa s there fo r e resto r ed to his
ee , b u
t did n o t e nj oy i t lo n g , fo r a n Ari a n w om a n thre w
tile a t him from the top o f a ho use , whi ch fr a ctur ed
ll , a n d termi n a ted his li fe T his h a ppe n ed in
his sk u
A D 3 80
ld
he wo u
e i
.
.
.
.
“
.
.
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'
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t ion of th e Chr is tia ns by t he Ar ia n Va n d a ls
P er secu
.
The Ari a n V a n d a ls pro ceedi n g fr o m S p a i n to A fr i c a i n
the fi fth c e n tu
ry, u
n der Ge n se r i c , t hei r le a der , committe d
man y ho r rid cru
el t ies They persec uted the Ch r ist ia n s
vh e re ve r they ca me , l ayi n g wa s t e t h e co u
n tr ,th a t fa min e
y
.
68
F
o x s B O O K o r M A RT YRS
’
.
They pl un de r
m i ght dest r oy w h a t t he s w ord b a d sp a r ed
e l l the ch u
rches , a n d m a ss a cred the bishops a n d m i n is t ers
l a r , t he y po ur ed fe t id oil
a v a r ie ty o f to r t u
r e s ; in p a r t i c u
a n d vi n eg a r do wn t he th r o a t s o f so m e t ill t hey e x p i r ed
d ,a n d
ney s u
ffo c a ted so m e by filli n g t he i r m o n t h s wi t h m u
mu
rdered o t hers by stre t c h i n g t he ir li m bs wi t h co r ds a n d
They co m pelled so m e o f
s c r e w s t ill t he vei n s b u
r sted
n e n obili ty to c a rr y t heir b a g a ge , a n d if t hey did n o t
g
: r a vel fa s t e n o u
gh t hey p r i cked t he m o n wa r d by sh a rp
go a ds , i n so m uch t h a t m a n y o f t he m d ied un d e r t hei r b ur
de n s O ld m e n fo un d n o me r cy ,a n d eve n g uil t less i n fa n t s
felt the r a ge o f the i r b a r b a r i t y ; s t a tely b u
ild i n gs we r e d e
str oye d , a n d the pri n cip a l c a thed r a ls in C a r t ha ge we re
e m p loyed in thei r here t i c a l wo r shi p or put to p r o fa n e uses
.
.
.
.
.
.
W here a ny c a s t le held o ut a g a i n s t t hem ,t hey bro ught g r e a t
m be r s o f c a ptive Ch r is t i a n s a n d sle w t he m , le a vi n g t hei r
nu
bodies unde r the wa lls , th a t t he b e s e ige d m igh t b e fo r ced
to s ur r e n der , o n a c co un t o f the o ffe n si ve s t e n ch th a t a r ose
fr o m the m
W he n t hey ha d seized a n d pl un dered the city o f C a r
t h a ge they p u
t the b ishops a n d a ll t he cle r gy i n t o a le a ky
ship a n d co mm i t t ed the m to the m e r cy o f t he wa ves ,thi n k
in g th a t they a ll m u
h
vine
u
b
t
e vessel ,t h r o u
gh
Di
e r is h
st
t
p
P r ovide n ce , a r r ived s a fe a t Na ples S eve r a l Ch r is t i a n s
r ged , b e a t e n , a n d b a n ished to C a s u
were sco u
p r , whe r e it
ple a sed God to m a ke the m i n s t rume n t a l in co n ve r ti n g
m a n y o f the Moo r s to Ch r is t i a n i t y
Bu
t t his co m i n g to the
k n o wledge o f Ge n se r i c he se n t o r de r s t h a t t hey a n d t heir
co n verts sho uld b e tied b y thei r feet to ch ar iots a n d
d r a gged till t hey were d a shed to pie ces
Pa m p in ia n , bishop o f Ma n s u
e t is , wa s b u
r n t to d e a th
wi t h pl a tes o f hot i r o n ; the bisho p o f Ur ice w a s b u
rnt ;
the bishop o f Ha b e ns a w a s b a n ished , fo r re fusi n g to give
up t he s a c r ed books w hi ch w e r e in his possessio n ; a n d a
whole co n g r eg a t io n w ho we r e a sse m bled in a ch ur ch a t t hei r
devo t i o n s , toge t he r wi t h t he cle r gy m a n w ho wa s p r e a chi ng
to t he m , we r e m ur de r ed b v these b a rb a ri a n s ,who brok e in
upo n t he m
Ar c h in imus wa s a devo ut Ch r i sti a n upo n whom m a ny
a r t ifi ce s we r e e m ployed in v a i n t o m a ke h im r e n o u
n ce his
fa i t h
At le n gt h G e n se r i c h i m sel f un de r t ook t o pers ua de
i im b u
t fi n din g h s e n d e a vo u
rs i n e ffec t ive ,me o rder e d him
.
'
.
.
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i
r ox
’
s
B
OO K o r MA R T Y R S
69
.
b e i e he a d e d He ho w ever ordered the e x ec ut io n er t o
e r fo r i n h i s o ffice o n ly in c a se the p r iso n e r see m ed i n ti m i
”
fo r the n , s a id he ,
the cro wn o f
a ted a n d a fr a id ;
ra e
ma r ty r do m w ill b e lost to h im b ut if he a ppe a r s co u
ou
s a n d w illi n g t o d ie , st r ike n o t , fo r I d o n o t i n te n d th a t
”
he sh a ll h a v e t he ho n o ur o f bei n g dee m ed a m a rt y r
The
e x e c ut io n e r fi n di n g Ar c h in im us h a p py in the t ho ughts o f
dy i n g fo r the s a ke o f Ch r is t , b r o ugh t him b a ck a g a i n He
wa s so o n a ft e r b a n ished a n d n eve r he a rd o f m o r e , tho u
gh
it is co nj e c t ur ed th a t he wa s m urde r ed p r iv a tely by the
k i n g s o r de r s
Abo ut this ti m e , five tho us a n d C h r isti a n s o f C a r th a ge
n e r ic i n t o a desert , wher e a
we r e b a n ished Ly ki n g Hu
g r e a t propor t i o n o f the m p e r ished wi t h fa m i n e
‘
0
.
‘
“
g
,
.
.
’
.
.
r
t ion s f r o m th e F if t h t o th e S even th C en tu
Per secu
y
.
the ti m e o f the perse c utio n un der Ge n seri c , the
ch ur ch in ge n e ra l , enj oyed a tole r a ble st a te o f t ra n q uility ,
e x cep t i n g a n o cc a sio n a l t um ult bet w ee n the orthodo x a n d
A r i a n , o r so m e oth e r hete r odo x p a r t y
The m os t dis t i n g uished o f t hese , is th a t which o cc urred
a t Ale x a n d r i a , a bo u
t t he ye a r 4 5 7
A n e w he r esy h a v i n g a r ise n a t a b o ut this pe r iod , w hi ch
b ei n g fi r st p r op a g a t ed by Eu
t y c h e s , w a s c a lled by his
na m e
H e g a i n ed m a n y p r osely t es , e sp e ci a lly a m o n g the
A r i a n p a r t y A m o n g these wa s D ia s co r us , bishop o f Ale x
and ri a
F o r the e m b r a ci n g o f this fa ith he wa s tried by a
co un cil , a n d co n de m n ed to b e re m oved fr o m hi s see , a n d
Pr o t e r iu
ccesso r ,o f whi ch choice the e m
s a ppoi n te d his s u
s , his a dhe
pe r o r a p p r o v e d A fte r the r e m o v a l o f D ia s cor u
r a n ts , w h o we r e n um e r o us , de t e r m i n ed to r esist n o t o n l y
the de c r ee o f t he co un cil , b ut a lso the will o f t h e e m pe r o r ,
by physic a l fo r ce , a n d fo r th is p ur pose a r m ed the m se lves
The go v e r n o r o f The b a is , to q uell this
fo r t he co n test
i n s ur r e cti o n , m a r ched a g a i n st the m w i t h a body o f t r oops ,
bu
t they , bei n g in a ki n d o f p h r e n sy , a t t a cked a n d de fe a t ed
him
The i n t ellige n ce o f t hi s a ffa i r so e x a spe r a t ed t he
e m pe r or , th a t he se n t a det a ch m e n t o f 2 000 m e n a g a i n st
the m , the sight o f who m , together w ith the p r ude n t co n
d uct o f t he gover n o r ,soo n resto r ed pe a ce to the ci t y T he
dis a ffe cted p a r ty , n eve rth eless , co n ti n ued to vie w Prote
Fr o m
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
'
.
70
r ox
’
s
B
OO K o r MA RT Y RS
.
r ius with re se n tme n t , in somuch th a t he was c om pelle d to
n i c a te so m e o f t h em , an d proc u
e x com m u
re t he ir b an i sh
me n t fr om Ale x a ndri a
t t wo ye a rs a fter th e e m peror Ma rci a n d ied , a n d
In a bo u
t h e b a n ished perso n s ret u
r n ed a g a i n to t he ci ty ,whe r e they
co m m e n ced a n e w t hei r op p osi t io n to Pr o t e r ius , who m a t
l a st they m urdered , A D 4 57 , a t the a lt a r o f his ch ur ch
After which t hey d r a gged his body thro u
h
t
h
e streets , a n d
g
the n b urn ed it an d dispe r sed t he a shes
.
.
.
.
.
Accoun t of An a s ta s ius
.
A nas t a si us wa s by b irth a P ersi a n ,a n d in structed d uring
his childhood in the p a g a n religio n He bore a r m s a s a
s oldie r u
n der C o s r o e s , ki n g o f P ersi a , a t the t i m e th a t t h a t
m o na r ch pl u
n dered Jer u
s a le m , a n d c a rried o ff the t r ue
c r oss , o n whi ch o ur L o r d wa s c r uci fied A n a st a si us co uld
n o t i m a gi n e why the Ch r isti an s ha d s u
ch a ve n er a t io n fo r
a p erso n who h a d died so m e a n a de a t h a s th a t o f bei n
g
c ruci fi ed fo r th a t m ode o f de a t h , by the Pe r si a n s , is held
in the g r e a test co n te m pt
At le n gt h so m e Ch r is t i a n c a p
t ive s i n s t r u
cted him in the myste r ies o f the Ch r is t i a n r e
igi o u, whe n he le ft the a r m y , r eti r ed t o Sy r i a ,a n d st udied
the G r eek l a n g ua ge , in o r de r t o be co m e be t t e r a cq ua i n ted
r es
with the S c r ip t u
A fte r this he we n t to Ces ar e a , whi ch
was a t th a t ti m e in the h a n ds o f the P ersi a n s
He r e he
wa s a pp r ehe n ded a s a spy ,a n d o n co n fessi n g hi m sel f a Ch r is
ti a n , he wa s c a st i n to p r iso n , a n d m a n y e ffo r t s we r e used
to prev a il o n h im to r eli n q uish his fa i t h These e fforts
provi n g i n e ffe ct ua l , he wa s p ut to de a t h in the follo wi n g
m a nn er : he wa s l a id upo n his b a ck , w ith a he a vy piece
o f wood a c r oss his body , a n d pressed do wn w i t h the w eight
o f t wo st r o n g m e n
He wa s the n seve r ely be a te n , a nd
h un g up by o ne h a n d , with a weight fa s t e n ed to his feet
r s , he wa s
afte r rem a i n i n g in this co n di t io n fo r seve r a l ho u
fi n a lly str a n gl e d , a fter whi ch his he a d wa s c u
t o ff a n d s e n t
0 t he k in
g
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—
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n
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7 01 5
13 0 0 14:
or
C H A PT E R
ma rt r m
71
.
IIL
Accoun t of B is h op Ma r t in
.
Ma rti n ,b ishop of Rome ,wa s b or n in Lod i He wa s n a
virt
o
s
a n d his p a r e n ts bes t o w ed o n h im 1 li b era l
tu
r al l
u
u
,
y
c a ti o n He took o r ders o n the de a t h o f Theo d o r e ,
ed u
b ishop o f Ro m e , a n d wa s a dv a n ced to th a t import a n t see
by a un a n i m o us vote o f a ll p a r t ies
Not lo n g a ft e r his elev a tio n to this imp ort a n t st a tio n he
wa s c a lled to co n te n d with a b ody o f her e ti cs c a lled
Mo n othelites ; who a fte r the decisio n o f the co un c il o f
Ch a lcedo n d a r ed n o t to m a i n t a i n the un ity o f n a t ure in
Ch r ist , a sse rt ed a r tfully t h a t he h a d b ut o n e will a n d ope
r a tio n o f m i n d
This se ct wa s p a tro n ised by the e m pe r o
Her a cli us ; a n d the fi r st who a tte m pted to stop the pro
gr ess o f these e r ro r s wa s S o p hr o n ius ,b ishop o f Jerus a le m
Mar ti n , whose se n t i m e n ts co r r es p o n ded w ith those o f S e
n i t ed w ith him in c a lli n g a co u
n c il o f o n e hu
s u
n
p hr o niu
dred a n d five b ishops , who un a n i m o usly co n de m n ed the
erro r s in q uestio n
The e m pe r or , provoked a t these p r oce edi n gs , c o m
ma n d e d O ly m p iu
te n a n t , to rep a ir to Ro m e a n d
s , his lie u
a pp r ehe n d Ma r ti n
bu
t o n a r r i v i n g a t the city ,he fo u
n d him
so m uch in fa vo ur w i t h the people t h a t he d a r ed n o t a tt e m pt
it , a n d the r e fo r e p ut t i n g hi m sel f a t the he a d o f his troops
m a r ched a g a i n st the S ar a ce n s
A n other o ffi ce r wa s se n t soo n a fter to a pp r ehe n d the
b ishop , who s ucceeded in so do i n g o n ly by th e a id o f a
l a r ge n um ber o f soldiers , a n d b r o ught him be fore the im
pe r i a l co urt a t Co n st a n ti n ople Here he w as a cc used o f
holdi n g a tre a so n a ble co r r espo n de n ce with the S a r a ce n
a rm y
This , ho wever , he de n i ed , tho ugh he co n fessed
th a t he h a d se n t m o n ey fo r t n e relie f o f t he Ch r isti a n pr i
s o e r s a m o n g t he m
He wa s n evert heless s t r ipped o f
a ll hi s e ccles i a sti c a l dig n ities a n d c a st i n to p r iso n
After
r e m a i n i n g in co n fi n e m e n t for
severa l mo n ths , he was
b a n ished t o a n isl a n d a t some dist a n ce , a nd there c ut in
pi eces , A D 6 5 5
S e ve r a l othe r per so n s o f dist in ct io n s u
ffered m a rtyrd o m
from the Ari a n p a rt d u
r y , a mo n g who m
r i n g thi s ce n t u
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'
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r
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y
72
Fo x
’
s
B OO K
or
MA RT YRS
wa s J oh n , bi shop o f B e r g a mo , who wa s a s s as s ina t e d o n
the 1 1 th o f J uly , A D 6 83 , a nd K ilie n , a di s tinguis h e d
Irish e c c l e si as ti c
.
.
.
C HAE T E R I V
t ion: fr om t h e eig h t h to the t en th centu
ry
Per s ecu
.
Acco un t of B on ifa ce
.
B o n i fa ce ,a rchb ishop o f Me n tz ,a nd fa ther o f the Germ an
ch urch wa s a n E n glish m a n by birth , a n d is co n sidered a s
n try
H is n a me
o n e o f the b r igh t es t o r n a m e n t s o f his co u
wa s o r igi n a lly W i n fr i t h , a n d he wa s b o r n a t K irto n , in
Devo n shi r e , t he n p a r t o f t h e W est S a x o n ki n gdo m W he n
o n ly s ix ye a r s old he sho wed a p r o p e n sity fo r r efle cti o n ,
s t o g a i n i n fo r m a t io n o n religio us s ub
a n d see m ed a n x io u
n a r ies co m i n g i n t o K i r t o n a t a bo u
S
o
e
m
issi
o
t
m
e ct s
j
this t i m e , s t opped a t h is fa the r s ho use , whi ch de t er m i n ed
him to devo t e h i m sel f t o a r eligio us li fe
tio n , he wo uld
\Vhe n he i n fo r m ed his fa t he r o f his r esol u
lly r esolved
t fi n di n g h im fu
a ded h im fr o m it , b u
ha ve d iss u
upo n it , pe r m i tt ed him t o go a n d reside a t the mo n a s t e r y
Va lfr e d , the a bbot , fi n di n g th a t he possessed
in E x e t e r
V
s , h a d him r e m oved to Nuts ce lle , a se m i n a ry
a bright ge n i u
The a bbot o f
o f le a r n i n g in the dio cese o f \Vin c he s t e r
Nut s c e lle , who wa s a m a n o f g r e a t le a r n i n g , took e x
ng pu
pil ,who soo n be c am e
t r a o r d in a ry p a i n s w ith his yo u
s uch a p r odigy in the scie n ce o f theology ,th a t he b ec a me
o n e o f the p r i n ci pa l te a che r s
W e a r e i n for m ed by the a n cie n t S a x o n histori a n s , th a t
died un de r h im h a d n o n eed to remove to
t hose w h o st u
a n y other pl a ce to fi n is h wh a t they h a d beg a n , fo r there
sc a r cely a n y b r a n ch o f scie n ce th a t he wa s n o t fur
His m ode o f li fe wa s e x e m pl a r y , his m an
n is he d w i t h
ch a s e n de a red
n ers a m i a ble , a n d his ch a r a c t e r ge n e r a lly s u
a i n ted
h im t o a ll wi t h who m he wa s a cq u
W he n a bo ut thirt y ye a rs o f a ge he received holy or
d er s , a n d comme n ced the n oble wo r k o f p re a chi n g the
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’
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74
r
o x s B O O K o r M A RT Y RS
’
.
l c a ti n g the pr 1 n c1 ples o f tr ue religio n After la b o uring
in c u
i n th is field fo r a bo u
t a ye a r , he desp a tched o n e o f his
co m p a n io n s to Ro m e w i t h a n a cco un t o f the r es ult o f his
.
e x e r tio n s ; upo n the receptio n o f his m ess a ge , G r ego r y
se n t him a letter , desi r i n g his prese n ce in Rome B o n i
fa ce a ccordi n gly set o u
t fo r th a t ci t y , a n d u
po n his a r r i
v a l, h e re cei v ed fr o m the pope e v e r y m a r k o f estee m a n d
a ffe ctio n , a n d w a s n o t pe r m itted to r et u
r n to his l a bo u
rs
un til he ha d bee n i n vest ed with the ep iscop a l ch a r a ct e r
in o r der th a t he m ight p u
rs ue the m wi t h m o r e a utho r ity ,
a n d to gre a ter a dv a n t a ge
It wa s o n this o c c a sio n t h a t he
reli n q uished his n a me o f V
Vin fr it h , a n d a ss um ed th a t o f
B o n i fa ce
G r egory h a vi n g the n give n h im re co mm e n d a to r y lette r s
to a ll the p r el a tes a n d p r i n ces o f Christe n do m , B o n i fa ce
h a ste n ed to r es um e his l a bo urs A fte r p r e a chi n g w i t h his
us ua l s uccess , n o t o n ly in Ge r m a n y ,b ut a lso in seve r a l o f
the n eighb o ur i n g ki n gdo m s , fo r the te r m o f n i n e ye a r s , he
wa s a g a i n re c a lled to Ro m e by G r ego r y III , in 7 3 1
He
wa s n o w co n stit u
ted a n a r chbishop ,a n d a ut ho r ised t o e r ect
n e w b ishop r i cs th r o u
gho ut Ge r m a n y He r e he co n t i n ued
to l a bo ur with un a b a t ed ze a l till 7 5 2 , whe n , by r e a so n o f
his g r e a t a ge , he co n se c r a ted L a ll us , his fello w co un t r y
m a n a n d fa ith fu
l disci ple , a s h is a ssist a n t
A ft er this he t r a velled i n to F r iesl a n d , whe r e b e co n
ve r ted a n d b a ptized se v e r a l tho us a n d o f the n a ti ves , de
m o lis he d the i r te m ples ,a n d r a ised ch u
r ches in thei r ste a d
H a vi n g a ppo i n ted a d a y fo r a d m i n iste r i n g the ite o f c o n
fir m a t io n , he o r dered the m to a sse m ble o n a n ope n pl a i n
n e a r t h e r ive r B o u
r de ,whithe r he r ep a i r ed the d a y b e fo r e ,
to b e in r e a di n ess o n t he follo wi n g m o r n i n g
The p a g a n s h a vi n g k n o wledge o f this , r ushed upo n him
a n d his a sso ci a tes w i t h gre a t viole n ce , a n d m eeti n g w ith
This
n o r esist an ce , B o n i fa ce , w ith fi fty othe r s , wa s sl a i n
h a ppe n ed o n J un e 5 th , A D 7 5 5 Th us fell the gre a t
r ch , the ho n o u
r o f E ngl a n d ,
fa t her o f the Ge r m a n i c ch u
a n d the glory o f his b a rb a ro u
s age
"
.
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r
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’
r ox s
n eo n
C H
O ther
MART YI S
or
A PT ER V
70
.
.
Ma r ty r d oms between the S ix th a n d Ten th Cert
t a r ies
.
Ma ssa cr e by the S a r a cens
.
F o r ty two p erso n s o f Upper P h r ygi a , were m a rtyred ,
A D 84 5 , by t he S a r a ce n s , the circ umst a n ces o f which
s rel a t ed :
a r e th u
s ,t he S a r a ce n s r a v a ged m a ny
In the r eig n o f Theophil u
p a rts o f the e a ste r n e m p i r e , g a i n ed m a n y a dv a n t a ges over
the Chris t i a n s , a n d fi n a lly l a id si ege to the ci ty o f Ar m o
ri a n , in Upper Ph r ygi a The g a r r iso n b r a vely de fe n de d
the pl a ce fo r a co n sider a b le ti m e , b ut bei n g b e tr ayed by a
w
r d , a nd
to
the
s
o
r e n e a d e , the to w n wa s t a ke n ,m a n y p u
t
g
m be r o f perso n s o f d is t in c
two ge n e r a l o ffi ce r s , w i t h a n u
ti o n , were m a de p r iso n e r s a n d c a r r ied t o B a gd a t
They were here lo a ded with ch a i n s a n d c a st i n to pri
t seei n g
s o n , w here they r e m a i n ed fo r a lo n g t i m e , w i t ho u
t thei r g a ole r At le n gth they w e r e i n fo r m ed
a n y pe r so n b u
th a t n o t hi n g w o uld p r ese r ve the ir lives b ut the emb r a ci ng
For the p ur pose o f w i n n i n g
o f the Ma ho m et a n fa i t h
t he m ove r , the c a li ph p r o fessed g r e a t a n x iety fo r their
ct the m in t he m ysteries
wel fa re , a n d se n t priests to i n st r u
o f t h e Ma ho m et a n creed
Bu
t n ot w ithst a n di n g they were
a ll a wa re o f the co n seq u
e n ce , they co n ti n ued ste a d fa st in
their fa ith , rej e c t i n g the religio n o f the i m poster with
ho r ror a n d co n te m pt T hey we r e a cco r di n gly comm a n ded
by the c a li ph to b e b ehe a ded ; a n d they w e r e s u
bseq ue n tly
e x ec uted , a fter h a vi n g b ee n kept in co n fi n eme n t for the
sp a ce o f seve n ye a rs
Theodo r e , o n e o f their n um b er, h a d formerly re ceive d
orde r s , a n d o ffici a ted a s a p r iest , b ut a fterwa r d r e s ign mg
his p r o fessio n , he follo wed the milit a ry li fe , a n d a t le n gt h
bec a m e a co m m a n der o f d isti n ctio n The o ffi cer wh o a t
t io n , bei n g a pp r ized o f these ci r c u
t e n ded t he e x e c u
m
st a n ces , s a id to Theodo r e , Yo um ight ,i n deed ,p r ete n d to
ra n k a m o n g the Christi a n s while y o userved a s a prie s t in
th e ch u
rch ,b ut the employme n t y o u h a v e s i n ce t a ke n u
-
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v
76
Fox
’
s
B O O K o r MA R T Y R S
co n tr a ry to yo ur fo r mer pro fessio n , th a t y o u sho ul d
not thi n k o f p a ssi n g a m o n g u
s fo r o ne o f th a t religio n
W he n y ouquitted the a lt a r fo r the c a m p y o ure n o un ced
Christ W hy the n will y o ud isse m ble a ny lo n ge r l W o uld
u
n o t a c t mo r e co n fo r m a bly w ith yo u
r
o wn p r i n ciples ,a n d
o
y
m a ke yo ur co n d uct a ll o f a p ie ce , if y ouco m e to a resolu
tio n o f s a vi n g yo ur li fe by a ck n o wledgi n g the gre a t pr o
”
het
1
Theodo
r e , overco m e with a vi r t u
o
s
co
n fu
sio
u
n,
p
replied , It is t r ue I did in some m a s ure a b a n do n m y
God whe n I e n g a ged in the a r m y , a n d sc a rce deserve the
bu
n a m e o f a Ch r isti a n
t the Al m ighty h a s give n me gr a ce
to see m y ch a r a cte r in its t r ue light , a n d m a de m e se n sible
lt , a n d I hope he will b e ple a sed to a ccept o f m y
o f m y fa u
”
li fe a s the o n ly a to n e m e n t I c a n m a ke fo r g uilt
T h is
pi o us a n s we r co n fo un ded the o fficer , wh o o n ly replied t h a t
he sho uld soo n h a ve a n opportun ity o f givi n g a proo f o f his
fidelity to his Ma ster ; a nd he wa s a cco r di n gly behe a ded
with his co m p a n io n s
ts s o
.
'
.
e
.
.
Accoun t of P erf ectus
.
P er fe ctus wa s b or n a t Cord ub a , a n d bro ught up in the
Ch r isti a n fa i t h H e m a de hi m sel f m a ster o f the use ful a n d
polite lite r a t ure o f the a ge , a n d a t le n gth took p r iest s
o r d e r s , a n d pe r fo r m ed his d uty with g r e a t ze a l a n d a ssi
du
ity
ba,
O n e d a y , while wa lki n g in the st r eets o f C o r d u
so m e A r a bi a n s e n tered i n to co n ve r s a ti o n with h im , in
whi ch t h e y a sked his opi n io n a s to Ma ho m et a n d Jes u
s
P e r fe ctus g a ve the m a n e x a ct a cco un t o f the Ch r isti a n
s Ch r ist , a n d the r e
fa ith r espec t i n g the D ivi n ity o f Jes u
demp t io n o f m a n ki n d ; b ut wo uld n o t delive r his se n ti m e n ts
respe c t i n g Ma ho m et The A r a bi a n s p r essed him to spe ak
sed , s a yi n g , th a t w h a t he sho uld utter
fr eely , b u
t he r e fu
ld p r ob a bly be dis a g r ee a ble to the m , a n d the r e fo r e he
wo u
wo u
ld b e sile n t , a s he did n o t wish to o ffe n d a ny o n e
They n evert heless e n tr e a ted h in to s p e a k his tho ugh t s
fr eely , s a yi n g , they wo uld n o t be o ffe n ded a t a ny thi n g he
might s a y He n ce beli evi n g the m si n ce r e , a n d hopi n g
th a t th is m ight be the fa vo ur a ble ti m e a llotted fo r thei r
co n ve r sio n , P e r fect us told the m th a t the Christ ia n looke d
upo n Ma ho m et a s o n e o f th e fa lse p r ophets spoke n o f in
th e Gospel , wh o were to de ceive a n d sed u
ce gr e a t num
.
’
.
.
.
.
.
Fox
’
s
B O O K o r M A R T Y RS
.
destr uctio n To ill ustr a te thi s he des c an ted
r d do ctri n es o f the Alco r a n , a n d e x
o n some o f the a bs u
it the m iser a ble
h or te d the m in very st r o n g terms to q u
ld ce r t a i n ly
s t a te in wh i ch they the n we r e , a n d wh i ch wo u
b e follo w ed by ete r n a l m ise r y
The in fid e ls co u
ld n ot liste n to s uch a disco urse witho ut
co n ce ivi n g a n i n dig n a tio n a g a i n st the spe a ker they
tho ught p r oper , ho we v e r , to dis guise their rese n t m e n t ,b ut
At first they were
were r esolved n o t t o let h im es c a pe
un willi n g to us e a n y v iole n ce to wa r d h im , b e c a use they
r a n ce th a t he sho u
ha d gi v e n h im a sole m n a ss u
ld co m e t o
no h a r m
pl e , a n d
b ut they w e r e soo n e a sed o f th a t s cr u
n ity , se ized h im , h u
wa tchi n g a fa vo u
r a ble oppo r t u
r r ie d
him a wa y to o n e o f thei r ch ie f m a gistr a tes , a n d a cc us ed
h im o f bl a sphe m i n g thei r g r e a t p r ophe t
The j udge
o r de r ed h im to b e p ut in ch a i n s a n d co n fi n ed in p r iso n till
t h e fa st o f Ra m a d a n , w he n he sho u
ld b e m a de a vi cti m to
Ma ho m et He he a r d th e dete r m i n a tio n w ith j oy ,a n d p r e
p a r ed for his m a r tyr d o m w ith g r e a t fe r ve n cy At the
ti m e a ppo i n ted he w a s led to t h e pl a ce o f e x e c utio n ,where
he m a d e a n other de cl a r a tio n o f his fa ith , de cl a r ed th a t
Ma ho m et wa s a n i m poste r , a n d th a t t h e Al co r a n wa s filled
with a bs u
rdi t i es a n d bl a sphe m ies H e wa s b ehe a ded A 1
850, a n d his body wa s i n terred b y the C hristi a n s
b e t s to the i r
.
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'
.
.
1.
.
Ma r ty r d om of two L a d i es a t Cor d ub a
.
ffered m a rtyrdo m
Two l a dies , n a m ed Ma ry a n d Flo r a ,su
the s a m e p e r iod a s the fo r ty t wo b e fo r e r e co r ded Flo r a
ghte r o f a n e m i n e n t Ma ho m et a n o f S eville ,fro m
wa s the d a u
b a , whe r e the S a r a ce n ki n g
whe n ce he re m oved to C ord u
kep t his co ur t He r fa the r dyi n g whe n she wa s yo un g ,
Flo r a wa s le ft to t he c a r e o f he r m other , who , bei n g a
Christi a n , bro ught h e r up in the tr ue fa ith , a n d i n spi r ed h e r
w ith se n ti m e n t s o f vi r t u
e a n d r eligio n He r b r othe r be i n g
a n e n e m y o f Ch r is t i a n i t y , a n d o f a s a v a ge a n d b a rb a ro u
s
te m p e r , she wa s obliged fo r so m e ti m e to us e gre a t c a utio n
es a s m ust h a ve e x po s ed her to
in the p r a cti ce o f s uch vi r t u
a pe r se c u
t io n
She wa s too ze a lo us to be un de r thi s r e
s t r a i n t lo n g fo r w hich r e a so n she le ft C o r d ub a in co m p a n y
wit h her siste r
He r dep a r t ur e so o n a l ar m ed her bro t her
wo o gu
e ssed her motives , a n d in reve n ge i n formed a g a i ns t
at
-
.
.
.
.
.
r ox
’
s B O O K o r M A RT Y RS
.
vera l C hristi a n s in C o r d ub a ; for a s he did n o t k n o w
whither his sister wa s go n e , he determi n ed to wre a k his
ch Ch r isti a n s a s were p 1 e se n t W he n
ve n ge a n ce o n s u
Flo r a wa s i n fo r m ed o f these thi n gs ,she co n sidered he r se lf
a s the c a u
se o f wh a t the Christi a n s h a d s uffe r ed , she r e
tu
r n ed to Co r d ub a , a n d prese n ted he r s e l f b e fo r e the per
”
n d h e r b r othe r
If, s a id
se c u
t o r s , a mo n g w ho m she fo u
she , I a m t he obj e ct o f yo ur i n q ui r y , if the serv a n ts o f
G od a r e t o r m e nte d o n my a cco un t , I de cl a r e th a t I believe
in Jes u
s Ch r is t ,glo r y in his c r oss ,a n d p r o fess the doc t r i n es
”
whi ch he t a ught
No n e o f the co m p a n y seemed so m uch
e n r a ged a t these wo r ds a s h er brother ; who , a fte r so m e
th r e a t s , st r uck h e r , b ut a fte r wa r d e n de a v o ur ed to g a i n h e r
by e x p r essio n s o f p r ete n ded ki n d n e ss Fi n di n g he r n u
m oved by a ll he co u
ld s ay , he i n si n ua t ed th a t she ha d bee n
ed uc a ted 1 n the r eligio n o f Ma ho m et ,b ut h a d re n o un ce d it
a t the s u
ggestio n o f so m e C hr is t ia ris , wh o h a d i n sp ired
he r w ith co n t e m pt fo r the g r e a t p r o p he t
W he n she wa s
c a lled o n to a n s we r t o the ch a r ge , she d e c l a r ed th a t she
cke d in t h e C h r i sti a n
h a d n eve r o wn ed Ma ho m et , b u
t su
r el igi o n w ith h e r m ilk , an d wa s e n tirely Je vo t e d to the Re
dee m er o f m a n ki n d
The m a gistra te , fi n di n g her r e s lut e d elive r ed h er to her
t m ost e n de a vo ur s
br othe r , a n d g a ve him o r de r s to u
s e 11 1 3 u
to m a ke her a Ma ho m et a n S he ho wever soo n fo un d a n
n i t y o f esc a pi n g over a wa ll in the n ight , a n d o f
o pp or t u
s ec r eti n g he r sel f in the ho u
se o f a Ch r isti a n S he the n
cci , a vill a ge o f A n d a l usi a , h e r e she met
wi t hd r e w t o T u
wi t h her s ister , a n d they n eve r sep a r a ted a g a i n till her
m a r ty r dom
Mar y , who suffe r ed a t the s a m e ti m e , wa s the d a ughter
o f a Ch r isti a n tr a des m a n a t Est r e m a d u
r a , wh o a ft e r w a r d
re m oved to a to wn n e ar Co r d ub a W he n t he perse c utio n
co mm e n ced un de r Ab d e r r a m a , ki n g o f the S a r a ce n s , in
S p a i n , Ma r y s yo un ger b r o t he r wa s o n e who fell a vi cti m
to t he r a ge o f the in fid e ls o n t ha t o cc a sio n Ma r y he a ri n g
o f his m ar ty r do m , a n d filled wi t h co n fu
sio n a t be i n g le ft
behi n d by o n e so m uch yo unge r th a n he r sel f, we n t to
Co r d ub a , whe r e , goi n g i n t o a ch ur ch , she fo un d Flo r a ,
wh o h a d le ft h e r r e t r e a t o n the s a m e m otive
O n co n
versi n g toge t he r , a n d fi n di n g t h a t they a c t ed u
po n the s a m e
r s,
pri n ciple s , a n d propose r th e s a m e e n d t o the ir l a b o u
se
.
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.
.
‘s
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.
x
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’
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.
.
m i n t;
HF
M ART RS
Y
.
79
g r eed t o go t o ge t he r , a n d de cl a re thei r fa ith be fo r e
the j udge Acco r di n gly ,t hey p r oceeded to the m a gis tr a t e ,
whe n Flo r a boldly told h im th a t she looked upo n Ma ho m et
l t e r e r ,a n d a m a g i
a s n o b ette r th a n a fa lse p r ophet ,a n a d u
c ia n
Ma r y a lso told the m a gist r a te th a t she possessed t he
s a m e fa i th , a n d e n tert a i n ed the s a m e se n ti m e n ts a s Flo r a ,
a n d t h a t she w a s siste r to W a la b o n z a s , wh o h a d a l r e a dy
s uffe r ed fo r bei n g a C h r is t i a n T h is beh a vio ur so m uch
e n r a ged the m a gist r a te , th a t he o r de r ed the m to b e c o m
m itt e d t o p r iso n f r so m e ti m e , a n d the n to be b ehe a ded ,
whi ch se n t e n ce wa s e x e c u
ted on the fo ur th o f Nove m ber ,
the) a
.
.
.
o
A D
.
.
850
.
F em a le JlI a r ty r d om
.
B sides the i n st a n ces a l r e a dy me n tio n ed , m a n y othe r
m ar t yrdo m s o cc u
r r ed i n di ffere n t co u
nt r ie s th a t o u
r limi ti
W1 “ n o t p er mit u
s t o m e n tio n
e
.
.
30
r ox s
B OO K o r MA RTYRS
CH
.
A PT E R V
Ma ulla n cou
: Ma r t r d om d u
r ing the S even th Cen tu
r
y
y
.
Accoun t of Ar ch bis hop Alp hag e
.
A LPHA G E , a rchb ishop o f C a n terb ur y ,c a me from a co n
s id e r a b le fa m ily in Glo u
ceste r shire , who bei n g devote d
C hr ist ian s , g a ve him a n ed uc a tio n be co m i n g his sta ti o n ,
a n d as b e e a rly sho wed a st r o n g p r edile ctio n fo r theol ogi
c al a c q u
ireme n ts , he n o t o n ly p r ep a red hi m sel f fo r t a ki n g
holy orders , b u
rs ue h is st udy a n d p io us co n tem pl a
t to p u
t io n s , he r e t ix e d to a se cl uded sp ot , a n d a ss um ed h a bi t s o f
t he most rigid a u
sterity But , n otwithst a n di n g his soli t a r y
ha b its , his t a le n ts a n d vi r t u
es soo n b e c a m e k n o wn in th e
n e ighb o u
rhood o f his re tre a t , a n d m a n y pe r so n s we r e
a n x io u
s to pl a ce themselves un der his p a stora l c a r e Th e
pl a c e o f his reti r e m e n t wa s a c a ve n e a r to B a th , a n d
ha vi n g e a rly t a ke n the h a b it o f a B e n edi cti n e mo n k , h e
wa s a t le n gth i n d u
ced to r a ise a mo n a stery n e a r his cell ,
a n d h a vi n g p r escribed r u
les , a n d pl a ced a n a bb ot ove r
them , a g a i n retur n ed to his fo rme r retr e a t
S hortly a fte r this the se e o f W in chester be comi n g va
c a n t , b y the de a th o f Eth e lwold , a viole n t d isp ute a ros e
bet we e n the clergy o f the diocese , a s to the choice o f a
s uccessor W he n th is co n te st ha d co n ti n ue d for a c o n s i
r y ,wh o wa s the n
d e r a b le ti m e , the a rchb ishop o f C a n te r b u
prim a te o f a ll E n gl a n d , put a stop to the co n test by a p
p o in t in g , with the a pprob a tio n o f b oth p a rti e s , Alph a ge
t o the v a c a n t se e
The e ffe cts o f this j ud icio us cho ice wa s ve r y s oo n v13 i
gho ut the dio cese , a s piety flo urished , un ity wa s
b le thro u
ct o f the
e st a blished a m o n g the clergy , a n d the co n d u
ch urch o f W i n cheste r m a de it s b ishop an obj e ct o f a d m i
ra t io n th r o ugho ut the ki n gdo m
D un st a n the a r chbishop ha d s uch a ve n er a tio n fo r Al
ph a g e , th a t whe n upo n his de a thbed h e pra yed th a t t he
L o rd wo uld c a us e him to be co m e his s uccessor Th is
gh n o t t ill e ightee n y e a rs a fte r
pr ay er was a n swered , tho u
.
.
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.
0
.
.
’
82
Fo x s B G OK
m e r ci fu
ll y
or
w a r ms
.
This he h e re wit h p a tie n ce ,a n d e ve n pra y ed
fo r hi s pe r sec u
to r s , till o n e o f the soldie r s , wh o h a d bee n
co n ve rted to Ch r is t i a n i ty by h im , to p ut a n e n d to his
ffe r i n gs , c u
su
t o ff his he a d
This eve n t h a ppe n ed A p r il 1 9 , A D 1 01 2 , o n the very
spot whe r e the ch ur ch o f G r e e n wicln wh ich wa s dedi c a ted
t o h im , n o w s ta n ds
H is b ody wa s t h r o wn i n to the wa ter ,
bu
n d o n the follo wi n g d a y , wa s b u
r ied in S t
t be i n g fo u
P a ul s ch urch a n d wa s re m oved to C a n terb ury , in A D
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
1 02 3
.
.
nt o
Accou
f G er a r d
.
Ger a rd ,a Ve n eti a n , h a vi n g devoted himsel f to the s e r
vi ce o f God fr o m a yo uth , e n te r ed i n to a r e lig1o us ho use
fo r so m e ti m e , a n d the n dete r mi n ed to visit the Ho ly La n d
O n a r r ivi n g in H u
n g a r y , he bec a m e a cq u
a i n ted wi t h Ste
phe n , the ki n g o f th a t co un t r y , wh o a cted t h e p a r ts o f
p r i n ce a n d p r e a cher ,a n d n o t o n ly regul a ted his s ub je cts by
wholeso m e l a w s , b u
ght them religio us d uti es F in d
t t au
in g Ge r a r d q u
a li fied to i n st r u
ct his people , he t r ied to de
t a i n hi m in his ki n gd o m a n d , a t le n g t h , fo und i n g sever al
ch urches , he m a de Ge r ar d b ishop o f th a t o f Ch o n a d
H e r e the n e w b ishop h a d a ve r y di ffi c ult t a sk to pe r for m ,
t h e people o f hi s di o cese bei n g a cc u
sto m ed to idol a t r y
The b ishop , ho weve r , a ssid uo us in his ze a l fo r the s a lva
tio n o f his flo ck , l a b o ur ed to b r i n g the m to a se n se o f their
d uty , a n d soo n h a d t he ple a s ur e t o fin d th a t his e n de a vo ur s
were n o t u
n su
ccess ful , fo r his s wee t n ess o f d ispositio n wo n
gr e a t ly upo n the people D uri n g the li fe o f Stephe n he
re cei v ed eve r y a ssis t a n ce ,b ut a ft er the de a th o f this p r i n ce ,
the t hr o n e wa s filled by Pete r , a m a n o f so m o r ose a n d
ty r a n n i c a l a disposi t io n th a t he wa s deposed by his s ub
e c t s be fo r e he h a d reig n ed t wo ye a rs
H
e
a s su
cceeded
w
j
by O uv o , who p r oved still m o r e c r uel th a n P ete r , i n so
m uch th a t he wa s sho r t ly a ft er b ehe a ded a n d P eter a g a i n
re c a lled The people soo n fo un d t h a t reti r e m e n t h a d pro
du
ce d n o ch a n ge in his disposi t io n ,a n d he wa s a se co n d
ti m e de p osed , a n d A n d r e w, co usi n ge r m a n t o Ste p he n
wa s c a lled to t h e th r o n e by t h e n obili ty , a n d the c r o wn wa s
o ffered h im o n co n di t io n t h a t he w o uld e m ploy his a ut ho
rity in e x te r m i n a t i n g Ch r is t i a n i ty fr o m hi s d o m i n io ns
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
r
88
’
o x s B O OK O F MA RT YR S
.
Thi s he pr o m ised to do upo n whi ch Stephe n , wi th thre e
othe r pr el a t es ,s e t o ut t o vis i t him fo r t he p ur pose o f per
a d in
h
rec
i
m
a ll his p r o m ise , b u
t
o n t he wa y t hey we r e
t
su
o
g
r dered t he m
e t by a co m a n y o f soldie r s wh o m u
This
p
wa s in A D 1 04 5
.
.
.
.
s
Accoun t of S ta n is la u
.
S t a n isl a us , b ishop o f C r a co w , wa s o f a n ill ustrio us fa
m ily
T h e p ie t y o f h is p a r e n ts wa s e qua l to the i r o p u
le n ce , a n d they re n de r ed their we a l t h s ubservie n t to a ll
the p ur poses o f b e n evole n ce S t a n isl a us wa s their o n ly
ch ild ; he p ossessed a pe n e t r a ti n g ge n i us ,re t e n tive m e m o r y ,
a n d solid u
n de r s t a n di n g ; he n ce s t u
dy be c a m e his a m use
m e n t His d isposi t io n wa s n o t i n fe r io r t o h is a bili t ies ,a n d
he e a r l y g a v e hi m sel f to s uch a us t e r iti es a s m ight h a ve
a cq u
i r ed fo r h im t h e r ep ut a t io n o f a he r m i t
He wa s fi r s t se n t to a se m i n a r y in P ol a n d , a n d a fte r
wa r d to the u
n ive r sity a t P a r is
A ft er re m a i n i n g there
for seve r a l ye a r s he r et u
r n ed ho m e , a n d o n the de a t h o f
his p a r e n t s he b e c a m e p ossessed o f a l a r ge est a te , wh i ch
he p r i n cip a lly devoted to deeds o f ch a rity Hi s vie ws
we r e n o w solely d ir e cted to t he m i n istr y ; b u
t he r e m a i n ed
fo r so m e ti m e u
n dete r m i n ed whethe r he sho u
ld e mbr a ce a
mo n a s t i c li fe , o r b e co m e a sec ul a r cle r gym a n
He wa s a t le n gth pe r s ua ded t o t h e l a t ter by Z ul a , b ishop
o f C r a co w, wh o i n vested h im wi t h holy o r de r s , a n d m a de
h im a c a n o n in hi s c a t hed r a l
He r e he r e m a i n ed fo r s e
ver a l ye ar s in the fa ith ful pe r fo r m a n ce o f eve r y Christi a n
vi r t ue , i n so m uch th a t , a t t he a ge o f thirty s ix ye a rs he
wa s a ppo i n ted b ishop o f t h e s e e o f C r a co w , whi ch h a d
beco m e v a c a n t o n the de a t h o f Z ula Bo lisla us IL , ki n g
o f P ol a n d , w h o r eig n ed a t th is ti m e , possessed m a n y good
q ua li t ies , b ut givi n g wa y to o m uch to his p a ssio n s , c o m
m itt e d m a n y er r o r s , a n d a cqui r ed the n a m e o f C R U E L
The n ob ility a n d cle r gy beheld his co n d uct wi t h d is a ppr o
b a t io n ; b u
s a lo n e h a d t h e co ur a ge to tell him
t St a n isl a u
o f his fa u
lts The ki n g wa s gr e a t ly e x a sper a ted a t this
fr eedo m ,b u
t disse m bled his rese n t m e n t ,a n d eve n p r o m ised
t o re fo r m his e r ro r s
Not l o n g a ft er this , howeve r , he a ttempted th e ch a stity
o f a m a r ried la d v w h o r e e c t i n
his
o
f
f
ers
ith
disd
a i n ,he
w
g
j
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
-
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.
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.
’
84
Fo x s
.
B O OK o F MA RT YRS
.
ted her by fo rce This in iquito us a ct gre a tly ia
c e nse d t h e n ob il ity , wh o c a ll in g a co u
n cil o f the ir col
le a g u
e s a n d b ishops , re m o n str a ted with the k in g o n the
impropriety o f his co n d u
ct The a rchbishop o f Gr e s ne
wa s a ppoi n ted to be a r the remo n s t r a n ce ; b u
t be i n g n a
r a lly t im id , he decli n ed
tu
a n d whe n m a n y others ha d fol
lo wed hi s e x a m ple , S ta n is l a us vol un teered his service ,
n d b oldly reproved the ki n g fo r the hei n o u
s n ess o f his
vio la
.
.
cr 1 m e .
Bo lisla u
s , v iole n tly e n r a ged ,thre a te n ed the p r el a te wit h
his seve r est ve n ge a n ce b u
n in t im id a t e d by his
t S t a n isla u
s ,u
me n a ces , visited him twi ce more , a n d re m o n str a ted wi t h
him in a fa mili a r m a nn er , whi ch in cre a sed his wr a th
The n obility a nd cle r gy , fi n di n g th a t t he a d m o n itio n s o f
th e b ishop h a d n o t the desi r ed e ffe ct u
po n the ki n g ,a dvise d
him to desi st , a n d a lso e n de a vo u
red to t ur n the a n ger o f
the mo n a rch from St a n isl a us , fo r his ch a rit a ble re m o n
s tr a n ce s
Bu
t the h a u
ghty ki n g , determi n ed to rid him
h i m sel f o f so d a ri n g a n d fa ith fu
l a m o n itor , h e a r i n g th a t
he wa s a lo n e in the ch a pel o f St Mi ch a el , s e n t some sol
die rs to m urder him These m e n co m i n g i n to his prese n ce ,
were so ove r a wed by the ve n er a ble a spe ct o f the prel a te ,
.
.
.
.
th a t they d a red n o t to r a ise their h a n ds a g a i n st him
W he n they ret ur n ed witho ut h a vi n g ob eyed their orders ,
Bo lis la u
s seized a d a gger , h a ste n ed to the ch a pel , w here ,
fi n d in g S ta n isl a us a t the a lt a r ,he pl un ged the we a po n in t o
his he a rt
Th is o cc urred o n t he 8th May , A D 1 07 0
.
.
.
.
PART 1 11
.
C H AP T E R
I
.
tions of t h e W a ld enses in F r a n ce
P cr s ecu
.
BEF O RE th is t im e the ch u
r ch o f C h r ist wa s t a in ted wit h
man y o f th e e rrors o f p a p e ry , a n d s u
persti t io n beg a n t o
s
t a fe w , wh o perce ived the per ni c io u
predomi n a te ; b u
te n d en cy o f s uch errors , determ i n e d t o s ho w the ight o f
'
’
Fox s
B OOK o r MA R TY RS
85
.
the gospel in its re a l p ur ity , a n d to dispe r se those clo ud s
l p r iests h a d r a ised a b o ut it , in o r de r to del u
de
whi ch a r t fu
the people The p r i n cip a l o f t hese w o r thi es wa s B e r e n
a r iu
t
the
ye
a r 1 000, boldly p r e a ched gospel
s , wh o ,a b o u
g
truths a ccordi n g to thei r pri m i t ive p ur i t y Ma n y , fr om
co n vi ctio n , we n t o ve r to his do c tr i n e , a n d were o n t h a t
s wa s s u
n t c a lled B e r e n g a r i a n s
Be r e n gar iu
cceeded
a cco u
by P e t er B ruis ,wh o p r e a c h ed a t To ulo use ,un de r the pro
s ; a n d the w hole
t e ct io n o f a n e a r l , n a m ed Hild e p h o n s u
t e n ets o f the r e fo r m e r s , w ith the re a so n s o f thei r sep a r a
r ch o f Ro m e ,w e r e p u
blished in a book
t D fro m the ch u
is , un de r the title o f A N TI C H R I S T
wr it t e n by B r u
In th e ye a r 1 1 40, t h e n u
m be r o f the r e fo r m ed wa s very
g r e a t ,a n d the p r ob a b ili t y o f the i r i n cr e a si n g a l ar m ed the
p ope , wh o wr ote to sever a l p r i n ces to b a n ish the m the ir
d o m i n i o n s , a n d e m ployed m a n y le a r n ed m e n to writ e
a g a i n st the m
In 1 1 4 7 ,He nr y o f To u
l o use , b ei n g dee m ed thei r most
e m i n e n t p r e a cher , they we r e c a lled He n r ic ia n s ; a n d as
they wo uld n o t a d m it o f a ny p r oo fs r el a tive to rel igio n ,b ut
wh a t co u
ld b e ded uced fr o m t h e sc r i ptur es t hem s el v es , the
popish p a r ty g a ve them t he n a m e o f Ap o s t o lics P eter
W a ldo , o r Va ldo , a n a tive o f Lyo n s , a t this ti m e be c a m e
a st r e n u
o us o pp ose r o f p ope r y a n d fr o m him the r e fo r m
ed re ce iv ed t h e a p p ell a tio n o f V
Va ld o y s , o r W a lde n ses
W a ldo wa s a m a n e m i n e n t fo r his le a r n i n g a n d b e n e vo
le n ce a n d his doc t r i n es we r e a dopted by m u
ltit udes The
b ishop o f Lyo n s t a ki n g u
m br a ge a t the fr eedom with whi ch
he t r e a ted t h e pope a n d the Ro m ish cle r gy , se n t to a d
m o n ish him t o r e fr a i n in fu
t ur e fr om s uch dis co ur ses b ut
Wa ldo a n sw e r ed , Th a t he co uld n ot b e sile n t in a c a us e
of su
ch i m po r t a n ce a s t h e s a lv a ti o n o f m e n s so uls where
”
in he m u
st obey God r a ther th a n m an
.
.
'
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
Accus a i on s of P eter W a ld o a g a in s t P op er y
t
.
His p r in ci p a l a cc us a t i o n s a g a i n st the Ro m a n C a thol ic s
we r e , th a t they a ffi r m t h e ch u
r ch o f R o m e to b e the o n ly
i n fa llible c hur ch o f C h r i s t up o n e a rth a n d t h a t t he pop e
is it s he a d , a n d the v i c a r o f C h r i st ; th a t t hey hold t he
a bs u
rd doct r i n e o f t r a n s ub s t a n t i a t i o n , i n sis t i n g t h a t t he
bre a d a n d wi n e gi v n in th w e t a m e n t a r e t he V ery id e ntl
e
e
v
36
’
Fo x s
B OO K o r MA RTY RS
.
cal
b ody a n d blood o f Ch r ist w hi ch we r e n a iled to the cros s
th a t t hey belie v e t he r e is a pl a ce c a lled p ur g a to r y , whe r e
the so uls o f pe r so n s , a fte r thi s l i fe , a r e p ur ge d fr o m the
si n s o f mo r t a l ity , a n d th a t the p a i n s a n d pe n a l t ies here in
flic t e d m a y be a b a te d a cco r di n g to the m a sses s a id by , a n d
t h e m o n ey p a id to t h e pries t s ; th a t they te a ch , the com
mu
n io n o f o n e ki n d , or the re ceivi n g the wa fe
o n ly , is
s uffi cie n t fo r the la y people , tho ugh the cle r gy m ust be in
du
lge d wit h both bre a d a n d wi n e
th a t they p r a y to t h e
Vi r gi n Ma r y a n d s a i n ts , tho ugh thei r p r aye r s o ught t o be
im m edi a t ely to G od ; th a t t hey p r a y fo r so u
ls dep a r te d ,
t ho ugh God decides thei r fa te i m m edi a tely o n the dece a se
o f t h e p e r s o n ; th a t they will n o t pe r fo r m t h e se r v ice o f
the ch ur ch in a l a n g ua ge un de r stood by the peo p le in ge
n e r a l ; th a t they pl a ce thei r de v o t io n in the n u
m be r a t
p r a ye r s ,a n d n o t in t he i n te n t o f t he he a r t th a t t hey fo r
bid m a rri a ge to the cl e r gy , t ho ugh God a llo wed it ; a n d
th a t they use m a n y thi n gs in b a p t is m , tho ugh Chr is t use d
o n ly wa ter W he n pope Ale x a n de r the Thi r d wa s ih
fo m e d o f these t r a n s a c t io n s , h e e x co m m un i c a ted W a ld o
an d his a dhe r e n ts , a n d co mm a n ded the b ishop o f Lyo n s
to e x te r m i n a te the m : th us beg a n the p a p a l perse c ut i o n s
a g a i n st the V
Va ld e n ses
r
‘
.
~
.
Ten et s of t h e Wa ld en s es
.
1 Th a t holy o il i s n o t to b e m i n gled in b a pt is m
2 Th a t p r a yers u
sed over thi n gs i n a n i m a te ar e s upe r
s
s t it io u
3 Flesh m a y b e e a te n in Le n t ; the clergy m ay m a rry ;
r ic u
l a r co n fessio n is un n e cess a r y
and au
n d to
we a r e n o t b o u
4 C o n fi r m a tio n is n o s a c r a m e n t
ld li ve up o n
p ay obedie n ce t o the pope ; m i n isters sho u
ti t hes ; n o dig n ity sets o n e cle gy rn a n a b ove a n othe r , fo r
their s upe r i o r ity ca n o n ly b e d r a wn fr o m r e a l w o r th
rd ;
5 I m a ges in ch u
im a ge -wo r sh ip is
r ches a re a bs u
’
idol a tr y ; the p ope s i n d ulge n ces r idi c ulo us ; a n d the m i
ra cles prete n ded to b e do n e by the chur ch o f Ro m e ar e
fa lse
bli c ste ws o ught n ot to b e a llo wed
6 F o r n ica t io n a n d p u
r g a to r y is a fictio n
a n d de c e a sed p e r s b n s , c a lled s a i n t s,
pu
ou
g ht n ot to b e p r a yed to
.
.
.
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.
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.
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.
.
.
.
’
fox s s o o n
m s
"
or
87
.
E x t re me un c tio n is n o t a s a c r a m e n t ; a n d m a sse s ,
lge n ces ,a n d p r a ye r s , a r e o f n o se r vi ce t o the de a d
in d u
ght t o b e the r ule o f a ll othe r
8 The L o r d s p r a yer o u
pr a ye r s
\Va ld o re m a i n ed th r ee ye a rs un dis covered in Lyo ns ,
tho u
g h the ut most dili ge n ce wa s us ed to a pprehe n d him
bu
n d a n oppo r t u
n ity o f es c a pi n g from
t a t le n gt h h e fo u
the pl a ce o f his co n ce a l m e n t to the m o un t a i n s o f D a uph iny
He soo n a ft e r fo un d me a n s to prop a g a te his do ctri n es in
D au
ph in y a n d P i c a r dy , wh i ch s o e x a spe r a ted P hili p ,ki n g
u
o f Fr a n ce , th a t he
the
l
a tter provi n ce ,whi ch c o n t a i n ed
t
p
m o st o f the se ct a r ies , u
n der milit a r y e x e c u
tio n destroy
in g a bove thre e h u
n d r ed ge n tleme n s se a ts , r a zi n g so m e
r n i n g m a n y o f the re formed , a n d drivi n
walled to wn s , b u
g
others i n to Fl a n de r s a n d Ge r m a n y
N ot w i t hst a n di n g these pe r se c ut i o n s , the re fo r med t e
ligio n see m ed to flo u
r ish ; a n d the W a lde n ses , in v a r io u
s
m ero u
s th a n eve r At le n g t h the
p a r t s , b e c a m e more n u
pope a cc used the m o f heresy , a n d the mo n ks o f i mm o
r a lit
These sl a n de r s they , ho wever , r e fut ed ; b ut the
y
pop e , i n ce n sed a t the ir i n cre a se , used a ll me a n s fo r t heir
e x ti r p a t io n ; s uch a s e x comm un i c a ti o n s ,a n a t he m a s ,c a n o n s ,
co n s t it ut io ns , d ecrees , & c by whi ch t hey w ere re n de r e d
i n c a p a ble o f holdi n g pl a ces o f t r ust , ho n o ur , or profit ;
thei r l a n ds we r e sei zed , their goods co n fisc a ted , a nd t hey
we r e n ot per m itted to b e b u
r ied in co n se c r a t ed g r o u
nd
S o m e o f the V
Va ld e n s e s h a vi n g t a ke n r e fuge in Sp a i n , Al
d e phon s u
s , ki n g o f A r r a go n , a t t h e i n stig a tio n
o f t he
pope , p ublished a n e d i ct , str i ctly o r de r i n g a ll Rom a n c a
te them wherever t hey co uld be fo un d ;
th o lic s to pe r se c u
a n d d e c r eei n g t h a t a ll who g a ve the m the le a st a ssist a n c e
sho uld be dee m ed t r a itors
The ye a r a ft er this edi ct , Ald e ph o n sus wa s severely
p un ished by the h a n d o f Provide n ce ; fo r his so n wa s de
fe a ted in a gre a t b a ttle , a n d
o f his m e n sl a i n , by
which a co n side r a b le portio n o f his ki n gdom fell in to the
ha n d s o f the Moo r s
The re fo r m ed m i n isters co n ti n ued to pre a c h boldly
g a i n st the Ro m ish ch ur ch ; a n d P ete r W a ldo ,in p a rt ic u
la r , w he r eve r he we n t , a sse r t ed , th a t the pope wa s a n ti
christ , th a t m a ss wa s a n a b o m i n a tio n , th a t the ho s t g as a n
idol , a n d th a t p ur g a t o r y wa s a fa ble
7
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’
.
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’
.
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.
.
.
a
’
Fo x s
88
B O OK o r
M A RTYRS
.
is iti on
O r ig in of th e I n qu
.
T hese pro ce e d in gs o f W a ldo a n d h is re forme d c o m
isito r s ; fo r pope In
p a ni o n s , o cc a sio n ed the o r igi n o f i n qu
t h o r ized ce r t a i n mo n ks in q uisitor s to fi n d
au
n o c e n t III
l ar po wer T he
a n d deliver over the re formed to the se c u
.
.
po n the le a st s urmise or i n fo r m a tio n , g a ve up
m o n ks , u
t h e re for m ed t o the m a gistr a te , wh o delive r ed them to the
e x ec utio n e r for the pro cess wa s sho r t ,a s a cc us a tio n s up
lied
h
e pl a ce o f evide n ce , a n d a fa ir tri a l was n e ver
t
p
g r an ted to the a c cused
.
elti es o
t
h
e
P
e , a n d a r ti ces o
n ic
o
D
o
m
i
Cr u
f
fi
p
f
.
W he n the pope fo und th a t these cr uel me a n s h a d n o t
the desired e ffe ct , he deter m i n ed to try othe r s o f a milder
n a tu
re ; he there fo r e se n t seve r a l le a r n ed m o n ks to pre a c h
a m o n g the W a lde n ses , a n d i n d u
ce the m to ch a n ge their
op i n io n s Amo n g these m o n ks wa s o n e Do m i n i c , wh o
a ppe a r ed e x tre m ely ze a lo u
s in the c a use o f pope r y He
i n stituted a n o r de r ,whi ch , fr o m him , wa s c a lled the order
o f Do m i n ic a n fri a r s ; a n d the m e m ber s o f thi s o r der h a ve
ever s in ce b ee n the pri n cip a l i n quisito r s in eve r y co un tr y
i n to whi ch th a t ho r r ible trib un a l h a s b ee n i n t r od uced
Their po we r wa s un li m i t ed they p r o ceeded a g a i n st who m
they ple a sed , witho ut a ny co n side r a tio n o f a ge , s e x , or
ra n k
Ho weve r i n fa m o us the a cc use r s , the a cc us a tio n
wa s dee m ed v a lid ; a n d eve n a n o n y m o u
s in fo r m a tio n s
we r e tho u
ght s uffi ci e n t evide n ce The de a r est frie n ds or
k i n d r ed co u
ld n o t ,witho ut d a n ge r , serve a ny o n e wh o wa s
im priso n ed o n a cco un t o f religio n
to co n vey to those who
we r e co n fi n ed a little str a w, or give the m a c u
o f wa ter ,
p
wa s c a lled fa vo u
ri n g the he r eti cs ; n o l a wyer d a r ed t o
ple a d eve n fo r his o wn brothe r , or n ot a ry r egister a ny
thi n g in fa vo ur o f the re fo r m ed The m a li ce o f the p a
i
s t s , i n deed , we n t beyo n d t h e gr a ve , a n d t h e b o n es o f
p
m a n y W a lde n ses , who h a d bee n lo n g de a d , we r e d u
g u
p
a nd b u
rnt
If a m a n o n his de a t h bed we r e a cc u
sed o f
bei n g a follo wer o f W a ldo , his est a tes we r e co n fisc a te d ,
an d the hei r de fr a u
ded o f his i n he r it a n ce a n d so m e were
e ve n o bliged to m a ke pilg r i m a ge s to the Holy L a n d wh il e
.
.
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.
’
.
.
90
Po x
’
s s oon or
Ma u r it s
.
reve n ue s w e r e co n side r a b ly i n cre a sed by the ir
comi n g i n to the co un try , a n d who , co n se que n tly , o ug ht to
o e t h e l a st pe r so n s to m a ke a co m pl a i n t
T h ose e n e m ies to trut h b ei n g t h us sile n ced , t hi n gs we n t
o n in pe a ce fo r a fe w ye a r s , d u
Va ld e n s es
r i n g whi ch the V
fo r m ed t he m selves i n t o t wo co r p or a te to wn s , a n n e x i n g
sever a l vill a ges to their j ur i s dicti o n A t le ngt h t hey se n t
to Ge n ev a fo r t wo cle r gy m a n , o n e to p r e a ch in e a ch
to wn This bei n g k n o wn , i n tellige n ce wa s co n veyed to
u
o
e
P
i
s
h
t
e Fo u
r th , wh o dete r m i n ed to e x t er m i n a te
p
p
the m fr o m C a l a b r i a wi tho ut fur t he r del a y To this e n d
c a r di n a l Ale x a n d r i n o , a m a n o f a vi ole n t te m pe r , a n d a
fu
r io u
s bigot , wa s se n t , toge t he r with t wo mo n ks , to C a l a
b r i a , whe r e they we r e to a c t a s i n q u
is ito r s These a u
t ho r iz e d p e r so n s c a m e to S t X ist , o n e o f the to wn s b u
ilt
by the W a lde n ses , whe r e , h a vi n g a sse m bled the people ,
t hey told the m , th a t they sho u
ld r e ce ive n o i njur y if they
wo u
ld a ccept o f p r e a che r s a p p oi n ted by the p op e ; b ut if
they r e fused ,they sho uld be dep r i ved both o f thei r p r ope r ~
t ies a n d lives ; a n d th a t t o p r o v e the m , m a ss sho u
ld be
p ubli cly s a id th a t a ft e r n o on , a t whi ch they m ust a t t e n d
Bu
t t h e peo p le o f St X is t , i n ste a d o f o b eyi n g this , fled
with thei r fa m ilies i n to t h e wo o d s , a n d th u
s dis a ppoi n t ed
the c a r di n a l a n d his co a djuto r s The n t hey p r o ceeded to
La G a r de , t h e othe r to wn belo n gi n g t o the Wa lde n ses ,
w he r e , to a void the like dis a ppoi n t m e n t , t h ey o r de r ed t h e
g a tes to b e lo cked , a n d a ll a ve n ues g ua r ded The s a m e
p r opos a ls we r e the n m a de to t he i n h a b i t a nt s a s h a d bee n
m a d e to t hose o f St X is t , b u
t w it h t his a r ti fice : t h e c ar
di n a l a ss ur ed them th a t t h e i n h a bit a n ts o f S t X ist h a d im
m edi a t ely co m e i n t o his p r opos a ls , a n d a g r eed th a t the
pope sho uld a p p oi n t them p r e a c h e r s This fa lsehood s uc
ce e d e d ; fo r the
a r de , thi n ki n g w h a t t he
eople
G
o
f
a
L
p
c a r di n a l h a d told t he m t o b e tr ut h ,s a id they wo uld e x a ctly
follo w the e x a m p le o f thei r b r eth r e n a t S t X ist
H a vi n g th us g a i n ed this poi n t by a lie , he se n t fo r two
troops o f soldie r s wi t h a vie w to m a ss a c r e the people o f
S t X ist He a cco r di n gly co m m a n ded the m i n to the
woods , to h u
n t the m do w n like wild be a sts , a n d g a ve the m
strict o r de r s to sp a r e n eithe r a ge n or s e x , b ut to kill a ll
they c a m e n e a r
The tr oops a cco r di n gly e n te r ed t he
wo ods , a n d m a n y fell a p r ey to the i r fe r o city , be fore t he
who s e
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.
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.
Fox
’
B OOK o r
s
MA R T YR S
91
.
Wa lde ns e s we r e a pp r ised o f t hei r desig n At le n gth ,ho w
ever , they de t erm i n ed to sell t he i r li v es a s de a r a s possible ,
whe n sever a l co n flic t s h a ppe n ed , in w hi ch t he h a l f a r m ed
W a lde n ses pe r fo r m ed p r o d igies o f v a lo ur , a n d m a n y w e r e
sl a i n o n b o t h sides At le n g t h , t he g r e a t e r p a rt o f t h e
t r oops bei n g killed in t he di ffe r e n t r e n co un ters , the r e
m a in d a r we r e co m p elled t o r e t r e a t ; which so e n r a ged the
c a rdi n a l , th a t he wr ote to the V i ceroy o f N a ples fo r re i n
force m e n t s
The V ice r oy ,in o bedie n ce to this ,p r o cl a i m ed th r o ugho ut
the Ne a polit a n te r rito r ie s , th a t all o ut l a ws , d es e r t e r s, a n d
othe r p r os c r ib ed pe r so n s , sho uld b e fr eely p a r do n ed fo r
their seve r a l o ffe n ces , o n co nd i t io n o f m a ki n g a c a m p a ig n
a g a i n st the i n h a b it a n ts o f S t X ist , a n d o f co n ti n u
i n g un de r
a r m s t ill those p eople we r e des t r oyed
0 11 this se v e r a l
pe r so n s o f despe r a te fo r t un e c a m e in , a n d bei n g fo r m ed
i n t o light co m p a n ies , we r e se n t to s co ur the w oods , a n d
t t o d e a t h a ll t hey co u
ld m eet wi t h o f t he r e fo r m ed r e
pu
ligio n
The V ice r oy hi m sel f a lso j o i n ed t he c a r di n a l , a t
the he a d o f a b ody o f r eg ul a r fo r ces ; a n d , in co nj un c t io n ,
they s tr ove to a cco m plish thei r bloody p ur p ose S o m e
they c a ugh t , a n d s us p e n di n g t he m up o n t r ees , c ut d o wn
bo ughs a n d b ur n t t he m , o r r i pped t he m ope n a n d le ft t he ir
bodies t o b e devo ur ed by wild b e a sts o r b i r ds o f p r ey
Ma n y they shot a t a dist a n ce ; b ut the g r e a test n um be r
they h un t ed do w n by wa y o f sp or t A fe w esc a ped i n t o
c a ves ; b ut fa m i n e destr oyed t he m in their r et r e a t : a nd
the i n hum a n ch a se was co n ti n ued till a ll these poor people
perished
The i n h a b it a n t s o f St X ist be i n g e x te r m i n a ted , those
o f L a G a r de e n g a ged the a tte n tio n o f the c a r di n a l a n d
V i ceroy
The fullest p r ote c t i o n wa s o ffe r ed to the m selves ,
th ei r fa m ilie s , a n d t heir child r e n , if they wo uld e m b r a ce
the Ro m a n C a t hol i c pe r s ua sio n ; b ut , o n the co n t r a r y , if
they re fused this mer cy , a s it wa s i n sole n t ly ter m ed , the
most cr uel de a t hs w o uld b e the ce r t a i n co n seq ue n ce In
spi te o f the p r o m ises o n o ne sid e , a n d m e n a ces o n t he
na n i m o u
sly r e fused to re n o un c e
a lde n ses u
o ther , the \V
thei r r el igio n , o r e m b r a ce the e r r o r s o f pope r y The c ar
di na l a n d V i ce r oy we r e so e n r a ged a t t his , th a t they o r
t i m m edi a tely to the r a ck ,a s
d e r ed thi r t y o f t hem to be p u
S e v e r al o f these died un der th e
a te r ror to the othe r s
.
-
.
.
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.
.
.
92
Pe t s
ne w.
o r
”
r t
a
c
ort ure : o ne Ch a r li n , in p a r ti c ul a r , wa s so cr uelly use d
th a t his b elly b urst , his bo wels c a m e o ut , a n d he e x p ir e d
These b ar b a r ities , ho weve r , did
in t he gre a test a go n ie s
no t a n s w er the e n d fo r which they were i n te n d ed ; for
those who s urvived the t o r m e n ts o f the r a ck , a n d those
wh o ha d n o t felt it , r e m a i n ed e qua lly co n st a n t in the ir
fa ith , a n d boldly de cl a r ed , th a t n othi n g , either o f p a i n or
ld ever i n d uce the m to r e n o un ce th e i r God , o r
fe a r , sho u
The i n h um a n c a r di n a l the n orde r ed
b ow do wn to idols
seve r a l o f the m to b e str ipped n a ked ,a n d whipped to de a th
with i r o n rods : some we r e h a cked to pieces with l a r ge
k n ives ; othe r s were thr o wn fr o m the to p o f a high to wer
r n t a live
a n d m a n y we r e c a sed ov e r w ith pitch a n d b u
O n e o f the m o n ks wh o a t t e n ded the c a r di n a l ,d iscove r ed
re
m a n a n d d i a b oli c a l n a t u
He requested th a t
a m ost i n h u
he m ight shed so m e o f the blood o f these poor peo p le wi t h
his o wn h a n ds ; his req uest bei n g gr a n ted , the m o n ster
took a l ar ge sh a r p k n i fe , a n d c ut the t hr e a t s o f fo ur sco r e
Thei r bodies wer e t he n
m e n , wo m e n , a n d child r e n
q ua r t e r ed , the qua r te r s pl a ced up o n st a kes , a n d fi x ed in
di ffe r e n t p a r ts o f the co un tr y
r p r i n cip a l m e n o f L a G ar d e we r e h a n ge d , a n d
T he fo u
the clergy m a n wa s thr o wn fr o m the top o f his ch ur ch
steeple He wa s dre a d fully c r ushed , b ut n o t quite killed
by the fall T h e V i ce r oy bei n g p r ese n t ,s a id , Is the d o g
yet livi n g ? T a ke h im up , a n d c a st him to the hogs
a lly
u
n e x ec u
i
t
t io n
t a l se n te n ce wa s a ct u
which b r u
p
The m o n ste r s , in thei r hellish thi r s t o f c r uel t y , r a c ke o
si x ty o f the wo m e n wi t h s uch seve r ity , th a t t he co r ds
pi e r ced thei r li m b s q uite to the bo n e They we r e a ft e r
n ds m o r tifie d ,
t hi s r e m a n ded to p r iso n , whe r e thei r w o u
Ma ny
an d they died in t h e m ost m ise r a ble m a n n e r
othe r s were put to de a th by v a r io us m e a n s ; a n d so j e a lo us
and
a r b itr a r y were those m o n ste r s , th a t if a n y Ro m a n
C a tholic ,m o r e co m p a ssio n a te th a n the r est , i n te r ceded fo r
an y o f the r e fo r m ed , he wa s i mm edi a tely a pprehe n ded ,
r e r o f he r eti cs
a n d s a cri ficed a s a fa vo u
The V i ceroy b ei n g obliged t o r e t ur n to N a ples , a n d t he
c a r d in a l h a vi n g bee n r ec a lled to Ro m e , the m a r q uis o f
ti a n o wa s co m m issio n ed to co m plete wh a t they ha d
Bu
beg a n ; which he a t le n gth e ffected by a cti n g wit h s uc h
s rigo ur , th a t t he r e wa s n o t a si n gle pe r so n o f t h e
b a rb a r o u
t
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
F
’
o x s n o o n o r M AR T Y R S
93
.
re form ed religio n le ft in a ll C a l a b r i a Thus were a
gr e a t n um ber o f i n o ffe n sive a n d h a r m less people de p rived
o f t hei r possessi o n s , r obbed o f their p r ope r ty , drive n fr o m
thei r ho m es , a n d , a t le n gth , m urdered , o n ly b ec a use t he y
wo uld n ot s a c r ifice thei r co n scie n ces to the s u
p er s t it 1 o n s
o f o t hers , e m b r a ce do ctri n es whi ch they a bhorred ,a n d a t
te n d to te a chers they co uld n ot b eliev e
.
.
C
H A PT E R II
.
t i on s i n D a u
P er secu
p hiny
.
In 1 4 00, t he W a lde n ses wh o resided in the v a lley
o f Pr a ge la , we r e , a t the i n stig a tio n o f so m e p r iests , s u
d
n dered the ir
d e n ly a tt a cked by a b ody o f t r oops , wh o pl u
ho uses , m ur de r ed m a n y , a n d d r ove othe r s i n to the Alps ,
whe r e gr e a t n u
m b e r s w ere fr oze n to de a th , it bei n g in the
de p th o f wi n t er In 1 4 6 0, a p e r se c ut io n wa s c a r r ied o n
in D a u
p h in y a g a i n st the W a lde n ses , by the a rchb ishop o f
Am b r un e , wh o e m ployed a m o n k , n a m ed Joh n Va y le t i,
wh o p r o ceeded w i t h s u
ch vi ole n ce , th a t n ot o n ly the W a l
de n ses , b ut eve n m a n y p a p ist s, we r e s uffe r e r s : for if a ny
o f the m e x p r essed co m p a ssio n o r pity fo r the i n o ffe n s ive
elly t r e a ted , they we r e a cc used o f
p eo p le wh o w e r e so cr u
n ished
fa v o u
r i n g the W a lde n ses , a n d p u
At le n gth Vay
.
.
eti s p r o ceedi n gs b ec a m e so i n tole r a ble , th a t a gre a t n um
o e r o f the p a pists the m selves a dd r essed a petit i o n a g a i n st
a im
to L o uis X I , ki n g o f F r a n c p , wh o gr an ted the re
u
est
f
the
pe
t
i
tio
n e r s , a n d se n t a n o r der to the gove r n o r
o
q
tio n Vay le t i, ho wever ,
of D a u
p h in y to sto p the pe r se c u
ed it ; for , t a k i n g
b y o r de r o f the a r chb ishop , still co n ti n u
ad v a n t a ge o f the l a st cl a u
se o f the edi ct , he p r ete n de d
th a t he did n othi n g co n t r a r y to the ki n g s p r ecept , who
n is n m e n t
ch a s a ffi r m ed a ny thi n g
h a d o r de r ed p u
to su
This pe r se c utio n a t le n gth
a g a i n s t t h e holy c a thol i c fa i t h
co n cl uded wi t h the de a th o f the a rchbi sho p whi ch h a p
t
’
.
.
’
.
.
oe n ed
in 1 4 87
.
94
F
’
o x s n o o n o n M A RT Y RS
Attemp ts of the P op e t o E x ter min a te t h e W a ld ens es
.
P ope I n n o ce n t VIII , in 1 4 88, dete r m i n ed to persec ute
the W a lde n ses
To this e n d he se n t Albe r t de C a pi
t a n e is , a rchde a co n o f C r emo n a , to F r a n ce ; wh o , o n a r
rivi n g in D a up h in y , c r a ved t he a ssis t a n ce o f t he ki n g s
lie ute n a n t to e x te r m i n a te the \Va lde n ses fr o m the v a lley of
Loyse : the lie ute n a n t re a dily gr a n t ed his a ssist a n ce , a nd
m ar ched a body o f t r oops to t he pl a ce ; b ut whe n t hey a r
r ived a t the v a lley , they fo u
n d th a t it h a d b ee n dese r t e d
by the i n h a bit a n t s , wh o h a d r e t i r ed to the mo u
nta i n s , and
hid the m selves in c a ve r n s , & c The a r chde a co n a n d lie u
te n a n t i m m edi a t ely follo w ed t he m wi t h t he t r oops , a n d a p
p r ehe n di n g m a n y , they c a st the m he a dlo n g fr o m t h e p r e
v er a l ,
Se
c i ic e s , by wh ich they w e r e d a shed t o pie ces
p
ho we v e r , r eti r e d to the i n n e r m ost p a rts o f t he c a ve r n s ,a n d
k n o wi n g t he i n t r i c a cies , we r e a ble t o co n ce a l the m selves
The ar chde a co n a n d lie ute n a n t , n o t bei n g a ble to co m e a t
the m , orde r ed the m o ut hs o f the c a v es to be filled with
ffoc a t ed
fa gots ,w hi ch bei n g ligh t ed , those w i t hi n we r e s u
n d s m othe r e d ,
O n se a r chi n g the c a v es ,4 00 i n fa n ts we r e fo u
either in thei r c r a d les o r in thei r m other s a r m s ; a n d ,
U po n the w hole , a bo ut 3 000 m e n , wo me n , a n d child r e n ,
were dest r oyed in this pe r se c u
t io n
A fter t his t r a gi c a l wo r k , t he lie ute n an t a n d a r chde a co n
proceeded wi t h the t r oops to Pr a ge la a n d F r a s s a n ie r , in
order to pe r se c ute the W a lde n ses in t hose p a r ts But thes e
h a vi n g he a r d the fa te o f thei r b r e t h r e n in the v a lley o f
L oyse ,tho ught p r ope r to a r m the m sel v es a n d by fo r ti fy
in g the di ff e r e n t p a sses , a n d b r a ve ly d is p u
t i n g the p a ss a ges
th r o ugh the m , they so h ar a ssed t he tr o ops , th a t the lie u
te n a n t wa s co m pelled to reti r e witho ut e ffecti n g his p ur
po s e
.
.
’
.
.
.
.
’
'
.
.
'
.
r s t h e W a ld en s es
Th e K ing of F r a n ce f a vou
.
In 1 494 , A n tho n y F a bri a n d Ch r istopher de S a lie n c e ,
h a vi n g a co m m issio n to pe r se c u
te the W a lde n ses o f D a u~
h
i
n , u
f
t
so
m
e
to
de
a
th
seq
u
es
e
r
ed
the
est
a
tes
o
others ,
t
,
y p
p
a n d co n fisc a ted the goods o f m a n y
bu
is X II co m i n g
t L ou
to the cro wn in 1 4 98 , the W a lde n ses pe t itio n ed h im for a
t io n o f their property The ki n g dete r mi n e d t o
re s tit u
.
.
F
'
’
o x s B O O K o r MART YRs
.
95
h ave the affa ir im p a r t 1 a lly c a n v a ssed , a n d se n t a co m m is
s lo n er o f hi s o wn , t oge t he r w i t h a co mm iss a r y fr o m the
po p e , to m a ke the p r ope r i n q ui r ies The wit n esses a g a i n st
th e l Va ld e n s e s h a v i n g bee n e x a m i n ed , the i n n oce n c e o f
those poo r peo p le e v ide n t ly a ppe a r ed ,a n d the ki n g s co m
m is s io n e r d e cl a r ed ,
Th a t he o n ly desi r ed to be a s good
”
a Ch r is t i a n a s t he worst o f the m
W he n this fa vo ur a ble
r epo r t w a s m a de to the ki n g , he i m m edi a t ely g a ve o r ders
th a t t h e W a ld en ses sho uld h a v e their prope r t y restored to
The a r chbishop o f Am b r un e , h a vi n g the gr e a test
t he m
q ua n t ity o f these p o o r people s goods , it w a s ge n er a lly
i m a gi n ed t h a t he wo uld set a l a ud a ble e x a m p le to others ,
by bei n g the fi r st t o r es t o r e t he m The a r chb ishop , h o w
e v e r , de cl a r ed , t h a t he wo uld n o t resto r e a n y o f t h e p r o
p e r ty ,fo r it wa s i n co r po r a ted w i t h , a n d b eco m e p a rt o f his
a r chbi s hop r i c
He , ho w e v e r , w i th a n a ffe c t a tio n o f c a n
do ur , o ffe r ed to r el i n q uish se v e r a l v i n ey a r ds ,o f whi ch he
h a d dispossesse d t he W a l d e n ses , p r ovided t h e lo r ds o f
Dau
ld r e sto r e a ll t hey h a d t a ke n fr o m those poo r
p h in y w o u
peo p le b ut t hi s the lo r ds a bsol ut ely r e fused , be i n g a s de
si r o n s o f kee p i n g t hei r pl un de r a s the a r chbishop hi m sel f
‘
The vVa lde n se s fi n di n g th a t they w e r e n o t likely to r e
co v e r a n y o f the i r p r ope r ty , a g a i n a ppe a led to t h e ki n g
a n d the m o n a r ch h a vi n g a t t e n ded t o t hei r co m pl a i n ts ,w r ote
to the a r chb ishop ; b ut t h a t a r tful a n d a v a r i ci o us p r el a te
r e lied ,
Th a t a t t he co mm e n c e m e n t o f the pe r se c ut io n
p
the W a lde n ses h a d bee n e x co m m un i c a ted by the pope , in
c o n seq u
e n ce o f whi ch t hei r goods we r e d istr a i n ed ; there
fo r e , till the se n te n ce o f e x co m m u
n i c a tio n wa s t a ke n o ff,
whi ch h a d o cc a sio n ed the m to be seized , they co uld n o t
”
be r es zor e d wi t h p r op r iety
This ple a wa s a llo wed to b e
r e a so n a ble
a n d a ppli c a tio n wa s i n e ffect u
a lly m a de t o the
po p e t o r e m ove the se n te n ce o f e x co mm un i c a ti o n ; fo r the
a r chbi shop , s u
pposi n g this wo uld be the c a se ,h a d used all
his i n te r est a t Ro m e t o pre v e n t the a ppli c a tio n from s u
c
.
’
.
.
’
.
.
'
.
.
ce e d in g.
P r og r ess of t he W a ld en s es
.
At le n gth this se ct h a vi n g spre a d from D a up h iny in t o
s eve r a l other p r ovi n ces , b e c a m e very n u
s in Pro
m ero u
v e n ce
At the i r first a rr iv a l , P r ov n ce w a s a l m ost a d e
.
e
96
F
o x s n o o n o n M AR I Y R S
’
'
'
.
u by the ir gre a t in d ust1 y it soo n a b o un ded with corn ,
wi n e , oil , fr u
it , & c The pope , by be i n g o fte n n e a r them
a t h is se a t a t Avig n o n , he a r d o cc a si o n a lly m a n y thi n gs
co n ce r n i n g their di ffe r i n g fr o m the ch ur ch o f Ro m e ,wh ich
r e a tly e x a spe r a ted h im , a n d he determi n ed to perse c u
te
g
the m P r oceedi n g to so m e e x tre m ities ,un der the s a n ct io n
tho r ity o n ly ,witho ut co n sulti n g the
o f h is e cclesi a sti c a l a u
ki n g o f F r a n ce , the l a tter be c a m e a l a r med , a n d se n t h is
m a ster o f reques t s , a n d hi s co n fessor , to e x a m i n e i n to the
a ffa ir
r n they report ed th a t the W a lde n se s
O n thei r r et u
were n o t s u
ch d a n ge r o us o r b a d people a s they ha d bee n
rep r ese n ted ; th a t they lived wi th per fe ct ho n esty , were
fr ie n dl y to a ll, c a used thei r childre n to be b a ptized , h a d
ght the L o r d s p r a yer , c r eed , a n d t e n co m m a n d
t he m t a u
r ity , kept the
m e n ts ; e x po u
n ded the scri pt u
r es w ith p u
L o r d s d a y s a c r ed , fe ar ed God , ho n o ur ed the ki n g , a n d
”
w ished well t o the st a te
The n , s a i d the ki n g , they
are mu
ch bette r Ch r isti a n s th a n m ysel f, or m y c a tholi c
”
s ubj e cts ,a n d the r e fore they sh a ll n o t b e perse c uted
He
wa s a s good a s his wo r d , a n d se n t orders to stop the per
s er ,b
t
.
.
.
.
’
’
“
.
se c
ut ion
.
t i o n s in t h e Va lley of P ied mon t
P er s ecu
.
The W a lde n se s , in co n se que n ce o f the co n ti n ued perse
ge to v a rio us
cu
tio n s they m e t with in Fr a n ce , fled for re fu
98
my .
m om or
M it n r r u
s
'
.
he s uff r his co untr y t o b e depop ul a t ed , while he h lmse li
lted upo n the o cc a sio n
ha d n o t b e e n co n s u
The p r iests , p e r ce ivi n g the dete r m i n at io n o f the d uke
ha d r eco u
rs e to their usua l a r t ifice , a n d e n de a vo ur ed t e
p r ej udi ce his mi n d a g a i n st the W a lde n ses ; b ut he t old
the m , th a t a ltho ugh he wa s un a cqua i n ted with the religio us
n d the m
t e n e t s o f these people , yet he ha d a l wa ys fo u
q uiet , fa ith ful , a n d obedie n t , a n d wa s there fo r e deter m i n ed
ld b e pe r se c uted n o lo n ger The p r iests t he n
t hey sho u
r d fa lsehoods
ve n t ed the m ost p a lp a ble a n d a bs u
t hey
a ss u
r ed the d u
ke th a t he wa s m is t a ke n in the W a lde n se s ,
f o r t hey w e r e a w i cked set o f peo le a n d highly a ddi cte d
p ,
to i n te m pe r a n ce , un cle a n n ess ,bl a sphe m y ,a d ul t e r y ,i n cest ,
a n d th a t they we r e
a n d m a n y other a b o m i n a ble c r i m es
eve n m o n sters in n a t ur e , fo r the i r child r e n we r e b o rn w i t h
bl a ck th r o a ts ,w ith fo ur r o ws of teeth , a n d b odies cove r ed
with h a i r
Bu
ke wa s n o t so to b e i m posed upo n ,
t the d u
n a ffi r m a tio n s o f t h e p r iests
the
sole
n o t h wit h s t a n d in
m
g
In o r der to c o m e a t the tr u
th , he se n t t welve ge n tle m e n
i n to the P ied m o n tese v a lleys , to e x a m i n e i n to the re a l
ch a r a cter o f the people
These ge n tle m e n ,a ft er tr a vell i n g th r o ugh a ll their to wn s
a n d vill a ges , a n d co n ve r si n g with the W a lde n ses o f eve r y
r a n k , r et ur n ed to the d uke ,a n d g a ve h im the m ost fa vo ur
a bl e a cco u
n t o f the m , a ffi r m i n g
in co n t r a di ctio n to the
p r iests ,th a t t hey w e r e h a r m less , i n o ffe n sive ,loy a l ,fr ie n dly ,
i n d ustr io us , a n d p io us ; th a t they a bho r r ed the c r i m es o f
w hi ch t hey we r e a cc u
sed a n d th a t , sho uld a n i n divid ua l ,
th r o ugh hi s dep r a vity , fa ll i n to a ny o f t hose c r i m es , he
wou
ld , by thei r l a ws , be p un ished in the m ost e x e m pl a r y
m a n n er
W i t h r espe ct to the child r e n , o f w ho m the
p r i ests ha d told the m ost gr oss a n d r idi c ulo us fa lsehoo d s ,
t hey were n either b or n w ith bl a ck th r o a ts , teeth in their
m ou
ths , n or h a i r o n their b odies ,b ut we r e a s fi n e child r e n
a s co u
ld be see n
An d to co n vi n ce yo ur high n ess of
”
ed o n e o f the ge n tle m e n , we
wh a t we h a ve s a id , co n ti n u
h a ve b r o ught twelve o f the p r i n ci p a l m a le i n h a b i t a nt s ,wh o
a r e co m e to a s k p a rdo n in the n a m e o f t h e r est , fo r h a vi n
g
t yo ur le a ve , tho ugh e v e n in t hei r
t a ke n u
p a r m s w itho u
o w n de fe n ce , a n d t o p r ese r ve their l ives fr o m their me r ci
less e n e m ie s W e h a ve like w ise b r o ught seve r a l wo m e n
with ch ildre n o f v a r io u
s a ges , th a t yo ur high n ess m a y
e
.
.
.
.
.
.
“
.
“
.
.
'
ro x
s
soon
or
MA R T Y R S
.
opport un ity o f j udgi n g fo r y o ur sel f
His high
n ess the n a ccepted t he a pology o f the t welve deleg a t es ,
co n v ersed wi t h the w o m e n , e x a mi n ed t h e child r e n , a n d
sly dis m issed the m He the n co mm a n d
a ft e r w ar d g r a cio u
ed the p r iests , wh o h a d a tte m pted to m isle a d him , i m me
rt
a n d g a ve s t ri ct orde r s th a t the
d ia t e ly t o le a ve the co u
pe r sec utio n sho uld ce a se th r o ugho ut his do m i n io n s
D ur i n g the re m a in de r o f the r e ig n o f this vi r tuo us pri n ce ,
the W a lde n ses e nj oyed r ep ose in the ir retr e a ts ; b ut , o n
his de a th , this h a ppy sce n e ch a n ged , fo r h is s uccesso r wa s
Abo ut t h e s a m e ti m e , so m e o f the p r i n
a b igo t ed p a pist
ld
p
r e a ch
c i a l W a lde n ses p r oposed th a t thei r cle r gy sho u
p
bli c , th a t e v e r y o n e m igh t k n o w the p ur ity o f t hei r
in p u
do c tr i n es fo r hi t he r to t hey h a d p r e a ched o n ly in p r iv a te
ch co n g r eg a tio n s a s they wel l k n e w to co n sist o f
a n d to s u
non e b u
t pe r so n s o f the re for m ed r eligio n
W he n this r e a ched the e a r s o f t he n e w d uke , he was
gre a tly e x a spe r a ted , a n d se n t a co n side r a ble b od y o f
troo p s i n to the v a lleys , s we a r i n g t h a t if th e people wo uld
ld h ave the m fl a yed
n o t co n fo r m to the Ro m ish fa ith ,he w o u
The co m m a n de r o f the t r oops soo n fo un d the im
a li v e
pr a cti c a b ili t y o f co n que r i n g the m wi t h the n um be r o f m e n
the n un de r h im : he , the r e fo r e , se n t wo r d to the d uke
th a t the ide a o f s ubj ug a ti n g the W a lde n ses with so sm a ll
lo us ; th a t they we r e bette r a cq ua i n ted
a fo r ce w a s ridi c u
n t r y t h an a n y th a t w e r e w ith h im
th a t they
w i t h t h e co u
red a ll the p a sses , we r e well a r m ed , a n d dete r
ha d sec u
mi n ed to de fe n d the m selves Al a r m ed a t t his , the d uke
co m m a nded t h e t r oops to ret ur n , dete r m i n i n g to a ct by
st r a t a ge m Il e , t he r e fo r e , o r de r ed re wa r ds for t a ki n g a n y
n d st r a yi n g fr o m t hei r
o f t he W a lde n ses , wh o m ight b e fo u
pl a ces o f sec ur i ty ; a n d t hese , whe n t a ke n , we r e e ithe r
fl a ved a l ive or b ur n t
P ope P a ul the Thi r d , a furio us b igot , a sce n di n g the
o n t i ti ca l ch a i r , i m m edi a tel y
solicited t h e p ar li a m e n t o f
p
T ur i n to pe r sec ute the W a lde n ses , a s the m os t pe r n i cio us
o f a ll he r eti cs
To this t he p a r li a m e n t re a dily a sse n te d ,
whe n sever a l we r e s u
dde n ly seized a n d b ur n t by their
o r de r A m o n g these wa s B a r t holo m e w He cto r , a book
s eller o f T u
rin
He h a d b ee n b r o ught up a Ro m a n C a
t ho lic , b u
t so m e t r e a t ises writte n by the re for m ed clergy
ha vi n g fa lle n i n to hi s h a n ds , he wa s fu
lly co n vi n ce d o f
”
ha v e a n
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,
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100
F
’
o x s n o o rt o r MA RT Y RS
.
he ir t r uth , an d o f the errors o f the ch urch o f Ro m e y e t
his mi n d wa s , fo r so m e ti m e , w a ve r i n g bet wee n fe a r a n d
du
ty , whe n , a fte r se r i o us co n side r a ti o n , he fully e m b r a ced
the r e formed r eligio n , a n d wa s a pp r ehe n de d , a s we h a ve
r nt
al r e a dy m e n ti o n e d , a n d b u
A co n s ul ta tio n wa s a g a i n held by the p a r l ia me n t o f
T ur i n ,in whi ch it wa s a g r eed th a t dep ut ies sho uld be se n t
to the v a lleys o f P ied m o n t wi th the follo wi n g p r opositio n s ;
1 Th a t if the W a lde n ses w o u
l d r et ur n to the bosom o f
the ch ur ch o f Ro m e , they sho uld e nj oy t hei r ho uses , pr o ;
pe t ties , a n d l a n ds , a n d live w i t h the i r fa m ilies ,witho ut the
le a st molest a tio n 2 Th a t to p r ove thei r obedie n ce ,they
sho ul d se n d t wel v e o f thei r p r i n cip a l pe r so n s ,w i th a ll their
m i n iste r s a n d school m a ste r s , to T u
r i n , to b e de a lt wi t h a t
d i sc r e t io n 3 Th a t the pope ,the ki n g o f F r a n ce , a n d the
d uke o f S a vo y ,a pp r o v ed o f a n d a utho r ized the pro ceed
i n gs o f the p a r li a m e n t o f T ur i n , upo n this o cc a sio n 4
Th a t if the W a lde n ses o f P i e d m o n t r ej e cted these p r opo
tio n a n d d e a th sho uld b e th ei r re wa r d
s i t io n s , pe r se c u
In a n s we r to these hostile a r ticles , t he W a lde n ses m a de
the follo w i n g n oble r eplies : 1 Th a t n o co n side r a tio n
ld m a ke the m r e n o un ce t hei r r eligio n 2
wh a teve r sho u
Th a t t hey w o uld n ever co n se n t to i n t r ust thei r bes t fr ie n ds
to the c ustody a n d disc r etio n o f the ir wo r st e n e m ies 3
Th a t they v a l ued t he a pp r ob a tio n o f the K i n g o f K i n gs ,
tho r ity
who reig n s in he a ve n , m o r e th a n a n y te m po r a l a u
ls we r e m o r e p r e cio us th a n thei r b odies
4 Th a t the i r so u
A s m ay b e co nj e ct ur e d , these spi r ited a n d poi n ted a h
r i n ; in
s we r s g r e a tly e x a spe r a ted the p a r li a m e n t o f T u
co n seq ue n ce o f whi ch they co n ti n ued wi t h mo r e a vidity
th a n e v er to sei ze s uch W a lde n ses a s un fo r tun a tely h a d
t the m to t h e most
s t r a yed fr o m the ir hidi n g pl a ces , a n d p u
cr uel de a ths
They soo n a fter soli cited fr om the ki n g o f Fr a n ce a
co n side r a ble b ody o f troops , in o r de r to e x te r m i n a te the
re fo r m ed fr om P ied m o n t -b ut j ust a s th e t r oops were
t to m a r ch , the p r otes t a n t p r i n ces o f Ge r m a n y i n t e r
ab o u
r
al
a
osed
h
e
te
ed
to
se
n
d
t
r
oops
to
ssist
the
“
n
and t r a
,
p
de n ses O n this ,t he ki n g o f F r a n ce , n o t wi shi ng t o e n t e r
in to a wa r ,r e m a n ded t h e t r oops Thi s g r e a tly dis a p poi n t
ed the s a n g ui n a r y m e m be r s o f the p a rli a m e n t , a n d for wa n t
tio n gr a d ua lly ce a sed ,a n d they co uld
o f p e n e r the pers e c u
t
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'
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-
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02
Fo x
’
s
B O OK o r M A R T Y R S
.
m a r ches m a n y loc a l b a rb a r ities took pl a ce At Pign e rol
wa s a m o n a ste r y , the m o n ks o f which fi n di n g they m ig h t
n d e r their
a n to pl u
ity
beg
r e the r e fo r m ed wit lr i m u
n
i nj u
,
p
ses , a n d p ull do wn the i r ch ur c h ; a n d n o t m eeti n g
ho u
po n the pe r so n s o f tho se
wi t h op p osi t io n ,they n e x t se ized u
un h a p py p eople , m ur de r i n g the m e n , co n fi n i n g the wo m e n ,
r ses
t t i n g t he child r e n to Ro m a n C a t holi c n u
and pu
In t h e s a m e m a n n e r the Ro m a n C a tholi c i n h a bit a n ts o f
the v a lley o f S t Ma r t i n did a ll t hey co uld to to r m e n t the
r i n g W a lde n ses ; they dest r oyed
thei r ch ur ches ,
n eighbo u
b ur n t the ir ho uses , seized t hei r p r ope r ty , c a r r ie d a wa y
their c a tt le , co n ve r t ed thei r l a n d s to thei r o wn us e , co m
m it t e d t hei r m i n iste r s to t he fl a m es , a n d d r o v e the people
to the w oods , whe r e they h a d n o t hi n g to s ub sist o n b ut
i t s , the b a r k o f t r ees , r oo t s , & c , & c
wild fr u
S o m e R o m a n C a t hol i c r ufli a n s h a vi n g sei zed a mi n ist e r ,
a s h e wa s go i n g to p r e a ch , d ete r m i n ed t o t a k e h im to a
co n ve n ie n t pl a ce a n d b ur n h im H is p a r ishio n e r s he a r i n g
ed a n d a t t a cked the v il
r su
o f this , a r m ed t he m sel v es , p u
li a n s ; who , fi n d i n g t hey co uld n o t e x ec ute thei r fi r s t i n te n t ,
st a bbed t he poo r ge n tle m e n , a n d le a vi n g him welte r i n g in
his blood ,m a de a p r e ci p i ta t e r e tr e a t H is p a r is h o n e r s did
ld to r e co ve r h im , b ut in v a i n ; fo r he e x pired
a ll t hey co u
a s they w e r e c a r r yi n g h im ho m e
The m o n ks o f Pign e r o l h a v i n g a g r e a t desi r e to get in to
t hei r possessio n a m i n iste r o f t h e to wn o f S t Ger m a i n ,
hi r ed a b a n d o f r ufli an s fo r the p ur p ose o f seizi n g him
These fello ws we r e co n d ucted by a t r e a che r o us se r va n t to
: he cle r gy m a n , wh o k n e w a sec r et wa y t o the ho u
se , by
ld le a d the m with o ut a l a r m i n g the n eighbo ur
whi ch he co u
hood The g uide k n o cked a t the doo r , a n d be i n g a sked
The cle r gy
wh o wa s the r e , a n s we r ed in his o wn n a m e
r y fr o m a
e
m a n ,e x p e c t i n g n o i nj u
r so n o n who m he h a d
p
he a ped fa vo ur s , i m m edi a t ely o p e ne d t he doo r pe r ceivi ng
fli a n s , he fled , b u
shed in a n d se ized h im
t n e ru
t t hey r u
They the n m ur de r ed a ll his fa m ily a fte r w hi ch they pro
c e e d e d wi th thei r c a pt ive to wa r d Pi n e r o l, go a di n g h im
g
H e wa s co n fi n ed a co n sider a ble ti m e in p ri
all t he wa y
rn t
s o n , a n d the n b u
The m ur d e r e r s co n ti n ui n g thei r a ss a ults a bo ut th e to wn
r de r i n g a n d pl u
of S t G e r m a i n , m u
n de r i n g m a n y o f th e
in h a b it a n ts , the re fo r med o f L u
c e r n e a n d An ro ne s e nt
g
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e
s
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.
Fo x
’
s
B OO K
MA RT YRS
or
1 03
.
ome ar m ed m e n to the a ssist a n ce o f t hei r b r eth r e n These
m e n fr eq u
e n tly a tta cked a n d ro uted the r uffi a n s , which s o
a l a r m ed t he m o n ks , th a t they le ft their m o n a s t ery o f Pi
g
n erol , till t h e
ld pro c u
r e regu
l a r troop s fo r t heir pro
y co u
e et i o n
The d uke o f S av oy , n o t fi n di n g hi m sel f so s uccess fu
l as
he a t fir st i m a gi n ed he sho uld b e , a ug m e n ted his forces ,
n ed to them the r u
oi
fl
i
a n s ,a n d co m m a n ded th a t a ge n e r a l
j
deli ve r y sho uld t a ke pl a ce in the p r iso n s , p r ovided the
ld be a r a r m s , a n d a ss ist in the e x te
p e r so n s rele a sed wo u
m i n a t io n o f the W a lde n ses
No soo n e r were the W a lde n ses i n formed o f these pro
e e d in s th a n t hey se c u
r ed a s m u
ch o f thei r p r operty a s
g
hey co uld , a n d q ui t t i n g the v a lleys , reti r ed t o the ro cks
a n d c a ves a m o n g t he Alps
The a r m y no soo n er re a ched thei r desti n a tio n th a n they
b eg a n t o p la nd e r a n d b u
rn the to wn s a n d v ill a ges ; b ut
they co uld n o t fo r ce the p a ss a ges o f the Alps , g a ll a n t ly
de fe n ded b y t he W a lde n ses ,who in t hose a tt e m pts a l wa ys
rep uls ed t he i r e n e m ies ; b ut if a n y fell i n t o t he h a n ds o f t he
tr oops , they we r e t r e a ted in t he m os t b a r b a r o us m a n n e r
A soldie r h a vi n g c a ugh t o n e o f t he m , h it his r ight e a r o ff,
s a yi n g , I w ill c a r r y t his m e m be r o f t h a t W i cked he r eti c
”
t
wi h m e i n t o m y o w n co u
n t r y , a n d p r ese r v e it a s a r ar i ty
He t he n s t a b be d t h e m a n , a n d t h r e w him i n t o a di t ch
At o n e t i m e , a p a r ty o f t r oops fo un d a ve n e r a ble m a n
p wa r ds o f a h un d r e d y e a r s o f a ge , a cco m pa n ied by his
u
gr a n d d a ugh t e r , a m a i d e n o f a bo ut e igh t ee n , in a c a ve
They m ur d e r ed t he poo r old m a n in a m os t i n h um a n m a n
n e r , a n d the n a t t e m p t ed t o r a v ish the gi r l , whe n
s he
s t a r t ed a wa y , a n d bei n g p ur s ued , thre w he r sel f from a
p r e c i pi ce a n d w a s d a shed to pieces
De t e r m i n ed ,if po s sible , t o e x p el the i n v a de r s ,the W al
d e n ses e n t e r ed i n to a le a g ue w i t h t he protes t a n t po we r s in
Ge r m a n y ,a nd with the r e fo r m ed o f D a up hiny a n d Pr a ge la
These w e r e r espec t i v ely to fur n ish bodies o f t r oops a n d
the W a ld e n s e s resol ved , whe n th us rei n fo r ced , t o q uit t he
mo un t a i n s o f t he Alps ,whe r e t hey soo n m us t h a ve pe r ished ,
a s t he w i n te r w a s co m i n g o n ,a n d to force the d u
ke s a rmy
to e v a c ua t e t hei r n a t ive v a lleys
ke o f S a voy hi m sel f wa s ti r ed o f the wa r ; it
Bu
t t he d u
e a n d a n x iety o f m i n d , a vast
h a ving cost h im gre a t fa tig u
S
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-
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’
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104
r
’
o x s B o o k o r MARI YRS
'
‘
.
um ber o f m en , a n d ve r y co n side r a ble s um s o f mo n ey I
ch more ted io us a n d bloody th a n he e x pe cted ,
ha d bee n m u
‘
n
.
we ll as m o re e x pe ns ive th a n he a t fi r st im a gi n ed , fo r he
th o ught the pl un der wo uld h a ve d isch a r ged t he e x pe n ses
o f t he e x p e ditio n : in this , ho wever he wa s m ist a ke n ; fo r
’
t he pope s n u
n c io , the b ishops , m o n ks , a n d other e ccle
r a ged the wa r ,
s ia st ics , wh o a tte n ded the a r m y a n d e n co u
n der
n k the gre a test p a r t o f the we a lth th a t wa s t a ke n , u
su
v a rio us prete n ces F o r these re a so n s , a n d the de a th o f
his d utchess ,o f whi ch he h a d j ust re cei ved i n tellige n ce ,a nd
fe a ri n g th a t the W a lde n ses , by the tre a ties they h a d e n
ld be co m e too po wer ful fo r h im , b e dete r
te r e d in to , wo u
mi n ed to ret ur n to T ur i n with his a r m y , a n d to m a ke
p e a c e with the m
This resol uti o n b e put in pr a cti ce , gr e a tly a g a i n st the
w i s h o f the e cclesi a sti cs , who by the war gr a tified both
B e fo r e the a rticles o f
t he ir a v a ri ce a n d t heir reve n ge
pe a ce co uld b e r a tified , the d uke hi m sel f died ; b ut o n his
de a thbed he st r i ctly e nj oi n ed his s o n to per fo r m wh at he
ha d in te n ded , a n d to be a s fa vo u
r a ble as po s s ible to the
as
.
.
.
W a lde n ses
Ch a rles E m a nuel , the d uke s s o n , s ucceeded t o the do
mi n io n s o f S a voy , a n d fully r a tified the pe a ce with t he
W a lde n ses , a ccordi n g to the l a st inj un ctio n s o f his fa ther ,
tho ugh the priests used all t he ir a rts to dissua de him fr o m
his p u
r p os e
.
’
.
C HAP
T ER I“
.
ti on s of t he Albig enses
P er s ecu
.
T HE Alb ige n ses were people o f the re formed rel ig io n ,
They we r e co n de m n
n try o f Alb i
wh o i nh a bited t he co u
ed o n a cco un t o f rel igio n , in the co un cil o f L a ter a n , by
o r der o f pope Ale x a n de r III b ut they i n cre a sed so pr o
d igio u
sly , th a t m a n y cities were in h a b ited by perso n s o n ly
a sio n , a n d seve r a l emi n e n t n oble m e n em
o f thei r pe r s u
b r a ced thei r do c t r i n es A m o n g t he l a tter we r e Ra ym o n d ,
lo use , Ra ym o n d , e a r l o f Fo i x , the e a rl o f Be
e a r l o f To u
The p ope , a t le n gth , p r ete n ded t ha t he wi sh
z ie re s , & c
.
.
.
.
IOG
F
’
OX S B OO K OF MA RT Y RS
.
oo p s wo uld b e preve n ted fr o m pl un de r i n g his in no
ce n t s ubj ects , a s he tho ught h i m sel f a s ufiic ie n t pl e dge for
an
a ke o n a cco u
n t o f the de a t h
ve
ge
ce
they
chose
to
t
n
a
n
y
”
o f the fr i ar
The leg a te r eplied , th a t he wa s v e r y gl a d
r re n dered
t h e e a r l h a d vol u
n t a r ily s u
bu
t wi t h r espe ct t o
th e p r opos a l , he co u
ld n o t p r ete n d to co un t e r m a n d t he
o r de r s to the t r oops , un less he wo uld co n se n t to deliver up
seve n o f his b est fo r ti fied c as tles a s se c ur ities fo r his fu
t ure
beh a vio ur At th is de m a n d the e a r l perceived h is e r r or
in s u
b m i t t i n g , b ut it wa s too l a te ; he k n e w hi m sel f to b e
a p r iso n e r , a n d t he r e fo r e se n t a n orde r for the delive r y o f
the c a s t les The pope s leg a t e h a d n o soo n e r g a r r iso n ed
t hese pl a ces , t h a n he o r de r ed the respe ctive gove r n o r s to
a ppe a r be fo r e him
W he n they c a m e , he s a id , Th a t
t h e e a r l o f To u
lo use h a v i n g deli v e r ed up his c a s t les to the
pope , they m ust co n side r t h a t they we r e n o w the pope s
s ubj ects , a n d n o t the e a r l s ; a n d th a t they m ust the r e fore
”
a c t co n fo r m a bly to t hei r n e w a llegi a n ce
The gove r n o r s
we r e g r e a t ly a sto n ished to see thei r lo r d th u
s in ch a i n s ,
a n d t he m sel v es co m pelled to a c t in a m a n n e r so co n t r a ry
to thei r i n cli n a tio n s a n d co n scie n ces But the s ubseq ue n t
t r e a t m e n t o f t h e e a r l a fllict e d t he m still m o r e ; fo r he was
st r i pped n e ar ly n a ked , led n i n e ti m es r o un d the g r a ve o f
r ged be fo r e a ll t h e people
fr i a r P ete r , a n d se v e r ely sco u
No t co n te n ted w ith this , t h e leg a te obliged him to s we a r
t h a t he w o u
ld be obed ie n t t o the pope d uri n g the re m a i n der
r ch o f Ro m e , a n d m a ke ir
o f his l i fe , co n fo r m t o t h e ch u
reco n cil a ble wa r a g a i n st t h e Albige n ses ; a n d eve n o r der
ed him , by the o a ths he h a d n e wly t a ke n , to j o i n the
Bu
t r oops , a n d i n spe ct the siege o f Be z ie r e s
t thi n ki n g
this too h a r d a n i nj un ctio n , he took a n oppo r t un ity p r i
h
h
va t e l
to
q
u
it
t
e a r m y , a n d deter m i n ed to
o
t
o
t
e pope
y
g
an d r el a te the ill u
s a ge he h a d r ece ived
th e t r
.
.
’
.
.
’
’
.
.
.
.
.
.
S ieg e of B ez ier es
.
The a r my , ho weve r ,pro ceeded to besiege Bez ie r es , a n d
the e a r l o f Be z ie r e s , wh o w a s gove r n o r o f th a t city ,t hi n k
t , a n d pr e
in g it i m p ossib l e t o d e fen d the pl a ce , c a m e o u
s e n t i n g hi m sel f be fo r e the leg a te , i m plo r e d m e r cy fo r t h e
i h b
n a i t a n ts ; i n t i m a t i n g , th a t t he r e we r e a s m a ny Ro m a n
c a tholics a s Alb ige n ses in the ci ty The leg a t e replie d ,
.
’
Fo x
s Bo o k
or
M A RT YR S
.
1 07
th a t a ll e x c uses we r e useless the p l a ce m ust b e delivered
up a t disc r etio n , o r the m ost d r e a d ful co n seque n ces wo uld
e n s ue
The e a r l o f Be z ier e s r e t ur n i n g i n to the city , told the
i n h a b i t a n t s he co uld ob t a i n n o m e r cy ,un less the Alb ige n ses
ld a bjur e t hei r r eligi o n , a n d co n fo r m to the wo r shi p o f
wo u
r ch o f Ro m e
t h e ch u
The Ro m a n c a tholi cs p r essed the
Albige n ses to co m p ly w i t h this r eq uest b ut the Alb ige n ses
uo b ly a n s we r ed , t h a t t hey w o uld n o t fo r s a ke thei r r eligio n
fo r t he b a se p r i ce o f t hei r fr a il li fe : th a t God wa s a ble , if
he p le a sed , to de fe n d the m b ut if he w o uld b e glo r ified
by t he co n fessio n o f t hei r fa ith , i t wo uld be a g r e a t ho n o ur
to t he m to di e fo r h is s a k e They a dded , th a t t hey h a d
r a t he r d is le a se the po e , w h o co u
ld b ut kill t he i r b odies ,
p
p
th a n God , wh o co uld c a st b oth body a n d so ul i n t o hell
O n t his t h e p op ish p a r ty , fi n di n g the i r i m p o rt un ities in e f
fe c t u
a l, se n t t he ir b ishop to t h e leg a te , b esee chi n g him n o t
t o i n cl u
de t he m in the ch a st ise m e n t o f t h e Albige n ses ;
a n d r ep r ese n ti n g , th a t the best m e a n s to win t h e l a t t e r ove r
to the Ro m a n c a t hol i c p e r s ua si o n , wa s by ge n tle n ess , a n d
n o t by r igo u
r
The leg a te , up o n he a r i n g this , fle w i n to a
vi ole n t p a ssio n w it h the b ishop , a n d de cl a r ed t h a t , If
a ll the city did n o t a ck n o wledge thei r fa u
lt , they sho uld
t a ste o f o n e c u
r se witho u
t disti n ctio n o f r eligio n , s e x , or
”
a e
g
T h e i n h a b it a n ts re fusi n g t o yield up o n s uch te r m s , a ge
n er a l a ss a u
lt wa s m a de , a n d the pl a ce t a ke n by sto r m ,
whe n eve r y c r u
elty th a t b a r b a r o us s upe r sti t io n co u
l d de
vise wa s p r a c t ised n o t hi n g wa s to b e he a r d b ut the gr o an s
o f m e n wh o la y w e lte r i n g in thei r b lood
t h e la me n t a ti o n s
o f m othe r s , w h o , a fte r bei n g v i ol a t e d by the soldi e r y , h a d
t hei r child r e n t a ke n fr o m th e m , a n d d a shed to pie ces be
fo r e thei r fa ces
The ci t y b ei n g fi r ed in v a r i o us p a rt s ,
n e w sce n e s o f co n fu
sio n a r ose in seve r a l p l a ces the str eet s
were s tr e a m i n g w i t h blood
Those wh o h id the m selves
in thei r d welli n gs , h a d o n ly the d r e a d fu
l a lte r n a tive to r e
m a i n a n d pe r ish in t h e fl a m es , o r r u
sh o ut a n d fa ll by the
s w o r ds o f the soldie r s The bloody leg a t e , d ur i n g these
i n fe r n a l p r oceed i n gs , e nj oyed the c a r n a ge , a n d eve n c r ied
ou
K ill the m ,kil the m all kill m a n ,wo
t t o the t r oo p s ,
m a n ,a n d child ; kill Ro m a n c a t hol ics a s well a s Alb ige n s e s
for whe n they a r d e a d t h e Lo r d k n o w s h o w to pi ck o u
t
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
e
.
e
’
1 08
r o x s B O O K o r n a n r vas
'
.
his o wn
Th us the b e a uti ful city o f Be z ier e s was re
i n ced to a he a p o f rui n s ; a n d
perso n s were mur
d e re d
”
.
.
ra e o
C ou
g f t he E a r l of B ez i er es
.
The e a rl of Be z ie r e s a n d a fe w oth ers m a de their e s
c a p e , a n d we n t to C a r ca ss on , whi ch they e n de a vo ured to
r e o f de fe n ce
t i n to the best p ost u
The le ga t e , no t
pu
n ity o f spilli n g bloo d d u
ri n g the
willi n g to lose a n oppo r tu
forty d a ys w hi ch the tr oops we r e to serve , led them i m m e
d ia t e ly a g a i n st C a r c a s s o n
As soo n a s the pl a ce wa s in
vested , a furio us a ss a ult wa s give n , b ut the b esiege r s we r e
r ep u
lsed with g r e a t sl a ugh t e r a n d upo n this o cc a sio n the
a r l o f Be z ier e s g a ve the m ost disti n g u
ished p r oo fs o f his
co ur a ge , s a yi n g , to e n co ur a ge the besieged , We h a d
bette r die figh t i n g th a n fa ll i n to the h a n ds o f s uch b igoted
”
a n d bloody e n e m ies
T w o m iles fr o m the c ity o f C e r c a ss e m t he r e w a s a s m a ll
to wn o f the s a m e n a m e , whi ch the Albige n ses h a d liked
wi se fo rtified
The leg a te , bei n g e n r a ged a t the r ep u
ls e
h e h a d r ece ived fr o m the city o f C a r c a s s o n ,dete rm i n ed to
wre a k h is ve n ge a n ce u
n t he t o wn
the
n e x t m o r n i n g he
o
p
m a d e a g e n er a l a ss a u
lt a n d ,tho ugh the pl a ce wa s b r a v ely
de fe n ded , he took i t b y s t o r m , put a ll w ithi n it t o the
s wo r d , a nd the n b ur n t the to wn
D ur i n g these tr a n s a ctio n s the ki n g o f A r r a go n a r r ived
a t the c a m p , a n d a fte r p a yi n g his ob edie n ce to the leg a te ,
told h im h e un de r stood the e a r l o f Be z ie r e s ,his ki n s m a n ,
wa s in t he city o f C a r c a ss o n , a n d th a t , if he wo u
ld gr a n t
h im pe r m issio n , he w o u
ld go thithe r , a n d e n de a vo ur to
m a ke h im se n sible o f the d u
ty he o wed t o the pope a n d
ch ur ch : the leg a te a cquiesci n g , the ki n g r ep a i r ed to the
e a r l , a n d a sked h im fr o m wh a t motives b e sh ut hi m sel f up
in th a t city a g a i n st so g r e a t a n ar m y The e a r l a n s we r e d ,
it wa s to de fe n d his li fe ,goods ,a n d s ubj ects th a t he k n e w
the pope , un de r p r ete n ce o f r eligio n , r esol v ed t o dest r oy
hi s un cle ,the e a r l o f To ulo use , a n d hi m sel f ; th a t he s a w
the c r uelty whi ch they h a d used a t Be z ie r e s , eve n a g a i n s t
the priests , a n d a t the to wn o f C a r c a s s on ; a n d th a t they
m ust look fo r n o m e r cy fr o m the leg at e o r his a r m y ; he ,
the re fore , r a th e r chose t o di e , de fe n di n g h imsel f a n d his
f
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 10
’
r ox s
B OO K
or
MARTYRS
.
ry o f the pe r so n he h a d e m ploy e d But he wa s o r dere d
ju
i n to close co n fi n e m e n t , a n d t he p la c e s um m o n ed to s ur
r e n der i m medi a t ely
.
.
The people o n he a r i n g o f the c a pti v ity o f t he e a r l ,we re
th r o wn i n t o the ut m os t co n s t e r n a t i o n , whe n o n e o f the
ci t ize n s in for m ed t he r est , t h a t he h a d bee n for m e r ly told
by some old m e n t h a t the r e wa s a ve r y c a p a cio us s ub
t e r r a n eo u
s p a ss a ge , whi ch led fr o m the n ce to t he c a stle o f
”
C a m a r et , a t th r ee le a g ues dist a n ce
If, co n ti n ued he ,
we c a n fi n d this p a ss a ge , w e m a y a ll esc a p e be fo r e the
”
leg a t e c a n be a pp r ize d o f o ur flight
This i n fo r m a t io n
wa s j oy fu
lly r ecei v ed ; a ll we r e e m ployed to se a r ch fo r t h e
p a ss a ge ; a n d , a t le n g t h , i t wa s d isco v e r ed E a r ly in t h e
e v e n i n g the i n h a b i ta n t s be ga n t hei r flight , t a ki n g w i t h
the m thei r wi ves , child r e n , a fe w d a ys pr o v isi o n s , a n d
s uch p r ope r ty a s wa s m ost v a l ua ble a n d po r t a ble They
r e a che d t h e c a stle by t h e m o r n i n g , a n d esc a ped to Ar
r a go n , C a t a lo n i a , a n d s uc h o t he r p la c e s a s t hey tho ught
wo u
ld se c ur e the m fr o m t he po wer of t h e s a ng ui n a ry
leg a t e
Ne x t m o r n i n g the t r oops we r e a sto n ished , n ot he a ri n g
a n y n ois e n o r seei n
an
s
ir
i
n t h e ci t y ; ye t t hey
m
a
n
t
y
g
a pp r o a ched t h e w a lls w i t h m u
ch fe a r , lest it sho ul d be b ut
a s t r a t a ge m t o e n d a n ge r t he m ; b u
t fi n di n g n o o p positio n ,
they mo un ted t he wa lls , c r yi n g o ut th a t t he Albige n ses
s wa s t he city , wi t h a ll t he spoils ,
we r e fle d ; a n d th u
t a ke n , a n d t he e a r l o f Be z ie r e s co m m it t ed to p r iso n in o n e
o f t h e s t r o n est to we r s o f the c a s t le , w he r e he soo n a fter
g
died
The leg a t e n o w c a lled a ll the p r el a tes a n d gre a t lords
o f his a r my toge t he r , t elli n g the m , th a t t ho u
gh it wa s r e
ld be a l wa ys a leg a t e in t he a r m y , yet it
q uis it e the r e sho u
wa s like wise n ecess a r y t h a t t he r e sho u
ld be a sec ul a r ge n e
r a l, w ise a n d v a li a n t , to co m m a n d in a ll t hei r a ffa i r s , & c
This ch a r ge wa s fi r s t o ffe r ed to the d uke o f Bur go gn e ,t he n
to t h e e a r l o f En n e ve r s , a n d , t hi r dly , to t he e a r l o f S t
P a ul ; b ut t hey a ll r e fused it At le n g t h i t w a s o ffered
to S i m o n , e a r l o f Mo n t fo r t , who , a ft e r so m e e x c uses , a c
ce pt e d o f it
Fo ur t ho us a n d m e n w e r e le ft t o g a r r iso n
C a r c a ss o n , a n d t h e d e ce a sed e a r l o f Be z ie r e s w a s s uc
ce e d e d in t i t le a n d dig n i ty by e a r l S i m o n , a b igo t ed Ro
m a n C a t holi c ,w ho t h r e a t e n ed v e n ge a n ce o n t h e Alb i ge n se s
,
.
.
.
’
.
‘
.
.
.
.
.
.
rox
’
s
B OO K
or
1 11
MA RT Y RS
they co n fo r med to the worship o f the ch urch o f
Bu
t the ki n g o f Ar r a go n , wh o wa s in his he a rt o f
Rome
r a ged t h e Al b i
a si o n , se c r etly e n co u
h e re for m ed pers u
ga n ses , a n d g a ve the m hopes th a t if they a cted with p r u
l e n ce they m igh t c a st o ff t he yoke o f the tyr a nn i c a l e a rl
S i m o n They t ook hi s a dvi ce , a nd whil e S imo n was go n e
r p r ised some o f his fort r esses , a n d
t o Mo n tpelier , they s u
cce ss ful in sever a l e x pediti o ns a g a i n st h is o fii cer s
were s u
.
nle s s
.
.
.
.
ct of S imon
Con d u
.
These proceedi n gs so e n r a ged S i mo n , th a t retur n i ng
fro m Mo n t pelier , he colle cted togethe r some forces ,
m a r ched a g a i n st the Alb ige n ses , a n d o r dered every pri
r n t B ut n o t s ucceed
s o ne r he too k to b e i m m edi a tely b u
in g in so m e o f his e n te r p r ises , he g r e w dishe a r te n ed , a n d
w r ote to eve r y Ro m a n C a t holi c po w er i n E u
r o pe to se n d
him a ssist a n ce , o t he r w ise he sho u
ld n o t b e a ble to hold
ou
t a g a i n st t h e Albige n ses
H e soo n r e ceived so m e s uc
co ur s , wi t h whi ch he a tt a cked the C a s t le o f B e r o n , a n d
m a ki n g h i m sel f m a ste r o f it , orde r ed the eyes to b e p u
t
ou
t a n d the n oses to b e c u
t o ff o f a ll the g a rriso n , o n e
pe r so n a lo n e a cce p ted , wh o wa s dep r ived o f o n e eye o n ly ,
th a t he m ight co n d uct the rest to C a b a r et He the n un
d ert o o k the siege o f Me n e r b e , whi ch , o n a cco u
n t o f the
wan t o f wa t er , wa s obl iged to yield to h im
The lo r d o f
Te r m es , the gove r n o r , wa s p ut in priso n , where he died
his w i fe , si ste r , d a u
ghter , a n d o n e h un d r ed a n d e ighty
othe r s , we r e co m m i t t ed to the fl a m es Ma n y othe r c a s t les
r r e n dered to the fo r ces o f this m o n ste r ,a n d the i n h a b it
su
a n ts we r e b u
tche r ed in a m a n n er e q ua lly b ar b a r o us
In t h e me a n ti m e the e a rl o f To u
lo use , by me a n s of
le t t e r s o f re co m m e n d a ti o n fr o m the ki n g o f Fr a n ce , was
reco n ciled to t he pope : a t le a st the p ope pre t e n ded to
hi
m
r e m issio n fo r t h e de a t h o f fr i a r P ete r , a n d t o
ive
g
Bu
a bsolve h im fr o m a ll o t her c r i m es he h a d co m m i t ted
t
th e leg a t e , by t he co n n iv a n ce o f the pope ,d id a ll he co u
ld
to r ui n t he e a r l S o me a l t e r c a tio n s h a vi n g p a ssed b et wee n
the m ,the leg a t e e x co mm u
n i c a ted t h e e a r l ; a n d the bishop
o f To u
lo use , upo n t his e n co ur a ge m e n t , se n t t hi s i m p ude n t
m ess a ge to the e a r l , Th a t a s he w a s a n e x co mm u
n ic a te d
e
r
so
n , he co m m a n ded him t o dep a r t t h e c ity ; fo r a n c c
p
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
r ox s
[ 12
no o n
or
ma n t r a s
.
co uld n ot s ay m a ss wi t h p r o p r iety , whil e a pe
ch a des c r ip t io n wa s s o n e a r h im
s on o f s u
B e i n g g r e a tly e x a spe r a ted a t t he b ishop s i n sole n ce , t he
e a rl se n t him a n o r de r i m m ed i a t ely to dep a r t fr o m the
pl a ce o n p a i n o f de a t h This o r der wa s a ll the p r ela t e
ld gi ve him so m e re a so n to co m pl a i n o f
wa n te d , a s i t wo u
his lord The bishop , wi t h the c a n o n s o f the c a thed r a l
ch ur ch , m a r ched o ut o f the city in sole m n pro cessio n ,
b a r e fo o re d , a n d b a r ehe a ded , t a ki n g with t he m the cross ,
b a n n e r , host , & c , a n d pro ceeded in th a t m a n n e r to the
eg e te s a r my , where they we r e r e ce ived wi t h gre a t respe ct
ted s a i n ts ,a n d the leg a te tho ught this a s ulfi
a s pe r sec u
ci e n t e x c use to p r oceed a g a i n st the e a r l o f To ulo use fo r
h a vi n g , a s he te r m ed i t , rel a psed fr o m the t r uth He a t
t e m p ted to ge t the e a r l i n to his po wer by st r a t a ge m , b ut
the l a tte r b ei ng a pp r ized o f the desig n , esc a ped T he le
g a te , e n r a ged a t this dis a p p oi n t m e n t ,l a id siege to the ca s
t le o f Mo n t fe r r a n d , which belo n ged to the e a r ] , a n d wa s
go v e r n ed by B a ld wi n his b r othe r O n the fi r st s um m o n s
B a ld wi n n o t o n ly s ur r e nde r ed , b ut a bj ur ed his r eligio n ,
a nd t u
r n ed p a pist
This eve n t , whi ch seve r ely a ffl i cted
t h e e a rl , wa s follo wed by a n o t he r th a t g a ve h im stil l
g r e a te r m o r t ifi ca t io n ; fo r his old fr ie n d the ki n g o f Arr a
ghte
n fo r sook his i n te r es t ; a n d a g r eed to gi v e his d a u
o
r
g
in m a r r i a ge to e a r l S i m o n s eldest s o n : the leg a te s t r oops
we r e the n j oi n ed by the fo r ces o f A r r a go n a n d t hose h e
to
e
o n in
a r l S i mo n , o n wh ich they j o i n tly l a id siege to
g g
To ulo use
cles ia s t ic
.
’
.
.
.
'
’
.
.
.
.
’
’
.
.
Su
cc es r s s
f t h e Alb ig enses
o
.
Neve r theless , the E a rl dete r m i n e to i n te r r upt the b e
siegers by fr eq ue n t s a llies In the fi r st a t t e m pt he m e t
wi t h a seve r e r e p u
lse ; b ut in t he seco n d he took S i m o n s
s o n p r iso n e r , a n d in t h e t hi rd he u
m s c lf
n ho r sed S i m o n lu
A ft e r se ve r a l fur io us a ss a ult s give n by the popish a r m y ,
a n d so m e s u
ccess ful s a llies o f t he Al bige n ses , t he e a r l o f
To ul o use co m p elled h is e n e m ies to r a ise t he sie ge In t he ir
r e t r e a t t hey did m u
ch m ischie f in the co un t ries th r o ugh
whi ch t hey p a ssed , a n d p u
t m a n y de fe n ce less Albige n se s
t o de a th
T he E arl o f T o ulo use n o w d id a ll he co uld to re cove r
.
’
..
.
.
’
114
F ox s
B OOK OF
srAn r r n s.
'
lb an , s e n t wo r d to the c iti ze n s to m a ke the b est term s
they co uld wi t h the Ro m a n C a t holics ,a s he wa s co n fide n t
they co uld n o t hold o ut a siege ; b ut he re co m m e n ded
the m to p r ese r ve the i r he a r t s fo r him , tho ugh they s ur r e n
The ci t ize n s o f T e n
d ered thei r pe r so n s to o n e a n o t her
se , upo n r e cei v i n g this i n t i m a t i o n , se n t de p uties to S i
lo u
r e n d e r , p r ovided t h e city
m e n , wi t h o ffe r s o f i mm edi a t e s u
itsel f, a n d the pe r so n s a n d p r o p e r ties o f it s i n h a b it a n t s ,
sho uld be p r o te cted fr o m dev a s t a t io n T hese co n d itio n s
w e r e a g r eed to ,a n d S i m o n ,in o r de r to i n g r a ti a te hi m sel f a t
co ur t , wr o t e a le t t e r to P r i n ce Lo uis , t h e s o n o f P hili p ,
ki n g o f F r a n ce , i n fo r m i n g h im t h a t t he ci ty o f To ulo use
r r e n de r t o him
h a d o ffe r ed t o s u
bu
t bei n g willi n g th a t the
p r i n ce sho uld h a ve t he ho n o ur o f r eceivi n g t he k eys a n d the
ho m a ge o f t he peo ple , he begged t h a t he wo uld re pa i r to
r ose
The p r i n ce ,ple a s ed with the
t h e c a m p fo r t h a t p u
p
in vit a tio n , we n t d i r ec t ly to the a r m y , a n d ha d the city o f
To ulo use s ur r e nde r e d to h im in fo r m The p ope s leg a te ,
ho weve r , wa s g r e a tly disple a se d a t the m ild co n d i t io n s
g ra n ted to the people , a n d i n sisted , th a t tho ugh the p r i n ce
m ight t a k e u
p o n h im the s o v e r e ign ity o f t he pl a ce a n d r e
n der b elo n ged
c ei ve the ho m a ge o f the p eo p le ,yet t h e pl u
to t he h o ly p ilg r ims , ( fo r so t he po pish soldie r s e m ployed
in these e x pe d i t io n s we r e c a lled
a n d th a t t h e pl a ce , a s a
recep t a cle o f he r e t ics , o ugh t to b e d is m a n tle d The p r i n ce
a n d e a r l S i m o n in v a i n r e m o n s t r a ted a g a i n st p r o ceedi n gs
so co n t r a r y to the co n di t io n s g r a n ted a t t he s ur r e n de r t he
leg a te wa s pe r e m p t o r y , whe n e a r l S i m o n a n d t he P r i n ce ,
un willi n g to co me to a n O p e n r upt ur e wi t h h im g a ve up the
po in t The leg a te i m m e d i a t ely set his holy pilg r i m s to
n
wo r k , whe n they p r ese n t ly d is m a n t led the city , a n d p lu
dered the i n h a b it a n ts o f a ll thei r p r ope r ty , in d efi a n ce o f
the sec ur ity g r a n ted to the m by the a r ti cles o f the s ur
r en der
ta
.
.
.
’
.
.
.
.
te b etween t h e L eg a t e a n d P r in ce
D isp u
.
No w the leg a te fi n di n g th a t a m o n g the Alb ige n ses were
m a n y l uc r a tive pl a ces whi ch wo uld fa ll to t he dispos a l o f
the p r i n ce , dete r m i n ed , by a n a r ti fi ce to dep r ive h im o f
an
y a d va n t a ge whic h m ight a cc r ue fr o m t he m ; to this e n d
he ga ve a bsol u
tio n to the Albige n ses , w h i ch , tho ugh they
‘
r
’
o x s B O O K o r MA RT Y R S
1 15
.
in the le a st ch a n ged thei r r eligio u
s o p i n io n s , he
c a lle d re co n cili n g the m to t he ch ur ch The p r i n ce , n o t
a pp r i zed o f this str a t a ge m , w a s a bo u
t t o give his o ffi ce r s
possessio n o f so m e pl a ces o f p r ofi t ; wh e n , t o his gre a t
a s t o n ish m e n t , t h e
leg a t e in fo r m ed h im , t h a t he h a d n o
The p r i n ce de m a n de d
p o w e r to dis p ose o f t hose p l a ces
ha d
n ot
.
e x pl a n a t i o n o f his m e a n i n g
My m e a n i n g , repli ed
the leg a t e , is , t h a t t h e p e op le h a v e r e ceived a bsolut i o n ,
a n d be i n g r e co n ciled t o , a r e co n seq u
e n tly un de r th e pr o
r ch
the r e fo r e ,a ll pl a ces a m o n g o r c o n
te c t io n o f t h e ch u
”
n e c t e d w i t h the m , a r e in the dis os a l o f the ch u
r ch o n ly
p
The p r i n ce , o ffe n ded a t t his m ode o f r e a so n i n g , a n d
highly disple a sed a t the m e a n n ess o f t h e s ubte r fu
ge , n eve r
h e les s t ho u
ght p r o p e r to d se m ble his r ese n t m e n t But
be i n g dete r m i n ed to q uit t h e leg a t e , he p ut the tr oops th a t
n de r hi s co m m an d in m otio n , a n d m a rched to a tt a ck
we r e u
so m e o t he r fo r t r esses ; b ut he fo un d , w he r eve r he c a m e ,
t h a t t h e leg a te h a d pl a yed t h e s a m e t r i ck , a n d pl a i n ly per
c e iv e d , if he co n t i n u
ed hi s m ili t a r y ope r a tio n s , t h a t whe n
un s uccess ful , he sho uld be a r a ll t h e bl a m e , a n d whe n s uc
c e s s fu
l,t h e leg a t e w o uld ste a l a ll t h e p r o fit ; he the r e fore
le ft t he a r m y in disg ust , a n d r e t ur n ed to co urt
”
an
.
'
.
i
s
.
.
D ef ea t of E a r l S imon
.
On
th is , e a r l S i m o n , with his o wn fo r ces , those t he
p r i n ce h a d just q ui t ted , a n d so m e othe r a ux ili a ries , un der
took the siege o f Foi x , b ei n g chiefly p r ovoked to it by the
de a th o f his b r othe r , wh o wa s sl a i n by the e a r l o f Foi x
H e la y be fo r e the c a stle o f Fo i x for t e n d a ys , d ur i n g whi ch
ti m e he fr eq ue n tly a ss a ulted it , b ut wa s a s o fte n r ep ulsed
He a r i n g th a t a n a r m y o f Ar r a go n e se we r e in full m a r ch
to wa r d h im , in o r de r to r e v e n ge t h e de a th o f t heir ki n g
he r a ised the siege a n d we n t to m eet t he m The e a r l o f
Foi x i m m edi a tely s a llied o ut a n d h a r a ssed hi s re a r , a n d
the Ar r a go n e se a tt a cki n g hi s fr o n t ,g a ve him a tot a l de fe a t ,
t hi m sel f u
i
n C a r c a ss o n
whi ch co m pelled h im to sh u
p
S oo n a ft e r wa r d the pope s leg a t e c a lled a co un cil a t
Mo n t p elie r , for r e n e wi n g t h e m ili t a r y o p e r a ti o n s a ga i n st
th e
Alb ige n ses , a n d for doi n g p r oper ho n o ur to e a r l
S i m o n , wh o wa s p r ese n t fo r the Ar r a go n e s e , n ot t a ki n g
o C ar
ad va n t a e o f the ir vi cto r y , h a d n egle cted to blo ck u
g
.
.
.
’
1 16
Fox
’
s
n o w;
\t \ :
o r
t a rt s .
c a sso n , b y whi ch o m issi o n S i m o n h a d a n o p p o r t un ity at
rep a i r i n g t o Mo n tpel ie r
O n m eeti n g the co un c i l, he
le ga te , in the p pe s n a m e , p a id m a n y co m p li m e n t s to
S i m o n , a n d de cl a r ed th a t he sho uld be p ri n ce o f a ll the
co un tr ies t h a t m igh t in fut ur e be t a ke n fr o m t h e Alb ige n
ses : a t the s a m e ti m e , by o r de r o f the p o n ti ff, he style d
him the a ctive a n d de x t e r o us soldie r o f Jes us Ch r is t ,a n d
”
Bu
the in vi n cible de fe n de r o f the c a th oli c fa ith
t ju
st a s
the e a rl wa s a bo ut t o r etur n th a n ks fo r these g r e a t ho n o urs
a n d fi n e e n co m i u
m s , a m esse n ge r b r o u
ght wo r d th a t the
people , h a vi n g he a r d e a r l S i m o n wa s in the co un cil , had
t a ke n up a r m s , a n d we r e co m i n g t hi t he r to destr oy h im as
a co m m o n dis t u
This i n tellige n ce th r e w th e whole
r be r
co un ci l i n to g r e a t co n fusio n : a n d e a r l S i m o n , t ho ug h a
m inu
te b e fo r e s t yled a n in vin ci ble de fe n der o f t he fa ith
u
mp
ed
ou
t
o f a wi n do w, a n d stole a wa y from t he city
j
.
’
.
.
.
.
nc i l of L a ter a n
Co u
.
The disp utes be co m i n g se r io us ,a ccordi n g to the opi n i o n
n cil ,
o f the p a pists , the p ope hi m sel f soo n a fte r c a lled a co u
to be held a t L a t e r a n , in wh i ch g r e a t p o wers we r e g r a n ted
to Ro m a n c a tholi c i n q uisito r s ,a n d m a n y Alb ige n ses we r e im
m edi a tely pu
This co un cil o f L a t e r a n li ke wi s e
t to de a t h
co n fi r m ed to e ar l S i m o n a ll the ho n o ur s i n t e n ded him by the
co un cil o f Mo n tpelie r , a n d e m po we r ed him to r a ise a n o
the r a r m y a g a i n st t he Albige n ses E a r l Si m o n i mm edi a tely
r ep a i r ed to co u
r e fr o m the Fre n ch
r t , r e ce ived his i n ves t i tu
ki n g , a n d beg a n to levy fo r ces H a v i n g n o w a co n side r a
ble n umbe r o f t r oops , he dete r m i n e d , if possible , t o e x te r
mi n a te the Alb ige n ses , whe n he r e ce ived a d v i ce , th a t his
co un tess wa s besieged in N a r bo n n e by the e a r l o f T o u
lo use He p r o ceeded to the r elie f o f his wi fe , wh e n the
Albige n ses met him , g a ve h im b a t t le , a nd d e fe a te uhi m
bu
n d me a n s to es c a p e a n d get i n to the c a s t l e o f
t he fo u
Nar b onn e
.
.
.
.
.
se b
t
h
e Albi en s es
R ecover y of Toulo u
g
y
.
A ft er this , To ulo use wa s r e covered by the Alb ige n ses
si n g e a rl S i m o n s c a use , r a ised forces
bu
t the pope esp o u
for him ,a n d e n a bled h i m O n ce m o r e to un de r t a ke the s ie ge
’
B O OK O F M A R T YRS
FOX 8
.
b a n do n ed th a t city to b esiege Mir o m a n d This pl a ce he
s oo n took by storm , a n d p ut to t he s wo r d a ll t he i n h a bit
a n ts , co n sisti n g o f 5 000 m e n , wo m e n , a n d childre n
G uido , e a r l o f Mo n t for t ,the s on o f e a r ] S i m o n , un de r
took the co mm an d o f the tr oops , a n d l a id siege to T ou
lo use ,b e fo r e the wa lls o f whi ch he wa s killed His b r o t he r
Al m e r i c s ucceeded to the co m m a n d , b ut wa s soo n obliged
to r a ise the siege O n t h is the leg ate p r ev a iled upo n the
ki n g o f F r a n ce to un de r t a ke the siege o f To ulo use in per
son
The e a r l o f To ulo use se n t the wo m e n , child r e n ,ca t
tle , & c , i n t o sec ur e pl a ces in the m o un t a i n s ,plo ughed up
t he l a n d , th a t the ki n g s fo r ces sho u
ld n ot obt a i n fo r a ge ,
a n d did a ll th a t a skil fu
l ge n e r a l co uld pe r fo r m to dist r ess
t he e n e m y
By these wise r eg ul a t io n s the F r e n ch a r my
s uffe r ed a ll the e x t r e m ities o f fa m i n e , whi ch obliged the
tr 0 0 ps to fee d o n the c a rc a sses o f dogs , c a ts , & c wh ich
die t prod uced the pl a gue The ki n g di ed o f g r ie f ; b ut
his so n , who s ucceeded him , dete r m i n ed to c a r r y o n the
wa r : he wa s , ho weve r ,de fe a ted in th r ee e n g a ge m e n t s by
t he e a rl o f To u
lo use The ki n g , t h e q uee n m othe r , a nd
three a r chbishops a g a i n r a ised a n a r m y ,a n d h a d the a r t to
pe r s ua de the e a r l o f To ul o use to co m e to a co n fe r e n ce ,
whe n he wa s m a de a p r iso n e r , a n d fo r ced to a p p e a r b a r e
footed a n d b a r ehe a ded be fore his e n e m i es ,a n d t o s u
bsc r ibe
to the follo wi n g ig n o m i n io us co n di t io n s : 1 Th a t he sho uld
a bj u
r e the fa ith t h a t he h a d hi t he r to d e fe n ded
2 Th a t
he sho uld be s ubj e ct to the ch ur ch o f Ro m e 3 Th a t h e
sho uld give his d a ughte r J o an in m a r r i a ge to o n e o f the
4 Th a t he sho u
ld m a i n
b r others o f the ki n g o f F r a n ce
t a i n in To ulo use s ix p opish pr o fe sso r s o f the libe r a l a r ts ,
5 Th a t he sho u
ld t a ke upo n h im
a nd t wo gr a mm a r i a n s
t he cross , a n d se r ve five ye a r s a g a i n st the S a r a ce n s
6
Th a t he sho uld level the wa lls o f To ulo use w ith t he g r o un d
ld destroy thi r ty o f his othe r ci t ies a nd ca s
7 Th a t he sho u
tles , a s the leg a te sho uld d i r ect 8 T ha t he sho uld r e
ghte r wa s delive r ed to the
m a i n priso n e r a t P a r is till his d a u
ki n g s co mm issio n ers A fter t hese cruel co nd i t io n s a se
v e r e pe r se c u
ti o n t ook pl a ce a g a i n st the Albige n ses , m a n y
o f w ho m
s uffe r ed fo r the fa i t h ; a n d e x p r ess o r de r s we r e
iss ued th a t t he la ity s h ould n ot b e p er mitted t o r ea d t h e
a
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
.
.
-
.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
sa cr ed
wr i t in g s
From this pe r iod we fi nd no further a cc oun t o f t he Al
F
OX S B OOK o r M A R T YR S
19
’
.
ry
b ige n s e s ti ll the co m m e n ce m e n t o f the s e v e n t e e n t h c tu
gh they ar e n o t disti n ctly m e n tio n ed ,t he; s uffer
bu
t a l t ho u
ed c r uel perse c ut io n s a t v a r io us ti m es
C
.
.
H A PT ER I V
M a r ty r d om of Al a r c us , b i s h op of A1 eth us a
t ion s in F r a n ce
P er s ecu
.
.
D UR I NG the i n t e r n a l co m m o t io n s o f th i s co u
n t r y , wh ich
l a sted fr o m a bo ut t h e m i d dle o f t he si x t ee n t h ce n tur y to the
ti m e o f t he ge n e r a l m a ss a c r e o f t he p r o t es t a n ts in 1 5 7 2 ,a
co n st a n t perse c ut io n h a d bee n c a r r ied o n a g a i n st the pro
r i n g which seve r a l tho u
s a n d s uffered m a rt yr
tes t a n ts , d u
d o m by the most ho r r id cru
elty
.
Hor r i ble Ma s s a cr e of A D
.
.
1 57 2
.
lo n g se r ies o f t r o ubles , the p a pists s ee in g
ld be do n e a g a i n st t he p r o t est a n t s by ope n
n othi n g co u
b
fo r ce ,be ga n to devise h o w t hey co uld e n t r a p t he m by s u
fi r st , by p r ete n di n g t h a t a n
t le ty , a n d t h a t by t wo wa y s
n de r the c o m
n t r y ,u
a r m y wa s t o b e se n t i n to the lo wer co u
m a nd o f the a d m i r a l , p r i n ce o f N a v a r r e a nd Co n d e ; n o
fte r
a
t
12 0
Fox
’
s
B O OK o r
MA R T Y R S
.
,
th a t the kin g ha d a ny i n te n tio n o f so do i n g , b ut o n ly wit h
n der him ,
a V i e w t o as cert a i n wh a t fo r ce the a d m i r a l h a d u
The seco n d
wh o they we r e , a n d wh a t were t h e i r n a m es
bo r n ed b et wee n the p r i n ce o f N a va rr e
wa s ,a m a r ri a ge s u
to whi ch were to be
a n d the sister o f the ki n g o f F r a n ce
i n vited a ll the chie f p r otest a n t s Acco r di n gly they first
ee n o f N a v a rr e she co n se n t ed to co m e
b eg a n with the q u
to P a r is , w he r e she wa s a t le n gth wo n ove r to the ki n g s
m i nd
Sho r t ly a ft er she fell si ck , a n d d ied withi n five
d a ys , n o t w it h out s uspi cio n o f p oiso n b ut he r b ody bei n g
ope n ed , n o sig n thereo f a ppe a r ed A cert a i n a p othec a r y ,
ho weve r , m a de his b o a st , th a t he h a d killed the quee n by
ve n o m o us odo urs a n d s m ells , p r ep a red by hi msel f
Notwithst a n di n g t his , the m a r r i a ge still p r o ceeded The
a dmir a l pri n ce o f N a v a r r e a n d Co n de , with dive r s other
chie f st a t es o f the p r otest a n ts ,i n d uced by the ki n g s letters
a n d m a n y fa ir pro m ises , c a m e to P a ris , a n d we r e r e cei ved
with g r e a t sole m n ity
The m a r r i a ge a t le n gth took pl a ce
o n the 1 8t h o f A u
g ust , 1 5 7 2 , a n d wa s sole m n ized by the
r pose
c a r di na l o f B o ur b o n ,
upo n a high st a ge set up o n p u
witho u
t the ch ur c h wa lls the p r i n ce o f N a v a r re a n d
C o n de c a m e do wn , wa iti n g for the ki n g s sister , who wa s
the n a t m a ss This do n e , the co m p a n y a ll we n t to the
b ishop s p a l a ce to di n n e r In the eve n i n g they were con
d ucted to the ki n g s p a l a ce to s uppe r Fo ur d a ys a fter
this , the a d m i r a l co m i n g fr o m the co un cil t a ble , o n his wa y
wa s shot a t with a p istol , ch a r ged with th r ee b u
llets , a n d
Not withst a n di n g whi ch he still
wo u
n ded i n both his a r m s
re m a i n ed in P a r is , a lt ho ugh the Vid a m a dvised h im to
.
.
’
.
.
.
.
’
.
’
.
’
.
’
.
,
.
fle e
.
S oldiers were a ppoi n t ed in v a r i o us p a rts o f the city t o
be re a dy a t a wa tch wo r d , upo n whi ch they r ushed o ut to
the sl a ughter o f the p r otest a n ts , b egi n n i n g with the a d m i
r a l, wh o bei n g d r e a d fu
lly wo un ded , wa s c a st o ut o f the
wi n do w i n t o t h e s t r eet , whe r e his he a d b e i n g st r u
ck o ff,
wa s e m b a l m ed with sp i ces to b e se n t to the pope
The
t o ff his a r m s a n d privy me m be r s ,
sa v a ge peo p le the n c u
a n d d r e w h im in th a t st a te th r o u
gh the st r eets o f P a ri s ,
a fte r w hi ch t hey took h im to t he pl a ce o f e x e c u
tio n ,o ut o f
the ci ty , a n d the r e h a n ged h im up by the heels , e x p osi n g
n is m u
til a ted body to t he s co r n o f the pop u
la ce
The m a r ty r do m o f this vi r t uo us m a n h ad n o s oo n e r
-
.
.
( 22
Fo x
’
s
B
O OK o r
MA RT Y RS
.
T h e Ma ss a cr e a t Va s sy , i n Ch a mp a ig n e
.
The d uke o f G uise , o n his a r riv a l a t Joi n ville , a sked
whethe r the pe ople o f V a ssy u
sed to h a ve ser m o n s
r e a ched co n st a n t ly by th e i r m i n iste r ?
It wa s a n s we r e d ,
p
t hey h a d , a n d th a t they i n c r e a sed d a ily
At the he a r i n g
o f w hi ch re po r t , he fell i n to a viole n t p a ssio n ; a n d u
po n
S a t ur d a y , the l a st d a y o f F eb r ua r y , 1 5 6 2 , th a t he m ight
t he m o r e co ve r tly e x e c u
t e h is co n cei v ed wr a th a g a i n st t he
p r otes t a n ts o f Va ssy , he dep a r ted fr o m Joi n ville , a e co m
ise , his b r o t he r , a n d t hose
p a n ie d with the c a r di n a l o f G u
o f thei r t r a i n , a n d lodged in the v ill a ge o f D a m m a r ti n ,
d ist a n t a b o ut t wo m iles a n d a h a l f
The n e x t d ay , a ft e r he h a d he a r d m a ss ve r y e a r ly in
the m o r n i n g , he le ft D a m m a r t i n , w ith a b o u
t t wo h un d r ed
a r m ed m e n , p a ssi n g a lo n g to Va ssy
As he we n t by the
vill a ge o f Br o n z e va l, whi ch is dist a n t fr o m Va ssy a q ua r
t e r o f a m ile , the bell ( a ft e r t h e u
s ua l m a n n e r )r a n g fo r
se r m o n The d uke he a r i n g it , a sked those he m e t , why
the bell r a n g so lo ud A pe r so n n a m ed L a Mo n t a g ue
told him ,it wa s fo r the a sse m bl in g o f the Hugo n o ts ; a d d
in g , t h a t the r e we r e m a n y in the s a id Br o n z e v a l wh o fr e
e n t e d the se r m o n s
qu
pr e a ched a t Va ssy ; t he r e fo r e , t h a t
the d uke wo uld do well to begi n t he r e , a n d o ffe r t he m
viole n ce But t he d uke a n s we r ed , Ma r ch o n , m a r c h o n ,
”
we sh a ll t a ke the m a m o n g th e r est o f t h e a sse m bly
No w , the r e we r e ce r ta i n soldie r s a n d a r che r s a e co m
p a n yi n g the d uke , who co m p a ssed a bo ut Va ssy ; m o sr
be i n g lodged in the ho uses o f p a pis t s The
o f the m
S a t ur d a y be fo r e the sl a ughte r , they we r e see n to m a ke
eb uses , a n d pistols ; b ut the
r e a d y t hei r we a po n s , a r q u
l n o t d r e a m i n g o f s uch a co n spi r a cy , tho ught the
fa ith fu
d uke wo uld o ffe r the m n o viole n ce , bei n g t he k i n g s s ub
ke
je c ts ; a lso , th a t n o t a bove t wo m o n t hs be fo r e , the d u
a n d his b r eth r e n p a ssi n g by the s a id Va ssy , g a ve n o s ig n
re
o f thei r disple a s u
ke o f G uise bei n g a r r ived a t V a ssy with a ll
T he d u
his t r oops , the y we n t d i r e c t ly to wa r d t he co m m o n h a ll
se , a n d t he n e n te r ed i n to t he m o n a ste r y ;
o r m a r ke t ho u
whe r e , h a v i n g c a lled to him o n e D ess a les , the p r i o r o f
Va ssy , a nd a n othe r w hose n a m e wa s Cl a ude le S a i n ,p r o
v ost o f V a ssy
ed
, he t a lked a while w i t h the m , a n d iss u
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
’
.
-
-
Fo x
’
s
BOOK or
M A RT Y R S
123
stily o ut o f the m o n a s t e r y , a tte n de d by m a ny o f his fo l
o we r s The n co m m a n d wa s gi ve n to t he p a pis ts , to r e
ti r e i n to the m o n a ste r y , a n d n o t t o b e see n in the st r eets ,
un less t hey wo uld ve n t ur e the loss o f thei r li ves
The
d uke pe r ceivi n g o t he r s o f his r e t iuue to b e wa lki n g to a n d
n h a ll , a n d a bo u
t the ch ur chy a r d , c o m
fr o u
n de r the to w
m a nd a d t he m to m a r ch o n to wa r d the pl a ce whe r e t he
se r m o n wa s , bei n g in a b a r n , a bo ut a h un d r ed p a ces d is
This co m m a n d wa s p ut in e x e
t a n t fro m t he m o n a stery
ch o f the co m p a n y a s we n t o n foot He th a t
t io n by s u
cu
m a r ched f re m o st o f t his r a bble , wa s L a B r osse , a n d o n
th e side o f these m a r ched t h e ho r se m e n , a fte r who m fo l
lo wed the d uke w ith a n othe r co m p a n y o f his o wn follo w
e r s , like w ise those o f the c a r d in a l o f G u
ise , his b r othe r
By this t i m e , Mr Le o n a r d Mo r el , the m i n iste r , a fte r t h e
fi r st p r a ye r , ha d b eg un his se r m o n b e fore his a udi to r s ,
n t to a bo u
wh o m ight a m o u
t 1 2 00 m e n , w o m e n , a n d child
The ho r se m e n fir st a pp r o a chi n g t o the b a r n withi n
re n
t t we n ty fi ve p a ces , shot o ff t wo a rq ueb uses r ight
a bo u
upo n those wh o w e r e pl a ced in the g a lleries j oi n i n g to the
The people withi n ,pe r ce ivi n g this , e n de a vo ur
wi n do ws
ed to sh ut the doo r , b ut we r e p r e ve n ted by the r ufli a n s
ru
shi n g in upo n the m ,wh o d r a wi n g t hei r s wo r ds , fur i o usly
”
cried o ut , De a th o f God , kill , kill t hese Hugo n o t s
Th r ee pe r so n s were sl a i n a t t he doo r a n d the d uk e o f
G uise w i t h h is co m p a n y r ushed in a m o n g the co n g r eg a
tio n , st r iki n g the p oor peo p le do wn with thei r s wo r ds ,
d a gge r s a n d c utl a sses ,n o t sp a r i n g a n y a ge o r s e x besi d es ,
they with i n w e r e so a sto n ished th a t they k ne w n ot whi ch
rn the m , b ut run n i n g hithe r a n d thithe r fell o n e
wa y to t u
upo n a n othe r , flyi n g a s p oo r sheep be fo r e a comp a n y o f
r a ve n i n g wolves e n te r i n g in a m o n g the flock
S om e o f
the m urde r ers shot o ff the ir pieces a g a i n st the m th a t were
othe r s cut in p ie ces s uch a s they ligh t ed
in the g a lle r i es
upo n so m e h a d thei r he a ds cle ft in t wa i n ,thei r a rm s a n d
ha n ds c u
t o ff ; so th a t m a n y o f the m g a ve u
p the ghos t
eve n in t he pl a ce The wa lls a n d g a lle r ies o f the pl a ce
we r e d yed with the blood o f those wh o we r e every w he r e
m ur de r ed : y e a , so g r e a t wa s the fury o f t h e m ur de r e r s ,
th a t p ar t o f the people wi t hi n were fo r ced to bre a k ope n
the roo f o f the ho use , in hopes t o s a ve th e m selve s upo n
B ei n g got thi t her a n d t he n fe a r i ng t o
the top t he r eo f
na
.
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-
.
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o
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-
-
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t24
F
o x s B O O K o r MA RT Y R S
'
.
el tigers ,so m e o f them
fa ll a ga i n in to the h a n ds o f these cr u
e a p e d over the wa lls o f the city , w hi ch we r e ve r y high ,
flyi n g i n to the w oods an d a m o n g the vi n es , whi ch with
mos t e x pedi t io n they co uld soo n est a tt a i n un to so m e h urt
in the i r a r m s , o t he r s in their he a ds , a n d othe r p a r ts o f
t heir b odies The d uke p r ese n ted hi m sel f in the ho use
with hi s s wo r d d r a wn in his h a n d ,ch a r gi n g his m e n to kill
especi a lly the yo un g m e n O n ly , in the e n d ,wo m e n with
child we r e sp a r ed An d p ur s ui n g those wh o we n t upo n
the ho use tops , they cried , Co m e do wn , ye dogs , co m e
”
do wn ! us i n g m a n y c r uel th r e a te n i n g spee ches to the m
The c a use why wo m e n with child esc a ped , wa s , a s the
t c h e s s s s a ke , his w i fe ,wh o ,p a ss i n g
r epo r t we n t , fo r the d u
s ou
t
a lo n g by the wa lls o f the ci ty , a n d he a r i n g so hid e o u
c r ie s a m o n g these poo r cre a t ur es , with the n oise o f the
pie ces a n d pi stols co n ti n ua lly disch a r gi n g , se n t in a ll h a ste
to the d uke h e r h usb a n d wi t h m uch e n tr e a ties to ce a se his
pe r se c utio n , fo r fr igh t i n g wo m e n with child
Du
r i n g t his sl a u
ghte r , the c a r di n a l o f G uise r e m a i n ed
b e fore the ch u
r ch o f Va ssy , le a n i n g u
po n the wa lls o f the
c hu
r ch y a r d ,lo o k m
g t o wa r d the pl a ce where hi s follo we r s
~
ve r e b u
sied in killi n g a n d sl a yi n g a ll t hey c o uld Ma n y
o f this a sse m bly be i n g th u
s ho tl y p ur s ued , did in the fi r s t
b r un t s a ve the m selves up o n the roo f o f the ho use ,n ot bei n g
dis cer n ed by those wh o stood witho ut b ut a t le n gt h ,so m e
o f t his bloody c r e w espyi n g w he r e they la
y hid , shot a t
the m with lo n g p ie ces ,whe r e w ith m a n y o f the m we r e h ur t
a n d sl a i n
The ho usehold se r v a n ts o f D e s s a lle s , p r i o r o f
Va ssy , shooti n g a t the p eople o n the r oo f, o n e o f th a t
wretched co m p a n y wa s n o t a sh a m ed to b o a st , a fter the
m a ss a cre wa s e n ded , th a t he fo r his p a r t ha d c a u
sed s ix a t
le a st to t um ble do wn in th a t piti ful plight , s a yi n g , th a t if
others h ad do n e the like , n ot m a n y o f the m co uld p ossibly
ha ve esc a ped
The m i n ister , in the b egi n n i n g o f the m a ss a cre , ce a se d
no t to p r e a ch , till o n e disch a r ged h is pie ce a g a i n st the
u
po n his
p lpit whe r e he stood , a fte r w hi ch , fa lli n g do wn u
k n ees , he e n t r e a ted t h e Lo r d n o t o n ly to h a ve m ercy u
po n
i im s e lf, b u
t a lso u
a vi n
o
his
poo
pe
sec
ed
flock
H
n
r
r
u
t
p
g
e nded h is p r a ye r , h e le ft his go wn behi n d him , t h in k n w
the r eby to kee p hi m sel f un k n o wn b ut while he a ppr aa c h
e d to wa rd the door m his fe a r he st u
mbled over a d e a d
,
.
.
.
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’
t
.
.
.
.
.
.
F
’
o x s B O OK o r MA R T Y RS
.
This m a ss a cr e co n ti n ued a full ho ur , the d uke s tr um
pete r s so un di n g the wh ile t wo seve r a l ti m e s W he n a ny
o f these desi r ed to h a ve m e r cy s n o w ed the m fo r the love
o f Jes u
s C h r ist , the m ur de r e r s in s co r n wo uld s ay un to
the m , Yo uus e the n a me o f Ch r i st , b ut where is yo u
r
”
Ch r ist n ow 2
The r e died in this m a ss a cre , witln n a fe w d ays , thr ee
sco r e pe r so n s b esides these , the r e we r e a bo ut t wo hun
d r ed a n d fi fty , a s w ell m e n a s w o m e n , th a t we r e wo u
n ded ,
whe r eo f m a n y died
The poo r s b o x ,w hi ch wa s fa ste n ed
to the doo r o f the ch ur ch with t wo i r o n hooks , co n t a i n i n g
t welve po un ds , wa s wr es t ed the n ce , a n d n e v e r resto r ed
The m i n iste r wa s closely co n fi n ed a n d fr eq ue n tly th r e a t
e n ed to be se wed up in a s a ck a n d d r o wn ed He wa s ,
ho weve r , o n the 8th o f Ma y ,1 5 6 3 ,lib e r a ted a t the e a r n est
su
i t o f the pri n ce o f Po r t ie n
’
.
“
’
.
.
.
.
M a ss a cr e a t Ang er s
.
As soo n a s the m a ss a c r e co mm e n ced a t P a r is , a ge n tle
m a n n a m ed Mo n s o r e a u obt a i n ed a p a sspo r t w ith lette r s
to m a ss a c r e the p r otest a n ts a t A n ge r s B ei n g dis a ppo in t
ed o f his p r ey in o n e pl a ce , he c a m e to the lodgi n g o f a
r eve r e n d a n d le a r n ed m i n is t e r , Mr Joh n Ma so n
Meeti n g
his wi fe a t the e n t r a n ce o f t h e ho use , he s a l ut ed her , a n d
”
a sked h e r ,
S he a n s wered
W he r e he r h usb a n d wa s 2
h im , Th a t he w a s wa lki n g in his g a r de n
He i mm edi a t ely we n t in se a r ch o f h im ; a n d mee t in g
h im ,e m b r a ced h im ,a n d s a id , D o y o uk n o w whe r e fore I
a m co m e ?
The ki n g h a th co m m a n ded m e to kill y o u
fo r th wi th , a n d h a th give n m e e x p r ess ch a r ge to d o i t , a s
”
o u sh a ll see
n whi ch he sho wed
by
his
let
e
s
Upo
t
r
y
h im a pistol re a dy ch a r ged
Ma so n r eplied , Th a t he
”
k n e w n o t whe r ei n he h a d o ffe n ded t he ki n g ; b ut seei n g ,
s a id he , y o useek m y li fe , gi v e m e a litt le time to t e
”
co m m e n d m y spi r it i n to the h a n d s o f God
H a vi n g m a de a sho r t p r a ye r , he p r ese n ted his body to
the m ur de r e r , wh o shot h im i mm ed i a tely H is wi fe wa s
soo n a ft e r d r o wn ed , w ith n i n e o t he r s ; a n d s ix tho us a n d
we r e m ur de r ed a t R o u
e n in m uch t he s a m e m a n n e r
The ki n g o f F r a n ce p r oposed t h r ee t hi n gs to the p r i n ce
o f C o n de :
E i t he r to go t o m a ss , to die , o r else to be
a lly i m priso n ed ; a n d the r e fo r e to weigh well wit h
p erpet u
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“
se x
5
B
O O K o r MART Y RS
127
.
”
hi m s e l f W ll l C ll he l iked bes t
The p r i n ce a n s we r ed
ld n e v e r choose the fi r st ;
T h a t by G od s g r a ce he wo u
a s for the l a t ter , he re fe rr ed hi m sel f to the ki n g s ple a
ref
su
A b o ut three h un d r ed w e r e b a r b a ro usly m ur de r ed a t
To ulo use , a n d aft e r t a ki n g a ll the ir goods , t hei r bodies
bli c vi e w fo r t wo
we 1 e s t r ipped n a ked , a n d e x posed to p u
d a ys , a n d t he n th r o wn in he a ps i n to gre a t p its C e r
t a i n co un se l o r s a ft e r they w e r e m a ss a c r ed were h un g up
po n a g r e a t e lm whi ch wa s in the
1 11 t hei r lo n g go wn s , u
co ur t o f the p a l a ce
.
’
’
’
.
l
.
S ieg e of S a n cer r e
.
1 5 7 3 , S a n ce r re , a c ity in ha mt e d rc ie ri y by pro
t e s t a n t s , a n d to w hich m a ny fled fr o m o t he r p la ces fo r
r e fu
ge , wa s besieged by the C a tholi c a r m y The wa n t o f
p r o visio n s w a s soo n felt by t he i n h a b i t a n t s , a n d t hey we r e
co m p elled to feed o n t he flesh o f ho r ses , a sses , & c At
le n g t h e v e n t his fa iled ; a n d they w e r e the n r ed uced to
de v o ur o ffa l a n d e x c r e m e n ts ; a n d so m e , less c a p a ble o f
r esis t i n g t h e c a lls o f h u
n e r , e v e n ha d r e co u
r se to t h e h e r
g
r ible e x
This o ut r a ge o n h um a
p ed i e n t o f c a n n ib a lis m
w
as
n e ces s a r y t o
n it
i
t
p
n ish , a n d a cco r d i n gly w e fi n d
u
y
th a t o n t h e 2 9 t h o f J uly , a m a n a n d his w i fe we r e e x e
cu
t e d fo r h a v i n g e a t e n t h e he a d , b r a i n s , a n d e n t r a ils o f a
child , th r ee ye a r s old , whi ch died o f h un ge r ; h a vi n g p r e
se r ve d the o t he r p a r t s to e a t a t a n o the r m e a l An old
se , a n d h a d e a te n a p a r t ,
wo m a n , wh o lodged in thei r ho u
died a fe w ho ur s a ft e r he r i m p r iso n m e n t The g r e a te r
p a r t o f t he child r e n d ied o f fa m i n e ; a n d m a n y a ffe cti n g
a cco u
n t s a r e give n o f thei r p a tie n ce a n d fo r tit u
de , a m o n g
w hi ch t h e follo w i n g is w o r t hy o f r e co r d
A b oy o f t e n y e a r s old , bei n g re ady to yield up the
ghost , seei n g his fa the r a n d m othe r weepi n g ove r h im , s a id
un t o the m , W he r e fo r e w eep ye th us , in seei n g m e
fa m ished t o de a th ? Mo t he r , I a s k y o un o b r e a d , I k n o w
’
n g it is God s w ill I m u
seei
st die this
o uh a ve n o n e : b u
t
y
d e a t h , let u
l fo r it Did n ot t he holy m a n
s b e t h a n k fu
L a z a r us die o f fa m i n e ? h a v e I n o t r e a d it in m y B ible
In u
tteri n g these , w ith the like sp e e c hes , he e x p ired the
3 0th o f J nlV
In
.
.
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.
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’
[ 28
B OO K o r MA RTY RS
rox s
.
Not mo r e th a n eighty fo ur pe r so n s d ied by the h a n d o f
he e n emy , b ut o f the fa m i n e m o r e th a n fi ve h un dred
Ma n y soldie r s ,in o r der to a vo id the li n ge r i n g de a th o f hun
ger , fled fr om the city , a n d chose r a ther to die by the
s wo r d o f the e n e m y ; whe r eo f some we r e imp r iso n ed , a n d
othe r s p ut to de a th
Eve r y hope seemed c ut o ff fr o m the m , a n d de a th a p
pe e red b oth w i t h i n a n d wi t ho ut t hei r wa lls ; a n d so fa r
wa s the ki n g o f F r a n ce fr o m r ele n t i n g a t t hei r h a pless
st a te , th a t , e n r a ged a t t h ei r co ur a ge , he s wore t hey s ho uld
B
n e a n other
u
t
t
h
e K i n g o f ki n gs h a d o r d a i n ed
o
e at u
p
fo r the electio n o f the d u
ke o f A nj o uto the
it o t h e r W 1 s e
th r o n e o f P ol a n d , c a used a ge n e r a l p a c ifi ca t io n , a n d the
p r ote s t a n ts o n ce mo r e e nj oyed libe r ty o f co n s c ie n ce a n d
tio n
freedom fro m perse c u
-
.
.
.
.
C
H APT E R V
.
ti on s in F r a n ce, con t in u
P er secu
ed
.
It was observed in the pre cedi n g ch a pter , th a t the p e r
t io n o f the protest a n ts wa s a rrested by the electio n o f
se cu
th e d uke o f A nj o u to the thr o n e o f P ol a n d ; o n e o f the
co n ditio n s o f th a t ele ctio n b e i n g , th a t the ki n g o f F r a n ce
sho uld ce a se to m olest his p r otest an t s ubj ects o n a c co un t
o f their fa ith
e
Bu
t this st a te o f pe a ce did no t co n ti n u
lo n g ; the wa r s were re n e wed d uri n g the s ucceed i n g r eig n s ,
with v a ri o u
s s uccess ; a n d the histo r y o f this pe r io d i s
filled with the most ho r r ible r el a tio n s o f b a ttles , sieges ,a s
s a s s in a t io n s , m a ss a c r es , a n d t r e a so n s
At le n gth , He n r y
III fa vo ur i n g the p r otest a n ts ,a ltho ugh mo r e fro m politi c a l
t h a n r eligio u
s motives , wa s a ss a ssi na ted by Cle m e n t , a
fr i a r ; a n d wa s s u
cceeded by the ki n g o f N a v a rre , und er
the title o f He n ry I V
This pri n ce , a fte r s tr ugglin g with hi s n umero us e n emies
d ur i n g seve r a l ye a rs , fo un d i t e x pedie n t to de cl a re him se l f
a Rom a n C a tholi c a n d th u
f
o
s
to
obt
i
the
s
u
f
f
r
a
ges
the
a
n
,
m aj ority o f his s ubj ects This a post a cy wa s a sev c 1 e a f
flict io n to the fa ith fu
l b ut ,a ltho ugh he a b a n do n ed his se
ligio n , a n d s a cri fi ced a he a ve n ly fo r a n e a rthly cro wn ,he
.
.
.
.
.
F
’
o x s B O O K O F MAit r vn S
.
de a th by the i n furi a ted sold i e r y , o r co n dem n ed to t he
ga lleys fo r li fe
A fter thi s un h a ppy e ve n t , a ltho ugh the po w e r o f t ne
r oke n to pe r m it the m to a sse r t
rotest
ch
b
a n ts wa s too m u
p
thei r rights in the field , a n d they the r e fo r e a ppe a r ed to
shed a n d e x ti n g ui shed ,the r e y e t r e
t heir e n e m i es a s if cru
m a i n ed m a n y tho us a n ds wh o r e f u
sed to b o w the k n ee to
B a a l ; their G od upheld the m by his gr a cio us p r o m i ses
they k n e w th a t He wi t ho ut whose o r de r s , n o t e v e n a
”
sp a r r o w sh a ll p e r ish , w o uld n o t a llo w his fa i t h ful se r v a n ts
to fa ll un r eg a r ded a n d they co n soled th e m selves w ith the
reflecti o n ,th a t ho we v e r they m ight be d e spised , co n te m n
e d , a n d pe r sec u
ted o n e a r th , they w o uld in the e n d a r r ive
a t t hose he a ve n ly m a n si o n s p r ep a r ed fo r the m by thei r F a
the r , whe r e a ll te a r s s h a ll b e wiped fr o m a ll fa ces a n d
whe r e a n ete r n ity o f glo r io u
s a n d c elesti a l h a ppi n ess sh a ll
i n fi n itely o utwe igh the te m po r a r y a n d t r ivi al s uffe r i n gs o f
m o r t a lity
r i n g the fi fty ye a r s whi ch s u
cceeded the r ed uctio n o f
Du
Ro chelle ,the p r otest a n ts s uffe r ed eve r y i n dig n i ty , i nj usti ce ,
a nd cr u
e lty , whi ch thei r b a r b a r o us pe r se c uto r s co uld de
vise
They we r e a t the m ercy o f eve r y petty despot ,
”
wh o , d r essed in a li ttle b r ie f a u
t ho r ity , w ished to g r a ti fy
h is m a li ce , o r sig n a lize the se a so n o f his p o wer , by p u
n ish
in g the h er et ics , a n d evi n ci n g his a tt a ch m e n t to the i nf a l
lib le c h u
r ch
The co n se q ue n ces o f this m a y e a sily b e
i m a gi n ed eve r y petty ve x a tio n whi ch c a n r e n de r p r iv a te
li fe m ise r a ble , eve r y spe cies o f pl un de r a n d e x to r tio n , a n d
eve r y wa n to n e x e r tio n o f a r b itr a r y po we r , were e m ployed
to h a r a ss a n d m olest the p r otest a n ts o f a ll r a n ks ,se x es ,a n d
a ges
At le n gth , in 1 6 84 , the impio us a n d bl a sphe m o us tyr a n t
Lo uis X IV , wh o , in i m it a t io n o f the w o r st Ro m a n e m p e
r or s , w ished to r e ceive divi n e ho n o u
r s , a n d wa s fl a tte r ed
by his a bj e ct co ur tie r s i n to t he b elie f th a t he wa s mo r e
t h a n hu
m a n , dete r m i n ed to est a blish his cl a i m to the title
lso m e a d ul a tio n h a d besto we d
o f le g r a n d , whi ch t hei r fu
0 11 h im by the e x ti r p a tio n o f the h er e t ic s fr o m his do m i
ni o ns
P r e t e n di n g , h o we v e r , to w ish fo r thei r co n ve r sio n
to the t r ue f a ith , he g a ve the m t h e a l t e r n a tive o f v o lun
ta r ily be co m i n g p a pists , o r b ei n g c o mp e lled t o i t
s a l t o a post a t ize , t h e y we r e d r a g o on ed
n thei r r e fu
.
.
.
.
.
.
\
.
.
“
Fox
’
s
B O OK O F M A RT Y RS
.
13 1
th a t is , the tlr a ge o n s , the m ost r uffi a n ly a n d b a rb a ro us Of
his C h r is t ia n m aj est y s t r oops we r e q ua r tered upo n t he m ,
The i r ide a s o f d is cr et io n
Wi t h o r d e r s to li ve a t d is cr et ion
n h a ppy pro
m ay e a sil y b e co n cei v ed ,a n d a cco r di n gly the u
l o st a n t s we r e e x p osed to eve r y spe cies o f s ufferi n g wh ich
l u t , a v a r i c cr uelty , bigotry , a n d b r ut a lity ca n e n ge n der
r i a ted sol
m t h e b r e a s rs o f a n ig n or a n t , d ep r a ved ,a n d i n fu
d ie r y , a bsol v ed fr o m a ll res t r a i n t , a n d le ft to the di a b oli c a l
p r o m pt i n gs o f t hei r wo r st p a ssio n s , whose fl a m es we r e
fa n n e d b y the a ss u
r a n ces o f the b ishops ,p r iest s ,a n d fr i a r s ,
th a t t hey w e r e fulfilli n g a s a c r ed d uty , by p un ishi n g the
e n e m ies o f God a n d r eligio n !
An o r de r wa s iss ued by th e ki n g , fo r the demolitio n o f
the p r o t es t a n t ch ur ches ,a n d the b a n ish m e n t o f the p r o t est
a n t m im s t e r s
Ma n y o t he r r e fo r me r s we r e a lso o r de r ed
to le a ve t he ki n gdo m in a fe w d a ys ; a n d we a r e told b y
Mo n sie ur Cl a ude , the celeb r a ted a ut ho r o f L es P la in t es
”
d es P r o t es t a n s , wh o wa s h i m sel f b a n ished a t this ti m e ,
th a t the m ost fr ivolo us p r e te x ts we r e e m ployed to d et a i n
those wh o were a bo ut t o q ui t F r a n ce ,s o th a t by rem a i n i n g
in th a t co u
n t r y beyo n d the ti m e a llo wed by the edi ct , they
m ight b e se n t to the g a lleys a s a p u
n ish m e n t for i n fr i n gi n g
a n orde r w hi ch they w ere th u
s p r eve n ted fr o m co m ply i n g
with
s a n d perso n s
O n the whole , more th a n five h u
n d r ed tho u
esc a ped o r were b a n ished An d these i n d ustrio us ci t ize n s ,
whom the b li n d b igot r y o f a besotted tyr a n t ha d d r ive n
n d shelte r a n d
prote ctio n in
fro m their n a tive l a n d , fo u
E n gl a n d , Ge r m a n y , a n d othe r co un t r ies , whi ch they e m
ply r ep a i d by the i n t r od ucti o n o f m a n y use ful a rts a n d
pro cesses ; in p a rti c ul a r , it is to the m th a t we a r e i n debted
fo r the co mm e n ce me n t o f t h e sil k m an u
fa ct u
re in Gre a t
B rit a i n
I n the me a n while those wh o were e ithe r p u
r posely det a i n
n a ble to es c a pe ,we r e co n de m n ed to the g a lleys ;
e d ,or we r e u
n geo n s ,
a n d a fter bei n g i m p r iso n ed in the m ost horrible d u
a n d fe d o n ly o n b r e a d a n d wa ter , a n d th a t ve r y s c a n tily ,
ffed , a n d ch a i n e d
we r e m a rched o ff in l a r ge b odies , h a n dc u
togethe r , fr o m o n e e x tr e m i ty o f t he ki n gdo m to a n other
Thei r s uffe r i n gs d ur i n g this dre a d ful j o ur n ey were i n d e
scrib a ble
They we r e e x posed to every v icissit ude o f
we a the r , a l m ost wi t ho u
t co v e r i n g ; a n d fre qu
en tly , in t he
’
.
e .
s
.
'
.
.
.
.
.
’
Fox
s
11 0 0 11
or
MA RTY RS
.
f wi nter , we r e obliged to p a ss the n i ghts o n t he
b a re aar t h , fa i n ti n g fr o m h un ge r a n d thi r st , a go n ized b y
d ise a se ,a n d wr ithi n g fr o m the l a sh o f their merciless co n
du
ct o r s
The co n se que n ce was ,th a t sc a r cely h a l f the ori
i
na l n u
mb
er
re
a ched thei r pl a ce o f desti n a tio n ; those wh o
g
did were im m edi a tely e x pose d to n e w s uffe r i n gs a n d ad
d it io n a l c ala m ities
They we r e p ut o n bo a r d the g a lleys , whe r e they were
s ubj e cted to the a bsol ute co n t r ol o f the m ost i n h um a n a n d
b a r b a r o us wr etches who ever disg r a ced the h um a n for m
The l a b o ur o f ro wi n g , a s pe r fo r m ed in the g a lleys , is d e
midst
o
.
.
.
a
scribed a s be i n g the m ost e x cessive th a t c a n be i m a gi n ed ;
an d the s u
ffe r in gs o f the poo r sl a v es were i n c r e a s e d a hu
n
d r ed fold by the sco ur gi n gs i n fli cted o n the m by the ir
s a v a ge t a skm a s t e r s The r ecit a l o f the ir mise r ies is to o
horr i b le to be d welt upo n : we sh a ll the r e fo r e p a ss to th a t
pe riod whe n t he Lo r d , o f his i n fi n ite me r cy ,g a ve e a r to
t he c r ies o f his a ffl i cted se r v a n ts , a n d g r a cio u
sly r a i sed
the m up a deli ve r e r in A n n e , q uee n o f E n gl a n d , who ,
filled wi th co m p a ssi o n fo r the un h a ppy fa te o f so m a n y o f
he r fello w p r otest a n ts , o r de r ed he r a m b a ss a do r a t the
co ur t o f F r a n ce to ma ke a spi r ited r e m o n str a n ce in their
r , which L o u
is , whose a ffa i r s we r e the n in a ve r y
fa vo u
criti c a l si t ua tio n , wa s un de r the n e cessity o f co m ply i n g
wi t h ; a n d h e a c co r d i n gly desp a tched orde r s to a ll the s e a
m
a ve c o n
m
o
r
ts
f
o
r
the
i
ed
i
a
te
r
ele
a
se
every
g
a
lley
sl
o
f
p
d e m n e d fo r h is r e ligio n
W he n t his o r d e r wa s r eceived a t Ma r seilles , whe r e the
m aj o r i ty o f t he p r otest a n ts we r e det a i n ed , the p r iests , a n d
m o st p a r t ic u
l a r ly the Jes uits , we r e m uch ch a g r i n e d a t t he
p r ospe c t o f th us losi n g t hei r vi c t i m s , a n d d ete r m i n ed t o
us e a ll m e a n s in thei r po w e r to preve n t the o r de r fr o m b e
in g c a r r i ed i n to e ffe ct
They p r ev a iled o n th e i n te n d a n t ,
a viole n t a n d c r u
el b igot, to del a y its e x e c ut i o n fo r eight
d a ys , till they co u
ld re ceive a n a n s we r to a n a dd r ess which
they i m m edi a tely desp a tched to the ki n g , e x ho r ti n g him to
a b a n do n his i n te n t io n o f r ele a si n g the h er et ics , a n d r e p r e
se n ti n g the d r e a d ful j udg m e n ts whi ch , they a sse r ted , m ight
b e e x pected to fa ll o n hi m sel f a n d his ki n gdo m , a s the
n ish m e n t o f so gre a t a de r eli ctio n fro m his d u
ty a s t he
pu
e ld es t s on o
f t h e chur ch A t le a st , they desi r e d , if his
m aj e s ty were determi n ed to rele a se the pr o te st an ts tha t
.
-
.
.
.
.
l ox s
[ 34
'
’
B O OK O F MA RTYRS
.
W ill n t t he t r ue m oti v es o f thei r b a r b a r ity be e x
”
posed to Him fr o m w ho m n o sec r et is h id 2 Un do ubt
ed ly they w ill ; a n d l a m e n ta bly ig n o r a n t al e they o f t he
i n e sp i r it o f C hr is t i a n i t y , wh o i m a gi n e th a t c r uelty
ge n u
a n d perse c u
ti o n fo r m a n y p a r t o f it Let the m look to the
co n d uct o f its D ivi n e Fo un de r ; t o his m eek n ess , his ch a
rity , his un ivers a l be n evole n ce ; let the m co n side r these ,
sh to c a ll t he m selves his follo we r s , a n d tr e m ble a t
a n d bl u
s t i ce w ill a wa rd to t hose w ho h a ve
t h e do o m whi ch his j u
pe r ve r ted his m a x i m s o f m e r cy a n d o f pe a ce in to de n un
c ia t io n s o f hostility a n d e x ti r p a ti o n
ed
1
o
.
.
lou
JlI a r tg/r d o m of J o h n C a la s , of T o u
se
.
By th 1 s i n te r esti n g story , the tr uth o f whi ch is ce r tified
in histo r i c a l re co r ds , we h a ve a m ple p r oo fs , if a n y we r e
1
u
i
s it e , t h a t t h e a b o m i n a ble s i r it o f perse c u
tio
ill
n
w
p
q
a x wa s p r ev a il w he r eve r pope r y h a s a n a s ce n de n cy
This
y
s h o cki n g a ct took pl a ce in a pol ished a ge ,a n d p r oves th a t
n e ithe r e x pe r i e n ce n o r i m p r ove m e n t c a n r oot o u
t the ih
v e t e r a t e p r ej u
di ces o f the Ro m a n c a tholi cs , or r e n de r
el or i n e x o r a ble to t h e p r otest a n ts
t he m less c r u
Joh n C a l a s wa s a m e r ch a n t , o f the city o f To ulo use ,
te , a n d b an
whe r e he h a d set t led a n d li v ed in good r ep u
m a r r ied a n E n gl ish wo m a n o f F r e n ch e x t r a ctio n
C a l a s a n d his wi fe w e r e both p r otes t a n ts , a n d h a d five
so n s ,who m they ed uc a t ed in the s a m e r eligi o n b ut Le w i
o n e o f the so n s , b e c a m e a Ro m a n c a tholi c , h a v i n g bee n
co n ve r t ed by a m a id se r v a n t wh o h a d li v ed in the fa m ily
The fa t he r , ho we v e r ,did n o t e x p r ess
a bo v e t hi r t y ye a r s
po n the o cc a sio n , b ut kept the
a n y r ese n t m e n t o r ill w ill u
ity upo n the s o n
m a id in t he fa m ily , a n d se t t led a n a n n u
In O c t obe r 1 7 6 1 , t he fa m ily co n sisted o f Joh n C a l a s a n d
his w i fe , o n e wo m a n se r v a n t , Ma r k A n tho n y C a l a s , t h e
eldes t s o n , a n d Peter C a l a s , the se co n d s o n Ma r k An
y wa s b r ed to the la w, b ut co uld n o t b e a d m itted to
t ho u
p r a c t i ce , o n a cco un t o f h is b ei n g a p r otest a n t he n ce he
gre w m el a n choly , r e a d a ll the b ooks wh ich he co uld pro
c ur e r e l a t ive t o s ui cide , a n d see m ed dete r m i n ed t o des t roy
hi m sel f T o t hi s m a y be a dded , th a t he led a ve r y dissi
p a t ed li fe , a n d wa s gr e a tly a ddi c t ed to g a m i n g O n t hi s
e
.
.
.
s.
.
-
.
.
.
’
Po x s
B O O K o r ai m r m
13 5
-
o un t his fa the r fr eq ue n tly r eprehe n ded him , a n d some
ti m es in term s o f seve r i ty , whi ch co n sider a bly a dded t o
th e gloo m th a t oppressed him
M Gober La V a isse , a yo un g ge n tle m a n a bo ut n in etee n
ye a rs o f a ge ,the so n o f a celebr a ted a dvo c a te o f To ulo use ,
h a vi n g bee n some ti m e a t B o ur de a ux , c a m e b a ck to T o u
lo use to see his fa ther , o n the 1 3 th o f O ctob er 1 7 6 1 ; b ut
fi n di n g th a t he wa s go n e to his co un t r y ho use ,a t some dis
t a n ce fr o m the city , he we n t to seve r a l pl a c e s ,e n de a vo u
r
in g to hi r e a horse to c a r r y hi m thithe r
No ho r se , ho w
ever , wa s to b e obt a i n ed ; a n d a bo ut five o clo ck in the
eve n i n g , he wa s m e t by Joh n C a l a s the fa the r , a n d the
eldest s o n Ma r k A n tho n y ,wh o wa s his fr i e n d C a l a s ,the
fa ther , i n vited him t o s u
ppe r , a s he co uld n o t set o u
t fo r
hi s fa the r s th a t n ight , a n d La V a isse co n se n ted All
th r ee , the r e fo r e , pro ce eded to C a l a s s ho use together , a n d
whe n they c a m e t hi t her , fi n di n g th a t Mr s C a l a s wa s still
in h e r o wn r o om , whi ch she h a d n o t q u
i t ted th a t d a y , La
Va isse we n t up to see he r A fter the fi r st co m pli m e n ts ,
he told h e r he wa s to s up with h e r , by h e r h usb a n d s in vi
ra t i o n , a t w hi ch she e x p r essed her s a tis fa cti o n , a n d a fe w
mi nu
tes a ft er le ft h i m , to gi ve so m e o r de r s to h e r m a id
whe n t h a t wa s do n e ,she we n t to look fo r her s on A n tho n y ,
whom she fo u
n d s itti n g a lo n e in the shop , ve r y pe n si v e
s he g a ve h im so m e m o n ey , a n d desired h im to go a n d b u
y
s o m e Roq u
e fo r t cheese , a s he wa s a bette r j udge o f the
q ua li t y o f cheese th a n a n y othe r pe r so n in the fa m ily
She the n ret ur n ed to he r guest L a Va isse , wh o ve r y soo n
a ft er we n t a g a i n to the li ve r y s t a ble , to see if a n
y ho r se
wa s co m e in , th a t he m ight sec u
re it fo r the n e x t mor n i n g
In a short t i m e A n tho n y ret u
r n ed , h a v i n g b o u
ght the
cheese , a n d La Va isse a lso co m i n g b a ck a bo ut the s a me
ti me , the fa m ily a n d t heir guest s a t do wn to s uppe r , the
whole co m p a ny co n sisti n g o f C a l a s a n d his wi fe , A n tho n y
a n d P ete r C a l a s the so n s , a n d La Va isse , n o other perso n
b ei n g in the ho u
se ,e x cept the m a id serv a n t ,wh o h a s bee n
m e n t io n ed a l r e a dy
This wa s a b o ut seve n o clo ck : the
su
v e r , A n tho n y le ft
er
w
a
s
n
lo
n
g
be
f
o
r
e
it
w
a
s
o
t
b
u
t
o
;
pp
t he t a bl e a n d we n t i n to the kitche n , whi ch wa s o n the
(
s a m e floo r ) a s he wa s a cc usto m ed t o do
The m a id
a sked h im if he w a s cold ?
He a n s w ered , Quite the
co n t r a r y , I b u
rn
a n d t he n le ft h e r
In the me a n t im e
a cc
.
.
.
’
.
’
.
’
.
.
’
.
.
.
-
’
.
.
.
[ 36
’
3 0 11 s B
O O K o r ma n t r a s
.
pped in ,
his fr ie n d a n d fa mily le ft the r oo m they h a d s u
a n d we n t in to a b ed - ch a m be r ; t h e fa the r a n d L a Va iss e
n ger s o n P eter in a n
s a t do wn together o n a so fa, the yo u
elbo w ch a ir , a n d the mothe r in a n o t he r ch a ir ; a n d with
i r y a ft e r A n tho n y , co n ti n ued in c o n
ou
t m a ki n g a n y i n q u
’
ve rs a tio n togethe r , till bet wee n n i n e a n d t e n o clo ck ,whe n
La V a isse took his le a ve ,a n d P eter ,wh o ha d fa lle n a sleep ,
wa s a wa ke n ed to a tte n d h im with a l ig ht
’
The r e wa s o n t he g r o un d floo r o f C a l a s ho us e a s hop
a n d wa r eho u
se the l a t te r o f whi ch wa s d ivided from the
o f foldi n g - doo r s
s hop by a p a i r
W he n P ete r C a l a s a n d
La Va isse c a m e do wn st a i r s i n to the shop , they we r e e x
t re m e ly sho cked to see A n tho n y h a n gi n g in hi s shi r t , fr om
a b a r whi ch he h a d l a id a c r oss the top o f the t wo foldi n g
doo r s , h a vi n g h a l f ope n ed the m for th a t p urpose O n dis
cove r i n g this horrid spe ct a cle , they sh r ieked o ut , which
bro ught do wn C a l a s the fa the r , the mother b ei n g s eize d
with s u
ch a te r r or a s kept her tr e m bli n g in the p a ss a ge
a b ove
The un h a ppy old m a n rushed fo r wa r d , a n d t a ki n g
the b ody in his a r m s , the b a r to whi ch the rope wa s fa st
e n ed , slipped o ff fr o m the foldi n g - doo r o f the wa reho use ,
a n d fell do wn
Ha vi n g pl a ced th e b ody o n the gr o un d ,he
loos ed a n d took o ff t he co r d in a n a go n y o f gr ie f a n d a h
g uish n ot to b e e x p r essed , weep i n g, tr e m bli n g , a n d de
l
r in
o
The t wo yo un g m e n , wh o h a d n o t h a d
p
g his loss
prese n ce o f m i n d to a t t e m p t t a ki n g do wn the b ody , we r e
st a n di n g by stupid with a m a ze m e n t a n d ho r r o r In the
me a n ti m e the m o t he r ,he a r i n g the co n fused c r ies a n d c o m
pl a i n ts o f h e r h usb a n d , a n d fi n di n g n o o n e co m e to her ,
fo u
n d me a n s to
At the b otto m she s a w
ge t do wn s t a i r s
La Va isse , a n d h a stily de m a n ded wh a t wa s the m a tter
This q uestio n r o used C a l a s in a m o m e n t , a n d i n ste a d o f
an s w e r i n g h e r , he u
r ged h e r to go a g a i n u s t a i r s ,to whi c h
p
with m u
ch rel uc t a n ce , she co n se n ted ; b ut the co n fl i ct o f
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
her m i n d b ei n g s u
ch a s co uld n o t b e lo n g bo r n e , she se n t
do wn t he m a id t o k n o w wh a t wa s t he m a tte r W he n the
m a id d iscove r ed w h a t h a d h a ppe n ed she co n ti n u
ed belo w,
ei t he r be c a use she fe a r ed to c a r r y a n a cco un t o f it to he '
m is t ress , o r be c a u
s e she b u
sied he r sel f in doi n g so m e good
o ffi ce t o he r m a s t e r , who wa s still e m br a ci n g the body o f
his s o n , a n d b a t hi n g it in his te a r s The mothe r , there
fo re , bei n g th u
s le ft a lo n e , we n t do wn a n d m i x ed in the
.
.
188
rox
’
s
B OC K
or
MA RT Y RS
.
d a n othe r to a n i n fe r io r o ffi ce r , c a lled a n a s se s
sor
The c a pito ul h a d a l r e a dy set o ut , h a v i n g bee n a l a r m
’
ed by t he r um o ur o f a m ur der He e n te r ed C a l a s ho use
w i t h fo r ty soldie r s , took the fa t he r , Pete r the s o n , the m o
the r , La Va sse , a n d t he m a i d , a ll i n to c ustody , a n d set a
gua r d over the m He se n t fo r M de la To ur , a physi ci a n ,
e a n d Pe r r o n e t , s ur geo n s , wh o e x a m i n ed
a n d M la Ma r q u
n d n o n e e x cept the
t h e body fo r m ar ks o f viole n ce ,b u
t fo u
m a r k o f t h e lig a t u
re o n the n e ck ; th ey fo un d a lso the h a i r
n the u
s
u
a l m a n n er , pe r fe ctly
i
)f the de ce a sed d o n e u
p
t the le a st diso r de r ; his clothes were
s m oo t h , a n d w i t ho u
a lso r eg u
l a r ly folded up a n d l a id up o n the co un ter ,n o r wa s
pl a ce
an
.
.
.
.
.
his shirt eithe r un b ut to n ed o r to r n
The c a pi t o ul ,n o tw i t hst a n di n g these a ppe a r a n ces ,tho ught
p r ope r t o a gr ee wi t h the opi n io n o f the m o b , a n d took it
i n to his he a d t h a t old C a l a s ha d se n t fo r La Va isse ,telli n g
h im he h a d a so n to be h a n ged ; th a t L a Va isse h a d co m e
to pe r fo r m the o ffi ce o f e x e c uti o n e r a n d th a t he h a d re
c e ive d a ssis t a n ce fr o m the fa the r a n d b r othe r
n t o f these n otio n s the c a pito u
l o r de r ed the body
O n a cco u
se , with the
o f t h e d ece a sed to b e c a r ried to the to wn ho u
clothes The fa ther a n d s o n were th r o wn in to a d a r k d un
geo n ; a n d the m other, La V a isse , the m a id , a n d C a si n g ,
we r e i m pr i s o n ed in o n e th a t a d m itted the light
The n e x t
d a y , wh a t is c a lled t h e v e r b a l p r ocess wa s t a ke n a t t he
to wn ho use , i n s t e a d o f t he s pot whe r e the body wa s fo un d ,
a s t h e la w di r e c ts , a n d wa s d a t ed a t C a l a s ho u
se to c o n
ce a l the i r r e gul ar ity This v e r b a l pr ocess is so m e wh a t
like the co r o n e r s i n ques t in E n gl a n d ; w it n esses a r e e x
a m in e d , a n d t he m a gis t r a te m a kes his r epo r t si m il a r to t h e
ve r di ct o f a co r o n e r s j ur y in E n gl a n d The wit n esses
e x a m i n ed by the c a p i t o ul we r e t he physi ci a n a nd s ur geo n ,
wh o proved A n t ho n y C a l a s to h a ve bee n s t r a n gled
The
s ur geo n h a vi n g bee n o r de r ed to e x a m i n e t he sto m a ch o f
the de ce a sed , deposed a lso , th a t t he food which wa s fo un d
the r e h a d bee n t a ke n fo ur ho ur s be fo r e his d e a t h Fi n di n g
t ha t n o p r oo f o f the m ur de r c o uld be p r o c ur ed , t he c a pi t o ul
ha d r e co u
r se
to a m o n i t o ry o r ge n e r a l i n fo r m a t io n , in
w hi ch the c r i m e w a s t a ke n for g r a n t ed , a n d a ll pe r s o n s
we r e req ui r ed to give s uch e s t im o n y a g a i n s t it a s t he y
we r e a ble , p a r tic u
l a r izi n g the p oi n ts t o w hi ch t hey we r e to
r ecites , th a t La Va isse wa s co m m issio n ed b
Thi
s
s eak
p
:
.
.
-
.
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-
’
.
’
’
.
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.
.
Fox
’
s
B O OK o r MA RT Y RS
139
.
pro t est a n t s to be their e x ec utio n e r in o r d i n a r y whe n
a ny o f thei r ch ild r e n we r e to b e h a n ged fo r ch a n gi n g their
religio n ; it rec i t es a lso , th a t w he n t h e p r otest a n ts th us
h a n g thei r chil d r e n , they co m p el t he m to k n eel , a n d o n e
n
an
r so n h a d
e
see
o f t h e in t e i r o a t o r ie s wa s , w h e t h e i
p
y
g
A n t ho n y C a l a s k n eel be fo r e his fa t he r whe n he str a n gled
h im ; it r e ci t es like wise , t h a t A n t ho n y died a Rom a n C a
i r es evide n ce o f his c a tholi cis m
t h o lic , a n d r eq u
These ridi c ulo us opi n io n s b ei n g a dopted a n d p ublished
by the p r i n cip a l m a gistr a t e o f a co n side r a ble c ity , the
ch ur ch o f G e n ev a tho ug ht itsel f obliged to se n d a n a ttest
a ti o n o f i ts a bho r re n ce o f op i n io n s s o a b o m i n a ble a n d
a bs u
r d , a n d o f its a sto n ish m e n t th a t t h ey sho u
ld be s us
d
r a n k a n d o ffi ce
s
ch
opi
io
s
by
pe
so
s
hose
e
c
t
e
o
f
u
n
n
r
n
w
p
r eq u
i r ed the m to h a ve mo r e k n o wledge a n d b ette r j udgm e n t
Ho weve r , b e fore this m o n ito r y wa s p ublished , the m ob
ha d got a n otio n th a t A n tho n y C a l a s w a s the n e x t d ay
t o h a ve e n te r ed i n t o the fr a ter n ity o f the W hite P e n ite n ts
The c a pito ul i m m edi a tely a dopted this opi n io n a lso ,
wi t ho u
t the le a st e x a m i n a tio n ,a n d o r de r ed A n tho n y s b ody
to b e b ur ied in the m iddle o f S t Stephe n s ch urch ,whi ch
wa s a cco r d i n gly do n e ; fo r t y p r ies t s a n d a ll the W hite
P e n ite n t s a ssisti n g in t h e fun e r a l p r o cessio n
A short ti m e a ft e r the i n te r m e n t o f the de ce a sed , the
Wh ite P e n ite n ts pe r fo r m ed a sole m n se r vi ce for h im in
thei r ch a p el the chur ch wa s h un g with whi te ,a n d a t o m b
wa s r a ised in the m iddle o f it , o n the top o f w hi ch wa s
pl a ced a h um a n skeleto n , holdi n g in o n e h a n d a p a per ,
”
on whi ch wa s writte n ,
Abj ur a t io n o f heresy , a n d in
th e othe r a p a l m , t h e e m ble m o f m a r tyrdo m
The F r a n cisc a n s pe r formed a service o f the s a me ki n d
fo r h im the n e x t d a y ; a n d i t i s e a sy to i m a g in e h o w
mu
ch th e m i n ds o f the p eople were i n fl a med by this
s tr a n ge folly o f the ir m a gistr a tes a n d p r iests
Still the c a pito ul co n t i n ued t h e p r ose c uti o n w ith unr e
le n ti n g seve r ity a n d tho ugh the gr i e f a n d distr a cti o n o f
the fa m ily , whe n he fi r st c a m e to the ho use , were a lo n e
suffi cie n t to h a ve co n vi n ced a n y re a so n a ble b ei n g th a t
they we r e n ot the a utho r s o f the eve n t whi ch they de
e r ed , y e t h a vi n g
l
bli
cly
ilty
u
a ttested th a t t hey were gu
,
p
p
i n his m o n i t o r y , w i t ho u
t p r oo f, a n d n o p r oo f comi n g in ,
he tho ught fit to co n de m n t he un h a ppy fa ther , mother
the
.
.
.
’
’
.
.
.
.
1 40
Fox
’
B O OK o r
s
M A RT Y RS
.
b rother , frie n d , a n d serv a nt , to the to r t u
r e ,and
t them
pu
a ll i n to
iro n s , o n the 1 8th o f Novemb er C a si n g wa s
.
rele a sed , upo n p r oo f th a t he wa s n o t in C a l a s ho use t ill
a fter A n tho n y wa s de a d
F r o m these dre a d ful p r o ceedi n gs the s ufferers a ppe a led
to the p a rli a me n t , which i m m edi a tely took cog n iz a n ce o f
the a ffa i r , a n d a n n ulled the se n te n ce o f the c a p ito ul a s ir
reg ul a r ; b ut the p r ose c utio n still co n ti n ued
As soo n a s the tri a l c a m e o n , the h a n g m a n , wh o h a d
bee n ta ke n to C a l a s ho use , a n d sho wn the foldi n g doors
a n d the b a r , deposed , th a t
it wa s i m p ossible A n tho n y
sho uld h a n g hi m sel f a s wa s p r ete n ded A n other wit n es s
s wo r e , th a t he looked thro ugh the keyhole o f C a l a s
door in to a roo m , whe r e he s a w m e n r un n i n g h a stily to
a n d fr o
A t hi r d s wore , t h a t his w i fe h a d told h im , a
wo m a n n a med Ma un d r il h a d told h e r ,th a t a ce r t a i n wo m an
u
n k n o wn h a d
d ecl ar ed she he a rd t he c r i es o f A n tho n y
C a l as a t the fur the r e n d o f the city
Fro m this a bs ur d evide n ce the m aj o r ity o f the p a rli a
me n t were o f op i n io n , th a t the priso n e r s w ere g uilty , a n d
the r e fo r e orde r ed the m to b e t r ied by the c r i m i n a l co urt
lo use
o f To u
The r e wa s a m o n g those who p r esided a t the tri a l o n e
sed the p op ul a r pr eju
L a B o r de , wh o h a d ze a lo usly espo u
di ces ; a n d tho ugh it wa s m a n i fest to de m o n str a ti o n t h a t
the priso n e r s were e ithe r a ll i n n o ce n t o r a ll g uilty ,he voted
th a t the fa the r sho uld fi r st s uffe r the to r t ur e , o r di n a r y a n d
e x tr a o r di n ar y , to discover hi s a cco m pli ces , a n d be the n
b r oke n a live upo n the wheel ; to rece ive t he l a st str oke
r n t to a shes
r s , a n d the n t o be b u
whe n he h a d l a i n t wo ho u
r r e n ce o f s ix othe r s
thr e e
In this opi n io n he h a d the co n c u
r e a lo n e
t wo we r e o f op i n io n th a t they
were fo r the to rt u
sho uld e n d e a ve ur to a sce r t a i n o n the spot whethe r A n tho n y
co uld h a n g hi m sel f or n o t a n d o n e voted to a cquit the pri
A fte r lo n g deb a te s the m aj o r ity wa s fo r the tortur e
so n e r
a n d wheel , a n d p r ob a bly co n de m n ed the fa ther by wa y o f
e x peri m e n t , whethe r he wa s g uilty o r n o t , hopi n g he
ld , in the a go n y , co n fess the c r i m e , a n d a cc use the
wo u
othe r p r i so n e r s , whose fa te ,the r e fore ,t hey s uspe n ded It
is , ho we v e r , ce r t a i n , th a t if they h a d evi d e n ce a g a i n st t he
ld h w e j us t i fied the se n te n ce they pro
fa ther th a t wo u
ld h a ve just i
n ce d a g a i n st h im th a t very e vide n c e wo u
nou
’
.
.
’
.
’
.
.
.
.
.
.
F
o x s B O OK
’
or
r r ns
M tu
.
ge n tle m a n , wh o , a t fi r st , co ul d o n ly pity a n d r el ieve him
t d a r i n g t o j udge o f the rigo ur e x e r c ised a g a i n st h is
witho u
S ho r tly a fter , o n e o f the
fa ther , m other , a n d b r others
brothers , wh o wa s o n ly b a n ished , l ike wise th r e w hi m sel f
i n to the a rms o f the sa m e pe r so n , who , fo r mo r e th a n a
r ed o f the i n n o
m o n th , took a ll possible m e a n s to be a ss u
ce n ce o f thi s fa m ily But whe n he wa s o n ce co n vi n c e d ,
he tho ught hi m sel f obliged in co n scie n ce t o e m ploy his
r se , his p e n , a n d his credit , to r ep a i r the
fr i e n ds , his p u
d ges o f To u
lo use ,a n d to h a ve
fa t a l m ist a ke o f the seve n j u
the p r oceedi n gs r e v ised by the ki n g s co un sel This r e
visio n l a sted t h r ee ye a r s , a n d a t t he e n d o f th a t ti m e ,fi fty
r t o f Re q u
e s ts un a n i m o usly de cl a red
m a ste r s o f the C o u
the whol e fa m ily o f C a l a s i n n o ce n t , a n d r e co m m e n ded
sti ce o f his m aj esty The d uke
the m to the be n evole n t j u
l , wh o n eve r let slip a n oppo r t un ity o f s ign a li
d e Cho ise u
zi n g the g r e a t n ess o f his ch a r a cte r , n o t o n ly a ssisted this
un fo r t un a te fa m ily w ith m o n ey fr o m his o wn p ur se ,b ut o b
ity o f
livr es fr o m t h e ki n g
t a in e d fo r the m a g r a t u
The a r r et whi ch j usti fi ed the fa m ily o f C a l a s , a n d
ch a n ged the i r fa te ,wa s sig n ed o n th e 9 t h o f Ma r ch , 1 7 6 5
The 9 th o f Ma r ch , 1 7 6 2 , wa s the very d a y o n whi ch the
i n n o ce n t a n d vi r t uo us fa the r o f th a t fa m ily h a d b ee n e x e
All P a ris r a n in c r o wds to see the m co m e o ut o f
cu
t ed
p r iso n , a n d cl a pped their h a n ds fo r j oy , while the te a rs
stre a m e d do wn the i r cheeks
a
.
.
’
.
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.
PART IV
C
H A PT ER 1
.
elt ies of t he I n u
s it ion
Or ig in , P r og r es s , a n d C r u
i
q
His tory of th e I n quisition
.
W H E N the re fo r m ed religio n bega n to di ffuse the p e w
ight o f the gospel thro u
gho ut E ur ope , the bigoted Ro ma n
Fox
’
s
BOOK or
MA R T Y R S
.
1 41 3
r e o f t he fr a u
ds a n d a b uses o f
Ca thol i cs fe a r i n g t he e x pos u
the i r ch ur ch , deter m i n ed to le a v e n othi n g un a tte m p t ed t o
c r ush the Re fo r m a tio n in its i n fa n cy ; pope I n n oce n t III
is i t o r s , o r pe r so n s
t he r e fo r e i n stit u
ted a n um b e r o f in qu
wh o we r e to m a ke i n q u
i r y a fte r , a pp r ehe n d , a n d p un ish
t he pro fessors o f th e r e fo r m e d fa ith
At th e he a d o f these
P
u
l S l t OI S wa s o n e Do m i n i c , wh o wa s c a n o n ized
by
the
q
tho r it y the m o r e r espe ct a ble
pope , in o r der to r e n de r h is a u
He a n d t h e o t he r i n q uisito r s visi t ed the v a r i o us Ro m a n C a
t h o lic co u
n t r ies ,a n d t r e a ted the p r otest a n ts with the u
tmos t
s e v e r ity : b u
se
t at le n g t h the p o p e n o t fi n di n g the m so u
fu
l a s he h a d e x p e cted , r esolved u
po n the est a bl ish m e n t o f
fi x ed a n d r eg u
l a r co ur ts o f i n q uisitio n ; the fi r st o ffi ce o f
whi ch wa s est a blished in the city o f To u
lo use , a n d D o m i
n ic be c a m e the fi r st i n q u
isito r
.
.
‘
.
.
C r uelti es of th e I n qui s i t i o n
.
Co ur t s o f i n q uisiti o n we r e a lso e r e cted in seve r a l ot he r
co un t r ies ; b ut the S p a n ish i n q uisitio n be c a m e the m os
p o w er fu
l a n d the m ost d r e a d ful o f a n y Eve n the k in gs
o f S p a i n t he m sel v es t ho u
gh a r bit r ar y in a ll othe r respe cts ,
,
we r e t a u
ght to d r e a d it s po wer ; a n d the ho r r id c r uelties
e x e r ci sed by the i n quis itio n , co m pelled m ul t it ud es , wh o
di ffe r ed in opi n io n fr o m the c a tholi cs , c a r e fully t o co n ce al
t h ei r se n t i m e n t s The Do m i n i c a n s a n d F r a n cisc a n s were
“
—
.
.
144
'
Fox
B
s
OO K o r M ART Y n s
.
most ze a lo us o f a ll the m o n ks : these , there fore , the
pope in v as t e d with a n e x cl usive r ight o f p r esidi ng ove r a n d
m a n a gi n g the di ffe r e n t co ur ts o f in quis n io n The fri a r s
o f those t wo o r de r s we r e a l wa ys selected fr om t he ve r y
d regs o f the peo p le , a n d the r e fo r e we r e n o t m u
ch tro ubled
with scr u
ples o f co n sci e n ce ; they we r e obl iged by t h e
r ules o f thei r r espe ctive o r de r s to le a d ve r y a uste r e live s ,
whi ch r e n de r ed their m a n n e r s u
a lified
n so ci a l , a n d better qu
the m fo r the i r b a r b a ro us e m plo y m e n t
The pope g a ve the i n q uisito r s the most unlimite d p o wer s
as j u
dges deleg a ted by him , a n d i m m edi a tely represe n ti n g
his pe r so n : they w e r e pe r m it t ed to e x co mm un i c a te , or
se n te n ce to de a t h who m they tho ught proper , upo n th e
slightest i n fo r m a t i o n o f he r esy ; we r e a llo wed to p ublish
crus a des a g a i n st a ll whom they dee m ed he r eti cs , a n d e n te r
i n to le a g ues with sove r eig n p r i n ces to j o m tho se c r us a des
with thei r forces
Ab o ut the y e a r 1 244 , thei r p o wer wa s
fu
r the r i n c r e a sed by the e m pe r o r F r ede r i c IL , wh o de
cla r e d hi m sel f the prote cto r a n d fr ie n d o f a ll i n q u
isitors ,
a nd p u
blished t wo c r uel edi cts ,v iz : th a t a ll hereti cs wh o
co n ti n ued ob sti n a te sho uld b e b ur n t ; a n d th a t a ll wh o r e
ld b e i m priso n ed fo r li fe T his ze a l in the e m
pe n t e d sho u
e
p e ro r fo r the i n q uisitors a n d the Ro m a n C a tholi c pers u
sio n , a r ose fr om a report whi ch h a d bee n p r op a ga te d
thro ugho ut E ur ope , th a t he i n te n ded to tur n Ma ho m et a n
the em pe r o r the r e fo r e j udi ci o usly determ i n ed by t l e height
e lty , to sho w his a tt a ch m e n t to p ap er y
o f bigotry a n d cr u
The o ffi ce r s o f the i n q uisiti o n a r e th r ee i n q ui sito r s , o r
j udges , a p r o cto r fi sc a l , t wo sec r et a r i es , a m a gist r a te , a
m esse n ger , a re ceive r , a g a ole r , a n a ge n t o f co n fisc a te d
possessi o n s , a n d seve r a l a ssesso r s , co un sellors , e x ec utio n
r geo n s , doo r kee pers , fa m ili a rs , a n d v i
e r s , physi ci a n s , s u
si l ers , wh o a r e a ll s wo r n to p r o fo un d secre cy The c h ie f
a cc u
s a t io n a g a i n st those who a r e s ubj e ct to t his t r ib un a l i s
he r esy , which co m p r ises a ll th a t i s spoke n o r writte n
a g a i n st a n
f
t
h
a r ti cles o f the c r eed , o r t h e t r a ditio n s
o
e
y
r ch
The o t he r a r ti cles o f a c c us a tio n
o f the Ro m ish ch u
a r e r e n ou
a sio n , a n d b e
n ci n g the Ro m a n c a tholi c pe r s u
lie v i n g th a t pe r so n s o f a n y othe r r eligio n m a y be s a ved ,o r
e ve n a d m i t ti n g t h a t the te n ets o f a n
b
u
t
p
a pists a r e in
y
the le a st re a so n a ble The r e ar e two other thi n gs whi ch
ucur the most severe p un ishme n ts , v iz : to d isa p pr o e of
the
.
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'
.
.
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‘
.
.
-
.
.
.
'
.
Fo x
’
s
n
o o n o r M A RT Y RS
.
us a ti o n is o fte n l a id a g a i n st h im fo r o n ly p r e t e n d i n g to b e
a p a pist , a n d the co n se q u
e n ce is a co n fis c a t i o n o f his e f
fe ct s , a n d the loss o f his li fe if he co m pl a i n
A de fe n ce is o f l i ttle us e to the priso n e r ; for a s us pi cio n
o n ly is deemed s uffi cie n t c a use o f co n de m n a tio n , a n d the
g r e a te r his we a l t h the g r e a ter his d a n ge r Most o f the in
’
ru
a r e o w i n g to the i r r a p a city : they de
i
c
elties
u
s
i
t
or
s
q
s t r oy li fe to possess the p r ope r ty ; a n d un d er p r e t e n ce o f
ze a l , pl un de r i n d ivid ua ls o f the i r righ t s A p r iso n e r o f
t he i n qu
isitors is n ever a llo wed to se e the fa ce o f his a c
cu
s e r , o r a n y o f the wit n esses a g a i n st h im , b u
t eve r y n i e
t hod is t a ke n by thre a ts a n d to r t u
r es t o oblige h im to a cc u
se
hi m sel f If the j ur isdi ctio n o f the i n q uisi t io n be n o t full y
a llo w ed , ve n ge a n ce is de n o u
n ced a a i n st s u
ch a s c a l l it in
g
q uestio n ; o r if a n y o f its o fli c e r s a r e opposed , t hose wh o
opp ose the m a r e a l m ost cert a i n to b e s ufi e r e r s fo r thei r te
m e r i ty
the m a x i m o f the i n q uisi t io n bei n g to st r ike te r r o r ,
a n d a we those wh o a r e the o bj ects o f its po w e r i n to o b e
d ie n c e
High bi r th , disti n guished r a n k , o r e m i n e n t
e m ployme n ts a r e n o p r ote ctio n fr o m its s e ve r e t ie s ;
a n d it s lo west o ffi ce r s c a n m a ke the most e x a lted n ob lem a n
t r e m ble a t their a utho r i t y
S uch a r e the ci r c um st a n ce s whi ch s ubj e ct a pe r so n to
the r a ge o f the i n quisiti o n ; a n d the modes o f b egi n n i n g
the p r ocess a r e , 1 to p r oceed by i m p ut a tio n , o r prose
c ute o n co mm o n repo r t ; 2 by the i n fo r m a tio n o f a n y
i n di ffe r e n t pe r so n wh o chooses to i m p e a ch a n othe r ; 3 o n
isi
t he i n fo r m a tio n o f spies wh o a r e r et a i n ed by the i n q u
t i o n ; a n d , 4 o n the co n fe ssio n o f the p r iso n e r hi m sel f
The i n q uisi to r s n e v er fo r get o r fo r give ; le n gth o f
ti m e c a n n ot e ffa ce thei r r ese n t m e n ts ; n o r c a n t he h um
b lest co n cessio n s o r m ost libe r a l p r ese n ts obt a i n a p a rdo n
they c a r r y the desi r e o f r eve n ge to t he g r a ve , a n d wish t o
n a ve both the p r ope r ty a n d lives o f those wh o h a ve o ffe n d
ed t he m He n ce , w he n a pe r so n o n ce a cc used to the ih
u
i
t
i
a fte r esc a pi n g , is r et a ke n , p a r do n is n e x t to a n
i
s
n
o
,
q
s a tio n b e gi ve n the ih
i m possib i lity
If a posi t i v e a cc u
tio n e r , who t a ke s a
qu
is it o r s di r e ct a n e i der to the e x ec u
be
u
r o f fa m ili a i s with him to a ssist in the e x e
c e rt i n
m
a n
an d
W i fe ,
sb
or
cu
a t h e r , s o n , b r othe r , sister , h u
ti n
F
p l
.
.
.
.
'
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
m ust q uie t ly s ub m it ; n o n e d a r e r esist o r e v e n spe a k a s
ld s ubje ct them to the s a me p un ish m e n t a s tn
e ith e r wo u
F
o x s B O O K o r M AR T Y R S
’
.
1 47
No r esp ite is a llo wed ,b ut the p riso n r s
r ried a wa y
h
u
sl
m s t a nt a n e ou
y
This d r e a d ful e n gi n e o f ty r a n n y m a y a t a n y ti me be in
pp e r
n t r y w he r e the c a tholi cs h a v e the u
tr o d u
c e d i n t o a co u
l o ught we to b e ,who a r e n o t
a n d he n ce ,h o w c a r e fu
ha n d
c ur s d wi t h s uch a n a r b i t r a r y co ur t , to p r eve n t its i n tro ~
d uctio n
bj e ct , a n eleg a n t a ut hor
In t r e a ti n g o f t his s u
p a t he t ic a lly s a ys , Ho w ho r r id a s ce n e o f p e r fid y a n d in
m a n i ty
W h a t ki n d o f co m m un i ty m ust th a t b e whe n ce
hu
g r a tit ude , love , a n d m ut ua l fo r be a r a n ce wi t h r eg a r d t o hit
at mu
st th a t t r ib un a l be
m a n fr a ilti es a r e b a n ished ! t
whi ch obliges p a r e n ts n o t o n ly to e r a se fr o m the i r m i n ds
the r e m e m b r a n ce o f thei r o wn child r e n , to e x ti n g uish a ll
those kee n se n s a t io n s o f te n de rn ess a n d a ffe cti o n whe r e
t eve n to e x t e n d thei r i n h u
r e i n spi r es t he m , b u
wi t h n a t u
se r s ,
m a n ity so fa r a s to fo r ce the m to co m m e n ce t hei r a cc u
e n tly to be co m e t he c a use o f the c r uelties in
a n d co n seq u
W h a t ide a s o ught we to fo r m to o ur
flict e d up o n the m
selves o f a t r ib un a l w hi ch obliges child r e n n ot o n ly to stifle
eve r y so ft i m p ul se o f g r a t i t ude , lo v e , a n d respe ct , d ue to
those who ga v e the m b i b , b ut eve n fo r ces the m ,a n d t h a t
un de r the m ost r igo r ous pe n a lties , to b e spies ove r thei r
isito r s
a re n ts , a n d t o discove r t o a set o f m e r ciless i n q u
p
t h e c r i m es , the e r r o r s , a n d e v e n the little l a p ses to w hi ch
they a r e e x posed by h um a n fr a il ty ! In a wo r d , a t r ib un a l
whi ch w ill n o t pe r m it r el a t i o n s , w he n i m p r iso n ed in it s
ho r r id d un geo n s , to give e a ch o t he r the s uc co ur s , or pe r
fo r m the d u
ties which r eligio n e nj oi n s , m ust be o f a n in
fer h a l n a t u
re
W h a t diso r de r a n d co n fusi o n m ust s uch
co n d uct give r ise to in a te n de r ly a ffec t io n a te fa m ily An
e x p r essio n i n n o ce n t in i t sel f, a n d , pe r h a ps , b ut too t r ue ,
s h a ll , fro m a n i n d isc r eet ze a l o r a p a n i c o f fe a r , give ih
fi n i t e un e a si n ess to a fa m i i y ; sh a ll r u
i n it s pe a ce e n t i r e l y,
a n d pe r h a ps c a u
se o n e o r m o r e o f its m e m b e r s to b e t he
un h a ppy vi cti m s o f the most b a rb a ro us o f a ll t r ib un a l s
W h a t dist r a ctio n s m ust n e cess a rily b r e a k fo r th in a ho use
whe r e t h e h u
sb a n d a n d wi fe a r e a t v ar i a n ce , o r the child
r e n loose a n d w i cked !
W i ll s uch child r e n sc r uple to s e
c r ifi ce a fa t he r w ho e n de a vo u
r s t o r est r a i n the m b y his e x
hort a t io n s , by r ep r oo fs , o r p a t e r n a l co r r ecti o n s ? \Vill t he v
n o t r a ther , a ft e r pl u
n de r i n g his ho u
se t o s upport their e x
tr ava ga n c e a n d riot , re a dily deliver u
their
u
nh a ppy
p
pa
d e voted vi ctim
'
e
.
.
e
'
.
.
1 48
Fox
’
s
B OO K
or
MA RT Y RS
.
re nt to a ll the h orrors o f a tr ib un a l fo un ded o n the b la cke m
inj u
stice ? A rioto us h usb a n d , o r a loose wi fe , ha s a n e a s y
oppo r t un ity , a ssi s t ed by me a n s o f t he pe r se c ut io n in q ues
ti o n ,to rid t he m selves o f o n e who is a che ck to the i r vi ces ,
by deliveri n g h im or her up to the rigo urs o f the i n q ui
”
s iti o u
W he n the i n q uisitors h a ve t a ke n umbra ge a g a i n st a n in
n o ce n t perso n , a ll e x pedie n t s a re u
sed t o fa cili ta t e his co n
d e m n a t io n ; fa lse o a ths a n d testi m o n ies a r e e m ployed to
prove the a cc used t o be g uil ty ; a nd a ll l a w s a n d in s t it u
tio n s a r e s a c r ificed t o t he b igo t e d reve n ge o f p a p a cy
W he n a pe r so n a cc used is t a ke n ,his t r e a t m e n t is d e plo
r a ble The g a o le r s fi r st begi n by se a r chi n g h im fo r books
a n d p a pe r s whi ch m i ght t e n d to his co n v i cti o n , or fo r in
m e n ts which m ight b e e m ployed in sel f m u
r der or
st r u
e sc a pe , a n d o n this p r e t e x t they e x e n r o b him o f his w e a r
W he n he ha s b ee n se a r ched a n d r obbed ,he
in g a pp a rel
I n n o ce n ce o n s uch a n o cc a si o n is
is co m m i t ted to p r iso n
i n a n i nn o
a we a k reed ; n o thi n g bei n g e a sier th a n to r u
ce n t pe r so n
The m ildest se n te n ce is i m p r iso n me n t fo r li fe ; yet the
in q uisi t o r s p r oce e d by d eg r ees a t o n ce s ub t le , slo w, a n d
cr uel The g a ole r fi r s t o f a ll i n si n ua t es hi m sel f i n to t he
priso n e r s fa v o ur , by p r e t e n di n g to wish him well a nd a d
vise h im well a n d a m o n g othe r p re t e n d ed ki n d hi n ts , t ells
h im to pe t i t i o n fo r a n a u
d it
W he n he is b r o ugh t be fore
the co n sis t o r y , t he fi r st d e m a n d is , W h a t is yo ur r e
q uest
To t hi s t he pr iso n e r ve ry n a t ur a lly a n s we r s ,t h a t
h e w o uld h a ve a he a r i n g H e r e up o n o n e o f t he i n q uisi t o r s
Y o ur he a r i n g i s this ; co n fess t he t r ut h , co n ce a l
re p li es ,
”
r m e r cy
No w , if t he p r iso n er
n o t hi n g , a n d r ely o n o u
m a ke a co n fessio n o f a ny t r i fli n g a ffa i r , they i mm e d i a t ely
n d a n i n di c t m e n t o n it ; if he is m u
t e t hey sh u
t h im up
fo u
t ligh t , o r a n y food b u
t a sc a n t y a llo wa n ce o f bre a d
witho u
a n d wa te r , t ill his o bs t i n a cy is o v e r co m e ; a n d if he d ecl a r e
he is i n n oce n t ,t hey to r m e n t him till b e e i t her die wi t h t he
p a i n o r co n fess hi m sel f g uil ty
O n the r e e x a mi n a tio n o f s uch a s co n fess , they co n
a ll
a ,
o uh a ve n o t bee n si n cere , y o ut ell n o t a ll ;
tin u
s
Y
y
y
st be
o ukeep m a n y t hi n gs co n ce a led , a n d there fore m u
y
”
rem a n ded to \ o ur d ungeo n
\Vhe n th ose who h a ve stoo d
te ar e c a lled tor r e -e x a m i n a tio n ,if they co n ti n ue s ile nt
mu
.
.
.
-
.
.
.
.
’
.
“
.
.
.
-
.
1 50
F
ox
’
s
no o k
m
‘
ni t zt x
‘
ut
s .
fold : a n d t hi t he r , fr o m se ve n in t he m or n m g t ill t he e ve n
gh t c r i m i na ls o f bo t h se x es , a ll the i n q uisi
m g , were bro u
tio n s in the ki n gdo m se n di n g thei r p r iso n ers t o Ma d r id
T we n ty me n a n d wo m e n o f these p r iso n e r s , wi t h o n e r e
r n ed
fi fty Je ws
n eg a d e Ma ho m et a n ,w e r e o r de r ed to be b u
a n d J e we s s e s , h a vi n g n eve r b e fo r e bee n i m p r iso n ed , a n d
r epe n ti n g o f their c r i m es , were se n t e n ced t o a lo ng c o n
fi n e m e n t , a n d to we a r a y e llo w ca p ; a n d t e n othe r s in
di c t ed fo r big a my ,wi t chc r a ft ,a n d othe r c r i m es , we r e s e n
thes
t e n c e d to be w hipped , a n d t he n se n t t o t h e g a lleys
l a s t wo r e la r ge p a s tebo a r d c a ps ,wi t h i n scrip t i o n s on the m
h a vi n g a h a lter a bo ut their n e cks , a n d torches in thei r
.
h a n ds
.
co ur t o f S p a i n wa s
p r ese n t The g r a n d i n quisito r s ch a i r wa s pl a ced in a
so r t o f tr ib un a l fa r a bove t h a t o f t he ki n g The n obles
he r e a cted the p a r t o f t he sheri f s o ffi ce r s in E n gl a n d ,
le a di n g s uch c r i m i n a ls a s we r e to b e b ur n e d , a n d holdi n g
t he m w he n fa s t bo u
n d with thi ck co r ds ; the rest o f the
cri m i n a ls were co n d ucted by the fa m ili a rs o f the i n q ui
O n this sole m n o c c a sio n the whole
’
.
.
f’
s
mo n
.
A m o n g those who we r e to s uffer wa s a yo un g Je wess o f
e x q uisite be a uty , o n ly se v e n tee n ye a r s o f a ge B ei n g o n
th e s a m e side o f the sc a ffold whe r e the q u
ee n wa s se a ted ,
she a dd r essed h e r , in hopes o f obt a i n i n g a p a r do n , in the
follo wi n g p a theti c s p ee ch :
G r e a t q uee n will n ot yo ur
roy a l p r ese n ce be o f so m e se r v ice to m e in m y m iser a ble
co n d itio n ? H a ve reg a r d to my yo uth ; a n d , oh co n s ider
t h a t I a m a bo u
t to die fo r p r o fessi n g a r eligi o n i m b ibed
fr o m m y e a r liest i n fa n cy
He r m aj esty see m ed g r e a tly
to pity he r distr ess , b ut t urn ed a wa y h e r eyes , a s she di d
n o t d a r e to spe a k a wo r d i n beh a l f o f a pe r so n wh o h a d
bee n decl a r ed a he r eti c by the i n q uisi t io n
Ma ss n o w b eg a n , in the m idst o f whi ch the priest c a m e
fr om the a lt a r pl a ced n e a r the sc a ffold , a n d se a t ed hi m s el f
i n a ch a i r p r e p a r ed fo r th a t p u
T he n t h e chie f in
r pose
u
i
i
t
o r desce n ded fr o m the a m hi t he a t r e , d r essed in h 1 s
s
q
p
cope , a n d h a vi n g a m i t r e o n his he a d A fte r bo wi n g to
the a l t a r he a d va n ced to wa r d the ki n g s b a lco n y , a n d we n t
u
p t o it , a t t e n ded by so m e o f his o ffi ce r s , c a r r yi n g a c r os s
a n d th e gospels , wi t h a book co n t a i n i n g the o a t h by whi ch
t he kin gs o f S p a i noblige the m selves to p r ote ct t h e c a t ho
.
.
.
’
.
’
’
wo v s B O O K o r M t R t VRSI
'
75 ]
'
.
lic fa i th , t o e x t 1r p a t e h e r e t i cs , a n d s u
ppo r t wi t h a ll t heir
tio n s a n d dec r ees o f the i n q ui s itio n O n
p o wer the prose c u
th e a ppro a ch o f the i n q u
isi t o r , a n d o n h is prese n t i n g this
b ook to the ki n g , his m aj es t y rose u
p , b a r ehe a ded , a n d
s w o r e to m a i n t a i n the o a th , w hi ch w a s r e a d to h im by o n e
ed st a n d
n sell ors : a ft e r w hi ch the ki n g c o n t in u
o f hi s co u
isito r h a d ret ur n ed to his pl a ce ; whe n the
in g till the i n q u
se c r et a r y o f the holy o ffi ce m o un ted a so r t o f p ulpit , a n d
n sello r s a n d t h e whole
a d m i n iste r ed a l ike o a th to t he co u
The m a ss wa s be gun a bo ut t welve a t n oo n ,a n d
a sse m bly
did n o t e n d till n i n e in the eve n i n g , be i n g p r o t r a cted by a
p r o cl a m a tio n o f the se n te n ces o f the s eve r a l c r imi n a ls ,
d o n e a fter
whi ch we r e a ll se p a r a t ely rehe a r sed a lo u
Ne x t follo wed the b ur n i n g o f the t we n ty - o n e
a n o t he r
ffe r i n g t h a t ho r rid
m e n a n d w o m e n , w hose i n t r epidity in s u
de a th wa s t r uly a sto n ishi n g : so m e th r ust t he i r h a n ds a n d
n tless fo r tit u
de , a n d
feet i n to the fl a m es with the m os t d a u
ch r esol utio n th a t
a ll o f the m yi elded to thei r fa te w i t h s u
ch he r oi c
m a n y o f t he a m a ze d spect a to r s l a m e n t ed t h a t s u
The sit ua tio n o f
ls h a d n o t b een m or e en lig h t en e d !
so u
the ki n g wa s so n e a r to th e c r i m i n a ls , th a t the i r d y i 1g
gr o a n s we r e ve r y a udible to h im : he co uld n o t , h o we w r,
be a bse n t fr o m t his d r e a d ful sce n e , a s it is e s t ee m ed a r
ligio u
s o n e ; a n d his co r o n a t io n o a t h obliges h im to give a
s a n ctio n by h is p r e s e n ce to a ll the a cts o f the tri buna l
.
.
.
'
.
I nq u
is ition of P or tu
gal
ga l
The i n quisitio n o f P ort u
.
ctly upo n a simil a r
pl a n to th a t o f Sp a i n , h a vi n g b ee n i n stituted a b o ut the
s a m e ti m e , a n d p ut un de r the s a m e r eg ul a tio n s , a n d the
p r o ceedi n gs n e a r ly r ese m ble e a ch othe r The ho use , o r
isi t io n is a n oble edi fi ce It c o n
r a t he r p a l a ce , o f t h e i n q u
t a i n s fo ur co ur t s , e a ch a b o ut fo r ty feet squa r e ,r o un d whi ch
t th r ee h un d r ed d un geo n s o r cells The d ungeo n s
a r e a bo u
n d floo r ar e fo r the lo west cl a ss o f p r iso n e r s ,
o n the g r o u
pe r io r
a n d those 0 11 t he se co n d floor a r e fo r p e r so n s o f s u
The g a lle r ies a r e b uilt o f fr eest o n e , a n d hid fr o m
ra n k
v ie w b oth w i t hi n a n d w itho u
t by a do uble wa ll o f a b o ut
S o e x te n si v e is the whole p r iso n , a n d it
fi fty feet high
co n t a i n s so m a n y tur n i n gs a n d wi nd i n gs , th a t n o n e b ut
those well a c qua i n t ed wi t h 1t c a n fi n d th e way t nr o ugh i ts
18
ex a
.
.
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.
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i52
F
’
o x s B O O K o r MAn r vns
'
‘
.
rio us a ve n ues The a p a rtme n ts o f the chie f in q uisit o r
ar e s a c io u
s
an d eleg a n t
the
e
n t r a n ce is th r o u
g h a l a rge
p
g a te , whi ch le a ds i n to a co urt -y a rd , ro un d whi ch a r e seve
r a l ch am bers , a n d some l a rge s a loo n s fo r the ki n g , roy a l
fa m ily , a n d t he rest o f the co u
rt to st a n d a n d obse rve t he
e x ec ut io n s d ur i n g a n A uto d a F é
A testoo n ( seve n pe n ce h a l f pe n n y E n gli sh mo n ey ) is
a ll o we d eve r y priso n er d a ily ; a n d t he p r i n cip a l g a ole r ,
a ccomp a n ied by t wo other o ffi cers , mo n thly visits eve r y
priso n er to i n q ui r e ho w he wo uld h a ve his a llo wa n ce l a id
ou
t
This visit , ho wever , is o n ly a m a tter o f fo r m ,fo r the
g a oler us ua lly l a y s o ut the mo n ey a s he ple a ses , a n d c o m
m o n ly a llo ws the priso n er d a ily 3 porri n ger o f broth , h a l f
a p ou
n d o f bee f, a s m a ll pie ce o f bre a d ,a n d a t r ifli n g por
tio n o f cheese
S e n ti n els wa l k a b o ut co n ti n ua lly to liste n if the le a st
n oise is he a rd , they c a ll to a n d t h r e a te n the priso n er ; if
t he n oise is repe a ted , a severe be a ti n g e n s u
es The fol
lo wi n g i s a fa ct a priso n e r h a vi n g a vi ole n t co ugh , o n e o f
the g uards c a me a n d o r dered him n o t to m a ke a n o ise to
whi ch he replied t h a t it wa s n o t in his p o we r to fo r be a r
The co ugh i n cre a si n g ,the g ua r d we n t i n to the cell ,st r ipped
t h e poor cre a t u
r e n a ked , a n d b e a t h im so u
n merci fu
lly
th a t he soo n a fter died
S ometi m es a p r iso n er p a sses m o n ths witho ut k n o w i n g
o f wh a t he is a c c u
sed , o r h a vi n g the le a st ide a whe n he is
to be tr ied The g a oler a t le n gth i n fo r m s h im , th a t he
mu
st p etiti o n fo r a t r i a l This ce r e m o n y b ei n g go n e
th r o ugh ,he i s t a ke n fo r e x a m i n a tio n W he n they come to
the door o f the tr ib un a l , the g a oler k n ocks th r ee ti m es , to
give the j udges n oti ce o f thei r a pp r o a ch A b ell is run g
by o n e o f the j udges , whe n a n a tte n d a n t ope n s the door ,
a d m its the priso n e r , a n d se a ts h im o n a stool
The p r iso n e r is the n orde r ed by the preside n t to k n eel
do wn , a n d lay his right h a n d upo n a b ook , whi ch is pre
s e n ted to h im close sh u
t This bei n g co m plied with , the
estio n is p ut to him : W ill y o upro m ise to
follo wi n g q u
co n ce al the se crets o f the holy o ffi ce , a n d to spe a k the
”
Sho uld he a n s wer in t he n eg a tive , he is re m a n d
truth 2
ed to his cell , a n d c r uelly tr e a ted If he a n s we r in the
a ffi r m a tive , he is ordered to b e a g a i n se a ted , a n d t h e e x
a mi n a t io n p r o cee d s ; whe n the p r eside n t a sks a V a r iety o f
va
.
.
-
.
.
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1 54
o
F x
’
s
B OO K O F MART YRS
.
thi n g t h a t m ight o ffe n d the i n quisi t io n ,or to a d va nce 8
syll a ble t ha t m igh t b e n e fit the p r iso n e r
Th o ugh the i n q uisi t ors a llo w the to r t ur e to be used o n ly
th r ee ti m es , y e t a t those th r ee it is so se v e r ely i n fli cted
th a t the p r iso n er either d ies un de r it , o r co n ti n ues a l wa y s
a fte r a c r ip p le
The follo wi n g is a desc r iptio n o f the se
ve r e to r m e n ts o cc a sio n ed by the to r t ur e , fr o m the a cco un t
ffe r ed it the th r ee r espe ctive ti m es , b u
o f o n e wh o s u
t
h a pp ily s ur vived it s c r uelties
The p riso n e r , o n r e fusi n g to co m ply with the i n i q uito us
de m a n ds o f the i n q uisito r s , by co n fessi n g a ll the c r i m es
they ch a r ged h im w i t h , wa s i m m edi a tely co n veyed to the
to r tur e r oo m , which , to p r eve n t t he cries o f the s uffe r e r s
fr o m bei n g he a r d by the o t he r p r iso n e r s , is li n ed w ith a
ki n d o f q uil t i n g whi ch co v e r s a ll the c r evi ces a n d de a de n s
the so un d The p r iso n e r s ho r r o r wa s e x tr e m e o n e n te r
d de n ly he wa s s u
rr ou
in g this i n fe r n a l pl a ce , whe n s u
n d ed
by s ix wr etches , wh o a ft e r p r e p a r i n g t h e tortur es , s t r ipped
h im n a ked to his d r a we r s
He wa s the n l a id upo n his
b a ck o n a ki n d o f st a n d , elev a ted a fe w feet fr o m the
doo r They b eg a n by p utti n g a n i r o n coll a r ro un d his n eck ,
a n d a r i n g t o e a ch foot , whi ch fa ste n ed h im to the st a n d
His l i m b s bei n g th us st r etched o ut , they wo un d t wo r opes
n d e a ch t h igh , whi ch ropes
n d e a ch a r m , a n d t wo ro u
r ou
bei n g p a ssed un der the s c a ffold , th r o ugh holes m a de fo r
th a t p ur pose , we r e a ll dr a wn tight a t the s a m e i n st a n t o f
ti m e by fo ur o f the m e n , o n a give n sig n a l The p a i n s
c ceeded we r e i n toler a ble ; the ropes ,
whi ch i mm edi a t ely s u
gh the p r iso n e r s
t thr ou
which we r e o f the s m a ll size , c u
flesh to the b o n e , m a ki n g the blood g ush o ut a t e ight d if
A s he pe r sisted in n o t m a ki n g a ny c o n fe s
fe r e n t pl a ces
sio n o f wh a t the i n q uisi to r s r eq ui r ed ,the ropes were dra wn
r ti m e s s u
ccessi v ely
in this m a n n e r fo u
A physi ci a n a n d a s ur geo n a tte n ded , a n d o fte n felt h is
e m ples , in o r der to j udge o f the d a n ge r he might b e in ;
res were fo r a s m a ll t i m e s uspe n d
by whi ch m e a n s his to r t u
‘
ffi ci e n t oppo r t u
n ity o f r e cove r i n g
e d , t h a t he m ight h a ve s u
his sp i r its to s ust a i n e a ch e n s ui n g to r tur e D ur i n g this e x
t r e m ity o f a n g u
ish , while t he te n de r fr a m e is bei n g to r n ,
a s it we r e ,in pieces ,while a t eve r y p o r e it feels t h e s h a r p
l is j ust re a dy t o
est p a n gs o f de a th , a n d the a g o n ized s o u
any
.
.
.
-
‘
’
.
.
.
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"
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’
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Fo x
’
s
s
o o n o r M A RT Y RS
1 55
.
bu
rst fo r th a n d q ui t its wr etched m a n si o n , the m im st er s o f
the i n q ui s i t io n h a v e t h e obd ur a cy to look o n w i t ho ut e m e
ti o n , a n d c a l m ly t o a dvise the p oo r d is t r a cted c r e a t ur e t o
co n fess his i m p ut ed g uilt , o n doi n g which they tell him he
m a y o b t a i n a fr ee p a r do n , a n d receive a bsol u
ti o n All
a l w i t h the priso n e r , w hose
t his , ho weve r , w a s i n e ffec t u
s n ess o f i n n o
mi n d wa s s t r e n g t he n ed by a s w eet co n sci o u
ce n ce a n d t h e di v i n e co n sol a t io n o f r eligio n
W hile h e wa s t h us s uffe r i n g , the physici a n a n d s ur geo n
we r e so b a r b a r o u
s a s to de cl a r e th a t if he died un de r the
to r t u
r e he w o u
ld b e g uil ty by his obsti n a cy o f sel f m ur de r
In sho r t , a t t he l a st t i m e o f the r opes b ei n g d r a wn t i ght ,
h e g r e w so e x ceedi n gly w e a k by the s t epp a ge o f t h e c ir
cu
l a tio n o f h is blood , a n d t h e p a i n s he e n d ur ed , th a t he
fa i n ted a wa y , u
po n w hi ch he wa s un loosed a n d c a r r ied
b a ck to hi s d u
n geo n
These i n h um a n wr etches fi n d i n g th a t the to r t ur e in flic t
ed , a s a b ove des c r ibed , i n ste a d o f e x t o r ti n g a d is co ve r v
fr o m t h e p r i so n e r , o n ly se r ved the mo r e fr e q u
e n tly t
ci t e his s up pl ic a t io n to He a ve n for p a t ie n ce a n d p o wc
pe r seve r e in t r ut h a n d i n tegr i t y , we r e so b a r b a r o us , in s ix
weeks a ft e r , a s to e x pose h im t o a n o t her ki n d o f to r t u
re
m o r e severe if possi ble t h a n the fo r m e r ; the m a n n e r o f
i n flicti n g whi ch wa s a s follo ws t hey fo r ced his a r m s b a ck
wa r ds , so th a t the p a l m s o f his h a n ds w e r e t u
r n ed o u
t wa r d
behi n d h im whe n by m e a n s o f a r op e t h a t fa ste n ed t he m
r n ed by a n e n gi n e ,
togethe r a t the wr ist , a n d which w a s t u
they d r e w the m by deg r ees n e a r e r e a ch othe r , in s uch a
m a n n er th a t the b a ck o f e a ch h a n d to u
ched a n d stood e x
a c t ly p a r a llel to e a ch othe r
In co n seq ue n ce o f this v io
t e n t co n to r tio n b oth
hi s sho ulde r s we r e dislo c a ted , a n d a
co n s ide r a ble q ua n t ity o f blood iss ued fr o m his m o ut h
This tort ur e wa s r epe a ted th r i ce a fte r whi ch he wa s a g a i n
t a ke n to the d un geo n a n d delive r ed to the physi ci a n a n d
s ur geo n , who , in setti n g the dislo c a ted b o n es , p ut h im t o
the m ost e x q uisi t e to r m e n t
Abo ut t wo mo n ths a fter the seco n d to r tur e , the priso n e r
bei n g a li t t le r ecove r e d , wa s a g a i n orde r ed to the tortur e
ro o m , a n d the r e m a de to un de r go a n o t he r ki n d o f p un ish
me n t The e x ec utio n e r s fa s t e n ed a thick i r o n ch a m twi ce
ro un d his b ody ,whi ch c r ossi n g upo n hi s stom a ch , termi
n a t e d a t the wr i st s
They th e n p l a ced h im wit h h1 s b a c k
.
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-
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'
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1 56
F
’
o x s n o o n o r MA RT YRS
.
g a i n st a th ick b o a r d , a t e a ch e x tremity whe r eo f was a
p ulley , thro ugh whi ch the r e r a n a r ope th a t c a ught the
e n ds o f the ch a i n a t his wrists The n the e x e cuti o n er
s tretchi n g the e n d o f this rope ,by me a n s o f a r oller pl a ced
ised his stom a ch in
a t a dist a n ce behi n d h im ,p r essed o r b r u
propo r tio n a s the e n ds o f the ch a i n were d r a wn tighter
They tort ur ed h im in this m a n n er to s uch a deg r ee th a t his
lde r s we r e quite dislo c a t ed The y
wrists a s well a s his sho u
were ho weve r soo n set b y th e s u
rgeo n s b ut the b a rb a ri ans
n o t yet s a tisfied with th is i n fer n a l c r u
elty , m a de h im im
medi a tely un dergo the l ike tort ure a seco n d ti m e ,whi ch he
s ust a i n ed ,( tho ugh ,if possible ,a t te n ded wi t h kee n e r p a i n s ,)
with e q u
tio n He wa s the n a g a i n
a l co n st a n cy a n d resol u
re m a n ded to his d un geo n , a tte n ded by the s urgeo n to dres s
his b r uises a n d a dj ust the p a r ts dislo c a ted ; a n d here he
co n ti n ued till the ir A uto d a Fé , or g a ol d elive r y , whe n he
wa s h a pp ily disch a rged
It m ay be j udged , fr o m t he be fo r e m e n tio n ed rel a tio n ,
1
d r e a d fu
l a go n y the s ufle r e r m ust h a ve e n d ured Most
so m uch wa s he br uised a n d
p b s were disj oi n ted
a s to b e u
n a ble fo r so m e weeks to li ft his h a n d to
his m o uth , a n d his b ody bec a m e gre a tly s welled fr o m the
i n fl a mm a tio n c a used by s uch fr eq ue n t dislo c a tio n s A fte r
his disch arge he felt the e fle c ts o f th is cruelty for the r e
m a in d e r o f his l i fe , be i n g fr eq u
e n tly seized w ith th r illi n g
a nd e x cr u
ci a ti n g p a i n s to whi ch he ha d n ever bee n s ubj ect
till a ft er he h a d the mi s fo r t un e to fa ll i n to the po wer o f the
m e r c iless a n d bloody i n q u
isi t io n
The un h a ppy fe m a les w h o fa ll i nto t h ei r h a n ds h a ve n ot
t h e le a st fa v o u
r sho wn the m o n a cco u
n t o f the so ft n ess o f
thei r s e x , b ut a r e tortur ed with a s m uc h seve r ity a s the
m a le p r iso n ers , w ith th e a dditi o na l m o r t ifi c a t ion o f h a vi n g
th e m ost s ho cki n g i n de ce n cies a dded to t he most s a v a g e
b a r b a ri t ies
S ho uld the a b ove me n tio n ed modes o f tortur in g force a
c o n fessio n fr o m the p r iso n er , he is re m a n ded to his ho r rid
du
n geo n , a n d le ft a p r ey to the m el a n choly o f his si t u
a
ti o n , to the a n g uish a r is i n g fr om wh a t he h as s uffe r e d ,a n d
to the dre a d ful ide a o f fut ur e b a rb a r ities S ho uld he r e
fu
se to co n fess , he is in the s a m e m a n n er r e m a n ded t o his
d un geo n , a n d str a t a ge m is used to d r a w fr o m him wh a t
t he tor t u
re fa ils to do
A comp a n io n is a llo wed to a t te nd
a
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o x s B OOK o r
158
F
tra
um
a.
These , there fo r e a r e o r de r ed to be a ltered ,a n d s uch a ltet
e t io n s go u
n de r the n a m e o f co r r ec t io n s
There is a c a t a log ue o f co n de m n ed books a n n ua lly pub
lis he d , u
n de r the th r ee di ffe r e n t he a ds o f ce n s u
r es a l r e a d
y
me n t io n e d , whi ch bei n g p r i n ted o n a l a r ge sheet o f p a per ,
1s h u
ng u
bli c a n d co n sp ic uo us pl a ces
p in the m ost p u
A ft e r whi ch peo p le a r e obliged to dest r oy a ll s uch books
n de r the fir st ce n s u
r e , a n d to kee
a s co m e u
p n o n e b elo n g
r es ,u
n less the e x cep t i o n a ble
ing t o the other t wo ce n s u
as
p
s a ges h a ve b ee n e x pun ged ,a n d the co r r e c tio n s m a de , a s in
e i t he r c a se disobedie n ce wo uld b e o f the m ost fa t a l c o n
s e q ue n ce ; fo r the possessi n g o r r e a di n g the p r osc r ibe d
bo oks a r e d eemed very a t r oc io us c r i m es
The p ublishe r o f s uch books is us ua lly r ui n ed i n hi s cir
um s t a n ce s , a n d so m eti m es oblige d to p a ss the r e m a i n der
isi t i o n
o f his li fe in t h e i n q u
W he r e s uch a n a bs ur d a n d detest a ble syste m e x ercises
e n ce o v e r t he li t e r a t ur e o f a n a t io n , c a n
it s de a de n i n g i n fl u
r r ised t h a t t h e g r osses t i n o r a n ce a n d the mo s
we b e s u
p
g
bigo t ed s up e r stitio n p r e v a il ? Ho w c a n th a t p eople b e
co m e e n l ig hte n ed a m o n g who m t he fi n est p rod uctio n s o f
ge n i us a r e p r ohibited , a ll d isc ussio n p r eve n ted , the mos t
i n n o ce n t i n q ui r ies li a ble to m isco n s t r ucti o n a n d p un ish
m e n t , the m a te r i a ls for thi n ki n g p r e s c r ib e d , a n d eve n
t h ou
t
h
itsel
ch
a i n ed do wn a n d c he cked by th e fe a r o f l ts
f
g
esc a pi n g i n t o e x pressio n , a n d th us b r i n gi n g cert a i n a nd
c r uel p un ish m e n t o n h im wh o h a s d a r ed to e x e r ci se his
r e a so n , t h e n oblest gi ft o f h is Al m ighty C r e a to r ?
S urely
e v e r y well wishe r to t h e h um a n r a ce m us t r ej oi ce in the
do w n fa ll o f t his m os t b a r b a r o us a n d i n fe r n a l o f a ll tri b u~
tra ls
s t vi e w wi t h i n dig n a ti o n a n d a bhorre n ce the
a nd m u
i t o us a tt e m pts n o w m a ki n g to r e est a blish it in t ho se
in i q u
u
n der its s way
r
nhe
n t r ie s w hi ch so lo n g grc ne ed u
y co u
.
.
.
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.
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i ox
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Bo o n
or
C H AP
mx nr vns
.
T ER IV
.
Ba r ba rt t zes ex er cised by t he I n quis iti on s of Sp a in a m:
'
P or t u
al
g
.
F RANC I S RO M A N E S , a n a tive o f S p a i n ,wa s employe d b y
the m e r ch an ts o f An t werp to tr a n s a ct so m e b us i n ess fo r
them a t B r e m e n He ha d b ee n ed uc a ted in the Romis h
pe r s ua si o n , b ut go i n g o ne d a y i n to a pro t e st a n t c h urc h ,h e
ck wi t h the t r ut hs whi ch he he a r d , a n d begi nn i n g
wa s st r u
to pe r ce i v e the e r r o r s o f popery , b e deter m i n ed to se a r ch
rt her i n to the m a t te r P e r usi n g the s a c r ed scri p t ur es ,
fu
a n d the wr iti n gs o f so m e p r o t es t a n t di v i n es , he pe r ceived
s we r e the p r i n ci pl e s whi ch he h a d for m e r ly
ho w e r r o n eo u
e m b r a ced ; a n d r e n o un ced t h e i m posi t i o n s o f pope r y fo r
the doc t r i n es o f t he r e fo r m ed ch ur ch , in whi ch rel igio n
i n e p ur i ty Resol v i n g t o thi n k o n ly
a ppe a r ed in a ll i ts ge n u
died religio us t r ut hs m o r e
o f his eter n a l s a lv a t io n , he s t u
th a n tr a de , a n d p ur ch a sed b ooks r a the r th a n m e r ch a n dise ,
co n vi n ced t h at the ri ches o f the body a r e t r ifli n g to t h ose o f
the so ul He the r e fo r e r esig n e d his a ge n cy to the m e r
ch a n ts o f A n t we r p , givi n g the m a n a cco un t a t t h e s a m e
ti m e o f his co n v e r sio n a n d t he n r esolvi n g , if possible ,to
co n ver t his p a r e n t s , he we n t t o S p a i n fo r t h a t p ur pose ;
isi t o r s , he
bu
t t he A n t w e r p m e r ch a n t s wr i t i n g to the i n q u
po n , i m p r iso n ed fo r so m e t i m e , a n d the n c o n
wa s seized u
r n t a s a he r e t i c
He wa s led t o the pl a ce
d e m n e d t o be b u
t io n in a g a r m e n t p a i n ted ove r with de v ils , a n d
sf e x ec u
t u
po n his he a d by wa y o f de r isi o n
na d a p a per m i t re p u
As he p a ssed by a woode n cross o n e o f the prie ts b a de
t he a bsol u
tely re fused s o to do , s a yi n g ,
him k n e el t o i t, b u
”
H a vi n g b ee n
It is n o t fo r Ch r i s t i a n s to w orshi p wood
n a pile o f w ood t h e fi r e q u
l
o
i ckly re a ched him
a ced u
p
p
dde n ly ; the p r iests
whe r e upo n he li ft ed u
p his he a d s u
thi n ki n g he m a n t to re c a n t ,o r dered him to be t a ke n do wn
Fi ndi n g , ho w eve r , th a t t hey we r e m is t a ke n , a n d th a t he
po n the
s t ill r e t a i n ed his co n s t a n cy , he wa s pl a ced a g a i n u
r e a s lo n g a s he h a d li fe a n d vo ice re m a i n i n g , he
ile
he
w
,
p
s e pt rep e a t i n g t he seve n th p s a l m
.
.
.
.
.
.
s
.
e
.
.
sex 5 s
o o n o r MA RTY RS
Horr id Tr ea ch er y of a n I n quiszt or
A l a dy , with her t wo d a ughters a nd her n i e c e , we re u
p
prehe n ded a t S eville fo r pro fessi n g t he protest a n t religi o n
They we r e a ll put to th e to r t ure a n d whe n th a t wa s o ve r
isi t o r s se n t fo r the yo un ge st d a ughter , pre
o ne o f the i n q u
te n ded to sy m p a th ise wi t h her a nd pity her s uffe r i n gs the n
b i n di n g h imsel f with a solem n o a th n o t to betr a y her , he
s a id , If y o uwill disclose a ll to me ,I promise y o uI will pro
c ur e t he d i sch a r ge o f yo ur mothe r ,s is t e r , co usi n , a n d yo ur
”
sel f
Ma de co n fi de n t by his o a t h ,a n d e n t r a pped by pro
m ises , she r eve a led the whole o f the te n ets they pro fessed ;
wh e n t he pe rj u
red wretch , i n ste a d o f a cti n g a s he ha d
s w or n ,i m m e d i a t ely o r dered her to b e put to the r a ck ,s ay
in g ,
No w y o u h a ve reve a led so m uch I will m a k e y ou
”
Re fu
reve a l more
si n g , h o wever , t o say a n y thi n g fur
ther , they we r e a ll ordered to b e b urn t : which se n te n c e
wa s e x ec u
t ed a t the n e x t A u
to d a Fé
The keeper o f the c a stle o f Tri a n o , b elo n g i n g t o t he
isitors o f S eville ,h a ppe n ed to b e o f a disposi t io n mor e
in q u
m ild a n d h um a n e th a n is us ua l wi th perso ns in his si t ua ti o n
H e g a ve a ll the i n d ulge n ce he co uld to the priso n e r s , a nd
sho wed the m every fa vo ur in h is po wer , wi t h a s m uch se
cre cy a s possible At le n g t h , ho wever , t he i n q uisitors
b ec a m e a cq ua i n t ed with his ki n d n ess , a n d dete r m i n ed to
p un ish him seve r ely fo r it , th a t o t he r g a ole r s m igh t be de
t o rre d fr o m sho w i n g the le a s t t r a ces o f th a t co m p a ssio n
gh t to glo w in the b r e a s t o f eve r y h um a n be i n g
whi ch o u
W i t h t his vie w t hey i m m edi a t ely th r e w him i n t o a d is m a l
d un geo n ,a n d used him w i t h s uch d r e a d ful b a r b a r i ty t h a t he
los t his se n ses H is d eplo r a ble si t ua t io n , ho w e v e r , p r o c ured
r ; fo r , fr a n ti c a s he wa s , they b r o ugh t him
h im n o fa vo u
t o d a Fé , to the u
s ua l pl a ce o f
fr o m p r iso n , a t a n A u
p un ish m e n t , wi t h a s a n be n ito ( or g a r me n t wor n by c r imi
t his n e ck
H is se n te n ce wa s
n a ls )o n , a n d a rope a bo u
the n r e a d , a n d r a n t h us th a t he sho uld he pl a ced upo n a n
gh t he ci t y , r ecei v e t wo h un d r ed s t r i p es , a nd
a s s , led t h r o u
t l n be co n de m n ed fo r s ix ye a rs t o t he g a lleys
This un
l p p y , fra n t i c w r e t ch ,j u
s t a s t hey we r e a bo ut t o begi n his
p un ish m e n t , s ud d e n ly s p r un g fr o m t he b a ck o f t he a ss ,
broke t he co r ds t h a t bo und h im s n a t ched a s word fr o m o ne
a r ds , a n d d a n g e r o u
sly wo un ded a n o ffi cer o f the
of the g u
.
v
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
o
.
162
F
o
’
x s
se wa s stripped
ho u
B O O K o r MA RT YR S
.
an d
whe n t hey h a d t a ke n every thi ng
r n ed the key to hi s wi fe
a wa y , they r et u
Abo ut fo ur d a ys a ft e r his co mm it m e n t , Mr Ma rti n wa s
.
.
told he m ust be se n t to G r a n a d a to be t r ied ; he e a r n estly
begged t o see his wi fe a n d child r e n be fo r e he we nt , b ut
this wa s de n ied Bei n g d o ubly fette r ed , he wa s m o un ted
le , a n d set o ut to wa r d G r a n a d a By t he wa y the
on a mu
m ule t h r e w him upo n a ro c k y p a r t o f the ro a d , a nd a lmost
broke his b a ck
r n ey o f three
O n his a r r iv a l a t G r a n a d a , a fte r a j o u
d a ys , he wa s det a i n ed a t a n in n till it wa s d a r k , fo r they
n ever
u
t
a n y o n e i n to the i n q u
isi t io n d ur i n g d aylight At
p
n ight he wa s t a ke n t 0 t he p r iso n , a n d led a lo n g a r a n ge o f
g a lle r ies t ill he a r r ived a t a d un geo n The ga ole r n a iled
up a b o x o f b ooks , belo n gi n g t o him , whi ch h a d bee n
b r o ught fr o m Ma l a g a , s ayi ng , t hey m ust r e m a i n in th a t
st a t e t ill the lo r ds o f the i n q uisitio n chose to i n spe ct the m ,
fo r p r iso n e r s we r e n o t a llo wed t o r e a d books
He a lso
took a n i n ve n to r y o f e v e r y t hi n g whi ch Mr Ma r t i n ha d
a bou
t him , eve n t o his v e r y b utto n s ; a n d h a vi n g a sked
s q uestio n s , he a t le n gth
him a gre a t n um be r o f fr i v olo u
g a ve him these o r de r s
Yo u m us t obse r ve a s g r e a t
s t n o t spe a k ,n o r
s ile n ce he r e a s if y o uw e r e de a d ; y o um u
W his t le , n o r si n g , n o r m a ke a n y n oise t h a t c a n b e he a r d ;
st
a n d if
y o uhe a r a n y b ody c ry o r m a ke a n o ise , y o u m u
”
be s t ill a n d s a y n o t hi n g upo n p a i n o f t wo h un d r ed l a shes
Mr Ma r t i n a sked if he m ight h a ve li be r t y to wa lk a bo ut
the r oo m the g a oler r eplied he m igh t ,b ut it m ust b e ve r y
so ft ly A ft e r giv i n g him so m e wi n e , b r e a d , a n d a fe w
It wa s fr osty
t s ,the g a ole r le ft h im t ill t h e m o r n i n g
wa l n u
n geo n w e r e be twee n t wo a n d
we a t he r , the w a lls o f t h e d u
thr ee fee t t hi ck , t he floo r wa s b r i cke d , a n d a g r e a t de a l o f
gh a hole o f a bo ut a foot in le n gth , a n d
wi n d c a m e t h r o u
The
fi ve i n ches in b r e a d t h , whi ch se r ved a s a w i n do w
n e x t m o r n i n g t h e g a ole r c a m e to l ight his l a m p , a n d b a d e
H e t he n took
him ligh t a fi r e in o r de r to d r ess his di n n e r
him t o a t ur n , or s uch a wheel a s is fo un d a t the d oo r s o f
co n ve n t s , whe r e a pe r so n o n t he o t h e r side t ur n s the p r o
vi s io n s r o un d He ha d t he n give n h im h a l f a p o un d o f
n ch
n ds o f b r e a d , so m e k id n ey be a n s , a b u
mu
tt o n , t w o po u
o f r a isi n s , a n d a pi n t o f w i n e , w hich wa s t h e a llo uan c e
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[3 0
q
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1 63
\l
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He h a d like wise t wo po un ds o f ch arco a l ,
an e a rthe n stove , a n d a fe w othe r a r ti cles
t a week he wa s o r de r ed t o a n a ud ie n ce ; he fo l
In a bo u
lo wed the g a ole r , a n d co m i n g to a l a r ge roo m s a w a m a n
e n in
a n d a n o t her w it h a
c ifi x e s
s itti n g bet wee n t wo cr u
p
his h a n d , wh o was , a s he a ft e r wa r d le a rn ed , the secret a r y
The chie f lo r d i n q uisitor wa s the pe r so n betwee n the t wo
t si x ty ye a rs o f a ge
cr u
cifi x e s , a n d a p p e a r ed to be a b o u
He o r de r ed Mr M to si t do wn up o n a little s t e e l th a t
A fr ivolo us e x a m i n a tio n the n took pl a ce ;
fro n t ed him
es t i o n s r el a ted to h is fa m ily ,their religio n , & c , a n d
the q u
his o wn te n ets o f fa ith The p r iso n er a d m itted th a t he
isi t o r th a t the r eligio n o f
was a p r o t est a n t , told the i n qu
Christ a d m itted o f n o pe r se c ut io n , a n d co n cl uded with
s a yi n g th a t he hoped to r e m a i n in th a t religio n He un de r
t a n y thi n g se r io us be i n g a l
we n t five e x a m i n a tio n s w itho u
le g d a g a i n st h im
In a fe w d a ys a fter he wa s c a lled to his si x th a u
die n ce ,
whe n , a ft er a fe w i m m a te r i a l i n te r r og a to r ies ,the i n q uisito r
told h im t h e ch a r ges a g a i n st him sho uld be r e a d , a n d th a t
he m ust give a n i mm edi a te a n d prompt a n s wer to e a ch r e
s e c t ive ch a r ge
p
The a cc us a t io n s a g a i n st hi m we r e the n r e a d they
a mou
n ted to t we nt y s ix , b u
t were p r i n cip a lly o f the m ost
t r ivi a l n a t ur e , a n d the g r e a ter n um ber wholly fa lse , o r , if
fo u
n ded o n fa c t s , so dis t o r ted a n d pe r verted by the m a li c e
o f his a cc u
se r s , a s to be a r little rese m bl a n ce to the r e a l
o cc ur r e n ces to whi ch they r el a ted Mr Mar ti n a n s wered
the whole o f the m fi r m ly a n d disc r eetly , e x posi n g their
we a k n ess , a n d dete cti n g t hei r fa lsehood
H e wa s the n re m a n ded to his d un geo n ; wa s sh a ved o n
Whi ts un eve ,( sh a vi n g bei n g a llo wed o n ly thr ee times in the
y e a r ,) a n d the n e x t d ay o n e o f the g a ole r s g a ve him so m e
fr a n ki n ce n se to b e pu
t i n to the fi r e , a s he wa s to rece ive a
visi t fr o m the lo r ds o f the i n quisi t i o n T wo o f them a c
c o r d in gly c a m e , a sked m a n y t r i vi a l q u
estio n s , co n cl udi n g
the m a s us ua l , with , W e will do y o ua ll the servi ce we
”
ca n
Mr Ma r ti n co m pl a i n ed g r e a tly o f thei r ha vi n g p r o
m is e d him a l a wy er to ple a d hi s c a ue
W he n i n ste a d o f a
”
p r ope r per so n , s a id he , the r e wa s a m a n whom y o u
c a lled a l a wye r , b ut he n eve r spoke to m e , n or I to him
If all yo u
r l a wy e rs are s o q uie t in t his co un tr y , th ey a r e
for thr ee d a ys
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e
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s
16 4
F
’
o x s no o k
MA RT Y RS
or
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q uietest in the wo r ld , fo r he h a r dly s a id a n y thi ng b u
”
‘
yes a n d n o to wh a t yo ur lord shi p s a id
T o whi ch o n e o
the i n q uisito r s gr a vel y r eplied , L a wyers a r e n ot a llo wec
to spe a k here At this the g a oler a n d se c r et a ry we n t o n
n geo n to l a u
gh , a n d Mr Ma r t i n co uld sc a r ce r e
o f the d u
se
fra i n fr o m s m ili n g in the i r fa ces , to t hi n k th a t his c a u
wa s to be de fe n ded by a m a n who sc a r ce d a r ed to ope n
S ome ti m e a fte r he wa s o r dered to d r ess hi m sel f
his lips
ve r y cle a n : a s so o n a s he wa s r e a dy o n e o f the g a olers
c a me a n d told h im th a t he m ust go w i t h h im ; b ut th a t
first he m ust h a ve a h a n dkerchie f t ied a bo ut h is eyes He
n o w e x pe cted the t o r t u
re
bu
t a fte r a n other e x a m i n a tio n
wa s rem a n ded to his d u
n geo n
Ab o ut a m o n th a fte r wa r d , he h a d a rope put ro un d h is
n eck , a n d wa s led by it to t h e a lt a r o f t h e g r e a t ch u
r ch
He r e his se n te n ce wa s p r o n o un ced ,whi ch wa s ,th a t fo r the
c r i m es o f whi ch he stood co n vi cted , the lo r ds o f the holy
o ffi ce h a d o r dered h im to be b a n i shed o ut o f the do m i n io n s
of S a in , u
po n the pe n a lty o f t wo h un d r ed l a shes , a n d
p
bei n g se n t five ye a rs to the g a lleys a n d th a t he sho uld a t
p r ese n t receive t wo h un d r ed l a shes thro ugh the st r eets o f
t he ci t y o f Gre n a d a
Mr Ma r ti n wa s se n t a g a i n to his d un geo n th a t n igh ,a nd
t he n e x t mor n i n g the e x e c u
ti o n er c a m e ,st r ipped h im , tie d
his h a n ds together ,p ut a rope a bo ut hi s n eck , a n d led hi m
ou
t o f the p r iso n
He wa s the n m o un ted o n a n a ss , a n d
r e ceived his t wo h u
n d r ed l a shes , a m ids t the sho u
ts a n d
pel t i n gs o f t he people He re m a i n ed a fo r t n ight a ft er th is
H e r e he wa s
i n g a ol , a n d a t le n g t h wa s se n t to Ma l a g a
ld be se n t o n bo a rd a n
t in g a ol fo r so m e d a ys ,til l he co u
pu
E n glish shi p w hi ch h a d n o soo n e r h a ppe n ed , t h a n n e ws
wa s b r o u
ght o f a r up t ure b e t wee n En gl a n d a nd S p a i n ,a nd
t h a t ship , wi t h m a n y othe r s ,w a s stopped
Mr Ma r t i n ,n ot
n e in
t o n b o ard
g co n side r ed a s a priso n er o f wa r , wa s p u
of a H ambu
r g h t r a de r , a n d hi s w i fe a n d chil d re n soo n
c a m e to h im , b ut he wa s obliged to p ut up wi t h the loss
o f his e ffects , whi c h h a d bee n e mbezzled by the i n qu
i
the
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“
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t
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s
mo n
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H is c a se wa s p ublished by the desi r e o f S e c r et a r y
Cr a ggs , the a r chb isho p s o f C a n t e r b ur y a n d Y o r k , t he
b is hops o f Lo n do n , W i n ches t e r , Ely , No r w ich , S a rem ,
65
F OX 5
no o n
on
MA RT R S
Y
.
th is sa rc a sti c m ess a ge : To c o n v in r e y o uo f t he
r su
bst a n ti a
ne cessity o f p a yi n g the m o n ey , 1 h a ve se n t fo u
me n t s to yo ur college , d r a wn fr o m the syste m o f m ili
argu
t a r y logi c ; a nd , the r e fo r e , hope y o uwill n o t n eed a ny
”
fu
rthe r a d m o n iti o n to dire ct yo ur co n d uct
The Jes ui t s , gre a tly perple x ed a t these p r ocee di n gs
desp a tched a n e x p r ess to co ur t to the ki n g s co n fesso r ,who
ch m ore
wa s o f thei r o r de r ; b u
t the d r a goo n s we r e m u
e x peditio us in pl un de r i n g a n d d o i n g m ischie f th a n the
co urie r in his j o ur n ey : so th a t t he J es uits , see i n g every
thi ng go i n g to r ui n , tho ught p r ope r to a dj ust the m a tter
r n o f t h e m esse n ger
a n d p a id the m o n ey b e fo r e the r e t u
The A ug usti n es a n d C a r m elites , t a ki n g wa r n i n g by wh a t
ha d h a ppe n ed t o the J es u
its , p r ud e n tly we n t a n d p a id t he
m o n ey , a n d by t h a t m e a n s es c ped t h e st u
dy o f m ili ta r y
ght logi c by t h e d r a goo n s
a rgu
m e n ts , a n d o f b ei n g t a u
O n the othe r h a n d , the Do m i n ic a n s , who a r e a ll a ge n ts
isitio n , i m a gi n ed th a t t h a t ve r y ci r c um st a n ce
o f the i n q u
wo u
ld be their protec t i o n ; b ut they we r e m ist a ke n ,
for M De Leg a l n eithe r fe a r ed n o r respe cted the i n q u
isi
tio n The chie f o f the Do m i n i c a n s se n t wo r d to t he m ili
ta ry co mm a n der , th a t his o r de r wa s p oo r ,a n d h a d n o t a ny
”
mo n ey wh a teve r to p a y the do n a t i v e ; F o r , s a id he ,
the whole we a lth o f the D o m i n i c a n s co n sists o n ly in
the silver im a ges o f the a pos t les a n d s a i n ts which a r e
pl a ced in o ur ch ur ch , a n d to r emove whi ch wo uld be a c
”
co un ted s a c r ilege
This i n si n ua tio n wa s me a n t to te r ri fy the Fre n ch com
m a n der ; he ho we v e r se n t wo r d th a t the silve r i m a ges
ld m a k e a d m i r a ble s ubsti t utes fo r m o n ey , a n d wo uld
wo u
b e more in ch a r a cte r in hi s possessi o n th a n in th a t o f t he
”
F o r , s a id he ,
D o m i n i c a n s the m selves ;
while y o u
posse s s the m , they st a n d up in n i ches ,useless a n d m otio n
less ,witho ut b ei n g o f the le a st be n efit to m a n ki n d ; b ut
l
s e fu
wo e n they co m e i n to m y possessi o n , they sh a ll b e u
I w ill put the m in moti o n ; fo r I i n te n d to h a ve the m
”
co in ed , whe n they ma y tr a vel l ike the a postles
The i n q uisito r s we r e a sto n ished a t this t r e a t m e n t ,which
they n eve r e x pe cted to r e ce i ve ,eve n fr o m c r o wn ed he a ds
s im a ges
t hey the r e fo r e dete r m i n ed to delive r the i r p r e cio u
in a sole m n p r o cessio n , th a t they m ight e x cite t he
n ic a n fri a rs wer e
a n i n su
r rectio n
m
eople
to
The
Do
i
p
with
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'
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a
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“
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r
o x s B O OK o r MA RT Y RS
1 67
’
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cordi n gly ordered to m a r ch to De L eg a l s ho use , with
the silver a postles a n d s a i n ts , in a m o ur n ful m a n n er ,
ha vi n g lighted t a pe r s wi t h the m ,a n d b itte r ly cry i n g a ll the
”
he r esy 1
wa y , He r esy
W he n M De L eg a l he a r d o f these pro ceed i n gs , he o r
de r ed fo ur co m p a n i es o f g r e n a die r s to li n e the s t r eet
se ; e a ch g r e n a dier wa s o r dered to
whi ch led to his ho u
h a ve his lo a ded fuzee in o n e h a n d , a n d a lighted t a per in
the othe r : so th a t the t r oops m ight ei t her r epel fo r ce w i t h
r to the fa rci c a l ce r e m o n y
The fr i a rs
fo r ce , o r d o ho n o u
did a ll they co uld to r a ise a t um ult , b ut t he peo p le we r e
too m uch a fr a id o f the t r o ops ; the silver i m a ges we r e
th ere fo r e del i ve r ed up t o M D e L eg a l ,wh o se n t them to
the m i n t to b e coi n ed
i s i t o r s ho we v er , dete r m i n ed to e x co m m un i c a te
T he i n q u
M De Leg a l , un less he wo uld r ele a se the i r p r e cio us s a i n ts
fr o m i m p r i so n m e n t in t he m i n t be fo r e they w e r e melte d
do wn The F r e n ch co m m a n de r a b sol ut ely r e fused to do
po n which th e i n q uisi t o r s d r e w up the fo r m o f e x
t his , u
co mm un i c a tio n , a n d orde r ed their se c r et a ry to go a nd re a d
it to him
This co mm issio n the sec r et a r y p un ct ua lly pe r forme d ,
n i c a tio n delibe r a tely a n d disti n ctly
a n d r e a d the e x co m m u
The F r e n ch co m m a n de r he a r d h im w i t h g r e a t p a tie n ce ,
ld a n s we r it the n e x t d a y
a n d poli t ely told h im he w o u
As soo n a s th e s e cr et ar y wa s go n e , M D e L eg al o r dered
his o wn sec r et a r y to p r e p a r e a fo r m o f e x co m m un i c a tio n
e x a ctly like th a t se n t by the i n q uisi t io n : b ut i n ste a d o f
his n a m e , to p ut in those o f the i n q uisitors
The n e x t m o r n i n g he o r de r ed fo ur r egi m e n ts un der
a r m s , a n d co m m a n ded the m to a cco m p a n y his secret a r y ,
The se c r et a r y we n t
a n d a ct a cco r di n g to his di r e ctio n
to t he i n quisitio n , a n d i n sisted up o n a d m itt a n ce ; whi ch ,
aft e r a g r e a t d e a l o f a lterc a t io n ,wa s gr a n t ed
As soo n a s
he e n t e r ed , he r e a d , in a n a u
dible voi ce , the e x co mm un i
c a tio n se n t by M De Leg a l a g a i n st the i n q uisito r s They
we r e a ll p r ese n t a n d he a r d it with a sto n ish m e n t
They
c r ied o ut a g a i n st De Leg a l , a s a he r e t ic ; a n d s a id this
wa s a m ost d a r i n g i n s u
lt a g a i n st the C a t ho li c fa ith But ,
to s ur prise t he m still m o r e , the F r e n ch se c r et a ry told
the m , they m u
st r e m ove fr o m their p r ese n t l odgi n gs ; fo r
the Fre n ch co m m a n de r wa n ted to q ua r te r his tr oops t h e re .
’
ac
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1 68
F
’
o x s B O O K o r M A R T Y RS
.
the most com m odio us pl a ce in the wh ole c ity
O n this the i n q uisitors e x cl a i m ed lo u
dly , whe n the se cre
ta ry p ut the m un de r a str o n g gua rd , a n d se nt them t o a
pl a ce a ppoi n ted by M De L e g a l to re ceive t hem Here ,
fi n di n g thei r th r e a ts dis r eg a r ded , they begged th a t the y
might be permitted to reti r e fr o m the city ,t a ki n g with them
thei r priva te p r ope r ty , whi ch wa s gr a n ted , a n d t hey im
medi at ely set o ut fo r Ma d r id ,whe r e they m a de the m ost b it
ter co m pl a i n t s t o the ki n g ; b ut t he mo n a r ch told the m n o
co uld n o t g r a n t t he m a ny red r ess , a s the i nj ur ies they ha d
rece ived we r e fr o m t he troops o f his g r a n d fa the r ,the ki n g
o f F r a n ce , by whos e a ssist a n ce a lo n e he co u
ld be firmly
e s t a blished in his ki n gdo m
In t he m e a n t i m e , M De Leg a l set ope n a ll the doors o f
the i n q ui s itio n , a n d rele a sed the priso n ers , who amo un ted
in the whole to fo u
r hu
ndred
a n d a m o n g these we r e s ix t
y
bea u
t if u
l y ou
n
g w o men , wh o fo r m ed a s er a g lio for the
th r ee p r i n cip a l i n q uisito r s
Thi s discove r y ,w hi ch l a id ope n the e n or m ity o f the in
is it o r s , g r e a t ly a l a r m ed t he a r chb ishop , who desired M
qu
D e L eg a l to se n d the wo m e n to his p a l a ce , a n d he wo u
ld
ta ke proper c a r e o f t he m a n d a t t he s a m e ti m e he p ub
lis he d a n e cclesi a sti c a l ce n s u
r e a g a i n st a ll s u
ch a s sho uld
ridi c ule or bl a m e the holy i n q uisiti o n But the F r e n ch
com m a n de r se n t w o r d to the a rchb ish op ,th a t t h e p r iso n e r s
ha d e ither r a n a wa y , or were sec urely co n ce a led by t hei r
fr ie n d s , or his o wn o ffi ce r s ; th a t it wa s i m poss ible fo r him
to se nd the m b a ck a g a i n ; a n d , t he r e fo r e , the i n q uisitio n
h a v i n g co mm itted s uch a t r o ci o us a ctio n s , m ust n o w p ut up
r e a n d sh a m e
wi t h thei r e x pos u
O n e o f t he l a dies t h us delive r ed fr o m c a ptivity wa s a fter
wa rd m a rr ied to the F r e n ch o ffi cer wh o ope n ed th e door
S he rel a ted m a n y s in
o f he r d u
n ge o n a n d r ele a sed her
g ul a r ci r c um s t a n c es r es p ec t i n g t he h o ly f a th er s to he r
h usb a n d a n d t o M G a v i n ,who a ft e r wa r d m a de t hem p ubl i c
”
The Ma s t er K ey to P ope r y
in his wo r k e n t i t led
Fro m t he fo r ego i n g n a r r a t ive it will be pe r ceived t ha t
the i n q uisi t o r s , un de r the e x t e r i or g a r b o f s a n c t i ty a n d sel f
de n i a l , a re g uil ty o f t he g r e a t est e n o r m ities L ust , p r ide ,
el ty , ar e t hei r p r edo m i n a n t p assio n s ; a n d
a v a r i ce , a n d c r u
ch is the bli n d n ess a n d b igot r y o f the del uded peop le
su
ov e r whom they e x t e n d thei r despoti c s wa y , th a t n ot a
as it
wa s
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1 70
Fo x
’
no o n
s
on
A T YRS
M R
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r e a t a n a sce n de n cy o v er the m i n d o f the k i n g
med
so
g
g
t e sl a ve to s u
pe r s t i t io n ,t h a t he s a c r ifi c e o
who wa s a n a b sol u
the feeli n gs o f n a t ur e to t he fo r ce o f bigot ry ,a n d fro m fe a r
isi t io n , p a ssed s e n te n ce
r r i n g t h e a n ge r o f the i n q u
of i n cu
o f d e a t h o n his o n ly s o n
The p r i n ce ha d w h a t wa s ter med a n i nd ulge n ce ; th a t
IS , he w a s pe r m i t t ed to choose t he m a n n e r o f h is de a t h
H e chose bleed i n g a n d t he ho t b a t h ; w he n the vei n s o f
his a r m s a n d legs b e i n g o pe n e d ,he e x pi r ed g ra d ua lly ,fa l l
isi tors , a n d the b e
in g a m a r t y r to the m a li ce o f the i nq u
s otted bigotr y o f his fa ther
a
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C H
A PT ER III
.
ti on s i n B ohemia a n d G er ma ny
P er s ecu
.
Tu
n se v e r ity e x e r cised by the Ro m a n c a tholics over the
re fo r m ed Bo he m i a n s , i n d uced t he l a tt e r to se n d t wo m i
r l a y m e n to Ro m e , in the ye a r 9 7 7 , to see k
n is t e r s a n d fo u
red r ess fr o m t he po p e A fte r so m e del a y t hei r r e q uest
T wo t hi n gs
wa s g r a n t ed , a n d t he i r g r i e v a n ces r ed r e s s ed
.
.
p a r t i c ul a r we r e pe r m i t t ed to t he m ,
t o h a ve d i vi n e
a ge , a n d t o gi v e t he
cu
s e r v i ce in t hei r o w n l a n g u
p in t h e
s a cr a m e n t t o t h e l a i ty The dis p ut es , h o we v e r ,soo n b r oke
cceedi n g popes e x e r t i n g a ll t he i r p o we r to
ou
t a g a i n , t he s u
res um e t hei r ty r a n ny ove r t he m i n ds o f t he Bohe m i a n s ;
a n d t he l a t t e r , w i t h g r e a t spi r i t , a i m i n g to p r ese r ve the ir
s li be r t ies
r e ligio u
S o m e ze a lo us fr ie n ds o f the gospel a pplied to Ch a rles ,
n cil fo r a n in
k i n g o f B ohe m i a , A D 1 3 7 5 , to c a ll a co u
q ui r y i n to the a b uses th a t ha d c r e pt i n to the ch ur ch ,a n d t o
gh r e fo r m a t io n Ch a r les , a t a loss ho w to
m a ke a tho r o u
p r o ceed , se n t to t he po p e fo r a d v ice ; the l a t t e r , i n ce n sed
P un ish seve r el y those pr e
a t the a ffa i r , o n ly r eplied ,
”
s um pt uo us a n d p r o fa n e he r e t i cs
The k m , a cco r di n gly ,
b a n ished eve ry o n e who ha d bee n co n ce r n ed i n t he a pp li
c a t i o n ; a n d t o sho w his ze a l fo r the po pe , l a i d m a n y a d
d it io n a l res t r a i n ts u
po n the re fo r m ed Ch r isti a n s o f the
nt r y
cou
The ma r t y r dom o f Jo h n Hu
ss a n d Jero m e o f Pr a gue
in
.
.
.
.
.
“
.
.
"
’
Bo x
s no o n o n
M
A RT YRS
17 ]
.
re
a tly i n cre a s ed the i n dig n a t i o n o f t he beli eve r s , a n d g a ve
g
se T hese t wo g r e a t a n d p io us me n
a n i m a tio n to their c a u
n cil o f C o n st a n ce ,
we r e co n de m n ed by o r der o f t he c o u
whe n fi ft y ei gh t o f t he p r n ci pa l B oh e m i a n n obili t y i n t e r
posed in t heir fa vo ur Neve r t heless they we r e b ur n t ; a n d
n c il o f C o n s t a n ce ,
n c t i o n wi t h t he co u
the po p e , in co nj u
o r de r ed the Ro m ish cle r gy e v e r y whe r e t o e x co m m un i c a te
rmu
r ed a t their fa te
a ll wh o a dop t ed t hei r op i n i o n s , o r m u
e n ce o f these o r de r s g r e a t co n t e n t i o n s a r ose b e
In co n seq u
t wee n the p a pis t s a n d r e fo r m ed Bohe m i a n s , wh ich pr o
t io n a g a i n s t t h e l a tt er
At P r a g ue
ce d a viole n t perse c u
du
lt wa s e x t r e m ely se v e r e ,t ill a t le n gt h the r e fo r me d ,d r i v e n
t o despe r a tio n , a r m e d t he m selves , a tt a c k ed the se n a te
ho use , a n d c a s t t w el v e o f its m e m b e r s ,wi t h t he spe a ker ,
The pope he a r i n g o f this we n t to
ou
t o f the w i n d o w s
Flo r e n ce a n d p ubli cly e x co m m un i c a t e d t h e r e fo r m ed Bo
h e m ia n s , e x ci t i n g t he e m pe r o r o f G e r m a n y , a n d a ll othe r
ki n gs , p r i n ces , d ukes ,& c , t o t a ke up a r m s in o r d er t o e x
tir p a t e t h e whole r a ce
p r o m isi n g , by wa y o f e n co ur a ge
m e n t , fu
ll r e m issio n o f a ll si n s t o t he m os t w icked p e r so n
wh o sho u
ld kill o n e Bo he m i a n p r otes t a n t The r es ul t o f
t h is w a s a bloo d y i t a r : fo r se v e r a l popish p r i n ces u
n de r
took t he e x t i r p a t io n o r a t le a st e x p ulsio n , o f the pr o
s c r ibed p eo p le while t he B ohe m i a n s , a r m i ng the m selve s ,
p r ep a r ed t o repel the m in t he m os t v igo r o us m a n n e r The
o n is n a r m y p r e v a ili n g a g a i n s t t he p r o t es t a n t fo r ces a t the
p
b a tt le o f C ut te n b ur gh , t hey co n v eyed thei r p r i so n e r s to
th r ee d ee p mi n es n e a r t h a t t o w n , a nd t h r e w se v er a l h un
d r eds i n t o e a ch , where they pe r ished in a m iser a b e
ma nner
A b igoted po pish m a gistr a te , n a med P i chel , seized
twe n t v fe u
r pro t est a n t s , a m o n g w ho m wa s his d a ugh t er s
ou
s ba nd
O n thei r a ll co n fessi n g t he m selves o f t he r e
fo r m ed r el igi o n , he se n te n ced t he m to be d r o w n ed in the
ri ver Abbis O n t he d a y o f the e x ec ut io n a g r e a t c o n
co ur s e o f people a tt e n de d ; a nd Pic he l s d a ugh t e r t h r e w
h ersel f a t he r f at he r s fee t , bede wed the m w i t h t e a r s , a n d
implored him to p a rdo n h e r h u
sb a n d The o bd ura t e m a
i
n o r fo r h i m , c h ild , he
s
t
r
a
t
e
ste
r
n
ly
r
eplied
l
n
e
r
cede
t
,
g
”
is a hereti c ,a vile he r eti c
To w hich s he n obly a n s we r
ed , W h a tever his fa ults m ay b e ,o r ho we ve r his opi n io ns
may di ffer fro m yo u
rs , he is still m y h usb a nd , a tho ught
.
-
i
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
l
.
’
-
.
.
’
.
’
.
.
F
o x s BOOK o r
’
ma n n
e r;
like this sho uld a lo n e emp loy my whole
”
D i c he l fle w i n t o a vi ol e n t
c o n sider a t io
p a s s io n, a n d
s a id
"b um m a d ! c a n n o t y o u
,a ft e r his d ea t h n a ve a
”
t\ o , s ir ,
r e p lie d she ,
my
much wo r t lue r h ub a n d l
a ffe c t io n s a r e fi x ed u
p o n h im , a n d de a t h i t s el f sh a ll n ot
”
d is s ol v e my m a r r i a ge vo w
P ichel , ho w e ve r , co n t i n ued
ln fi e x ib le , a n d o r de r ed t he p r iso n e r s t o be t ied w i t h t heir
h a n ds a n d feet behi n d t he m , a n d in t h a t m a n n e r t h r o wn
i n to the r ive r This bei ng p ut i n t o e x ec ut io n , the y o un
l a dy wa t ched her oppo r t un i ty , le a ped i n t o the wa ves , a n d
em b ra ci n g t he body o f her husb a n d , bo th s un k toge t her
which
at a
i
t me
n
.
.
"
s
.
'
r
.
.
t ion by t h e E mp er or F er d in a n d
P er s ecu
.
The em peror Fe r di n a n d , wh o se h a tr e d to the protest
a n ts was u
n li m i t ed , n o t thi n ki n g he h a d s u
ffi cie n tly o p
p r essed the m , i n s t it ut ed a hig h co ur t o f r e fo r m e r s , upo n
the pl a n o f t he i n q ui s itio n , w i t h t his d itfc r e n ce , t h a t the
to r e m o v e fr o m pl a ce t o pl a ce The
r e fo r m e r s we r e
g r e a ter p a r t o f this co ur t co n sis t ed o f J e s uit s , a n d fr o m its
A t t e n ded by a bo d y o f
d ecisi o n s t h e r e w a s n o a p p e a l
r o f B ohe m i a ,a n d seldo m e x a m i n e d
tr oops t hey m a de t he t o u
ffe r ed the soldie r s t o m u
r de r the
t su
o r s a w a p r iso n e r ; b u
p r o t es t a n t s a s they p le a sed , a n d the n to m a ke report o f
the m a t t e r a fte r wa rd
The fi r s t wh o fell a vi c t i m to thei r b a r b a r ity wa s a n
si c k in bed ,
a ged m i n is t e r , who m t hey killed a s he la y
Ne x t d a y t h e y r obbed a n d m ur de r ed a n o t he r , a n d soo n
lpi t
a fte r sho t a t hi r d wh ile p r e a c h i n g in his p u
They r ziv is h e d t h e d a ugh te r o f a p r o t es t a n t be fore h is
They tied a
fa ce , a n d t he n t o r t ur ed h e r fa t he r t o d e a t h
An
r n t the m
m i n is t e r a n d his w i fe b a ck to b a ck a n d b u
o t he r m i n is t e r t hey h un g upo n a c r oss be a m ,a n d m a ki n g a
A ge n t le m a n t hey
fi r e un de r h im , b r oi led h im to de a t h
h a cked i n t o s m a ll pieces ; a nd they filled a yo un g m a n s
w
r
n
fi
e
o
h
i
g
po
der
setti
g
to
i
t
ble
his
n
d
a
n
w
h
u
w
t
u
t
,
m
,
h e a d to pieces
r gy ,
h
t
e
a
i
n
s
t
a
r
n
he
i
p
i
ci
p
l
ge
bei
g
di
ected
cle
a
r
n
a
r
r
Bu
t t
g
r
o
t
m
r
w
n
t
n
a
m
hey
seized
pio
s
p
otest
i
is
e
ho
they
t
r
u
a
,
t
m e a t ed d a ily fo r a m o n t h , in the follo wi n g m a n n er : they
h
im
m
n
d
a
l
ced
idst
the
a
n
d
d
e
r
ided
ocked
m
a
m
h
i
m
,
pa
th e y spit in h is fa ce a n d pi n ched him in v a r io us p a rts o f
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
.
’
.
17 4
’
Fo x s
B O OK o r MAM r e s
.
r a sked m any un n e cess a r y a n d i m p e r ti n e n t q uest ions,
whi ch so e x a spe r a ted o n e o f the n oble m e n , th a t he e x
cl a i m ed , ope n i n g his b r e a st a t the s a m e ti m e , C ut here ,
t the lo v e o f re
s e a r ch m y he a r t , y o ush a ll fi n d n o t hi n g b u
ligio n a n d li b e r t y : t hese we r e the m o t ives fo r whi ch I d re w
”
my s w o r d , a n d fo r those I a m wil li n g to d ie
As n o n e o f the p r iso n e r s wo uld r e n o un ce their fa i t h , o r
a ck n o wle d ge the m selves in erro r ,t hey we r e a ll pro n o u
n ced
g uil t y ; t he se n te n ce wa s , ho w eve r r e fe r r ed to the e m
W he n t h a t m o n a r ch h a d r e a d thei r n a m es , a n d the
pe ro r
s a t i o n s a g a i n st the m , he p a ssed j udg m e n t o n a ll, b ut
a cc u
r ki n ds ,
in a d i ffe r e n t m a n n er ; hi s se n t e n ces bei n g o f fo u
viz : de a t h , b a n ish m e n t , i m p r iso n m e n t fo r li fe , a n d im
priso n m e n t d ur i n g ple a s ur e T we n ty o f the m bei n g o r
de r e d fo r e x e c ut io n , were i n fo r m ed they might se n d fo r
Jes ui t s , m o n ks , or fr i a r s ,to p r ep a re fo r t hei r a wful ch a n ge ,
bu
n i c a t io n w i t h protest a n t s wo u
ld b e pe r
t t h a t n o co m m u
m itt e d the m
This p r o pos a l they r ej e c t ed , a n d s t ro ve a ll
they co uld to co m fo r t a n d chee r e a ch o t her upo n the s o
The m o r n i n g o f t he e x e c utio n bei n g a r
le m n occ a si o n
ri v ed ,a c a n n o n wa s fi r ed a s a sig n a l to b r i n g the p r iso n e r s
fro m the c a s t le to t he p r i n cip a l m a r ke t pl a ce , in whi ch
sc a ffolds we r e e r e cted , a n d a body o f t r oops d r a wn up to
a tte n d
The p r iso n e r s le ft the c a stl e , a n d p a ssed wi th
dig n i ty , co m pos ure , a n d chee r ful n ess ,t h r o ugh s o ld ie r s ,J e
s ui t s , priests , e x ec ut io n ers , a tt e n d a n ts , a n d a p r odigio us
co n co ur se o f people a sse m bled to see the e x i t o f t hese de
voted m a rtyrs l n p ursua n ce o f t hei r se n t e n ce the whol e
t we n ty we r e behe a de d , mee t i n g de a t h wi t h a fortit ud e
se in whi ch they s uffe r ed
wo r t hy o f the c a u
ne s
.
.
.
.
x
.
.
-
.
.
.
Accoun t of J o hn H uss
.
J oh n Huss wa s b or n in the vill a ge o f Hus se n itz , in B0
he rn i a , a bo ut t he ye a r 1 3 80 H i s p a r e n t s g a ve h im t he
best ed uc a t io n t hey co uld bes t o w, a n d h a v i n g a cq uir ed a
toler a ble k n o wledge o f t he cl a ssi cs , a t a p r iv a te sch o ol ,he
n i v e r si ty o f P r a g u
e , whe r e the po we r s 01
wa s se n t t o t h e u
dy soo n re n dered him
h is m i n d a n d his dilige n ce in s t u
co n s pi c uo us
I n 1 4 08 , he co mm e n ced b a chelor o f d ivi n ity , a n d wa s
cc e s sively chose n p a stor o f the ch ur ch o f B ethl e h e m in
su
.
.
.
F
’
o x s B o o k o r MA RT YRS
_
75
.
The d ut
o f these st a t io n s he
d isch a r ged wi th g r e a t fidel i ty , a n d
bec a m e a t le ng t h so co n spi c uo us fo r t he bold n ess a nd t r uth
o f his
p r e a chi n g t h a t he a t t r a c t ed the n o t i ce a n d r a ised
the m a lig n i ty o f t he pope a n d his c r e a t ur es
H is i n fl ue n ce i n t he un ive r si ty wa s ve r y g r e a t ,n o t o n ly
o n a cco u
e n ce ,a n d e x e m pl a ry l i fe ,
n t o f his le a r n i n g , eloq u
bu
nt o f so m e va l u
a ble p r i v ileges he
t a lso o n a cco u
ha d
ob t a i n ed fr o m t he ki n g in beh a l f o f th a t se m i n a r y
T he E n glis h r e fo r m e r , W i ckli ff e , h a d so ki n dled the
light o f r e fo r m a t io n , t h a t it beg a n to ill um i n e the d a r kest
H is d oc tr i n es we r e
co r n e r s o f p o p e r y a n d ig n o r a n ce
e c e ive d i n B ohe m i a wi t h a vid i ty a n d ze a l , by g r e a t n u
m
ne r s o f p eo p le , b u
l a r ly a s Joh n B a s s ,
t by n o n e so p a r t i c u
a n d his fr ie n d a n d fello w m a r tyr , Je r o m e o f P r a g u
e
The r e fo r m is t s d a ily i n c r e a si n g ,t he a r chbisho p o f Pra gue
r t he r sp r e a d i n g o f W i ck
iss ue d a de c r ee t o p r eve n t t he fu
liffe s wr i t i n gs
T h i s , ho we ve r , h a d a n e ffe c t q ui t e the
la te d t he co n ve r t s
r e v e r s e t o w h a t he e x p e c t ed , fo r i t s t im u
to g r e a t e r ze a l , a nd a t le n g t h a l m ost t he whole un ive r sity
un i t e d in p r o m o t i n g the m
S tr o ngly a t t a ched t o t he doc t r i n es o f lVic kliffe , H us s
st r e n uo us l y o p posed t he d e c r ee o f the a r chb isho p , wh o ,
ll fr o m t he p o p e a ut ho r izi n g
n o t wi ths t a n di n g , o b t a i n e d a b u
h im t o p r e v e n t t h e p u
blishi n g o f VVic kliffe s wr i t i n gs in his
p r o v i n ce By v i r t ue o f t his b ull , he p r o ceeded a g a i n st
fo u
r do c t o r s , wh o h a d n o t deli ve r ed u
p so m e co p ies , a n d
a i n s t t hese
r ohi b i t ed t he m fr o m p r e a chi n g
Ag
p
p r o ceed i n gs ,
H uss ,wi t h so m e o t he r m e m be r s o f t he un ive r si ty , p r o t es t ed ,
a n d e n t e r e d a n a pe a l fr o m t he se n t e n ces o f t he a r chbisho
p
p
T he po p e n o soo n e r he a r d o f t his , t h a n he g r a n t e d a c o m
mis s i o n t o c a r d i n a l C olo n n a , t o c it e J oh n Hu
s s t o a pp e a r
r t o f Ro m e , to a n s we r a cc u
s a t io n s l a id a g a i n st
a t t h e co u
F r o m t his a pp e a r a n ce , H uss
h im , o f p r e a c hin g he r esies
r e d in
desi r ed t o b e e x c u
s e d , a n d so g r e a t ly wa s he fa v o u
ee n , t he n obili ty ,
Bohe m i a , t h a t ki n g V in ce s la u
s , t he q u
a n d t he u
n iv e r s i ty , d esi r ed the po e t o d ispe n s e w i t h s u
ch
p
a s a lso th a t he w o u
ld n o t s uffer t he ki n g
an a p p e a r a n c
n d er t he a cc u
s a t io n o f he r es y , b ut
d o m o f Bohe m i a to l ie u
pe r m it the m t o p r e a ch t he gospel wi t h fr eedo m in thei r
pl a ces o f worshi p
Three p r octors a ppe a r e d fo r B a ss be fo re c a rdina l
Pr a g u
e , a n d cle a n a n d r e c t o r o f t he un i ve r si ty
.
.
.
.
-
.
’
.
.
’
.
.
.
.
V
.
1 76
F
r ie s
o x s n o o n o r lux u
’
.
Co lo n n a They m a de a n e x c use fo r his a bse n ce a n d sai d ,
they were r e a d y to a n s we r in his beh a l f But t h e c a rd i n a l
d e cl a red him co n t um a cio u
s , a n d a cco r di n gly e x c o m m u
ni
ca t e d hi m
O n t his t h e p r o ctors a ppe a led to t h e pope ,
w ho a ppo in ted fo u
r
c a r d i n a ls to e x a mi n e t he p r o cess
t hese co m missio n ers co n fi r m ed the se n te n c e o f the c a rdi
na l, a n d e x te n ded the e x co m m u
n i c a tio n , n o t o n ly t o H u
ss ,
bu
t to a ll his fr ie n d s a n d fol o we r s
H
ss
u
t he n a ppe a le d
l
nj u
fr o m this u
st se n te n ce to a fut ur e co un cil , b ut wi t ho ut
su
ccess a n d ,n ot wi t hst a n di n g so seve r e a d e c r ee , a n d a n
e x p ulsio n fr o m his ch ur ch in P r a gue , he reti r ed to Hus
se n itz , his n a tive pl a ce , where he co n t i n ued to pro mulg a te
the t r uth , b oth fr o m the p ul pit , a nd wi t h the pe n
He he r e co m pile d a t r e a tise , in whi ch he m a i n t a i n ed ,
ld n o t b e a bsol ute
t h a t re a d i n g the b ooks o f protest a n ts co u
ly fo r bi d de n
H e wr ote in d e fe n ce o f W ick liffe s book o n
the Tri n ity a nd boldly d ecl a r ed a g a i n st the vi ces o f the
pope , the c a r di n a ls , a n d the cle r gy o f t hose co r r upt ti m es
Besides these , he w ro t e m a n y o ther b ooks a ll o f whi ch
were pe n n ed with s u
ch st r e n gth o f a r g ume n t , a s gre a tly
fa ci l it a ted the sp r e a di n g o f hi s d o ctri n es
In E n gl a n d the persec u
tio n s a ga inst t he protest a n ts ha d
bee n c a rried o n fo r some ti m e wi t h r ele n tless c r uel ty
They n o w e x te n ded to G er m a ny a n d B ohe m i a , whe r e
H uss , a n d Je r ome o f P r a g ue , we r e p a r t ic ul a r ly si n gled
ou
ffer in the c a u
t to s u
se o f religi o n
n cil
In the m o n th o f Nove m b er , 1 4 1 4 , a ge n er a l co u
wa s a sse m ble d a t Co n st a n ce , in Ger m a n y , fo r t h e p u
rpose
te t he n e x is t i n g b et wee n three pe r
o f deter m i n i n g a disp u
“
so n s wh o co n t e n ded fo r t he p a p a l t hro n e
Joh n H uss wa s s um m o n ed t o a ppe a r a t this co un cil
a n d to d ispel a n
a p p r ehe n sio n s o f d a n ge r ,t he e m pe r or se n t
y
him a s a fe co n d u
ct ,givi n g h im pe r m issio n freely to com e
to , a nd r et ur n fr o m the co un cil O n r e cei vi n g this i n fe r
m a tio n , he told the pe r so n s who delive r ed it , Th a t he
d esire d n o thi n g more th a n to p u
rge hi m sel f p ubli cly o i
,
.
.
~
.
.
.
’
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
.
“
Th s w J h p p s d a d t up b y th I t li s ; G g y b y
ch
d c t b y t h S p i ds T h c u c l c t u d f ur
d B
th F
s i w h ch th s
st l w s w
c t d t c ush t h p t st t s
y
d p os d d obl g d t fly t h m s t h us c m s b g
P p J h w
s t h i m ; m g w h ich w h t t m p t t p is h i p d
p ov d g
c s r,h s b i g g am s t e , h t , m ud
d ul t r, n d g ui l ty f
u
n n a tu l fi
en
e e
ren
e
an
ea r , n
o e o n
r
e
a
e so
i
ra
n,
er e , o
en e
i
e
as
e
a in
e n
o
a
i
.
n
o e
an ar
e
an
a
on
a
o
e
i
r
,
ere e n a
a
a
a
a
e
se
e
,
ever e
e
’
en c
ro
,
er e ,
r
e
e
o
o
r
an
re
or
,
i
on in
e
o
ro e
an
n
e
e
o
ei n o
is a
e
o
e r er
an a
o
er e
.
ri
e
ei n
on
s
re
a
e
o
Fo x
’
s
Bo o k
or
Ma n t r a s
.
r nt to a shes ; whi ch orders we re
m a in s to b e d u
g u
p a nd b u
ob eyed
.
I n t h e m e a n ti me the n ob ili ty o f B ohe m i a a n d P ol a n d
us e d a ll t hei r i n t e r es t fo r Il us s a n d so fa r p re v a i led a s to
p r e ve n t his be i n g co n de m n ed un he a r d ,whi ch ha d b e e n r e
solved o n by t he co m m issio n e r s a ppoi n t ed to t r y h im
Be f or e his t r i a l t ook pl a ce , his e n e m ies e m p loyed a
F r a n cisc a n fr i a r ,who m igh t e n t a ng le h im in hi s wo r d s ,a n d
the n a pp e a r a g a i n s t him This m a n , o f g r e a t i n ge n ui ty
b t le ty , c a m e t o h im in t h e ch a r a c t e r o f a n idio t , a nd
a nd s u
e s t e d t o b e t a u h t his
w i th s ee m i n g si n ce r i ty a n d ze a l , r eq u
g
Bu
s s soo n d isco v e r ed him , a n d t old h im
t ll u
d oc t r i n e s
t h a t h is m a n n e r s wo r e a g r e a t se m b l a n ce o f si m pli ci t y ;
es t io n s d i s co ve r ed a d e p t h a n d d esig n b e
bu
t t h a t his q u
yo n d t he r e a ch o f a n idio t l i e a ft e r w a r d fo un d t his p re
te n ded fool t o be Did a co , o n e o f t h e d eepes t lo gi ci a ns in
L o m b a rd y
At l e n g t h he wa s b r o ught b e fo r e t h e co un cil , w he n t he
a r t icles e x hi b i t ed a ga i n s t him we r e re a d : t hey we r e u
p
wa r ds o f fo r t y in n um ber , a n d chiefly e x t r a cted fr o m his
“
n
)
r
i
t
i
gs
w
O n his e x a m i n a t i o n bei n g fi n i s hed he w a s t a ke n fro m
the co ur t , a n d a r e s ol ut io n wa s fo r m ed by t he c o un cil to
b ur n him a s a he r e t i c , un less he r e t r a cted H e wa s t he n
c o m m i tt ed to a fi l t hy p r iso n , whe r e , in t he d a y t i m e , he
w a s so l a de n wi t h fe t t e r s o n his legs t h a t he could h a r dly
mo v e ; a n d e v e ry n igh t he wa s fa s t e n ed by h is h a n ds to a
ri n g a g a i n s t t he wa lls o f t he p r iso n
ed so m e d a ys in t his s i t ua ti o n , in which t ime
Il e co n t i n u
m a n y n oble m e n o f Bo he m i a i n t e r ceded in his beh a l f
They d r e w up a pe t i t io n fo r his r ele a se , w hi ch wa s p r e
se n t ed t o t he co un cil by seve r a l o f t he m os t ill us t r io us no
bles o f Bohe m i a n o t wi t hs t a n di n g which , so m a n y e n e m ies
r t , t h a t n o a t t e n t io n w a s
s s in t h a t co u
a i d t o it ,a n d
ha d l l u
p
he p e r s ec ut ed r e fo r m e r wa s co m pelle d t o be a r w i t h t he
p un i s h m e n t i n flic t e d o n h im by t h a t m e r c iless t r ib un a l
Sh o r t ly a ft e r t he pe t i t io n wa s pr ese n t ed , fo ur b i s hop s
an d t wo lo r ds were se n t by t he e m pe r o r to the p r iso n , in
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Th t th
d
j dg
c
gs
h
g
c
m a y fm m a u m en t o f h i s w r it i n , w e e re iv e
h e w as o n d e m n e : “ An e Vl l a n d a w i k ed
m e o f t h e a i t i c i es fo r w i
a
e rea
p op e i s n o t t h e s
er
h ch
ucc e sso r o f Pe t er , b ut o f J ud a s
d
Po x s n o o k
or
EH RT Y RS
1 79
.
der to p rev a il o n H uss to m a ke a re c a n t a ti o n But he
s o f h a vi n g
a ll e d G o d t o w i t n ess t h a t he wa s n o t co n s cio u
p r e a c he d o r w r i t t e n a n y t hi n g a g a i n s t his t r ut h , o r t he fa i t h
rc h
The d e p ut ies t he n r ep r ese n t ed
o f t h e o r t h o d o x ch u
t ho r i t y o f t he co u
n cil ; t o w hic h
th e g r e a t w i d o m a n d a u
H us s r e pli e d , Le t t he m se n d t he m e a n es t pe r so n o f t h a t
co un c il , w ho c a n co n v i n ce m e by a r g ume n t fr o m t he wo r d
”
l su
b m i t my J udg m e n t t o h im
This
o f G o d , a nd l wu
pio us a n s we r ha d n o e ffec t , be c a use he wo uld n e t t a ke t he
n cil u
po n t r us t , wi t ho ut the le a s t s h a
t ho r i ty o f t h e co u
au
m e n t o ffe r ed
The dep ut ies , t he r e fore ,
d o w o f a n a r gu
ld m a ke n o i m p r essio n o n him , dep a r t ed ,
fi n d i n g t hey co u
gre a t ly a s t o n ishe d a t t he s t r e n gt h o f hi s resol ut io n
ght b e
O n t he 4 i h o f J uly he w a s , fo r t he l a s t ti m e , b r o u
fo r e t he co un cil A ft e r a lo n g e x a m i n a t i o n he wa s desi r ed
to a bjur e , whi c h he r e fused w i tho ut t he le a st hesi t a t io n
The b i ho p o f Lodi t he n p r e a ched a se r m o n , t he t e x t o f
”
whi ch w a s , Le t t he body o f s in be des t r oyed , ( co n ce r n
in g t he d es t r uc t io n o f he r e t ics ,) t h e p r olog u
e to h is ih
te nded p un is hm e n t A ft e r t he close o f t he ser m o n his
dg
fa t e w a s d e te r i i i in d , his vi n di c a tio n rej ec t ed , a n d j u
m e nt p ro no u
n ce d
The co un cil ce n s ur ed him fo r bei n g o b
s t in a t e a n d i n c o r r i g i b l e , a n d o r d a i n ed ,
Th a t he sho uld
be deg r a d e d fr o m t h e p r ies t hood , his b ooks p ubli cly b ur n t ,
a n d hi m sel f d elive r ed t o t h e sec u
l a r po we r
H e r ecei v ed the se n t e n e w i t ho ut t he le a st emotio n ;
a n d a t t he close o f it he k n eeled do w n w i t h his eyes li ft e d
to wa rd he a ve n , a n d , w i t h a ll t he m a g n a n i m i t y o f a pri m i
tive m a r t yr , t h us e x cl a i m ed
Ma y thy i n fi n i t e m ercy ,O
my G o d ! p a rdo n t his i nj us t i ce o f mi n e e n e m ies Tho u
k i i o we s t t h e i nju
s t ice o f m y a cc us a t io n s : h o w de fo r m ed
wi t h c r i m es I h a ve bee n r ep r ese n t ed ; ho w I h a ve b e e n
op p r essed wi t h wo r t hless w i t n esses , a n d a fa lse c o n d e m
n a t io n ; y e t , 0 m y God ! le t t h a t mercy o f t hi n e , w h ic h
n o t o ngu
e c a n e x p r ess ,p r e v a il wi t h thee n o t to a ve n ge m y
”
wr o n gs
These e x celle n t se n t e n ces we r e r eceived a s s o
m a n y e x p r es s i o n s o f he r esy , a n d o n ly t e n ded to i n fla m e
his a dve r a r ies A cco r di n g ly , t he b ishop s a ppoi n t ed by
the co un cil ,s t r i p ped h im o f his p r ies t ly g a r me n ts deg ra ded
him , a n d p ut a p a p e r m i t r e o n his he a d , o n wh ich were
p a i n t ed devi ls , wi t h t h is i n sc r i p t io n :
A ri ng le a d e r o f
he r e t i cs
or
.
c
.
s
,
.
.
.
.
.
s
.
o
.
“
.
c
.
.
s
.
“
.
1 80
’
Fo x
s
B O OK o r
MA RT YR S
.
Th is mo ck er y wa s re ceived by the heroi c m a r tyr with
a n a ir o f u
n co n cer n , whi ch a ppe a red to give h im dig n ity
ra ther t h a n disg r a c e A se r e ni ty a ppe a r ed in his looks ,
which i n d i c a t ed t h a t his so u
l h ad cut o ff m a ny st a ges o f a
tedi o us j o ur n ey in her way to the re a l m s o f everl a sti n g
ha ppi n ess
The cere m o n y o f degr a d a ti o n b ei n g over , the bisho p s
del ive r ed h im t o t he e m pe r o r , who co m m it t ed h im to t he
c a re o f t he d uke o f B a v a ri a Hi s books we r e b ur n t a t t he
g a t es o f t he ch urch a n d o n the 6 t h o f J uly he wa s led t o
th e s u
b ur bs o f Co n s t a n ce , to b e b ur n t a live
W he n he ha d re a ched the pl a ce o f e x ec ut io n , he fell o n
hi s k n ees , s un g seve r a l port io n s o f the P s a l m s , looke d
s t e a d fa s t ly t o wa r d he a ve n , a n d r epe a ted , I n to thy h a n ds ,
0 Lo r d ! do I co mm i t m y s p i r it : tho uh a st redee m ed m e ,
”
0 most good a n d fa i t h fu
l God
As soo n a s t he ch a i n wa s put a b o ut h im a t the st a ke ,he
s a id , w i t h a s m ili n g co u
n te n a n ce ,
My Lo r d Jes us Christ
wa s b o u
n d w i t h a h ar de r ch a i n th a n this fo r my s a ke , wh
y
”
the n sho uld I be a sh a m ed o f this old r usty o n e 1
W he n the fa gots we r e piled a r o un d h im , the d uke o f
”
B a v a r i a desired h im to a bj ur e
No , s a id he , I n ever
pre a ched a ny d o c t ri n e o f a n evil te n de n cy ; a n d wh a t I
”
t a ught with m y lips I n o w se a l wi t h my blood
He the n
s a id t o t h e e x e c u
ti o n er , Yo u a r e n o w goi n g to b ur n a
a ge ,
ss sig n i fyi n g
oos e in the B ohe m i a n l a n g u
g o o s e, ( H u
)
g
bu
ry y o u wi ll h a ve a s wa n who m y o uc a n
t in a ce n t u
”
n eithe r ro a st n o r boil
If this were spoke n in prophe cy ,
he m ust h a v e m e a n t Ma r t i n L uther , who flo ur ished a bo ut
a ce n t u
r y a fte r , a n d wh o h a d a s wa n for his a rms
A s soo n a s the fa gots were lighted , the he r o i c m a r tyr
su
n g a hy m n
w ith so lo u
d a n d cheer ful a voi c e , th a t he
wa s he a rd thro u
gh a ll the cra ckli n gs o f the comb ustibles ,
a n d the n oise o f the m u
lti tu
de At le n gth h is voi ce was
n terr u te d by the fla me s , whi ch soo n
e ri od to his
p
u
t
a
p
p
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
ife
.
Accoun t of J er ome of P r ag ue
.
Th is hero in the c a use o f tr uth , wa s b or n a t Pra gue ,a nd
ed uc a ted in it s un i ve r sity , whe r e he soo n b ec a m e d is t i n
a vm
ed
H
u
i
h
d
his
le
r
i
e
ce
comple
t
s
e
f
r
n g a n d eloq u
n
n
o
a
g
g
r ox
°
B OO K O F m ar inas
s
.
The co un cil ,a ft e r e x pre s s
in
thei
r oblig a t io n s t o t h e d u
ke
desi
r ed him t o se n d t h e
,
g
p r iso n e r i m m ed i a t ely t o Co n s t a n ce He wa s , a cco r d i n gly
co n v eyed t hi t he r in i r o n s , a n d o n his wa v wa s m e t by t he
elec t or p a l a t i n e , who c a us ed a lo n g c ha i n t o b e fa s t e n ed
to him , by whi ch he w a s d r a gge d , like a wild be a s t , t o t he
C lois t e r , whe n ce , a fte r a n e x a m i n a t io n , he wa s co n veyed
t o a t o we r , a n d fa s t e n ed t o a blo ck , wi t h his legs i n s t ocks
In this m a n n er he re m a i n ed ele v e n d a ys a n d n igh t s , till
b e co m i n g d a n ge r o usly ill in co n se q ue n ce , his pe r se c ut o r s ,
in o rde r to g r a t i fy t heir m a li ce s t ill fa r t her , relieved h im
l s ta t e
fro m t h a t p a i n fu
H e re m a i n ed co n fi n ed t ill the m a r ty r do m o f hi s fr ie n d
H uss ; a ft e r w hi ch , h e w a s b r o ugh t fo r t h a n d t h r e a t e n ed
wi t h i m m edi a t e to r m e n t s a n d d e a t h if he r e m a i n e d o b s t i
nat e
Te r r ified a t t he p r e p a r a t i o n s w hi ch he behel d , he ,
in a m o m e n t o f w e a k n ess , fo r go t his r esol u
t io n , a bj u
r ed his
d o c t t in e s , a n d co n fessed t h a t H u
ss m e r i t ed his fa t e , a nd
e n ce
t h a t bo t h he a n d W ickli ffe we r e he r e t i cs
In co n se q u
o f t his , h is ch a i n s we r e t a ke n o ff, a n d he w a s t r e a t ed m ore
ki n dly ; he wa s , ho we v e r s t ill co n fi n ed , b ut in ho pes o f
li b e r a t io n But his e n e m ies s uspe c t i n g his si n ce r i ty , pro
posed a n o t her fo r m o f r e c a n t a t io n t o be d r a wn up a n d p r o
posed to him To this , ho w eve r , he r e fused t o a n s w er
e x cept in p ubli c , a n d wa s a c co r di n gly , b r o ugh t be f or e t he
co un cil , whe n , t o t he a sto n ish m e n t o f his a udi t o r s , a n d t o
the glo r y o f tr uth , he r e n o un ced his r e c a n t a t io n , a n d re
q uested pe r m issio n to p le a d his o wn c a use , whic h wa s r e
sed ; a n d t he ch a r ges a g a i n st h im we r e r e a d , in whi ch
fu
he wa s a cc us e d o f be i n g a de r ide r o f t he p a p a l d ig n i ty ,a n
oppose r o f the p ope , a n e n e m y to the c a r di n a ls , a p e r se
t o r o f the p r el a t es , a n d a h a t e r o f t he Ch r is t i a n r eligio n
cu
To these ch a r ges Je r o m e a n s w e r ed w i t h a n a m a zi n g
t io n a n d st r e n gth o f a r g u
ment
A fter which
force o f elo c u
he wa s re m a n ded t o his pr iso n
The thi r d d a y fr o m this his tri a l w a s b r o ught o n , a n d
H e w a s p r ep a r e d fo r his d e
wi t n esses we r e e x a m i n ed
gh he h a d bee n n e a rly a ye a r sh ut up in
fe n ce , a l t ho u
l o a t hso m e p r iso n s , dep r i v ed o f t he li gh t o f d a y , a n d a l
most s t a r v ed fo r w a n t o f co m m o n n e cess a r ies But his
spi r i t so ar ed a bo v e t hes e dis a d v a n t a ges
The most bigo t ed o f t he a s s e m b lv we r e un willi ng he
ho w to p r oceed with Je r o m e
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Fo x
’
s
no o n
or
ma n r vn s
.
ho uld b e he a rd , d r e a di n g the e ffe ct o f eloq ue n ce in the
c a use o f t r ut h o n t h e m i n ds o f t he most prej udi ced At
le n gt n , ho w e v er , it w a s c a r r ied by t he m aj o r ity , th a t he
sho uld h a v e libe r ty to p r oceed in his de fe n ce ; whi ch he
b eg a n in s uch a n e x a l t ed s t r a i n , a nd co n t i n ued in s uc h a
to r re n t o f elo c ut i o n , th a t the most obd ur a t e he a rt was
m elte d , a n d the m i n d o f s u
pe r sti t io n seemed t o a dm it a
ra y o f co n vic t io n
B igotry , ho weve r , prev a iled , a n d h is tri a l b ei n g e n ded ,
he re ceived t he s a m e se n te n ce a s h a d bee n p a ssed upo n
his m a rt y r ed co un t ry m a n , a n d wa s , in the us ua l st yle o f
popish d upli ci ty , deli vered over t o t h e c i v il po wer ; b ut
be i ng a l a ym a n , he ha d n o t to un dergo the ceremo n y o f
deg r a d a tio n
T wo d a ys hi s e x e c u
tio n wa s d el a yed in h opes th a t he
wo u
ld rec a n t ; in whi ch ti m e t he c a r di n a l o f Flore n ce used
hi s ut m ost e n de a vo ur s to b r i n g h im o v e r But t hey a ll
a l : Je r ome was resolved to se a l his doc
p r o v ed i n e ffe c t u
t ri n e w i t h his blood
O n his wa y to the pl a ce o f e x e c u
ti o n b e s un g se ver a l
hy m n s ; a n d o n a r r ivi n g t he r e he k n elt do wn a n d p r a yed
ferve n tly He e mb r a ced t he s t a ke wi t h g r e a t cheer fu
l n ess
a n d resol u
tio n ; a n d whe n the e x e c uti o n er w e n t behi n d
h im to set fi r e to the fa gots , he s a id ,
Come he r e , a n d
ki n dle it b e fo r e my eyes ; for h a d I bee n a fr a id o f i t , I
ha d n o t come here , h a vi n g h a d so m an y opport u
n itie s t o
”
e sc a pe
W he n the fl a mes e n veloped h im , he s un g a hym n ; a n d
the l a st wo r ds he wa s he a r d to s ay , were ,
This s ea l in
”
fla me s I o ffer Christ , to the e 1
s
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
C
H A PT ER IV
.
t ion s i n G er ma ny
G en er a l P er s ecu
.
MA R TI N L UTH E R ,by un m a ski n g popery ,a n d by the vigo u
r
with whi ch he p r osec u
ted his doct r i n es , c a used the p a p a l
t hro n e to sh a ke to its fo u
n d a t io n
S o te r r ified wa s t he
po pe a t h is r a pid s uccess ,t h a t b e dete r m i n ed , in orde r to
i
st o
n his
his
a r e e r , t o e n g a ge t h e e m pe r o r , C h a r le s V
c
p
.
184
F
o k s B O OK o r Mx nr vn s
’
.
cheme o f utterly e x ti r p a ti n g a ll wh o h a d embr a c e d the
re form a tio n To a cco m plish whi ch , he g a ve t he empero r
°
c r o wn s ; p r o m ise d t o m a i n t a i n 1 000 foot , a n d
r i n g a c a m p a ig n ; a llo w
5 000 ho r se , for s ix mo n t hs , or d u
ed the empe r o r to re cei v e o n e h a l f o f t he reve n ues o f t he
clergy in Ge r m a n y d ur i n g the w a r ; a n d pe r m i t t ed h im to
pledge t he a bbey l a n ds fo r
c r o wn s , to a ssist in
Th us pro m p t ed a nd s up po rt ed ,t he
c a rryi n g o n hos t ili t ies
empero r , w i t h a he a r t e a ger b ot h fr o m i n t e r est a n d p reju
di ce fo r the c a use , un de r t ook t h e e x t i r p a t io n o f t he pr o
t e s t a n t s ; a n d fo r t his p u
r pose r a ised a for m id a b le a rm y in
G e r m a n y , S p a i n , a n d I ta ly
T he p r o t est a n t p r i n ces in the m e a n time we r e n o t idle ;
bu
t fo r m ed a po wer fu
l co n fe d e r a cy , in o r d er t o repel t he
i m pe n di ng blo w A g r e a t a r my wa s r a ise d , a n d t he c o m
m an d give n t o the elector o f S a x o n y a nd t he l a n dg ra ve
o f Hesse
The i m peri a l fo r ces were co mm a nded by t he
empe r or in pe r so n , a n d a ll E ur ope wa i t ed in a n x io us s us
pe n se t he eve n t o f t he wa r
At le n gt h t he a r m ies met , a n d a despe r a te e n g a ge m e n t
e n s ued , in whi ch the p r otest a n t s we r e d e fe a ted , a n d t he
ele c t o r o f S a x o n y a n d l a n dg r a ve o f Hesse , bo t h t a ke n
p riso n ers This c a l a m ito us s t r oke wa s s uc ceeded by a
pe r se c ut io n , in whi ch t he m ost ho r r ible c r uel t ies w re in
flic t e d o n t h e p r otes t a n t s , a n d s uffe r ed b y t he m wi t h a fo r
t it u
d e whi ch religio n o n ly c a n i m p a r t
A mo n g o t he r s , H e nr y Y oes a n d Joh n Esch were a p pro
he n ded a n d b r o ugh t to e x a m i n a t io n whe n , co n fessi n g a n d
de fe n di n g t hei r a dop t io n o f t he t e n e t s o f L ut he r ,t hey we r e
b o t h co nde m n ed t o t he fl a m es , a n d soo n a fter s uffe r ed wi t h
the fo r t i t ude o f re a l Ch r is t i a n s
An eloq ue n t a n d p io us p r e a cher , n a med He n ry S t ut
phe n , wa s t a ke n o ut o f his bed a t n igh t ,a n d co m pelled to
wa lk b a r e foot a co n side r a b le w a y ,so t h a t his fee t were t e r
c t o r s s a i d , in de
r ib ly c u
t
O n d e s ir in g a ho r se , his co n d u
risio n , A ho r se fo r a he r e t i c ! n o , n o , he r e t i cs m ay go
”
b a r e foo t
O n a r r i v i n g a t t he pl a ce o f des ti na t io n , he
wa s c o m d e m n e d to b e b ur n t ; a n d while s uffe r i n g in th e
fla m es he wa s c u
t a n d sl a shed in a t e r r i ble m a n n er
Ma n y we r e m ur d e r ed a t l l a lle Middleb ur g h [ 0 n g
t a ke n by a ss a ul t , a ll t he p r o t es t a n ts we r e p ut to th e
sw o r d
Gre a t n um b e r s w e r e a lso b ur n ed a t Vi e n n a
s
.
.
.
.
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e
.
.
‘
.
.
.
.
.
.
186
.
r
’
o x s n o o n o n MA RT YRS
.
p r a c t ice So m e o f t hese a r e so un p a r a llele d
r sel v e s ob liged t o m e n ti o n t h e m
t h a t w e feel o u
In H esse C a ssel so m e o f t h e t r oops e n t e r ed a hospi t al ,
in w hich w e r e p r i n cip a lly m a d w o m e n , w h e n s t r ippi n g al l
t h e p t o r w r e t ches n a ked , t hey m a d e t he m r u
n a b ou
t th e
t t he m t o d e a t h
st r ee t s fo r t hei r di v e r s io n a n d t he n p u
In P o m e r a n i a , so m e o f t h e i m p e r i a l t r oo ps e n t e r i n g a
sm all t o w n , seized up o n a ll t h e yo un g w o m e n a n d gi r ls o f
up w a r d o f t e n ye a r s , a n d t he n pl a ci n g t hei r p a r e n t s in a
ci r cle , t hey o r d e r ed t he m t o si n g p s a l m s , w hile t h ey
o r else t hey s w o r e t hey w o u
ld
ra v i shed t hei r child r e n
t t he m t o p ieces a ft e r w a r d
Th ey t he n t ook a ll th e
cu
m a r r ied w o m e n w h o h a d yo un g child r e n , a n d t h r e a t e n ed ,
if th ey did n o t co n s e n t t o t h e g r a t i fic a t io n o f t hei r l us t s , t o
b ur n t hei r child r e n be fo r e t hei r fa ces ,in a l a r ge fi r e w hich
r p ose
th ey h a d ki n dled fo r t h a t p u
A h a n d o f Tilly s soldie r s m e t w i t h a co m p a n y o f m e r
ch a n t s belo n gi n g t o B a sil , w h o w e r e r e t ur n i n g fr o m th e
g r e a t m a r ke t o f S t r a sbo ur g , a n d a t t e m p t e d t o s ur r o un d
t t e n le a v i n g t h ei r p r ope r t y
t he m ; a ll esc a ped , ho w e v e r ,b u
beh i n d The t e n w h o w e r e t a ke n be gged h a r d fo r t heir
li v e s , b ut t h e soldie r s m ur de r ed t he m , s a yi n g , Yo um ust
die bec a use y o ua r e he r e t ics , a n d h a v e go t n o m o n ey
Vh e r e v e r Tilly c a m e , t h e m os t ho r r id b a r b a r i t i es a n d
‘
fa m i n e a n d c o n fla gr a t io n
c r uel dep r ed a t io n s e n s ued
ma r ked his p r o gr ess H e des t r oye d a ll t h e p r o v isio n s he
co uld n o t t ak e w i t h him , a n d b ur n t a ll t h e t o w n s be fo r e h e
le ft t he m ; so t h a t m ur de r , p o v e r t y , a n d desol a t io n follo w ed
e n o r m 1t 1e s i n
.
.
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-
,
,
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,
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’
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him
.
P e a ce , a t le n g t h chiefly t h r o ugh th e m e d i um o f E n gla n d ,
w a s r e s t o r ed t o G e r m a n y a n d t h e p r o t e s t a n t s fo r se v e r al
ye a r s e nj oyed t he fr ee e x e r cise o f t hei r r eli g io n
p r o t es t a n t s w e r e ,
E ve n a s l at e a s 1 7 3 2 a b o v e
co n t r a r y t o t h e t r e a t y o f \ Ve s t p h a lia , d r i v e n fr o m t h e a r ch
bisho p r ic o f S a lt z b ur g , in t h e de p t h o f w i n t e r , w i t h sc a r ce
clo t h es t o co v e r t he m , a n d w i t ho ut p r o v i si o n s
These
r o t es t a n t
n t r i es , a n d sel
eop
e
e
i
g
r a t ed t o v a r io u
s
p
co
u
l
m
p
ld e njoy t h e fr ee e x e r cise o f
t le d in pl a ces w he r e t hey co u
r s t i t io n an d p a p a l d e s
pe
t he r r li g io n , fr ee fr o m popish s u
i
,
,
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,
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e
o o tt s
m
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’
F o x s 11 0 0 1:
MA R T YR S
or
.
t ions in til e Neth er la n d s
P er secu
.
f hc glo r io us li ght o f th e gos el sp r e a di n g o v e r e v e r y
p
as t
0 1 t h e co n t i n e n t , a n d ch a s i n g t he n ce t h e d a r k n i ht
p
g
o f i g n o r a n c e , i n c r e a se d t h e a la 1 11 1 o f t he pope , w h o u
r ged
0
e m p e r 0 1 t o co m m e n ce a pe r s e c ut i o n a g a i n s t th e pro
pe r s t i t i o us
te st a n t s
w he n m a n y t ho us a n ds fell m a r t y r s t o s u
a m o n g w ho m w e r e t h e f l
m a lic e a n d b a r b a r o us bi go t r y
lo w i n g
A p 1 o us p r o t es t a n t w id o w , n a m ed W i n de n ut a , w a s a p
p r ehe n ded o n a cco un t o f h e r r eli gi o n , w he n se e r a l m o n k s
un success fully e n de a v o ur ed t o p e r s ua de h e r o r ec an t
Th ei r a t t e m p t s , h o w e v e r , p r o v i n g i n e ffec t ua l , a R o m a n c a
th o lic l a dy o f he r a cq u
a i n t a n ce de s i r ed t o
b e a d m i tt ed to
n geo n in w hich she w a s co n fi n ed , p r o m isi n
th e d u
g to ex
e 1 t h e r sel f t o w a r d i n d u
ci n g t h e p r iso n e r t o a bjur e h e r r e
li g io n
On bei n g a d m i t t ed t o th e d un ge o n , she did h e r ut
m o s t t o p e r fo r m t h e t a sk sh e h a d un de r ta ke n
b ut fi n di n g
Vin d e lut a , if
h e r e n d e a v o ur s fr ui t le s s , she s a id , D e a r ‘
y o uw ill n o t e m b r a ce o ur fa i t h , a t le a s t keep t h e t hi n gs
w hi ch y o up r o fe s s sec r e t W i t hi n yo ur o w n b oso m ,a n d s t r i v e
”
r
li fe
To w hi ch t he w ido w r eplied ,
t o p r o lo n g yo u
Ma d a m , y o uk n o w n o t w h a t y o us a y fo r w i t h t h e he a rt
we b eli e v e t o r igh t eo usn ess , b ut w i t h t h e t o n gue co n fe ssio n
”
n t o s a l v a t io n
S t i ll h oldi n g h e 1 fai t h a g a i n st
i s m a de u
e v e r y e ffo r t o f t h e po w e r s o f d a r k n ess , h e r good s w e r e
co n fisc a t e d , a n d she w a s co n de m n ed t o b e b ur n t At t h e
l a ce o f e x ec ut io n a m o n k p r ese n t ed a c r oss t o he r , a n d
ila d e h e r ki ss a n d w o r s hip G od To w hi ch sh e a n s w e r ed ,
I w o r ship n o w oode n God ,b ut th e e t e r n a l God w ho i s in
he a v e n
S he w a s t he n e x ec ut ed , b ut a t t h e i n t e r cessi o n
o f t h e be fo r e m e n t io n ed l a d y , it w a s
gr a n t ed t h a t she sho uld
b e s t r a n gled b e fo r e t h e fa go t s w e r e ki n dled
At Gole n , t w o p r o t e s t a n t cle r gy m e n w e r e b ur n t a
t r a des m a n o f A n t w e r p n a m ed N i chol a s , w a s t ied u iii a
p
s a ck , t h r o w n i n to t h e r i v e r a n d d r o w n ed ; a n d P is t o rius ,
a n a c c o m h s h e d s chol a r a n d
s
de
nt, w as
c
t
u
a r r ied t o th e
p
m a rk e t o f a D ut ch v ill a ge a n d b ur n t
A m i n is t e r o f th e r e fo r m ed c h ur c h w a s o r de r ed t o a tt e n d
h e e x ec u
t io n o f si x t ee n p r o t es t a n t s w h o w e r e t o b e b e
h e a ded
This ge n t le m an p e r fo r m ed th e m el a n choly o ffi ce
wit h gr e a t p r op r ie t y , e x ho r t e d t he m to repe n t a n c e , an d
th e
‘
o
.
v
t
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o
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”
.
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t
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1 88
'
Fox
s
B OO K o r
MA R T Y RS
.
s
A
e
the
co
o
m
f
r t in t h e m e r cies o f t h ei r Rede em e r
m
g
t t o th e
s oo n as t hey w e r e behe a ded , t h e m a g is t r a t e c r ied o u
e x ec ut io n e r , The r e is a n o t he r r e m a i n i n g y o um us t b e
he a d t h e m i n i s t e r ; h e c a n n e v e r d ie a t a be t t e r t i m e t h a n
w i t h s uch e x celle n t p r ecep t s in hi s m o ut h a n d s uch l a ud a
”
H e w a s a cco r di n gly behe a ded
ble e x a m ples be fo r e him
gh m a n y o f t h e R o m a n C a t holics t he m s el v es r e p r o
t ho u
b a t ed t his piece o f t r e a che r o us a n d un n ece ss a r y b a r b a r i t y
G eo r ge Sche te r a m i n i s t e r o f S a lt z b ur g, w a s co m m i t t ed
l
his
f
lock
i
n th e tr u
t h o f th e
ospe
e t in
t o p r i s o n fo r i s t r u
g
g
W hile in c o n fi n e m e n t he w r o t e a co n fessio n o f his fa i t h ;
soo n a ft e r w hich he w a s co n de m n ed , fi r s t t o be b ehe a de d ,
r n t t o a shes , w hich se n t e n ce w a s a o
a n d a ft e r w a r d t o b e b u
t io n
u
t in e x e c u
c o r d in l
gy p
P e r ci v a l , a le a r n ed m an o f Lo uv ia n a , w a s m ur de r ed l n
p r i so n ; a n d J us t us In s p a r g w a s behe a ded fo r h a v i n g Lu
th e r s se r m o n s in his posses s io n
Giles T o lle m a n , a c ut le r o f B russel s , w a s a m a n o f sin
ro
ar hu
m
w
u
l
H
e
a n i ty a n d pie t y
a s a p r ehe n d ed a s a
p
g
p
tes t an t , a n d m a n y a tt e m p t s w e r e m a d e b y t he m o n ks t o p e r
s ua de h im t o r ec a n t O n ce , b y a ccide n t a fa i r o p p o r t u
n it
o f esc a i n g fr o m p r i so n o ffe r e d i t s el f t o him
b
u
t
of
p
y
w hi ch h e did n o t a v a il hi m sel f
B ei n g a sked t h e r e a s o n ,
h e r eplied , I w o uld n o t d o t h e keepe r s so m uc h i nj ur y
st hav e
a s t h ey m u
a n s w e r ed fo r
m y a bse n ce h a d I got
”
W he n he w a s se n t e n ced t o be b ur n t he fe r v e n t ly
aw a y
t h a n ked God fo r a ll o w i n g h im , by m a r ty r do m , t o glo r i fy
hi s n a m e O b se r v i n g a t t he p la ce o f e x ec ut io n a g r e a t
q ua n t i t y o f fa go t s , h e d esi r ed t h e p r i n cip a l p a r t o f t he m
mi gh t b e gi v e n t o th e poo r , s a y i n g , A s m a ll q ua n t i t y
”
w i ll s uffice t o co n s um e m e
The e x ec uti o n e r o ffe r ed t o
st r a n gle h im b e fo r e t h e fi r e w a s li g h t ed , b u
t he w o u
ld n o t
c o n se n t , t elli n g h im t h a t h e did n o t fe a r t h e fla m es
an d ,
i n deed , he g a v e up t h e ghos t w i t h s uc h co m pos ur e a m idst
them , t h a t he h a r d ly see m ed se n sible o f p a i n
In F l a n de r s , a bo ut 1 5 4 3 a n d 1 5 4 4 , t h e p e r sec uti o n
r a ged w i t h g r e a t v iole n ce Ma ny w e r e doo m ed t o p e r p e
tu
a l i m p r iso n m e n t
o t he r s to pe r pe t ua l b a n ish m e n t ; b ut
th e gr e a t e r n u
m be r w e r e p u
h
t t o de a t h ei t he r b
a n gi n
y
g
d r o w n i n g , b urn i n g , t h e r a c k , o r b ur yi n g a li v e
Joh n de B o s c a n e , a ze a lo us p r o t es ta n t w a s a p p r e he n d ed
On his t r i a l he un d a u
in th e ci t y o f A n t w e r p
n t e dl
y
av
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19 0
F ox
’
s
no o x
or
MA R T Y RS
.
e v e r y ch a r ge b r o ught a g a i n t hi m ,
”
B ut , s a i d t h
p r o v i n g his doc t r i n e fr o m th e gospel
j ud ge , w i ll y o u d ie fo r t he fa i t h y o u p r o fess ?
I am
”
o die , r eplied
oo mans,
b
u
t a l so t o
n o t o n ly w illi n
t
C
g
s uffe r t h e ut m o st s t r e t ch o f i n v e n t i v e c r ue lt), fo r i t : a ft e r
w hich m y so ul sh a ll r ecei v e it s co n fi r m a t io n f o m God h im
”
B ei n g co n de m n ed , he
sel f, i n t h e m id s t o f e t e r n a l glo r y
tio n , a n d died w i t h
w e n t chee r fully t o t h e pl a ce o f e x e c u
C h r i st i a n fo r t i t ud e a n d r esi g n a t io n
ma n ly fi rm n es s
to
.
“
.
a
.
Asss a s ina tion of the P r ince of Ora ng e
.
Ba l t a z ar G e r a r d , a n a t i v e o f F r n ch e C o m t e , a bi ogo t ed
r io u
s K o m ari C a t holic , t hi n ki n g t o a d v a n ce his o w n
a n d fu
fo r tun e a n d th e p opi sh c a use by o n e desp e r a t e a c t , r esol v e d
a
up o n th e a ss a ssi n a t io n o f t h e p r i n ce o f O r a n ge
H a vin g
p r o v ided hi m se lf W i t h fii e a r m s , h e w a t che d t he p r i n ce a s
he p a ssed t h r o ugh t h e g r e a t h a ll o f h is p a l a ce t o di n n e r ,
r i n cess o f O r a n ge , o h
The
p
a n d de m a n d ed a p a ss o r t
P
se r v i n g in his t o n e o f v oi ce a n d m a n n e r som e t hi n g c o n
tu
se d a n d si n u
g l a r , a sked w h o he w a s , s a yi n g , she d id n o t
The p r i n ce a n sw e r ed , it w a s o n e
like hi s co un t e n a n ce
t h a t de m a n d ed a p a sspo r t , w hich he sho u
ld h a v e p r ese n t ly
No t hi n g fur t he r t r a n spi r ed un t il a ft e r di n n e r w he n o n t h e
etur n o f t h e p rin ce a n d p r i nces t h r o ugh th e s am e h a l i
.
.
.
.
Ci
r
.
F
o x s uo o x
'
or
MA R T Y RS
1 91
b eh i n d o n e o f th e p ill a r s , fi r e d a t th e
p r i n ce : t h e b a lls e n t e r i n g a t t h e le ft side , a n d p a ssi n g
g h t h e r i gh t , w o un ded in thei r p as s a ge t h e s t o m a c h
thr ou
The p r i n ce h a d o n ly po w e r to s ay , L o r d
a n d vi t a l p a r t s
”
h a v e m e r cy up o n m y so ul ,a n d up o n t his poo r p eople , a n d
i m m edi a t e ly e x pi r ed
The de a t h o f t his v i r t uo us p r i n ce , w h o w a s co n si de r ed
un i v e r s a l so r r o w
as
t h e fa t he r o f his p eo ple , sp r e a d
The a s s a s s m w a s im
t t h e U n i t ed P r o v i n ces
t h r o ugho u
t to de a t h
m ed i a t e ly t a k e n , a n d r ecei v ed se n t e n ce to b e p u
in t h e m os t e x e m pl a r y m a n n e r ; y e t s uch w a s his e n t h us ia s rr
ffe r i n g fo r it , h
fo r hi s c r i m e , t h a t w hile s u
a n d bli n d n ess
s a id , W e r e I a t libe r t y I w o uld rep e a t th e
c o olly
”
sam e
m be r s fel l v ic t i m s t o
In d i ffe r e n t p a r t s o f F l an de r s n u
popi sh j e a lo usy a n d c r uel t y In th e ci t y o f Va le n ce in
l a r , fift y se v e n o f t h e p r i n cip a l i n h a bi t a n t s w e r
a r t i cu
but che r e d in o n e d ay fo r r e fusi n g t o emb r a ce th e Rom i sh
s upe r s t i ti o n ; besi d e w ho m , gr e a t n um be r s r em a in ed in
co n fi n e m e n t t ill t hey p e r ished
di e
f om
a ssa s sm , r
.
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.
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tz om
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i n {71 0 s ix teen t k
r i es
cen t u
a nd
s even teen th
.
r t h co m m e n ced a
In th e ye a r 1 5 6 0, p op e P i us th e F o u
gen e r a l p e r sec ut io n o f t h e p r o t es t a n t s t h r o ugho ut t he I t a li an
s t a t es ,w he n g r e a t n um be r s o f e v e r y a ge , s e x , a n d co n di
t io n , s u
ffe r ed m a r t y r do m
C o n ce r n i n g t h e c ruel t ies p r a c
t is e d u
po n t his occ a sio n , a le a r n ed a n d h um a n e R o m an
c at holi c t h us sp e a ks in a le t t e r t o a n ob le m a n
I c an n ot , m
r d , fo r be a r
lo
disclosi
se
n
m
n ti m e n t s
y
g
y
w i t h r espec t t o t h e pe r sec ut i o n n o w c a r r yi n g o n
I t hi n k
it c r uel a n d un n ecess a r y
I t r e m ble a t th e m a n n e r o f put
ti n
t o d e a t h , as it r ese m bles m o r e t h e sl a u
gh
e
r o f c a l v es
t
g
a n d shee , t h a n
m a n bei n g s
the e x e c u
I w ii
ti on o f h u
p
r el a t e t o yo u
r lo r ds h ip a
d r e a d ful sce n e , o f w hi ch I w a s
m ysel f a n eye -w i t n ess : se v e n t y p r o t es t a n t s w e r e CO O p e o
in on e fil t hy d u
n
eo
n t o ge t he r ; t h e e x ec u
t io n e r w e n t
p
g
.
.
.
-
192
Fo x
’
s
11 0 011
A T
M R YR S
or
.
on g t he m , picked o ut o n e fr o m a m o n g th e re st
bli n d fold ed h im , led h im o ut t o a n O pe n pl a ce be fo r e th
p r iso n , a n d c ut his t h r o a t w i t h th e g r e a t es t co m po s ure
111
am
k
Bu
t cher y of s even ty Pr o tes ta nts
.
He t he n c a l m y w a lked i n t o th e p r iso n a ga i n , b loody as he
w a s , a n d w i t h t h e k n i fe i n his h a n d selec t ed a n o t he r , a n d
d esp a t che d h im i n th e s a m e m a n n e i a n d t his , m y lo r d ,
he r epe a t e d t i l l t he w hole n um be i w e r e p ut t o de a t h I
le a v e it t o y o u
r
lo r d shi p s f e li n gs t o j ud ge o f m y se n s a
t io n s u
po n t h e o c c a sio n ; m y t e a r s n o w w a sh t h e p a pe r
upo n w h i ch I gi v e y o ut he r e ci t a l A n o t he r t hi n g I m us t
m e n t ion , t h e p a t ie n ce w i t h w hi ch t h ey m e t d e a t h : t hey
se e m ed a ll r e si gn a t io n a n d pie t y , fe r v e n t ly p r a yi n g t o God
a n d ch ee r fu
lly e n co un t e r in g t hei r fa t e I c a n n o t r e flec t
w i t ho u
t sh u
d d e r i n g , h o w t h e e x ec u
t i o n e r held t h e bloody
kn i fe b e t w ee n his t ee t h ; w h a t a d r e a d fu
l fi gur e h e a p pe a r
ed , a ll co v e r ed w i t h blood , a n d w i t h w h a t un co n ce r n he
”
e x ecuted his b a i b ar o us o ffice l
.
’
e
.
O
.
t ions i n P ied mo n t
Per s ecu
.
E a r ly in th e se v e n t ee n th ce n t ur y , Pope C le me n t th e
f
Ei h t h se n t m issio na r ie s in t h e v a lleys o P ied m o n t , w itl
g
a N e w to i n d u
ce th e p r otes t a n t s t o r e n o un ce t hei r r e li gio n
194
Fo x
’
s B O OK o r MA RT Y RS
.
force , a n d if the wr etched p a re n ts resisted they were 1111
medi a tely m u
rdered
.
The d uke o f S a v oy , in o r der to gi ve fo r ce to the pe r
se c u
t io n , c a lled a ge n e r a l a sse m bly o f the Ro m an c a tholic
n obili t y a n d ge n t r y , w he n ce iss u
e d a sole m n edi ct a ga i n st
the re for m ed , co n t a i n i n g m a n y he a ds , a n d i n cl u
di n g sev e
ra l r e a so n s fo r e x ti r a t i n g t he m , a m o n g which the follo w
p
mg were the p r i n cip a l
The p r eser v a tio n o f t he p a p a l a u
th o r ity ; th a t the ch u
r ch livi n gs m ight be a ll u
n der o n e
m ode o f gover n m e n t ; to m a ke a u
ni o n a m o n g a ll p a rties ;
in ho n o u
r o f a ll the s a i n ts , a n d o f the cere m o n ies o f the
c hur ch o f Rome
This wa s follo wed by a m ost cr uel order , p ublished o n
J a n ua ry 2 5 , 1 6 5 5 , wh i ch de c r eed th a t every fa m ily o f the
r e fo r m ed r eligio n , o f wh a teve r r a n k , r esidi n g in L u
cer n e ,
St Giov a n n i , B ibi a n a ,C a m p iglio n e , St Se co n do , Lucer
n ett a , La T o r re , F e n ile , or Br ic he r a ss io , sho u
ld , W ithi n
th r ee d a ys a fter the p ubli c a tio n the r eo f, dep a rt fr om their
h a bit a tio n s to s uch pl a ces a s were a ppo i n ted by the d uke ,
o n p a i n o f de a th a n d co n fisc a tio n
This o r der p r od uced the g r e a test dis t r ess a mo n g the un
h a ppy obj e cts o f it , a s it wa s e n forced with the gre a test
severity in the dep t h o f a ve r y seve r e wi n te r , a n d the peo
ple w e r e d r ive n fr o m their h a b i t a tio n s a t the time a ppoi n t
ed ,witho ut e ve n sufli c ie nt clo t hes to co v e r the m by wh i ch
n t a i n s thro u
gh the severity o f
m a n y pe r ished in t he m o u
the we a ther or fo r wa n t o f food Those who r e m a i n ed b e
hi n d a fte r the p ubli c a t io n o f the dec r ee ,we r e m urde r ed by
th e popish i n h a bit a n ts , o r shot by the t roops ,a n d the most
horrible b a r b a r i t ies we r e pe r petr a ted by these r a th a us ,e n
co u
r a ed
by t he Rom a n c a tholi c priests a n d m o n ks , o f
g
whi ch the follo wi n g m a y se r ve a s a speci m e n
Ma rt h a Co n s t a n t i n e , a b e a uti ful yo un g wo m a n , wa s first
tt i n g o ff her b r e a sts
These
r a vished , a n d the n killed by c u
some o f the soldiers fr ied , a n d set be fore thei r co m r a des ,
t k n o wi n g W h a t they we r e W he n
wh o e a t the m w i t ho u
they h a d do n e e a t i n g , th e othe r s told the m wh a t they h a d
e n ce o f whi ch a q ua r r el e n
m a de a me a l o f, in co n se q u
s ued ,a n d a b a t tle took pl a c e S eve r a l we r e killed in the
fr a y , the gr e a te r p a r t o f who m we r e t hose co n cer n ed in the
m a n d e cept ion
ho r r id m a ss a c r e o f the wo m a n ,a n d t he i n h u
o n the ir co mr a de s
,
.
.
.
.
.
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’
vo x s
B OOK o r MA RTY RS
.
P e t er S i m o n ds ,a p r otest a n t o f a b o ut eigh ty ye a r s o f a ge ,
wa s tied n e c k a n d heels , a n d t he n t h r o w n d o wn a p i eci
i
ce
r his fa ll t he b r a n c h o f a t r ee c a u
gh
t
hold
o f t he
I
p
s pe n ded him in t he m i d wa y , so t h a t he la n
r o es a n d s u
p
uis he d fo r se ve r a l d a ys , t i ll he p e r i s hed o f h un ger
nou
n ce his r eligio n , the sol
e
Es a y G a r c in , r e fu
sin
t
o
r
g
le ,t hey ha d
d ie r s c u
t hi m i n t o s m a ll p ie ces , s a y i n g in r idic u
n in ce d him
A wo m an , n a m ed A r m a n d , wa s to r n li m b
fr o m li m b , a nd t he n the r espec t ive p a r ts were h u
ng u on
p
he d ge
S e ve r a l m e n , wo m e n , a n d child r e n were fl un g fr o m the
rocks a n d d a shed to pieces A m o n g ot he r s ,Ma gd a le n Be r
t i n o , a p r o t es t a n t wo m a n o f L a To r r e ,wa s s t r i p ped n a ke d ,
he r he a d tie d be t wee n h e r legs , a n d she wa s the n th r o w n
do wn a p r e ci pi ce Ma r y Ra y m o n d e t , o f the s a m e t o wn ,
ha d h e r flesh sliced fr o m h e r bo n es t ill she e x pi r ed
Ma g
d a le n P ilo t , o f Vill a r o , wa s c ut t o pieces in the c a v e o f
C a s t o lu
st
s ; An n C ha r b o n ie r e h a d o n e e n d o f a s t a ke th r u
up he r body , a n d t he o t he r e n d be i n g fi x ed in the g r o un d ,
she wa s le ft in t h a t m a n n e r to p e r ish a n d Ja cob P e r r i n ,
the elde r o f the ch ur ch o f Vill a r o , wi t h D a vid , his b r o
ther , wa s fl a yed a live
G iov a n n i A nd r e a Mich ia lin , a n i n h a b it a n t o f La Tor r e
with fo u
r o f his childre n ,wa s a pp r ehe n de d th r ee o f the m
we r e h a cked to p i eces be fo r e him , the soldie r s a s k i n g
h im , a t the de a t h o f eve r y child , if he w o u
ld r ec a n t ,which
he co n s ta n t ly r e fused O n e o f the soldie r s the n took up
th e l a s t a n d the yo u
n gest by t h e legs ,a n d p u
tti n g th e s a m e
estio n to the fa t he r ,he r e plied a s be fo r e ,whe n the i n b u
qu
ma n b r u
te d a shed o ut the child s b r a i n s The fa ther ,
ho we v e r , a t t h e s a m e m o m e n t st a r t ed fr o m the m ,a n d fled
th e soldie r s fi r ed a ft e r him , b u
t m issed hi m ; a n d he esc a
to the Alps , a n d the r e r e m a i n ed co n ce a led
Giov a n n i Pe la n c h io n ,o n re fusi n g t o a bj ur e his fa ith ,wa s
tied by o n e leg to the t a il o f a m ule , a n d d r a gged thro ugh
the s t r eets o f L uce r n e , a m id t h e a ccl a m a tio n s o f a n
i n h um a n mob ,wh o kep t s t o n i n g h1 m , a n d c ry 1 n g o ut , He
”
is possessed o f the devil
They the n took him to the
rive r side , chopped o ff his he a d , a n d le ft th a t a n d his b ody
un b ur ied , up o n the b a n k o f t he river
A b e a uti ful child ,t e n ye a r s o f a ge , Ma gd a le n F o n t a i n e ,
was r a vished a nd m u
r dered by the soldiers
A n other girl
.
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o
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’
.
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.
.
l
of abo
F ox
i
s
BO O K OF MA RTY RS
.
ut t he s a m e a ge , they r o a s t ed a live a t Vill a No va
p oor wo m a n he a r i n g the soldie r s we r e co m i n g t o wa r d
se , s n a t che d up t h e c r a dle in whi ch her in fa n t s o n
h e r ho u
The soldie r s ,
wa s a sleep , a n d fled t o wa r d the woods
ho weve r , s a w a n d p ur s ued her , whe n she ligh t e n ed hersel f
by p utt i n g do wn t he c r a dle a n d child , which the soldie r s
m
r de r ed the i n fa n t ,a n d c o n
n o soo n e r c a m e t o , t h a n t h e
u
y
rs u
i t , fo un d , t h e m o ther in a c a ve , whe r e
in g t he p u
t in u
t her to a to m s
t hey fi r st r a vished , a n d the n c u
J a cobo Mi cheli n o , chie f e lde r o f the ch ur ch o f Bo b b ie ,
a n d seve r a l o t he r p r otest a n ts ,we r e h u
ng u
p by hooks fi x e d
in thei r flesh , a n d le ft so to e x p i r e
Gi o va n n i Ro s t a gn a l,
a ve n e r a ble p r o t est a n t , u
p wa r d o f fo ur sco r e ye a r s o f a ge ,
t o ff,a n d the flesh c ut fr o m his bo d y ,
h a d his n ose a n d e a r s c u
and a
.
.
.
ill he bled to de a t h
D a n iel S a le a go a n d his wi fe , Giova nn i D ur a n t ,Lo d wich
D ur a n t ,B a r tholo m e w D ur a n t , D a n iel Revel , a n d P a ul
t hs s t u
ffe d w i t h g u
R ey n a rd , h a d t hei r m o u
n po wder whi c h
bei n g set fi r e to , thei r he a ds we r e bl o wn to pie ces
J a cob Bir o n e , a s chool m a ste r o f Ror a t o , wa s st r ipped
n a ked ; a n d a ft e r h a vi n g b ee n so e x pose d , h a d
the n a ils
o f his toes a n d fi n ge r s t o r n o ff with r e d hot pi n ce r s , a n d
holes b o r ed t hro ugh his h a n ds wi t h the poi n t o f a d a gge r
He n e x t h a d a co r d t ied r o un d his m iddle , a n d wa s led
thr o u
gh the st r eets wi t h a soldie r o n e a ch si d e o f h im At
eve r y t ur n i n g the soldie r o n hi s r i d e h a n d side c ut a g a sh
in h is flesh , a n d the soldie r o n his le ft h a n d side st r u
c k h im
wi t h a bl u
dgeo n , b o t h s a yi n g ,a t the s a m e i n st a n t , W ill
”
y o ugo to m a ss ? W ill y o ugo to m a ss 2 He still r eplied
in t h e n eg a t i v e ,a n d b ei n g a t le n g t h t a ke n to the b r idge ,
they c ut o ff his he a d o n the b a llust r a d e s ,a n d th r e w b oth
th at a n d his b o d y i n to the ri ve r
P a ul G a r n ie r , a pr o t es t a n t beloved fo r his piety , h a d his
eyes p ut o ut , wa s the n fl a yed a live , a n d b ei n g d ivided i n t o
r i n ci
r p a r t s , his q u
a r te r s we r e
l
ced
o
h
p
fo u
a
o
n
f
u
r
o
f
t
e
p
ses o f L ucer n e He bo r e a ll his s ufferi n gs with the
p a l ho u
m ost e x e m pl a r y p a tie n ce , pr a ised God a s lo n g a s he co u
ld
s p e a k , a n d p l a i n ly e vi n ced the co ur a ge a r isi n g fr o m a c o n
fi d e n c e i n God
D a n iel C a r do n , o f Ro c a p p ia t a , b e in g a pprehe n ded by
s o m e soldie r s , they c u
T wo poor old bli n d
t o fl h is he a d
r n t a liv e ; a n d a wid o w
wo me n , of S t G iov an n i , we r e b u
t
.
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-
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-
-
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'
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1 98
F
o x s B O O K o r M A RT Y R S
’
.
ged him to p r i so n , whe r e they co n fi n e d h im til l b e pe r
n ge r , a fte r whic h t hey th r e w his co r p s e in to t h e
i s he d o f h u
street be fo r e the p r iso n , a n d it wa s d evo ured by dogs
Joseph P e n t wa s se ve r ed in t wo ; Ma r g a ret S o r e t ta
wa s sto n ed to de a t h ; a n d A n to n io Be r ti n a h a d hi s h e a d
cl e ft a s un de r
.
.
M a 1 ty 1 d o m qf F r a n cz s G r os s
Fr a n cis G r oss h a d his flesh slo wly c ut fr o m his body
i n to s m a ll p ieces , a n d p ut i n t o a dish b e fo r e h im ; t wo o f
hi s child r e n w e r e m i n ced be fo r e his sight , whi le his wi fe
elties p r a ctise d
wa s fa ste n ed t o a post , to b ehold these c r u
sb a n d a n d o ffs p r i n g The to r m e n te r s ,a t le n gth ,
o n her h u
ti r ed o f e x e r c is in g thei r c r uelties ,de c a p it a ted b oth h usb a n d
a n d w i fe
The S ie ur Tho m a s Mar gh e r fled to a c a ve , whe r e bei n g
discovered ,the soldie r s sh ut up the mo uth ,a n d he pe r ished
J udith Re ve lin , w ith seve n child r e n , were
wi t h fa m in e
r dered in thei r b eds
ba r b a ro usly m u
J a cob B e se n o wa s co mm a n ded to p r a y to the s a i n t s ,
si n g the soldie r s be a t him v iole n t ly with b lud
wh i ch he r e fu
t he co n t i n u
i n g ste a dy to his
geo n s to m a ke him co m ply ,b u
fa i t h , they fi r ed a t h im W hile in t h e a go n ies o f de a th they
”
c ried to h im ,
W ill y o u pr a y t o t he s a i n ts l to wh i ch b e
”
N o i whe n o ne of the sold iers ,wit h a b road
answe r e d
.
.
.
.
.
r
s wo r
d , clove h is
fe r in gs
o x s B O O K o r M A R T Y RS
199
’
.
he a d as un der , an d put a n end to his su
f
.
in , b e i n g a t
A yo un g wom a n n a med S u
s an n a Cia cqu
empted to b e r a vished by a s oldi e r , m a de a sto ut re sist
ggle p ushed h im o v er a pre cipi ce ,
a n ce , an d in t he stru
whe n he wa s d as hed to pie ces by the fa ll
H i s co mr a des
im m ed i a tely fel l up o n h e r w ith their s words a n d cut her t o
a to m s
Giov a n n i P u
l li n s b ei n g a pprehe n ded a s a protest a n t by
the soldiers , wa s ordered by the m a rq uis o f Pia n ess a to be
e x e c uted in a pl a ce n e a r the co n ve n t W h e n bro ught to
the g a llo ws sever a l mo n ks a tte n de d to pers ua de him to r e
n ce his religio n
Bu
no u
t fi n di n g him i n fle x ible ,t he y co m
m e n ded the e x e c utio n er t o per for m his o fli ce ,whi ch he did ,
a n d so l a u
n ched t he m a r tyr i n to the world o f glory
P a ul Cle m e n t ,a n elde r of the ch ur ch o f Ross a n a ,b ei n g
ri n g mo n a stery ,
a pp r ehe n ded by the mo n ks o f a n eighb o u
wa s c a r ried to the m a rket pl a ce o f t h a t to wn , where some
p r otest a n ts ha d j ust b ee n e x e c uted O n b eholdi n g the de a d
bodies , he s a id c a lmly , Yo um a y kill the b ody , b ut y o u
c a n n ot prej udi ce the so ul o f a tr ue b eli ever with respect
to the d r e a d ful spe ct a cles which y o uh a ve h ere sho wn m e ,
r ed , th a t God s ve n ge a n ce will overt a ke
y o um ay r est a ss u
the m urde r ers o f those poor peopl e , a n d p un ish the m fo r
”
the i n n o ce n t blood they h a ve sp ilt
The mo n ks were so
e x a sper at ed a t this reply ,th a t they o r dered him to b e h un g
di r e ctly : a n d while he wa s h a n gi n g the s oldiers a m use d
themselves by shooti n g a t the b ody
D a n iel Ra m b a ut , o f Vill a ro , the fa ther o f a n umerous
fa mily , wa s seized , a n d w ith sever a l others , committed to
the go a l o f Pa y s a n a He r e he was visited by sever a l
p r iests , wh o , with co n ti n ua l import un ities , str ove to per
a de h im to t u
r n p a p ist , b ut this he pe r emptorily re fused ,
su
a n d the pries t s fi n di n g his resol u
tio n , a n d e n r a ged a t his
a n s w e r s , deter m i n ed to
u
h
i
m
to the most horrible tor
t
p
tures , in the hope o f o v ercomi n g his fai th they there fore
o r de r ed o n e j oi n t o f his fi n gers to b e c ut o il every d ay ,
till a ll the fi n ge r s were go n e ; they the n p r o ceeded in the
s a m e m an n e r wi t h his toes ; a fter wa r d they a lte r n a tely c u
t
o ff, d a ily , a h a n d a n d a fe e t ; b u
t fi n di n g th a t he bor e h is
ffe r i n gs with the most u
su
n co n qu
er a ble fortit ude ,a nd m a i n
ta in e d his fa ith with ste a d fa st resol u
tio n ,they st a bbed him
.
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-
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“
’
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"
2 00
Fox
to t he
’
s
hea rt , an d the n
B
oo n
or
MA RTY RS
g a ve his b ody to b e devo ure d by
dogs
P eter G a bri e l e , a protest an t ge n tlem an o f co n sider a bl e
emi n e n ce , be i n g se ized by a t r oop o f soldiers , a n d re fusi n g
to re n o un ce his religio n , they hun g sever a l b a gs o f gun
po wde r a bo ut his b ody ,a n d the n setti n g fire to them ,ble w
.
him u
p
.
A n tho n y ,the s o n o f S a muel C a t ier is , a poor d umb la d
a n d e x tre m ely i n o ffe n sive , wa s c u
t to p ie ces by a p a r ty o f
the troops ; a n d soo n a ft er the s a m e r u
fli a n s e n tered t he
ho use o f P ete r Mo n ir ia t , a n d c ut o ff th e legs o f the whole
fa mily , le a vi n g them to bleed to de a th , they bei n g u
n a ble
to a ssist e a ch other in th a t mel a n choly plight
D a n iel B e n e ch b e i n g a ppreh e n ded ,h a d his n ose sl it ,a n d
his e a r s cut o ff a fter whi ch he wa s divided i n to qua r ters ,
a n d e a ch q u
a rte r h u
ng u
p o n a tree Ma r y Mo n i n o h a d
h e r ja w b o n es broke n ,a n d wa s the n le ft to l a n g u
ish till she
wa s st a r ved to de a th
Ma ry Pe la n ch ion , a wido w,o f the to wn o f Vill a r o ,wa s
s eized by a p a r ty o f the I r ish b r ig a d es , who h a vi n g b e a t
her cr uelly , a n d r a vished he r , d r a gged her to a high b r idge
n g her
whi ch crossed the ri v er , a n d st r ippi n g her n a ked , h u
by the legs to the bridge , with h e r h e a d do wn wa r d to wa rd
the wa ter , a n d the n goi n g in t o b o a ts ,they shot her
Ma r y Nigr i n e , a n d he r d a ughter , a poor idiot ,we r e c ut
to pieces in the woods , a n d the ir bodies le ft to be devo ur ed
by wild be a sts : S us a n n a B a les , a wido w o f Vill a ro , wa s
s a n n a C a lvio , r un
mm u
r e d a n d st a rved to de a t h ; a n d S u
n i n g a wa y fr o m so m e soldiers , a n d hidi n g he r sel f in a b a r n ,
they set fi r e to the str aw ,by whi ch she wa s b ur n t to de a t h
r n t P a ul Arm a n d wa s
D a n iel B erti n o , a child , wa s b u
ha cked to pieces D a n iel Mic h ia lin o h a vi n g his to n g ue
pl ucked out , wa s le ft to pe r ish in t h a t co n ditio n a n d An
d re o B erti n o , a l a m e a n d very old m a n , wa s m a n gled in a
most sho cki n g m an n er , a n d a t le n gth ha d his belly ripped
op e n , a n d hi s b o wel s c a rried a b o ut o n the po i n t o f a ha l
.
.
-
.
.
°
.
he r d
.
A protest a n t l a dy n a med Co n st a n ti a Bello n e was a p
prehe n ded o n a c co un t o f her fa ith , a n d a sked by a priest
ld re n o un c e the devil a n d go to m a ss to wa i ch
if she wo u
I wa s bro u
ght up in a religio n by whi ch 1
sh e replie d ,
ght to re n o un c e the devi l ; b ut sho uld i
was a l wa ys ta u
202
Fo x
’
s n o o n o r MA R T Y R S
.
in t o a p ool o f st a g na n t wa ter , an d compelled ,by me a ns o f
pi t c h-fo r ks a n d sto n es , to d uck do wn the ir he a d s ti ll they
ffo c a ted with the ste n ch
wer e s u
A n um be r o f soldiers a ss a ulte d the ho use o f Josepl~
G ar n ie r o ,a n d b e fo r e they e n tered ,fir ed in a t the wi n do w,
a n d shot Mr s
G a r n ier e , wh o was a t th a t i n st a n t s uckl i n g
her child S he begged them to sp a re the li fe o f the i n fa n t,
whi ch they p r o m ised to do , a n d se n d it i mm edi a tely to a
r se
They the n seized the h usb a nd
Rom a n c a tholi c n u
a n d h a n ged him a t his o wn door , a n d h a vi n g shot the W i
th r o ugh the he a d , le ft her b ody welteri n g in its blood
Is a i a h Mo n do n , a n a ged a nd pio us protest a n t , fled fro n
the merciless pe r se c uto r s to a cle ft in a ro ck , where he
s uffered the m ost d r e a d ful h a rdship s ; for , in the midst o f
the wi n te r he wa s fo r ced to lie o n the b ar e sto n e , witho ut
ld scr a tch up
a n y cove r i n g ; his food wa s the roots he co u
n e a r his mise r a ble h a b it a tio n , a n d the o n ly wa
by
hi
ch
w
y
he co u
ld proc ur e dri n k , wa s to put s n o w in his m o uth till
i t m elted He r e , ho weve r , so m e o f t he soldie r s fo un d him
a n d a fter h e a ti n g h i m u
n me r ci fu
lly ,they drove h im to wa r d
L ucern e , go a di n g him a ll the wa y w ith the poi n ts o f their
s words B e i n g e x ceed i n gly we a ke n ed by his m an n e r o f
livi n g ,a n d e x h a us t ed b y the blo ws he ha d re ceive d , he fell
d o w n in the ro a d They a g a i n b e a t him to m a ke hi m pr o
ce e d ,till o n his k n ees he i m lo r ed the m to
t h im o u
t of
p
pu
hi s m ise r y This they a t l a st a g r eed to do ; a n d o ne o f
the m sho t h im th r o ugh the he a d , s ayi n g , There , he r etic ,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
t a ke thy req uest
To s c r ee n the m selves fr om d a n ger , a n um be r o f m e n ,
wome n , a n d child r e n fled to a l a r ge c a ve ,whe r e they c o n
ti n n ed for so m e weeks in s a fety , t wo o f the m e n go i n g by
ste a lth to p r o c ure p r ovisio n s These we r e , ho weve r , o n e
d a y wa tche d , by whi ch the c a ve wa s discove r ed , a n d soo n
a fter
a
t r oop o f Ro m a n c a t holics a ppe a r ed b e fore it
Ma n y o f these we r e n eighbo ur s a n d i n ti m a te a cq ua i n t a n c e
a n d some eve n r el a ti o n s to those in the c a ve
The pro
t e s t a n t s , the r e fore , c a m e o u
t a n d i m plo r ed the m by t h
t ies o f hospit a li t y a n d o f blood , n o t to m u
rder the m Bu
th e b igoted wr e t cu
e s told the m they co u
ld n o t sho w a n}
m e r cy to he r etics , a n d , the r e fo r e , b a de the m a ll pr e p a r t
to die He a ri n g this , a n d k n o wi n g the obd ur a cy o f the i
e n e m ies , t he protesta nts fell on their k n ee s, li fte d t he i
”
.
.
.
.
'
.
r ox
'
s
BO OK or
MA R T YRS
203
.
he a rts t o h e a ve n , a n d
p a tie n tly a wa ited th e ir fa te ; whi ch
the p a p ists soo n de cided by c utti n g them to p ie c e s
.
H er o ic D efen ce of t h e P r otes ta n ts of R om s
.
The blood o f t h e fa ith ful be i n g a l m ost e x h a usted in all
the to wn s a n d vill a ges o f P iedmo n t , there rem a i n ed b u
t
o n e pl a ce th a t h a d bee n e x e m pte d fr o m the ge n e r a l sl a u
gh
ter
T his wa s the lit t le co mm o n a lty o f Ro r a s ,wh i ch stood
up o n a n e m i n e n ce
ke o f S a voy s
Of this o n e o f the d u
o ffi ce r s determi n ed , if possible , t o m a ke h im s el f m a ster ;
wi t h th a t vi e w he det a ched th r ee h u
n dr ed m e n to su
r
pr i se it
The i n h a b it a n ts , ho wever , h a d i n tellige n ce o f the a p
a G ia n a v e l, a
pro a ch o f these troops , a n d c a pt a i n Josh u
b r a ve protest a n t o ffi ce r , p ut hi m sel f a t the he a d o f a sm a ll
body o f the citize n s , a n d wa i ted in a m b usc a de to a tt a ck
the e n e m y in a n a rro w p a ss a ge , the o n ly pl a ce by w hi ch
the to wn co uld be a pp r o a ched
As soo n a s the t r o ops a ppe a red , a n d h a d e n tered the
p a ss a ge , the prote st a n ts co m m e n ced a w ell dire cted fire
a g a i n st
the m , a n d kept themselve s co n ce a led b e hi n d
bu
sh e s
A gre a t n umber o f the soldiers were kill ed , a n d
the rest re ceivi n g a co n ti n ua l fi r e , a n d n ot see i n g a ny to
w ho m they might ret u
r n it , m a de a pre ci p it a te r et r e a t
The me m b e r s o f this little co m m un ity i m med i a tely se n t
a me m ori a l to the m a rq u
is o f Pia n n e s s a , a ge n er a l o ffi cer
o f the d u
ke , st a ti n g , Th a t they we r e sorry to b e un der
the n e cessity o f t a ki n g up a rm s ; b ut th a t the s e cr e t a p
pro a ch o f a b ody o f troops , witho ut a n y p r evio us n oti ce
se n t o f the p ur pose o f the ir co m i n g , h a d gr e a tly a l a r m ed
the m ; th a t a s i t wa s thei r c usto m n eve r to s uffer a n y o f
he milit a ry to e n ter their little co m m un ity , they h a d r e
ld do so a g a i n ; b ut in a ll
p e lle d fo r ce by fo r ce , a n d sho u
othe r respe cts they p r o fessed the m selves d ut i ful , ob edie n t,
a n d loy a l s u
bj e cts to thei r sove r eig n the d uke o f S a v oy
The m a r q uis , in o r der to del ude a n d s ur pri se them , e u
swe r e d ,
Th a t h e wa s p e r fe ctly s a tisfied with th eir b eh a
v i e nt ,for they h ad do n e right a n d eve n re n dered a se r vi ce
,
to th e ir co u
n try , a s the m e n wh o h a d
a tte m pted to p a ss
the defile were n ot his troop s , b ut a b a n d o f d e sper a t e
ro bb ers , wh o h a d for so m e ti m e in fested thos e
p a ts,
.
’
.
.
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-
.
.
‘
.
r
204
F
o x s B O O K o r M A R T Y RS
’
.
ri n g co un t r y
To give
b e e n a terror to the n e ighbo u
r to his tre a che r y , he p ublishe d a pro cl a m a
a g r e a ter co lo u
tio n to the s a m e p ur pose ,e x p r ess ive o f th a n ks to the c i t i
ze n s o f Ro r a s
The ve r y d a y a fte r , ho wever , he se n t five h un dred m e n
t o t a ke possessio n o f the to wn , w hile the people , a s h e
tho ugh t ,we r e l u
l led i n to sec u
r ity by h is a r tifice
C a pt a i n G ia na ve l,h o we ver ,wa s n o t th us to be de ce ived ;
sc a de fo r these troop s
he , there fo r e , l a id a seco n d a m b u
a n d co m pelled the m to r eti r e wi th g r e a t loss
Foiled in these t wo a ttempts , the s a n g ui n a ry m a r qui s
determi n ed o n a thi r d , still m o r e fo r m id a ble b ut ,with h is
a nd
.
.
.
.
pli city , he p ublished a n othe r p r o cl a m a tio n , dis
us ua l d u
o wn i n g a ny k n o wledge o f the se co n d a tte m pt
He soo n a fter se n t seve n h un d r ed chose n m e n upo n t h e
e x peditio n , wh o , in sp ite o f the fire fr o m the p r otest a n ts ,
r de r
fo r ced the defile , e n te r ed Ror a s , a n d beg a n to m u
eve r y pe r so n they m et w ith , w itho ut d isti n cti o n o f s e x o r
C
a pt a i n G ia n a v a l,a t the he a d o f his fr ie n ds ,tho u
gh
a e
g
he h a d lost the de file , dete r m i n ed to disp ute the p a ss a ge
thro ugh a fortified p a ss th a t led to the r i chest a n d best p a rt
He r e he s ucceeded , by keep i n g up a co n
o f the to wn
tio n , hi s m e n b e in g all
a l fire , w hic h did g r e a t e x ec u
t in u
good m a rks m e n The Ro m a n c a tholi c co m m an der wa s
a sto n ished a n d dism a yed a t this oppositio n ,a s b e i m a gi n ed
th a t he h a d s urm o un ted a ll di f fic ulties He ,ho weve r ,st r ove
to fo r ce the p a ss , b ut bei n g a ble to b r i n g up o n ly twelve
red
m e n in fr o n t a t a ti m e , a n d the protest a n ts b ei n g se c u
by a b r e a st wo r k , he s a w a ll his hopes fr ustr a ted
E n r a ged a t the loss o f so m a n y o f his t r oops , a n d
l o f d isgr a ce if he persisted in a tte m pti n g wh a t
fe ar fu
ght it wise r to retre a t
a ppe a r ed so i m p r a cti c a ble , he tho u
Un willi n g , ho wever , to withdr a w his m en by the defile
n t o f the d a n ge r ,b e de
a t whi ch he h a d e n te r ed ,o n a cco u
s ig n ed to r e t r e a t to w a rd Vill a r o , by a n othe r p a ss c a lle d
gh h a rd o f a cce s s ,wa s e a sy o f desce n t
Pia m p r a ,whi ch ,tho u
Here ,ho wever ,he a g a i n felt the dete r m i n ed b r a ve r y o f c a p
t a i n G ian a ve l, wh o h a vi n g posted his little b a n d here
gr e a tly a n n oyed the t r oops a s they p a ssed , a n d eve n p ur
ed thei r re a r till they e n tered the ope n co un try
su
The m a r quis o f Pia n essa , fi n di n g a ll his a ttempts b a f
fled , a n d a ll h is a r tifi ces d isc ov er ed , resol ve d to thro w o ff
.
.
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.
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.
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2 06
F OX
s
B O OK o r
A T YRS
M R
.
s ain ts To d eli v e r up t hei r m i n is t e r s a n d sch o olm as
te r s
To go to co n fessio n To p ay lo a n s fo r t h e deliv e ry
o f so u
ls fr o m p ur ga t o r y ; an d t o gi v e up C a p t a i n G ia n a ve l
r ch a t disc r e t io n
a n d t h e elde r s o f t h e ch u
The b r a v e i n h a bi t a n t s , i n di gn a n t a t t hese p r opo sa ls , an
‘‘
sw e r e d
Th a t soo n e r t h a n co m ply w i t h t he m t hey w o uld
s uffe r t hei r es t a t es t o b e seized , t hei r ho uses t o be b ur n t ;
”
n d t hemse v e s t o b e m u
r de r ed
E n r a ged a t t his , th e m a r quis se n t t hem th e follo w i n g la
co n i c le tt e r
th e
.
.
.
.
.
.
To t7ze obs tina te Her etics of Rom s
.
Yo u sh al l
h a ve yo ur r e ques t , fo r the tr oop s se n t
a a i n st
o u h a v e s t r ic t i nj u
n c t io n s t o
pl un de r , b ur n an d
g
y
k i ll
PIANE S S A
’
“
.
.
The t h r ee a r m ies w e r e a cco r di n gly p ut in m o t io n , a n d
t h e fi r s t a tt a ck o r de r e d t o b e m ad e by t h e r ocks o f Vill a r o
th e seco n d by t h e p a ss o f B a n o l , a n d t h e t hi r d by t h e de
g
file o f L uce rn e
As m i gh t b e e x p ect ed , fr o m th e s upe r io r i t y o f n um b e r s ,
t h e t r oop s g a i n ed th e r ocks , p a ss , a n d defile , e n t e r ed th e
t o w n ,a n d co m m e n ced t h e m os t ho r r i d dep r ed a t o n s
M
en
ii
r n t , r a cked t o de a t h , o r c u
t hey h a n ged , b u
t t o p eces
wo
m e n they r i ped op e n , c r ucified , d r o w n ed , o r t h r e w fr o m
p
th e
p r ecip i ces a n d child r e n t hey t ossed up o n spe a r s ,
t t hei r b r a i n s
m i n ced , c ut t hei r t h r o a t s , o r d a shed o u
On
n ,on e
n d r ed a n d
u
t h e fi r st d a
to
w
h
o f t hei r
a in i n g th e
y
g
ffe r e d i n t hi s m a n n e r
t w e n t y si x su
Ag r ee a bly t o t h e o r de r s o f th e m ar quis , t hey like w ise
p l un de r ed t h e est a t e s , a n d b ur n t th e ho uses o f th e p eople
Se v e r a l p r o t es t a n t s , ho w e v e r , m a de t hei r esc a pe un d e r
ct o f th e b r a v e G ia n a v e l, w hose w i fe a n d chi ld r e n
th e co n d u
w er e u
n de r
n fo r t u
n a t ely m a de p r iso n e r s , a n d se n t t o T u
r in u
a str on
g
u
ar d
g
The m a r q ui s , t hi n ki n g t o co n que r a t le a st th e m i n d o f
G ian a v e l, w r o t e h im a le tt e r , a n d r ele a sed a p r o t es t a n t
p r ison e r t h a t he m i gh t c a r r y it t o h im The co n t e n t s w e r e,
t h a t if th e c a p t a i n w o u
ld e m b r a ce th e Ro m a n c a t holi c r e
ligio n , he sho uld be i n de m n ified fo r a ll his losses si n ce th e
ld
c om m e n ce m e nt o f t h e
w a r his w ife an d child r e n sho u
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
~
.
F
ox s BO O K o r
M A RT Y R S
’
2 07
.
he i m m edi a t ely r ele a sed , a n d hi m sel f ho n o ur a b ly p r o
ke o f S a v oy s a r m y ; b ut if he r e fused t o
m e t e d in t h e d u
r e o s a ls m a de t o h im , hi s W i fe a n d child r e n
a ccede t o t h e
p p
sho uld b e p ut t o de a t h ; a n d so l a r ge a r e w a r d sho uld b e
m
o f his
v e n t o ta ke h im , de a d o r a li v e , t h a t e v e n
i
so
e
g
o w n co n fide n t i a l
fr ie n ds s h o uld , fr o m th e gr e a t n ess o f t h
m , be t e m p t ed t o be tr a y h im
su
To t his G ia n a v e l r e t ur n ed t h e follo w i n g a n s w e r
’
,
.
My L O RD MA RQ UI S
.
The r e i s n o t o r m e n t so gr e a t , o r de a t h so c r uel , th a t
I w o uld n o t p r e fe r t o the a bj ur a t io n o f my r eli gi o n ; so
t h a t p r o m ises lose t hei r e ff ec t s , a n d m e n a ces do b u
t s t r e n th
g
e n m e in m
f
a i th
y
W i t h r espec t t o my w i fe a n d child r e n , m y lo r d , n o
t hi n g c a n b e m o r e a fflic tin g t o m e t h an t h e t ho u
gh t s o f t hei r
co n fin e m e n t , o r m o r e d r e a d ful t o m y i m a gi n a t io n , t h an
t hei r s u
ffe r i n gs an d v iole n t de a t h
I kee n ly feel a ll t h e
t e n de r se n s a t io n s o f a h u
sb a n d a n d a p a r e n t ; I w o uld suf
fe r a n y t o r m e n t to r esc ue t he m ; I w o ul d die t o p r ese r v e
the m
B ut h a v in g s a i d t h us m uch , m y lo r d , I a ss u
re
o ut h a t
y
r ch a se o f t hei r li v e s m u
th e p u
s t n o t b e th e p r i ce o f m y
s a l v a t io n Y o u h a v e t he m in yo ur p o w e r it i s t r ue ; b ut
m y co n sol a t i o n I S ,t h a t yo u
r
p o w e r is o n ly a t e m p o r a r y
au
t ho r i t y o v e r t hei r bodies :
y o u m a y des t r oy th e m o r t a l
p ar t ,b ut t hei r i m m o r t al so uls ar e o ut o f yo ur r e a ch a n d
w ill li v e he r e a ft e r t o b e a r t e s t i m o n y a ga i n t y o ufo r
o ur
c r uel t ies I th e r e fo r e r eco m m e n d t he m an d m ysel f t o Go d ,
a n d p r a y fo r a r e fo r m a t io n in yo u
r he a r t
J O S HUA G IANAVEL
.
.
.
.
v
s
.
.
.
H e then w i t h his follo w e r s r etir ed t o th e Al 3 , w he r e ,
bei n g a ft e r w ar d j oi n ed by se v e r a l p r o t est an t o flibe r s ,w i th
a
co n side r a ble n um b e r o f fugiti v e p r o t e st an t s , th ey c o n
j o in t ly de fe n ded t he m sel v e s , a n d m a de se v e r a l s uccess fu
a tt a cks u
po n t h e R o m a n C a t h oli c t o w n s a n d fo r ces c ar r y
in g t e r r o r by th e v a lo u
r o f t h ei r e x p loi t s a n d t h e b old n ess o f
t hei r e n t e r r ises
p
N eve r theless , th e disp r op o r t io n be t w ee n th ei r fo r ce s an d
t hose o f t hei r e n e m ies w a s so g r e a t th a t n o r e a so n a bl e e x
e c ta t io n s co u
b
e e n t e r t a i n ed o f t hei r u
ld
l t im a t e success
p
.
,
'
2 08
F
O X S B OO K o r
M A R T YR S
’
.
w h i ch in d u
ced m a n y
p r o t es ta n t p r in ces a n d s ta tes ,in v a
r io n s
p a r t s o f E ur op e , t o i n t e r es t t he m sel v es in fa v o ur o f
r a geo u
s s uffe r e r s fo r r eli gi o us an d ci v il lib e r t y
t hese c o u
A m o n g t hese in t e r cesso r s ,t h e p r o t esta n t c an t o n s o f S witz
e r l a n d e a r ly dis t i n gui shed t he m sel v es an d a s th ei r m edi
w a s r ej e c t ed by t h e d uke o f S a v oy , t hey r a i sed c o n
a t i on
m s o f m o n ey , by p r i v a t e s u
bsc r ip t ion s , fo r th e
Bi d e r a b le s u
a ssis t a n ce o f t h e b r a v e de
e lie f o f t h e fu i t i v es a n d t h e
g
fe n de r s o f t h ei r n a t i v e v a lleys
No r did t hey li m i t t h e iJ
ki n d n ess t o p ec un i a r y r elie f ; t hey de sp a t ched a m esse n ger
r p o se o f p r oc u
t o t h e U n i t ed Pr o vi n ces , fo r th e p u
r in g su
b
ch
go
v e r n me n t
t
s c r i t io n s , an d t h e i n t e r fe r e n ce o f t h e D u
p
in fa v o ur o f th e P ied m o n t es e , b o t h o f w hich t h ey a t le n gt h
ob t a i n e d They t he n m a de a n o t he r a t t e m p t t o p r e v a il o n
ke o f S a v oy t o gr an t h is p r o t e st an t s ubj ec t s lib er ty
t he d u
o f co n scie n ce , a n d t o r es t o r e t h e m t o t hei r a n ci e n t p r i n
le g e s ; b ut this , a ft e r m uch e v a sio n o n th e p a r t o f t he d u
ke ,
a l so fa iled
B ut th a t G o d w hom t h ey w o r shipp e d in p ur i t y o f spi r i t ,
n o w r a ised t he m u a m o r e po w e r fu
l ch a m pio n in t he per
p
This
s o n o f O li v e r C r o m w ell , L o r d P r o t ec t o r o f E n gl an d
e x t r a o r di n a r y m a n , h o w eve r c r i m i n a l in th e me a n s by
w hich he ob t a i n e d p o w e r , ce r t a i n ly d ese r v es th e p r a ise o f
ha v i n g e x e r cise d it w i t h di gn i t y a n d fi r m n e ss a n d if hi s
usur p a t io n b e ce n sur e d , it m ust b e a ck n o w led ge d t h a t h e
r a ise d
E n gl a n d t o a st a t io n a m o n g t h e n ei gh b o ur i n g
po w e r s t o w h ich it h a d n e v e r b e fo r e a t ta i n e d F r o m t h e
s t seized , he dic ta t ed t o th e m os t
t h r o n e w hich he h a d j u
r op e
o
a n d n e v e r w a s hi s i n fl u
e
t e n t m o n a r ch s o f E u
n ce
p
m o r e j us t ly e x e r cised t h a n in b eh a l f o f t h e p e r secut e d
p r o t es t a n t s o f Pied m o n t H e c a use d s ub sc r ip t io n s t o b e
t E n lan d in t h ei r fa v o u
r
h e se n t a n
s e t o n foo t t h r o u ho u
g
g
e n v oy t o t h e co ur t o f F r an ce , an d w r o t e t o a ll th e p r o
r op e , t o i n t e r e st
t he m in t h e s a m e
te s ta n t p o w e r s o f E u
a t che d a n a m b a ss a do r t o th e co u
ood
c
au
se
H
e
d
esp
r t of
g
Tur i n ,w h o w a s r ecei v e d w i t h gr e a t r esp ec t by t h e d uke ,
w h o p r e t e n ded t o j us t i fy his t r e a tm e n t o f t h e Pie d m o n
n de r th e p r e t e n c e o f t hei r b ei n g r eb ellio u
s
t ese , u
B ut C r o m w ell w o ul d n o t s uffe r h im sel f t o b e t r i fled
his am b a ss a do r gav e th e d uke t o un de r s t an d th a t if
wi t h
n e o c ia tio n fa iled , ar m s w o u
ld
b
e
h
a d r e co u
r se t o
an d a s
g
tch gov e r nme nt
th e k in gs o f D e n m ar k an d S w ede n ,th e D u
.
~
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
Fox
’
s
B O OK o r
MAwr vRs
.
g m e n te d with a re in fo rc e
le ct e d a l a rge a r my , which b e a u
ccess fu
m e n t o f Fre n ch a n d S wiss t r oops ; a n d wa s s o s u
in seve r a l e n g a ge m e n ts a g a i n st the protest a n ts , th a t t he
l a tte r , des p a i r i n g o f s uccess , co n se n ted to lay do wn thei r
it the co unt r y ,o n h is solem n pro m ise o f s a fety
a r m s a n d qu
fo r themselves , thei r fa m ilies , a n d p r ope r ty
.
No soo n er were they d is a r m ed , th a n the tre a chero us
p a pists , a cti n g upo n their m a x i m th a t n o fa ith is to b e kept
with hereti cs , m a ss a c r ed a l a rge body o f the m , in cold
blood , witho ut d isti n ctio n o f a ge o r se x : a n d b urn t an d
n t r y in eve r y di r e ctio n
a va e d the co u
g
The ho r r o r s p e r p e t r a t e d b y these fa ithless a n d b igo ted
mo n s t ers a l m ost e x ceed beli e f W e w ill n o t we a r y a n d
disg ust o ur r e a de r s with the r ec it a l s uffice it to s a y , th a t
eve r y v a r iety o f r a pi n e , l ust , a n d c r uelty , wa s e x h a usted
by these de m o n s in h um a n sh a pe Those p r o t est a n ts who
n a te e n o u
gh t o esc a pe , fo un d a n a syl um in the
w e r e fo r t u
S wiss c an to n s a n d in Ger m a n y , whe r e they we r e tr e a te d
k i n dly a n d l a n ds g r a n ted to the m fo r thei r r eside n ce
The n a t ur a l co n seq ue n ce o f these ho r r ible p r o ceedi n gs
wa s ,th a t the fr u
it ful v a lleys o f P ied m o n t we r e depop ul a ted
a n d desol a te
a n d the b a r b a r o u
s m o n ster wh o h a d c a used
this dev a st a tio n , n o w feeli n g its ill e ffects , t r ied , by a ll
m e a n s in his po we r , to d r a w Ro m a n C a tholi c fa m ilies fro m
r ope , to repeople t h e v a lleys , a n d to c u
lti
a ll p a rts o f E u
v a te the fields whi ch h a d bee n bl a sted by the m alig n a n t
b r e a t h o f bigo t r y
S o m e o f the e x iles , in the me a n while ,a n i m a ted by th a t
a r wa r m th in thei r
love of c o u
n tr
hi
ch
glo
w
s
ith
pe
c
u
li
w
w
y
b r e a sts , dete r m i n ed to m a ke a n a tte m pt to reg a i n a p a r t
Ac
o f thei r n a t ive v a lleys , or to perish in t h e a tte m pt
n dred o f the m , wh o h a d resided d u
rin
c o r d in gly , n i n e h u
g
their e x ile n e a r the l a ke o f Ge n ev a , crossi n g it in the
t resist a n ce , a n d seizi n g t wo
n ight , e n te r ed S a voy witho u
villa ges obt a i n ed p r ovisi o n s , for whi ch they p a id , a n d im
ke h a d n ot ice
medi a tely p a ssed the river Arve ,be fore the d u
n try
o f their a r r iv a l in the co u
W he n he be c a m e a cqua i n ted with this , he w a s a sto
n is he d a t the bold n ess o f the e n te r prise , a n d desp a tche d
a rd the d e file s a n d p a sse s ; w hich , h o wever,
tr o op s to g u
mbers of
we r e a ll forced by the protest a n ts , a nd gre a t nu
the S a vo va r d troo ps de fe a t ed
.
‘
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
Fox s
B O OK o r
M Aa r v a s
2 1]
.
Ala rmed by this i n tellige n ce a n d st ill m o r e by a repor t
th a t a g r e a t body of the e x iles wa s a dv a n ci n g fro m B r a n de n
b ur g to s uppo r t those a l r e a dy in S a v oy ,a n d th a t m a ny pr o
t est an t st a t e s m e a n t t o a ssist the m i n t heir a t te m pts to r e
ga i n a footi n g in their n a tive co un t r y , the d uke p ublish e d
a n e di ct by which h e restored the m to a ll thei r for m e r
p r ivileges
This j ust a n d h um a n e co n d uct was , ho wever , so di s
ple a si n g to th a t b igoted a n d fe r o c io us tyr a n t , Lo uis X I V
ke o f S a voy t o
o f F r a n ce ,t h a t he se n t a n o r de r to the d u
e x ti r p a t e e v e r y p r o t es t a n t in his do m i n io n s a n d t o a ssist
him in t h e e x e c u
tio n o f thi s ho rr ible p r oj e ct , o r to p un i sh
him if he w e r e u
n w illi n g t o e n g a ge in it , M C a t in e t w a s
m en
de sp a tched a t t he he a d o f a n ar m y o f
This
i n sole n t di c t a t io n i r r i t a t ed the d uke ; he de te r m i n ed n o
lo n ge r t o be t he sl a ve o f t he F r e n ch ki n g , a n d soli ci ted
t h e a id o f t he e m pe r o r o f Ge r m a n y a n d the ki n g o f S p a i n ,
w h o se n t l a r ge b odies o f t r oo p s to his a ssist a n ce
B e i ng
a lso
n ed , a t hi s o w n r e q u
oi
est ,by the p r o t est a n t a r m y , he
j
hesi t a t ed n o lo n ge r to decl a r e wa r a g a i n s t F r a n ce ; a n d in
the c a m p a ig n whi ch fo llo wed , hi s p r o t est a n t s ubj e cts w e r e
o f i n fi n i t e se r vi ce by t heir v a lo u
r a n d r esol u
tio n The
Fr e n ch t r oops we r e a t le n g t h d r i v e n fr o m P ie d m o n t , a n d
t he he r oi c p r o t est a n ts we r e r ei n s t a t ed in t hei r fo r m er p os
sessio n s ,t hei r a n ci e n t p r ivileges co n fi r m ed , a n d m a n y n e w
o n es g r a n t ed to t he m The e x iles n o w r et ur n ed fr o m
G e r m a n y a n d S witze r l a n d a n d we r e a c co m p a n ied by
m a n y F r e n ch r e fu
gees , whom the c r uel perse c uti o n s o f
L o uis h a d d r i v e n fr o m their n a tive l a n d in se arch o f the
t ole r a t io n d e n ied to t hem a t ho m e
Bu
ri a ted
t t his i n fu
bigot , n o t y e t gl utted wi th reve n ge , i n sisted o n thei r b ei n g
e x pelled fr o m P ied m o n t ; a n d the d u
ke o f S a voy , a n x ious
fo r pe a ce , w a s co m p elled to co m p ly with t hi s m ercile ss de
m an d , be fo r e t h e F r e n ch ki n g w o u
ld sig n t h e t r e a t y T he
wa n de r e r s , t h u
s d r ive n fr o m t h e so u
ght
th o f Eu
r ope , so u
a n d fo u
n d a n a syl u
m fr o m the hos p i t a li t y o f the electo r o f
Br a n d e n b u
r g , a n d co n soled the m sel v es fo r the loss o f a
ge n i a l cl i m a te a n d a delight ful co un t r y ,in the e nj oy m e n t o f
the more s ubst a n t i a l blessi n gs o f libe r t y o f co nsc ie n ce a nd
of
r o ve rt
r it
rec u
y
p
y
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2 12
Fo x
’
s
B OOK o r
M A RT Y RS
PART V
.
s es wh is k led t o t h e Ref or ma t i on
Ca u
.
C
H A PT ER I
.
l
r in
t
i
d
e A es
e P o es d u
d
r a t i on o
t
h
h
e
M
Usu
g
f
p
g
p
.
IN the pre cedi n g p age s we h a ve h a d o cc a sio n t o tre a t oi
the rise a n d pro gr ess o f popery , fr om the comme n ce m e n t
s ur p a tio n s to the te n th ce n tur y From this pe r iod ,
o f its u
till the re form a tio n wa s a tte m pted by VVickliffe ,the a b o m i
n ch r isti a n he r eti cs i n c r e a se d
n a t io n s o f these a r ch a n d u
~
w ith r a pid st r ides , till a t le n g t h a ll the sove r eig n s o f Eu
r ope were co m pelled to do the m the m ost servi le hom a ge
I t wa s in the reig n o f E dg a r ,ki n g o f E n gl a n d , th a t m o n ks
we r e fir st m a de spirit u
a l m i n isters , tho u
gh co n tra r y to the
de c r ees a n d c ustom o f the ch urch ; a n d in the time o f this
sove r eig n they were a llo wed to m a rry , the r e b ei ng n o la w
Il
ftp id d in g it , b e fo r e the p a p a cy o f Grego ry VII
’
.
.
.
To rel a te the ty r a n n ic a l i n n ov a tio n s upo n the religi o n
ri n g the s p a ce o f more th a n three h un d r ed
o f Ch r ist d u
ye a rs ,wo uld b e the provi n ce o f a writer o n chur ch history ,
ite i n comp a tible with o ur li m its S uffi ce it to s ay ,
a n d i s qu
th a t s c a r cely a foreig n war o r civi l b r oil co n vulsed E ur ope
d ur i n g th a t pe r iod , wh ich did n o t o r igi n a te in the i n fe r n a l
a r t ifi ce s o f popes , m o n ks , a n d fr i a r s
They fr eque n tly fell
vi cti m s to thei r o wn m a chi n a tio n s fo r ,fr o m the ye a r 1 004 ,
m a n y popes died viole n t de a ths : seve r a l we r e poiso n ed ;
Sylveste r wa s cut to p ie ces by his o wn people ; a n d the
reig n s o f his s uccesso r s w ere b ut short Be n edict , wh o
succeeded Joh n XX L , tho ught proper to resist the e m pe
ror He n r y III ,a n d pla ce in his room P eter , ki n g o f Hun
g a r y b ut a fte r wa r d bein g a l armed by the s uccess o f
He n ry , he s o ld his se a t to G r a t ia n us , c a lled G r egory VI
At this ti m e the r e were th r ee pope s in Rome , a ll st r ivi n g
a g a i n st e a ch other fo r the s u
p r e m e p o wer , viz B e n edict
I X , Sylveste r III a n d G r ego r y VI But the empero r
Henry ,comi ng to Rome ,dis pl a ced these three mo ns ters at
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
Fo x s
B OO K
or
MARTYfi S
.
Su
bmis s i o n of th e E mp er or Hen r y I V t o t h e P o e
p
.
To s uch a hei ght h a d p a pa l i n so le n ce n o w a t t a i n ed ,t he :
o n the e m pe r o r He n r y I V r e fu
si n g to s ub m i t t o so m e de
crees o f po p e G r ego r y VII , the l a t te r e x co m m un ic a t e t
mm , a n d a bsolved a ll his s ubj e cts fr o m t he i r o a th o f a lle
gia n ce to h im ; o n this he wa s dese r ted by the n obili ty ,
a n d d r e a di n g the co n seq u
e n ces , tho ugh a b r a ve m a n , he
b m issi o n He a cco r di n gl y
fo u
n d it n e cess a r y to m a ke his s u
s iu
m , whe r e the p o p e th e n
r ep a i r ed to the city o f C a n u
wa s , a n d we n t b a r e fo oted wit h his w i fe a n d child to t he
r e he r e m a i n ed fr o m m o r n i n g to n ight fa sti n g ,
te
he
a
w
;
g
h um bly desi r i n g a bsol utio n , a n d c r a v i n g to be let in But
ed th us t hr ee d a ys
n o i n gress bei n g give n h im , he co n ti n u
t ogethe r ; a t le n g t h a n s w e r c a m e ,th a t h is holi n ess h a d yet n o
leis ur e to t a lk wi t h him The e m pe r o r pa t ie n tly wa ited wi t h
i
n the dep t h o f w i n te r
h
At le n gt h his r e
ou
t the wa lls ,tho u
g
quest wa s gr a n ted , th r o ugh t h e e n t r e a ti es o f Ma tild a , t he
po p e s p a r a m o ur On the fo ur th d a y , bei n g let in , fo r a
toke n o f his tr ue r epe n t a n ce , he yielded to the po pe
h a n ds his c r o wn , a n d co n fessed hi m sel f un wo r t hy o f the
e m pi r e ,if he eve r a g a i n o ffe n ded a g a i n st the pope , desi r
The pope
n g fo r th a t ti m e to be a bsolved a n d fo r give n
ld n ei t he r fo r give him ,n or rele a se t he bo n d
a n s we r ed ,he w o u
n ic a t i o n , b u
t u
p o n co n d it on th a t he wo uld
of his e x com m u
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
’
.
.
s
F
o x s no o n o r MA RT Y RS
2l b
’
.
bide by his a rb itre m e n t in the co un c il ,a n d un de r go s uch
pe n a n ce as he sho uld e nj oi n h im ; th a t he sho uld a n s we r
s a t io n s l a id a g a i n st him , a n d th a t
t o a ll obj e ctio n s a n d a cc u
he sho uld n ever seek reve n ge ; th a t it sho uld b e a t t h e
pope s ple a s ur e whe t h er his ki n gdo m sho uld be restored o r
Fi n a lly , th at b e fo r e the tr i a l o f his c a use , he sho uld
no t
s ur p the a utho r ity
s e his ki n gly or n a m e n ts , n o r u
n eithe r u
b
to gove rn n o r to e x a ct a n y o a th o f a llegi a n ce fr o m his s u
These
t hi n gs bei n g p r o m ised to the pope b y
e c t s , &c
;
po n fr om e x co mm un i
n o a th , the emperor was rele a sed u
a
’
.
.
i
za t io n .
rr en d er s his C r own t o t h e P op e
K i ng J o h n s u
.
The a sce n de n cy o f the popes wa s n ever mo r e fully evi n
o e d th a n by a rem a r k a ble fa ct in t he history o f E n gl a n d
K i n g Joh n h a vi n g i n c ur r ed the h a t r ed o f his b a r o n s a n d
people by his cruel a n d ty r a n n i c a l m e a s ures ,they took a r m s
a g a i n st h im , a n d o ffe r ed the cro wn to L o u
is , s o n o f the
F r e n ch ki n g By seizi n g the possessio n s o f the clergy ,
Joh n h a d a lso fa lle n un de r the disp l e a s ure o f the pope ,
n de r a n i n te r di ct , a n d
wh o a ccordi n gly l a id the ki n gdo m u
bj e cts fr o m thei r a llegi a n ce Al a r m ed a t
a bsolved his s u
t his the ty r a n t e a r n estly s u
ed for pe a ce w ith hi s holi n ess ,
hop i n g by his m edi a tio n to ob t a i n fa v o ur a ble t er m s fr o m
n de r s to terr i fy t he m i n to s u
b m is
t h e b a ro n s , o r by his th u
He m a de the m ost a bj e ct s uppli c a tio n s , a n d the
s io n
r ch ,
pope , eve r w illi n g to i n c r e a se the p o we r o f the ch u
s e n t c a r di n a l Pa n d u
lf a s leg a te to the ki n g a t C a n te r b u
ry ,
to who m Joh n r esig n ed hi s c r o wn a n d do m i n io n s
a n d the
c a r di n a l , a fter r et a i n i n g the c r o wn five d a ys in toke n o f
pos sessio n , r et ur n ed it to the ki n g o n co n ditio n o f h is
m a ki n g a ye a r ly p a y m e n t o f o n e tho u
s a n d m a r ks to the
cour t o f Ro m e , a n d holdi n g the do m i n io n s o f E n gl a n d a n d
Ir ela n d in f a r m fr o m the pope
Bu
t if Joh n e x pe cted a n y be n efit fr om this m ost disgr a ce
fu
l t r an s a ctio n , he wa s dis a ppoi n ted a n d i n ste a d o f e nj oy
in g the cro wn whi ch he h a d so b a sely s u
r r e n dered a n d r e
ce iv e d a g a i n , the short rem a i n de r o f his li fe wa s d ist u
r bed
by co n ti n u
al in su
r re ctio n s , a n d he a t l a st e ither died o f
grie f, or by poiso n a d m i n istered to him by a mo n k o f the
co n v e n t of S win e z he a d in L i n col n shire
The l a tte r c a u
se
.
.
.
.
.
.
216
Fo x
’
s
80 3 K
or
a
r va s .
ss ig n ed by m a n y histo r i a n s , a n d we a r e to ld th a t the k ing,
s uspe c t i n g so m e fr ui t , whi ch wa s p r ese n t ed to h im a t the
a bove co n ve n t t o be po i s o n ed ,o r dered the m o n k who bro u
ght
it t o e a t o f it , whi ch he did , a n d died in a fe w ho urs a fte r
a
f
.
An E mp er or tr od d en un d er f oot by th e P op e
.
The p a p a l us ur p a tio n s we r e e x te n ded to every p a rt o f
rop e In Ge r m a n y , the e m peror F r ed e r i c wa s c o m
Eu
m
e lle d
to
s
u
b
i
t
to
b
e
trodde
n u
n der the feet o f P ope
p
Ale x a n de r ,a n d d a r ed n o t m a ke a ny resist a n ce In En g
l a n d , ho wever , a spi r it o f rese n t m e n t b r oke o ut in v ar io us
r eig n s ,in co n seq u
e n ce o f the opp r essio n s a n d hor r ible co n
d uct o f those a n ti chr isti a n bl a sphe m e r s , whi ch co n ti n ued
wi t h mo r e o r less vi ole n ce till the ti m e o f the gre a t W ick
li d e , o f whom we sh a ll spe a k more fu
lly in the follo wmg
a ges
p
.
.
-
'
.
Ac cou
nt o
f W ick lifi e, a n d of t h e Ma r ty r s wh o saf er e
in d ef en ce of h is D o ctr in es
.
The fi rst a tte m pts m a de in E n gl an d to wa r d the re form a
r ch , took pl a ce in t h e reig n o f Ed wa rd III
t io n o f the ch u
t A D 1 3 5 0, whe n Joh n W icklilfe a ppe a red Thi s
a bo u
e a r ly st a r o f t he E n glish ch ur ch wa s p ub li c r e a der o f di
vi n ity in the un ive r sity o f O x fo r d , a n d by the le a rn ed o f
hi s d ay , wa s a cco un ted deeply ve r sed in t heology , a n d a ll
kin ds o f philosophy Thi s e v e n his a dve r s a rie s a llo w ed ,
.
.
.
.
.
W a lde n , his b itterest e n e my , wr iti n g to pop e Ma r t i n ,
lly a sto n ished a t hi s stro n g a r
s a ys , t h a t he w a s wo n de r fu
r i t y w hi ch he h a d g a ther
tho
u
m
e n t s ,with the pl a ces o f a u
g
ed , w ith the vehe m e n ce a n d fo r ce o f his re a so n s , &c At
the t ime o f his a ppe a r a n ce the gr e a test d a r k n ess perv a de d
S c a r cely a n y thi n g b ut the n a m e o f Chris
t h e ch u
r ch
r e m a i n ed ; hi s t r u
e doctri n e be i n g a s fa r un k n o wn to the
most p a rt ,a s his n a m e wa s co m m o n to a ll As to fa ith ,c o n
se o f the la w, t h e o ffi ce o f Chris t
s ol a tio n , the e n d a n d u
ou
r i m pote n cy a n d w e a k n ess , the g r e a t n ess a n d stre n gt h
e wo r ks , g r a ce , a n d free j usti fic a tio n by fa i th
o f s in , o f t r u
whe r e i n C h r isti a n i t y co n sists , they we r e e ither n um o wn
or
dis r eg ar ded S cript ur e le a r n i n g a n d d ivi n ity were
kn o wn b u
t to a fe w, a n d th a t in the schools o n ly wh ere
as
.
.
.
.
.
2 18
F
’
o x s B O OK o r MA RT Y RS
.
seco n d time , W i ckli ffe e x pl a i n ed to the m his se n ti
me n ts w ith reg a r d t o the s a c r a me n t o f the e uch a r ist , in
p a pists ; fo r whi ch t he
o p positio n to the belie f o f the
b ishops o n ly e nj oi n ed h im s ile n ce , n o t d a ri n g a t th a t tim e
to pro ceed to g r e a t er e x t r emities a g a i n st him
in
g a
.
W icklif e Tr a n s la tes the B ible
.
W icklifle p ayi n g less rega rd to the i nj un ctio n s o f the
n ti n u
r om u
ty
to
God
co
ed
to
p
lg
a te
o is h o s th a n to h is d u
,
p
his doctri n es , a n d g r a d ua lly to un ve il the tr uth to the eyes
H e wrote sever a l books , which , a s m a y b e sup
of me n
po sed , g a ve g r e a t a l a r m a n d o ffe n ce to the cle r gy But
God r a isi n g h im up a p r ote cto r in the d uke o f L a n c a ste r ,
he wa s se c u
r e fr o m thei r m a li ce
He t r a n sl a ted the B ible
i n to E n glish , whi ch a m id the ig n o r a n ce o f the ti m es , m a y
be co m p a red to the s un b r e a ki n g fo r th in a d ar k n igh t T o
this B ible he p r efi x ed a b old p r e fa ce , wherei n he reflected
o n the i mm or a lities o f t he cle r gy , a n d co n de m n ed the w o r
ship o f s a i n ts , i m a ges , a n d t h e co r por a l p r ese n ce o f Ch r ist
in the s a cr a m e n t : b u
t wh a t g a ve the gre a test o ffe n ce to
the p r iests ,wa s ,his e x ho r ti n g a ll people to re a d the s cri p
t ures in whi ch the testimo n ies a g a i n st a ll those corr uptio n s
a ppe a red so st r o n gly
Ab o ut the s a m e ti m e the co m mo n people ,go a ded to des
e r a t io n by the opp r essio n s o f the n ob ility a n d cle r gy ,rose
p
in a r ms a n d co m m itted g r e a t dev a st a tio n ; a nd , a m o n g
othe r pe r so n s o f d is t i n cti o n , they p ut to de a th S i m o n o f
S udb ur y , a r chb isho p o f C a n t e r b ur y He w a s s ucceeded
by W illi a m Co ur t n ey , who wa s n o less dilige n t th a n h is
p r edecessor h a d bee n in a tte m pti n g to root o ut h er eti cs
Not withst a n di n g a ll o p posi t i o n , ho weve r , V
Vic klifi e s se ct
i n c r e a sed , a n d d a ily g r e w t o g r e a te r fo r ce , un ti l the t i m e
th a t W illi a m B a r to n , vi c e ch a n cello r o f O x fo r d , wh o h a d
the whole r ule o f t h a t un ive r si t y , a ssisted by so m e m o n a s
ed a n edi ct , p r ohibi t i n g a ll pe r so n s un der a
t ic do ctors , iss u
he a vy pe n a lty , fr o m a sso ci a ti n g the m selves w i t h a n y o f
W icklilfe s fa vo ur e r s ; a n d t h r e a te n i n g W i c kli ffe hi m sel f
with e x com m u
n i c a t io n a n d i m p r iso n m e n t , u
n less b e , a fte r
three d a ys c a n o n ic a l a d m o n i t io n o r wa r n i n g , d id repe n t
and a m en d
Upo n this \Vicklitfe wished t o a ppe a l to t h e
king, b u
t the d u
ke o f L an c a ste r fo r b a de h im ; where
'
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
'
-
’
.
’
’
Fox s s
o o n o r M ART Y R S
21 9
.
po n he wa s fo r ced a g a i n to m a ke co n fessi o n o f hi s d ue
u
a li f i n g his a ssertio n s , he
tr i n e ; in whi ch co n fessio n , by q u
y
mitiga ted the r i g o u
r o f his e n e m ies
S t ill his follo w e r s g r e a tly m ul t i p lied Ma n y o f the m ,
in d e e d ,wer e n o t m e n o f le a r n i n g ; b u
t bei n g wr o u
ght upo n
by t h e co n v i c t io n o f p la i n r e a so n , t hey w e r e t h e m o r e
In a sho r t t i m e his doct r i n es
st e a d fa st in t h ei r pe r s u
as io n
m a de a g r e a t p r og r ess , b e i n g n o t o n ly espo u
sed by v a s t
nu
m bers o f the s tu
de n ts o f O x ford , b ut a lso by m a n y o f
t h e n ob ility , p a r tic u
l a rly by the d uke o f L a n c a ste r a n d
lo r d P e r cy , e a r l m a r sh a l , as be fo r e m e n t io n ed
l Vi c kliffe m a y th u
s b e co n side r ed a s the g r e a t fo un de r
o f the r e fo r m a t i o n in E n gl a n d
He wa s o f Me r to n col
lege in O x fo r d , where he t ook his do cto r s deg r ee , a n d
be c a m e s o e m i n e n t for his fi n e ge n io us a n d g r e a t le a r n i n g
r y , h a v i n g fo u
t h a t S i m o n Islip , a r chb ishop o f C a n te r b u
nd
ed C a n t e r b ur y college , n o w Ch r ist ch ur ch , in O x fo r d , a p
poi n ted him r e cto r ; wh ich e m ploy m e n t he filled wi th un i
ve r s a l a pp r ob a tio n ,t ill the de a t h o f the a r chb ishop L a n g
hol m , s uccesso r to Islip , b ei n g desi r o us o f fa vo uri n g t he
mo n ks ,a n d i n trod uci n g the m i n to the college , a ttemp te d to
re m o v e W i ckli ffe , a n d p ut W oodh a ll , a m o n k ,in hi s pl a ce
Bu
t the fello ws o f the college b ei n g a tt a ched to W i ckli ffe ,
wo u
ld n o t co n s e n t to this N e vertheless , t he a ffa i r bei n g
c a r r ied to Ro m e W i ckli ffe wa s de p r ived in fa vo ur o f W ood
h a ll This did n o t a t a ll lesse n the rep ut a tio n o f the fo r
m e r ,eve r y o n e pe r ceivi n g it w a s a ge n e r a l a ffa i r , a n d th a t
th e m o n ks did n o t so m u
ch st r ike a t W ic kliffe s pe r so n , a s
a t a ll the se c u
l a r p r iests wh o we r e m e m bers o f the college
An d , i n deed , they w e r e a ll t ur n ed o ut t o m a ke r oo m fo r
th e m o n ks
S ho r t ly a fte r W i ckli ffe wa s p r ese n ted to the
livi n g o f L utt e r wo r t h , in t h e co un t y o f L e icest e r , whe r e
he r e m a i n ed un m olested till his de a t h ,whi ch h a ppe n ed D e
c e m b e r 3 1 , 1 8 85
Bu
t a ft e r the b ody o f this good m a n
ha d l a i n in the g r a ve fo r ty o n e ye a r s ,his b o n es we r e t a ke n
up by the dec r ee o f the sy n od o f C o n st a n ce ,p ubli cly b ur n t
a n d his a shes t h r o wn i n to a r i v er
The co n de m n a t io n o f
his d octri n e did n o t p r eve n t it s sp r e a d i n g a ll o v e r the ki n g
d o m , a n d wi t h s u
ch s uccess , t h a t a cco r d n g to S pel m a n ,
t wo m e n co u
ld n o t be fo un d together ,a nd o n e n ot a Lab
”
lard or W ickliffi te
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
.
'
.
.
'
’
.
.
.
-
.
i
“
.
’
220
Ma nr vns
rex s s oon o r
Tenets of
.
W icklif e
.
The follo wi n g a r e a mo n g the a rticles o f Wickli ffe which
were co n de m n ed a s here t i c a l :
The s ubs t a n ce o f m a teri al bre a d a n d wi n e doth re m a in
m t h e s a cr a m e n t o f t h e a l t a r a ft e r the co n se cr a tio n
The a ccide n t s do n ot r e m a i n v it h o ut t he s ubj e c t in the
s a m e s a cr a m e n t , a fte r t he co n se cr a tio n
Th a t Ch r ist is n o t in t h e s a c r a me n t o f the a lt a r tr uly
a n d r e a lly , in his p r oper a n d co r por a l pe r so n
Th a t if a b ishop or a p r iest b e in de a dly s in , he doth
n o t o r der , co n se c r a te ,n o r b a ptize
Th a t if a m a n b e d uly a n d truly co n t r ite a n d pe n ite n t ,
a ll e x terior a n d o u
ter co n fessio n i s b ut s uperfl uo us a n d um
pro fit a ble un to h im
Th a t it is n o t fo un d or est a blished by the gosp el , th at
C h r ist did m a ke or o r d a i n m a ss
If the pope b e a reprob a te a n d ev il m a n , a n d co nse
que n tly a m e m b er o f the devil , he h a th n o po we r by a ny
m an n e r o f m e an s give n un to him over fa ith ful Christi a n s
Th a t si n ce the ti m e o f Ur b a n the S i x th ,there is n o n e
to b e r e ceived for pop e , b ut eve r y m a n is to liv e a fter the
m a n n e r o f the G r eeks , un de r his o wn la w
Th a t it i s a g a i n st the s cript ur es , th a t e cclesi a sti c a l m i
ld h a ve a n y te m po r a l possessio n s
n is t e r s sho u
Th a t n o prel a te o ught to e x co m m un ic a te a ny m a n e x
cept he k n e w hi m fi r st to be e x com m un ic a te o f God
Th a t he who d oth so e x co m mun i c a te a n y m a n ,is thereby
hi m sel f e ither a he r eti c o r e x co mm un i c a ted
Th a t a ll s uch w hi ch do le a ve o ff p r e a chi n g or he a ri n g
th e wo r d o f God , o r p r e a chi n g o f the gospel fo r fe a r o f
e x co m m un i c a tio n , they a r e a l r e a dy e x co mm un ic a ted , a n d
dg m e n t sh a ll b e co un ted a s t r a itors un to
in the d ay o f j u
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Go d
.
Th a t it is l a wful for a ny m an e i t her de a co n o r p r iest , to
t a utho r ity o r lice n s e o f
o r e a ch the w ord o f God , w i t ho u
the a pos t oli c see or a n y othe r o f his c a tholi cs
Th a t so lo n g a s a m a n is in de a dly s in ,he is n either
b isho p n o r p r el a te in the ch ur ch o f God
W i ckl i ffe wr ote sever a l wo r ks , whi ch in the ye a r 1 4 1 0
r n t a t O x ford ,the a bbo t o f Shre wsb ury be i n g t he n
we re b u
.
.
22 2
Fox
’
s
B OOK o r
M A R T Y RS
.
this st a t ute t h a t the e c clesi a sti c a l co urt co n dem ned
Willi a m S a ut re a b ove m e n ti o n ed
of
.
I ncr ea s e of
W ich lif e s D octr ine
’
.
Not withst a n di n g the oppositi o n o f the popish cle r gy ,
ic kliffe s do ct r i n e co n ti n ued to sp r e a d g r e a tly in He m )
tV
IV s reig n , eve n to s u
ch a deg r ee , th a t t he m aj o r i ty
o f the ho u
se o f co m m o n s we r e i n cli n ed to i t ; whe n ce they
prese n ted t wo p etiti o n s to the ki n g , o n e a g a i n st the cle r gy
r o f the L oll a r ds The fi r st set
a n d the othe r i n fa vo u
fo r th , th a t the cle r gy m a de ill u
s e o f thei r w e a lth , a n d
co n s um ed the i r i n co m e in a m a n n e r q uite di ffe r e n t fro m
the i n te n t o f the do n o r s th a t the i r r eve n ues we r e e x cess
ive , a n d co n se q ue n tly th a t it w o uld be n e cess a ry to lesse n
the m ; th a t so m a n y est a t es m ight e a sily b e seized a s
ld p r ovide for 1 5 0 e a r ls a t the r a te o f 3 000 m a r ks a
wo u
y e a r e a ch , 1 5 00 b a r o n s a t 1 00 m a r ks e a ch , 6 2 00 k n ights
a t 4 0 m a r ks , a n d 1 00 hos p it a ls ; th a t by this m e a n s the
s a fety o f the ki n gdo m m ight b e b ette r provid ed fo r , the
poo r bette r m a i n t a i n ed , a n d t he cl e r gy m o r e d evoted to
thei r d uty In the se co n d petitio n the co m m o n s p r a y ed ,
th a t the s t a t ut e p a ssed a g a i n st the L o ll a r ds ,in the se co n d
ye a r o f this reig n , m ight b e r epe a le d , o r q ua lified with
so m e r es t r ictio n s As it wa s the ki n g s i n te r est to ple a se
the cle r gy , he a n s we r ed t he co m m o n s ve r y sh a r ply , th a t
ld n o r wo uld co n se n t to the i r petitio n s An d
b e n eithe r co u
w ith r eg a r d to the L oll a r d s , he d e cl a r ed he wi shed the
t o f the l a n d
To p r o v e the
he r e t i cs we r e e x ti r p a ted o u
tr uth o f t his , he sig n ed a wa r ra n t fo r b ur n i n g Thom a s
B a d by
’
’
.
.
.
’
.
.
.
.
Ma r ty r d om of
Th oma s B a d by i n th e y ea r 1 4 09
.
Thom a s B a dby wa s a l ay m a n ,a n d by tr a de a t a ilo r He
wa s a r r a ig n ed in the ye a r 1 4 09 , o n the ch a r ge o f heresy ,
gh
fo r h a vi n g e mbr a ced the se n ti m e n ts o f W i ckli ffe Tho u
s t a n di n g a s it w e r e a lo n e ,he m a de a b old de cl a r a ti o n o f his
f a i t h a n d e x cl a i m ed a g a i n st the idol a tr y a n d impio u
s pr a c
,
ti ces o f the Rom a n ch urch ; tho ugh his li fe wa s p ro m ised
h im , together w ith a n a n n u
a l pe n si o n o u
t o f the ki n g s
ry , o n co nditi on o f re c a n ti ng,he n obly reje cted the
t r ea s u
.
.
’
’
Fo x
s
223
B O O K o r ma n r va s
.
re , a n d died like a fa i t h fu
l soldie r o f Ch r ist , co mm e n d
l to his c a r e He wa s b ur n ed in a tub at S mith
mg hi s so u
field
off
v
.
.
M a r ty r d om of J oh n B a d by
.
Ma r ty r d om of S ir J ohn O ld ca s tle
.
The pe r se cutio n s o f the L oll ar ds in the reig n o f He n y
V , we r e o wi n g to the c ruel i n s t ig a tio n s o f the cle r gy ,wl to
ho ught th a t t he m ost e ffect ua l w a y to check the p r o gr t 85
o f \Vic kliffe s doct r i n e , w o u
ld b e to a tt a ck the t he n ch" f
p r otector o f it , v iz : S ir Joh n O ldc a s t le , b a r o n o f C ob
ha m ; a n d to pe r s u
a de the ki n g t h a t the L oll a r ds w e r e e u
ga ged in co n spi r a cies to o v e r tur n the st a te It wa s eve n
re p o r ted th a t they i n te n ded to m u
r de r the ki n g , together
with the p r i n ces , his bro t he r s , a n d m ost o f the lo r ds spi r i
tua l a n d te m p o r a l , in h e p e s th a t the co n fusio n which m ust
n ecess a r ily a r ise in the ki n gdo m , a ft e r s u
ch a m a ss a cr e ,
wo u
ld pro v e fa vo ur a ble to thei r r eligi o n Upo n this a fa lse
ru
mo ur wa s sp r e a d , th a t S ir Joh n O ldc a stle h a d got toge
ther
m e n in St Giles in the F ields , a p l a ce th e n
o ve r g r o wn w ith b u
she s The ki n g hi m sel f we n t thither at
mid n ight , a n d fi n di n g n o m ore th a n fo ur s core or a hun dred
po n a religio us a ccount ,
p erso n s , wh o we r e p r iv a tely m e t u
Som e o f them bei n g
he fell up o n them a n d killed m a n y
:
.
t
’
*
.
.
.
.
’
.
.
.
F
’
o x s B O OK o r MA RT Y RS
.
te rwa rd e x a m i n ed , we r e pr ev a iled upo n ,by promise s o r
thre a ts , to co n fess wh a teve r their e n e m ies desired ; a nd
these a cc used S ir Joh n O ldc a stle
The ki n g he r e upo n t ho ught him guilty ; a n d in th a t b e
lie f set a tho us a n d m a r ks upo n h is he a d ,with a p r o m ise o t
perpetua l e x e m ptio n fr o m t a x es to a ny to wn whi ch sh o uld
se c ur e h im S ir Joh n wa s a pp r ehe n ded a n d imp r iso n e d in
the To wer ; b ut esc a pi n g fr o m t he n ce he fled i n to W a les ,
where he lo n g co n ce a led h i m sel f
Bu
t b ei n g a fte r wa rd
seized in Po wisla n d , in No r th W a les , by lo r d P o wis , he
wa s b r o u
ght to Lo n do n , t o the g r e a t j oy o f the cle r gy ,
wh o were highly i n ce n sed a g a i n st him ,a n d r esol v ed to s a
c r ifi c e h im
, to st r ike a te r r o r i n t o the r est o f the L oll ar ds
t ir Joh n wa s o f a v e r y good fa m ily , h a d bee n she r i ff o f
n der He n r y I V , a n d s u
mm o n ed to p a r li a
e r t fo r d s h ir e u
He
m e n t a m o n g the b a r o n s o f the r e a l m in th a t reig n
ha d b e e n se n t beyo n d the s e a , with the e a r l o f A r u
n del ,
to a ssist the d uke o f B ur g un dy a g a i n st the F r e n ch In a
wo r d , he wa s a m a n o f e x tr a o r di n a ry m e r it , n o t with s t a n d
in g whi ch he wa s co n de m n ed t o b e h a n ged u
by
the
a is t
w
p
with a ch a i n , a n d b u
r n t a live
This most b a r b a r o us s e n
ted a m id the c ur ses a n d i m p r ec a tio n s o f
t e n ce wa s e x e c u
the pri ests a n d mo n ks , wh o used the i r utm ost e n de a vo ur s
to p r eve n t the people fr o m pr a yi n g for h im S uch wa s
the tr a gi c a l e n d o f S ir Joh n O ldc a stle , wh o le ft the wo r ld
tio n a n d co n st a n cy th a t a n s we r e d pe r fectly
wi t h a resol u
to the b r a ve spi r it w ith whi ch he h a d ever m a i n t a i n ed the
c a use o f truth a n d o f his God
N ot s a tisfied with his si n gle de a th ,the clergy i nd uced the
p a r li a m e n t to m a ke fr esh st a t utes a g a i n st the Loll a r ds It
wa s e n a cted a m o n g other t hi n gs th a t whosoever re a d the
scri ptures in E n glish sho uld fo r feit l a n d , ch a ttels , goods ,
a n d li fe , a n d b e co n de m n ed a s hereti cs to God , e n e m ie s
to the c r o wn , a n d tr a ito r s to t he ki n gdo m th a t they sho uld
a ry ; a n d th a t , if they
n o t h a ve the b e n efit o f a n y s a n ct u
co n t in ued ob sti n a te , o r rel a psed a fter b ei n g p a rdo n ed ,
they sho uld fi r st be h a n ged fo r tr e a so n a g a i n st the ki n g ,
r n e d for he r esy a g a i n st God This a ct wa s
a n d the n b u
t i o n wa s r a ise d
n o soo n er p a ssed , b u
t a vi ole n t persec u
sever a l o f them were b urn t a l ive ,
a ga in st the L oll a rds ;
t o me
u
h
a
n
d
o
h
w
a
e
n
o
to
dom
t
ers
er
k
d
e
i
e
w
e
e
n
t
h
k
fl
g
g
,
af
.
.
.
.
‘
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
22 6
’
Fox
s
s oon
or
M A R T YRS
.
ri
di n g fa ster whe n i n his comp a n y ,wa s sl a in o n the s pot
by the po pe s order Th us did these demo n s in h um a n
form to r m e n t e a ch othe r fo r the sp a ce o f thirty -n i n e ye a rs ,
unt il the co un cil o f C o n st a n ce
’
.
.
P r og r ess of the Refor ma tion in t h e Reig n of Henry VIII
T he re a der will do u
btles s a tte n d t o the tra n s a cti o n s r e
corded in thi s reig n ,wit h pe c uli a r in terest It wa s in t his
period th a t God , thro ugh the i n strume n t a lity o f the ki n g
.
liber a ted E n gl a n d from the p a p a l yoke , a nd it be c a me as
it were a religi o us wo r ld depe n d a n t o n i tsel f
The wa rs betwee n the t wo ho uses o f Y o r k a n d Lan cas
ter h a d prod uced s uch fa t a l revol utio n s , a n d thro wn En g
l an d i n to s uch fr e que n t co n v ulsio n s , th a t the n a tio n , with
gre a t j oy , h a iled the a ccess io n o f He n r y VIL , to the
thro n e ,who b ei n g himsel f desce n ded from the ho use o f
se
La n c a ste r , by his m a r r i a ge with the heiress o f the ho u
o f Y o r k , fr eed the m from the fe a r o f a n y fu
rther civil
Bu
t the cove t o u
s n ess o f his te m per , the severity
war s
sy o f the ho use o f Y ork ,
o f his m i n isters , a n d his j e a lo u
m a d e h im s o ge n e r al ly odio us to hi s people , th a t his de a th
wa s little l a m e n ted
He n r y VI II s ucce eded , with a ll the a dv a n t a ges he
co uld h a ve desi r ed ; a n d his disgr a ci n g E m p so n a n d D ud
ley , the cruel m i n iste r s o f his fa ther s a v a ri cio us des ig n s
his a ppoi n ti n g r estit utio n to be m a de o f the s um s th a t h a d
bee n unj ustly e x a cted o f the people a n d h is o r de r i n g jus
tice to be do n e o n those r a p a cio us mi n isters , g a ve a ll peo
ple hopes o f h a ppy ti m es ; a n d whe n m i n isters by the
ki n g s o r de r s w e r e co n de m n ed a n d e x ec uted fo r i n v a di n g
the liberties o f the people , un de r the cove r t o f the ki n g s
prerog a tive , it m a de the n a ti o n co n cl ude th a t they sho uld
he r e a ft er live se c ur e un der the protectio n o f s uch a pri n ce ,
a n d th a t the v iole n t re m edies o f p a r li a me n t a ry j u
dg m e n ts
sho uld b e n o m ore n ecess a r y , e x cept a s in this c a se , to
co n firm wh a t h a d b ee n do n e b e fore in the ordi n a ry co urts
i ce
of u
st
j
The ki n g a lso , e i t her from the m a g n i fice n ce o f his o wn
te mpe r , o r the observ a ti o n he ha d m a de o f the ill e ffe ct s
ted his re wa rds a n d la r
o f his fa ther s p a rsi m o n y , dist r ib u
u
l
s
n
es
s
e
w
it
a
n
n
me
a
s
u
r
d
b
o
ty
s
o
t
he
q
i
ck
h
u
e
u
t
h
a
;
y
g
.
.
.
.
’
.
’
’
.
’
B OOK o r una r m s
’
rox s
2 27
.
pe n ded those tre a s ures ,whi ch hi s fa ther ha d le ft ; b ut
till the ill e ffe cts o f this a p pe a r ed , it r a ised in his co urt
bj e cts the gre a test hopes p ossible o f a pri n ce whose
a nd su
fir st a ctio n s sho wed a n e qua l mi x t ure o f j ustice a n d ge
ex
ne r o s ity .
The ki n g h a d b ee n ed uc a ted with more th a n ordi nary
c a re le a r n i n g b e i n g the n i n i t s d a wn i n g ,a fter a n ight o f
lo n g a n d gross ig n or a n ce ,his fa the r h a vi n g give n orders th a t
b ot h hi s elder brother a n d he sho uld b e well i n str ucted in
The le a r n i n g the n most in credi t
m a tte r s o f k n o wledge
a m o n g the cle r gy wa s the schol a sti c a l d ivi n ity , which , by
btlety , r e co mm e n ded itsel f to c ur io us perso n s ;
a sho w o f s u
it a ble to a v a i n a n d co n te n tio us temper ,
a n d bei n g ve r y s u
a g r eed best with hi s dispositi o n ;
a n d fu
rt her , i t b ei n g
likely to d ra w the most fl a tte r y , b e c a m e the chie f s ubj e ct
d ies ,in which he gr e w n o t o n ly to b e em in e n t for
o f hi s st u
a pri n ce , b u
t h e m ight re a lly h a ve p a ssed fo r a le a r n ed
He delighted
m a n h a d his q u
a l ity bee n n eve r so m e a n
rity o f the L a t in to n gue , a n d un de r stood p h ilo s o
in the p u
phy , a n d wa s so gre a t a m a ste r in m usi c ,th a t he co m posed
He wa s a bo un ti ful p a t r o n to a ll le a r n ed m e n ,m ore
well
t ar t ic u
lar ly to E r a s m u
s a n d Po ly d o r e Vi r gil , a n d delighted
nu
ch in those ret ur n s whi ch h un gr y s chol ars m a ke to
t o f m e a su
re , a n d
libe r a l p r i n ces ; fo r h e loved fl a ttery o u
he h a d e n o ugh o f it to h a ve s ur fe ited a m an o f a n y modesty ;
fo r a ll the world , b oth a t ho m e a n d a b r o a d , co n te n ded
ld e x ceed most i n de ce n tly in setti n g o ut his
wh o sho u
pr a ises The cle r gy c a rried i t ; for a s he h a d merited
si n g the i n terests o f the
m ost a t their h a n ds , b oth by es p o u
p a p a cy , a n d by his e n te r i n g t h e lists w ith L uther , so those
th a t hoped to b e a dv a n ced by those a rts , we r e a s little
t o f me a s u
re, a s he wa s in
a sh a m e d in m a g n i fyi n g him o u
re ceivin g their gross comme n d a tio n s
.
.
.
.
.
.
C h a r a ct er of C a r d in a l W o lsey
.
O ne of the most rem a rk a ble m e n o f this , or perh a p s o f
He wa s o f me a n
a n y other a ge , wa s C a r di n a l W olsey
e x t r a ctio n , b ut possessed g r e a t a b ilities , a n d h a d a wo n
’
a ti n g hi m sel f i n to me n s fa vo u
r
d e r fu
l de x terity in i n si n u
He h a d b ut a l it t le ti m e bee n i n t r od uced to the ki n g b e fo re
he obt a i n ed an e n tire a s c e n d e n c v over him , a n d the d ir e c
.
.
‘
228
Fox
’
s
B o o k o r M ARTY a s
.
t ion o f a ll his a ffa ir s , a n d fo r fi ftee n ye ars co n ti nued to b e
the m ost absolut e fa vo ur ite ever k n o wn in E n gl an d He
ch s et o n his ple a s ures a n d ha d a
s a w th e ki n g wa s m u
gre a t a ve r sio n to b usi n ess , a n d the other co un sello r s bei n g
un willi n g to b e a r the lo a d o f a ffa irs , were tro ublesome to
n sels ; b u
h im , by p ressi n g him to gove r n by his o wn co u
t
W olsey k n e w the m ethods o f fa vo urites b etter , a n d s o wa s
n o t o n ly e a sy , b u
t a ssist a n t to the ki n g in his ple a s u
res ,
and u
n dertook to free him fr o m the t r o u
ble o f gover n me n t ,
a n d to give him leis u
r e to follo w his a ppetites
He wa s m a ster o f a ll the o ffi ces a t ho m e , a n d tre a ti e s
a bro a d , so th a t a ll a ffa i r s we n t a s he di r e cted them
He
soo n b ec a me ob n o x io us to p a r li a m e n ts , a n d there fore t r i ed
bu
t o ne d u
ri n g his m i n ist r y ,where the s upply was gr a n ted
so s c an tily , th a t a fterwa rd he chose r a the r to r a is e mo n ey
by lo a n s a n d b e n evole n ces , th a n by the fr ee gi ft o f the
people in p a r li a m e n t He in time b ec a m e so sc a n d a lo us
fo r h is ill life , th a t he gre w to be a disg r a ce to his p r o fes
sio n ; fo r he n o t o n ly se r ved the k in g , b ut a lso sh a red
r es
He w a s fi r st m a de b ishop o f
with him in his ple a s u
To ur n a y in Fl a n ders , the n o f L i n col n , a fter th a t he wa s
pro m oted to th e see o f Y o r k , a n d h a d b oth the a bb ey o f
S t Alb a n s , a n d the b ishopri c o f B a th a n d W ells in com ~
me n d a m ; the l a st he a ft e r wa rd e x ch a n ged fo r D ur e s m ,
and u
po n Fo x s d e ath he quitted D ur e sm , th a t he m ight
t a ke W i n chester ; a n d b esides a ll this , the ki n g by a sp e
ci e l g r a n t g a ve h im po wer to dispose o f a ll the ecclesi a s
t i c a l p r e ferme n ts i n E n gl a n d ; so th a t in e ffe ct he wa s the
pop e o f the B r itish wo r ld , a n d n o d o ubt b ut b e copied
skil fully e n o ugh a fte r those p a tte r n s th a t we r e set h im a t
Ro m e
B ei n g m a de a c a r di n a l , a n d setti n g up a leg a ti n e
co ur t , he fo un d it fit for his a m b iti o n to h a ve the gre a t
se a l like wise , th a t there m ight be n o cl a shi n g b et wee n
r isdictio n s
t hose t w o j u
He h a d in o n e wo r d , all the qua
lit ie s n e cess a r y fo r a gr e a t m i n ister ,a n d a ll the vi ce s u
s ua l
in a gre a t fa vo u
rite
The m a n n er o f promotio n to b ishoprics a n d a bb eys wa s
t he n the s a m e th a t h a d t a k e n pl a ce ever si n ce the i nvesti
tur es by the ri n g a n d st a ff we r e t a ke n o ut o f the h a n ds o f
pri n ces Upo n a v a c a n cy the ki n g seized o n a ll the t e m
r a lit ie s , a n d gr an ted a lice n s e for a n ele ctio n , with a
o
p
s e ci al re comme n d a tio n of the
w
n ;
o b ei n g r e
e
o
s
h
r
p
p
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
.
.
.
’
23 0
r ox s B
O O K o r mx nr m
.
r d ; for , n otwithst a n di n g the de cre es fo r resid en ce
bishops did n o t reside a t their c a thed r a ls ; a n d si n ce no
d ec r ee did bi n d till it wa s re ceived ,thi s co n ce r n i n g im mu
n ity , which wa s n ever rece ived in E n gl a n d did n o t b in d
A fter they h a d fully a rg ued the m a tter , the l a ity were o f
o pi n io n th a t St a n dish h a d the b est o f the a rgum e n t : a n d
there fore moved the ki n g th a t the bi s hop s might be ordered
Bu
t they
to m a ke the a bbot pre a ch a re c a n t a tio n ser m o n
r e fu
sed to do it , a n d s a id they were bo un d by the ir o a ths
S t an dish wa s upo n thi s m uch
t o m a i n t a i n h is opi n io n
h a t ed by the cle r gy ,b ut the m a tter wa s d r opp ed yet the
c l ergy c a rri ed the poi nt , for the la w wa s n o t co n ti nue d
o bs e ve
.
.
.
Hun I mp r is one d f or Her esy , a nd Mu
r d er ed
.
Not l o n g a fter this , a n eve n t o cc urred th a t wa s prod uc
t ive o f gre a t co n se q u
e n ces Rich a r d Hun , a merch a n t in
Lo n do n , wa s s ued by his p a r ish p r iest for a m ort ua ry in
th e leg a te s co u
r t ; o n this , his fr ie n ds a dvised him to s u
e
th e priest in the te m po r a l co u
rt fo r a pr ae m un i r e fo r bri n g
in g the ki n g s s u
bj e cts b e fo r e a foreig n a n d illeg a l co urt
This i n ce n sed the cle r gy so m uch th a t they co n t r ived his
des t ructio n A c cordi n gly ,he a r i n g th a t he ha d W ick liffe s
B ible in hi s ho use , he wa s upo n th a t p ut in the b ishop s
priso n for heresy ; b ut b ei n g e x a m i n ed upo n s un dry a rt i
cles , he co n fessed so m e thi n gs , a n d s ub mitted hi m sel f to
me r cy ; upo n whi ch they o ught , a c cordi n g to the la w, to
h a ve e nj o i n ed h im pe n a n ce , a n d disch a rged h im , this
b ei n g his fi r st c r i m e ; b u
ld n o t be p r ev a iled o n by
t he co u
the ter r o r o f this to let his s uit fa ll in the te m por a l co urt
so o n e n ight his n e ck wa s broke n with a n i r o n ch a i n , a n d
he wa s wo u
n ded in othe r p a rts o f his b ody , an d the n k n it
u
t th a t he h a d
p in hi s o wn girdle , a n d it wa s give n o u
t the co r o n er s i n q u
ha n ged hi m sel f ; b u
est , by e x a m i n i n g
th e body , a n d by sever a l othe r evide n ces , p a rti c u
l a r ly by
the co n fessio n o f the s um n e r , g a ve their ve r dict th a t he
rde r ed by the b ishop s ch a n cello r ,Dr Ho r sey ,a nd
wa s m u
the s um n e r , a n d the b el l ri n ger The spirit ua l co ur t pro
n w ith a ll
c e e d e d a g a i n st the de a d body , a n d ch a r ged Hu
the heresy in VVickliffe s pre fa ce to the B ible , be c a us e
n d in his possessi o n ; so he wa s co n de m n ed as
th a t wa s fo u
r nt
The i nd igna tio n of th e
a h e retic , a n d his b ody wa s b u
.
’
’
.
’
.
’
’
’
.
-
.
’
.
r
o x s B O OK o r ma n m
’
23 ]
s
le wa s r a ised to the highest p itch a g a in st th is a ct io n ,
in whi ch t h e y i m pli c a ted the whole body o f the clergy ,
s
t b a rb a ro u
whom they est e emed n o m ore their p as to r s , b u
m urderers The r a ge we n t so high th a t the bishop o f
L o n do n compl a i n ed th a t he wa s n ot s a fe in his own ho use
The b ishops , ch a n cellor , a n d s um n er were i n dicted a
pri n ci p a ls in the m ur der In p a rli a me n t a n a c t p a sse d,
resto r i n g H un s childre n ; b ut the co m mo n s se n t up a bill
co n cer n i n g his m ur der , which wa s l a id a side by the pe e rs
a l lo r ds h a d the m aj o r ity
where the spi r i t u
The cle r gy looked o n the oppositio n th a t St a n dish had
n ities as th a t whi ch g a ve rise to Hu
n s
m a de to the ir i m m u
fi rst s uit a n d t he co n vo c a tio n cited him to a n s wer fo r his
co n d uct ; b ut he cl a imed the ki n g s prote ctio n , s i n ce he
t o n ly ple a ded in the k i n g s n a m e
ha d do n e n othi n g , b u
The cle r gy prete n ded they did n o t prose c ute him for h is
ple a di n g , b ut fo r so m e o f his di v i n i t y le c t ur es ,-co n tr a r y to
r ch , whi ch the ki n g wa s b o u
n d to
t he libe r ty o f the ch u
t the te m por a l lord s ,
m a i n t a i n by his coro n a ti o n o a th : b u
the j u
dges , a n d the co m mo n s p r a yed t he ki n g a lso to
m a i n t a i n t h e l a ws a cco r di n g to his coro n a tio n o a th , a n d to
give S t a n d ish h is p r o te ctio n The ki n g upo n t hi s be i n g in
gre a t pe r ple x ity ,req ui r ed Vey sy ,a ft e r wa r d b ishop o f Ex e
po n his co n scie n ce a n d a llegi an ce the truth
t e r , t o decl a r e u
His o p i n io n wa s a g a i n st the i mm un ity ;
in th a t m a tte r
so a n other p ubli c he a r i n g b ei n g a pp oi n t ed , S t a n dish wa s
sed fo r te a chi n g , Th a t the i n fe r ior orders o f the
a cc u
cle r gy we r e n ot s a c r ed ; th a t the ir e x e m ptio n wa s n ot
n ded o n a d ivi n e right , b u
t th a t the l a ity might p u
n ish
fo u
rch did n o t b i n d t ill t hey
t hem ; th a t the c a n o n s o f th e ch u
dy o f the c a n o n la w wa s
were re ce ived ; a n d th a t the stu
”
O f these he de n ied so m e , a n d j u
s t ified other
useless
p a rti c u
l a rs
Ve y sy b ei n g r equired to gi v e his O p i n io n ,a l
a t the l a ws o f the ch u
Th
r ch did o n ly oblige w he r e
e ed ,
g
they we r e re ceived : a s the law o f the celib a cy o f t he
c lergy , re ce ived in the W est , d id n o t b i n d the Greek
ch ur ches th a t n ever rece ived it : so the e x e m ptio n o f t he
”
cler k s n ot b e i n g re ce ived , did n ot b i n d in E n gl a n d The
a ve their opi n io n n e x t , w hich w a s ,
u
dges
g
Th
a t those
j
So
who prose c uted St an dish were a ll in a p r re m u
n ire
rt bro k e up Bu
the c ou
t in a n other h e a ri n g , in t h e pr e
op
e
p
.
.
s
.
’
.
’
’
’
.
.
.
“
.
.
.
.
.
.
23 2
Fo x
’
s
B OOK o r MA RT Y R S
.
c
the gre a test p a rt o f both n o uses o f p a rli a m e nt ,th e
c a rd i n a l s a id in the n a m e o f th e cle r gy , Th a t tho ugh
they i n te n ded to do n othi n g a g a i n s t the k in g s prerog a tive ,
the
tryi
n g o f cle r ks see m ed to b e co n t r a r y to the libert
t
e
y
y
r ch , w hic h they were b o u
n d by the ir o a th s t o
o f the c hu
”
S o they pr ayed th a t the m atter might b e r e
ma i nt a i n
ferred to the pope
The ki n g a n s wered th a t h e tho ught S t a n dish ha d nu
fu
lly : the bishop o f W i n chester s a id he
s wer e d the m
ld n ot st a n d to his Op i n io n a t his peril S t a n dish Upo n
wo u
t h a t s a id ,
W h a t c a n o n e po o r fr i a r do a g a in st a ll t he
”
The a rchbishop o f C a n t e r b ur y s a id,
cle r gy o f E n gl a n d 2
S o m e o f the fa t hers o f the ch ur ch h a d s uffe r ed m a r tyr
”
p o n th a t a cco un t ; b ut the chi e f j ustice replied ,
d om u
Th a t m a n y holy ki n gs h a d m a i n t a i n ed th a t la w, a n d
”
In co n cl u
sio n t he
ma n y holy b ishops h a d obeyed it
ki n g de cl a red th a t he wo uld m a i n t a i n his rights ,a n d wo uld
n ot s u
bmit the m to the de c r ees o f the ch urch othe r wi se
th a n a s his a n cesto r s h a d do n e Ho r sey wa s a pp oi n ted
to b e b r o ught to hi s t r i a l fo r H un s m ur de r , a n d up o n h is
ple a di n g n o t g uilty , n o evide n ce w a s to b e bro ught , a n d s o
he w a s to b e disch a r ged The disco n te n ts o f t he people
gre a tly i n c r e a sed a t this , a n d very m uch d isposed them to
a ll th a t w a s do n e a fte r wa rd , fo r ove r thro wi n g the e c c le s i
as t ic a l ty r a n n y
This wa s t he first dis a gr eeme n t b et wee n the cl e r gy a n d
l a i ty in this ki n g s re ig n In a ll othe r po i n ts he wa s at
this ti m e a tt a ched to the pope s i n te r ests , who se n t him
the co mm o n co m pli m e n ts o f roses , a n d s uch othe r t r ifle s
by whi ch th a t see h a d tre a ted p r i n ces so lo n g a s child r e n
Bu
ght so m uch o n the ki n g s v a n ity
t n o co m pli m e n t wr o u
”
De fe n de r o f the F a ith , se n t hi m by pope
as the title o f
po n the b ook whi ch he wrote a g a i n st L ut her co n
Le o u
cer n in g the s a cr a me n ts
se n e o f
’
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
.
’
.
’
.
’
.
P r og r es s of Lu
th er s D octr in e
’
x
.
The rise a n d progress o f the doctri n es o f L u
ther a re
well k n o wn ; the s c a n d a lo u
s s a le o f i n d ulge n ces g a ve th e
first o cc a sio n to a ll th a t follo wed b et wee n hi m a n d the
rc h o f Rome ; m whi ch , had no t the corrupt ions a nd
chu
23 4
Fo x
’
s
Bo ox
or
MA RT Y RS
.
d r e w upo n him all th a t fl a tt ery co uld
i n ve n t to e x tol it ; yet L uthe r ,n ot d a un ted b y s uch a n a n
t a go n is t , a n s w e r ed it , a n d t r e a ted h im a s m u
c h belo w the
respe ct th a t wa s d ue to a ki n g , a s his fla t t e r e r s h a d r a ised
h im a bove it
T i n d a l s t r a n sl a t io n o f the Ne w Testa m e n t ,
with n otes , dre w a s evere co n de m n a tio n fr o m the cle r gy ,
the r e bei n g n othi n g in w hi ch t hey we r e m o r e co n ce r n ed ,
h a n to keep the people u
n a cq u
a i n t ed w ith
th a t b ook
Th us m uch m a y se r ve to sho w the co n ditio n o f a ffa i r s in
r ch a n d st a te ,w he n the p r o cess o f the
En gl a nd b oth in ch u
in g s divo r ce wa s first set o n foot
”
fe n der o f the F a ith ,
’
.
.
.
’
.
His t or y of H en ry s Ma r r ia g e wit h C a th a r in e
’
.
As this i n cide n t i s so repl ete with co n seq ue n ce s , a p ar
la r rel a tio n o f its c a u
t icu
se w ill n o t , it is pres um e d ,b e n u
a ccept a ble to the re a d e r
He nr y VII ha d e n tere d i n to a fir m a ll i a n ce wi t h Fer
di ma n d o f S p a i n , a n d a g r eed o n a m a tch b et wee n his so n ,
pri n ce Arth ur , a n d C a th a r i n e , the I n fa n t a o f S p a i n S he
c a m e i n to E n gl a n d , a n d wa s m a r ried in Nove m ber ; b ut
They we r e
o n the se co n d o f Ap r il a fte r , the p r i n ce died
n o t o n ly bedded in ce r e m o n y t h e n ight o f the m a r r i a ge ,
ed s t ill to lodge togethe r ; a n d the p r i n ce g a ve
bu
t co n t i n u
o cc a sio n to beli eve th a t t h e m a r r i a ge w a s co n s u
mm a te d
The ki n g b ei n g un willi n g to resto r e so gre a t a po r tio n
d uc a t s , wh i ch the p r i n cess bro ught a s her
as
do wry , p r o posed a se co n d m a tch for h e r wi t h his
yo un ge r s o n He n r y W a r h a m obje cted a g a i n st the l a wful
t F o x , b ishop o f W i n chester , w a s fo r it ,a n d
n es s o f it ; b u
the opi n io n o f the pope s a utho r ity wa s the n so well e st a
ght a di s pe n s a tio n fr o m Rome wa s
b lish e d ,t ha t it wa s tho u
s uffi cie n t to re m ove a ll obj e cti on s Accordi n gly ,o n e was
obt a i n ed ,gro un ded upo n the desire o f the t wo yo un g per
so n s to m a r r y togethe r , a n d fo r th e preserv a tio n o f pe a ce
bet wee n the cro wn s o f E n gl a n d a n d Sp a i n
The pope wa s the n a t wa r with Lo ui s the T wel fth o f
Fr a n ce , a n d so wo uld re fuse n othi n g to the ki n g o f Eng
l a n d , bei n g ,perh a ps ,n o t un W 1lh n g th a t p r i n ce s sho uld co n
ch m a r r i a ges , by whi ch the legiti m a tio n o f the n
t 1 a ct s u
e depe n di n g o n the p ope s d ispe n s a ti o n ,they wo ul d be
iss u
the reby obli ged i n interest to s upport th a t a u
thority Up on
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
.
’
.
Fo x 8 B
O OK
or
am a r r as
28 5
'
.
his a mar r ia g e fo llo wed , the pri n ce be i n g yet un der a ge ;
bu
t t he sa me d ay i n whi ch he be c a m e o f a ge , he did , by
his fa t her s o r ders , m a ke a protest a tio n th a t he retr a cted
lled hi s m a r r i a ge
a nd a nn u
He n r y the Seve n th , o n his de a th b ed , ch a r ged hi s s o n to
bre a k it o ff e n ti r ely ,be i n g pe r h a ps a pp r ehe n s ive o f s uch
si o n upo n a co n tr ove rted s uccessi o n to
r n o f co n fu
a ret u
r i n g the wa r s o f the ho u
ses o f
th e cro wn , a s h a d bee n d u
t a fte r his fa t he r s de a th , He n r y
Yo rk a n d L a n c a s t e r ; b u
th e Eigh h b e i n g the n e ightee n ye a r s o f a ge , m a r ried he r :
she b o r e h im two so n s ,wh o died soo n a ft e r t hey w e r e bor n ;
d a ughter , Ma r y , a fte r wa r d quee n o f E n gl a n d
a
a nd
After t his the q uee n co n t r a cted s o m e dise a ses th a t m a d e
her un a ccept a ble to the ki n g ; who , a t the s a m e ti m e b
i
ples
o f co n scie n ce w i t h reg a r d
n n i n g to h a ve so m e scr u
g
to the l a wful n ess o f his m arr i a ge , de te r m i n ed to h ave the
ffa ir i n vestig a ted
t
’
.
’
t
.
e
a
.
l
es c on cer n in
s Ma r r ia e
i
Th e K ing s s cr u
h
g
g
p
’
.
He see med to la y the gre a te st weight o n the p rohibit io n
in the levitic a l la w, o f m a r ryi n g the b rothe r s wi fe , a n d
i n a s s wr iti n gs , he fo un d
ne in g co n ve r s a n t in Tho m a s Aq u
th a t he a n d the o t he r school m e n looked o n those l a ws a s
m o r a l , a n d foreve r b i n di n g ; a n d co n seq ue n tly the pope s
d ispe n s a tio n wa s o f n o fo r ce , si n ce his autho r ity we n t n o t
so fa r a s t o dispe n se with the l a ws o f G od All t he bi sho s
o f E n gl a n d , Fi s her o f R o cheste r o n ly e x cepted , decl a r d
un der thei r h a n ds a n d se a ls , th a t they j udged the m a r ri a g e
un l a wful The ill co n se q ue n ce s o f wa r s th a t m ight fo llo w
upo n a do ubt ful ti tle to the c r o wn , w ere a lso m uch co n s 1
It i s n o t p r ob a ble th a t He n r y s a ffe ctio n fo r a ny
d ered
other l a dy w a s t he o r igi n o f these pro ceedi n gs ; b ut r a th er
po n the p oi n t o f b ei n g freed o f
th a t , co n ceivi n g hi m sel f u
his fo r mer m a r r i a ge , he g a ve free scope to his a ffectio n s
which set tled o n A n n e B oley n
T his l a dy wa s b o r n in t he ye a r 1 507 , a n d a t seve n
ye a r s o f a ge wa s se n t to F r a n ce , where she re m a i n ed
t welv e ye a rs , a n d the n re t ur n ed to E n gl a n d She wa s
m uch a d m i r ed in b oth co ur ts , wa s m o r e b e a uti ful t ha n
a n d mo r e cheer fu
r
a ce fu
l
l
th
a n disc r eet
S
he
w
a n t ed
,
g
no ne o f t he c ha rms o f wit or perso n a n d mu
st h av e had
’
’
’
p
.
e
.
.
’
.
.
.
.
23 6
’
“
Fo x s
B
O OK o r MA RT Y RS
.
ordi n a ry a ttr a ctio n s , si n c e she co uld so o ng re tai n her
pl a ce in s uch a ki n g s a ffec tio n
K n ight , the n secret a ry o f st a te , wa s s e n t t o Ro m e to
prep a re t he pope to g r a n t a dispe n s a tio n from the forme r
m a r r i a ge K n ight m a de a p p li c a tio n to the pope in the
m ost Se cret m a n n er he co u
ld , a n d ha d a m ost fa vo ura ble
a n s we r , fo r
the po p e p r o m ised fr a n kly to dissolve th e
m a rr i a ge ; b u
t a n other pro m ise b ei n g e x a cted o f him by
the e m pe r or C h ar les V , n ephe w o f C a th a ri n e , n o t to
p r o cee d in th a t a ffa i r , he wa s r ed uced to gre a t str a it s ,
bei n g the n a t his m e r cy , a n d yet unwilli n g to o ffe n d the
ki n g o f E n gl a n d : he the r e fo r e studi ed to g a i n ti m e , a n d
pro m ised th a t if the ki n g wo uld h a ve a little p a tie n ce , he
sho uld n o t o n ly h a ve th a t whi ch he a sked , b ut e very thi ng
th a t wa s in his po wer to gr a n t
S o m e sc r uples were m a de co n cer n i n g the b ull th a t wa s
d e m a n d e d ,t ill,b y g r e a t p r ese n ts ,it wa s a t le n gth obt a i n ed ;
a n d the n the pope sig n ed a co mm issio n fo r W olsey to try
the c a use a n d judge i n it , a n d a lso a dispe n s a tio n ,a n d p ut
t he m in K n ight s h a n ds , b u
t w i th te ar s pr a yed h im th a t
there might b e n o proceedi n g s upo n them ,t ill the emperor
were p u
ti n g his reve n ge upo n
t ou
t o f a c a p a city o f e x e c u
ld o wn thi s a ct
him , a n d whe n ever th a t we r e do n e he w o u
sti ce whi ch he did in the ki n g s fa vo ur
of j u
The pope wa s a t this time o ffe n ded with C a r di n a l W ol
sey ; fo r he un derstood th a t d ur i n g his c a ptiv ity W olsey
e to get hi m sel f chose n vi c a r o f t he
ha d bee n in a n i n t r ig u
p a p a cy ,a n d wa s to h a ve s a t a t A v ig n o n ,which m ight h a ve
p r od uced a n e w schis m S t a p h ile us , de a n o f the Rot a ,
be i ng the n in E n gl a n d , w a s p r eva iled o n by the p r o m ise o f
a b ishopri c , a n d a r e co m m e n d a tio n to a c a r di n a l s h a t , to
p r o m ote the ki n g s a ffa i r ; a n d by him the c a r d i n a l wrot e
to the pope ,in a most e a rn est s t r a i n ,fo r a desp a tch o f thi s
bu
si n ess ; a n d he desire d th a t a n in di ffe r e n t a n d tr a ct a ble
c a rdi n a l m ight b e se n t over , wi th a full co m m issi o n to j o i n
with him a n d to j u
dge the m a tter ; p r opos i n g C a mp egic
to the ki n g s a m b a ss a do r s a s the fittest m a n
The c a r di n a l in h s lett e r s to C a s sa li, who wa s in gre a
fa vo u
r w ith the po n ti ff, o ffe r ed t o t a ke the b l a me o n h is
o wn so u
l , if the pope wo uld g r a n t thi s b ull ; a n d with a n
e a r n est n ess , a s he ar ty a n d wa r m a s c a n b e e x pressed in
wo rd s ,he press ed the thi n g, a n d a d d ed ,th a t if the p ope
ex tr a
.
’
.
.
.
.
’
’
.
.
’
’
’
.
'
F
o x s B OO K o r M ARTYRS
’
s he desp a tched a co ur ier to G a r d in er , the n o n his way
to Rome ,with l a r ge directio n s h o w to m a n a ge the e le cti o n ;
it wa s r e cko n e d , th a t o n t he ki n g o f Fr a n ce j oi n i n g he a rtil y
wi t h He n r y , o f w hi ch he see m ed co n fi de n t , t here were
re , a n u
o n ly s ix c a r di n a ls w a n ti n g to m a ke the ele ctio n s u
m s o f m o n ey , a n d othe r re wa rds , th a t were to
b esides s u
b e distrib u
te d a m o n g them , he wa s to give the m a ssur a n ce
ld b e divided a mo n g
th a t t h e c a r di n a l s p r e fe r m e n t s sho u
t he m
These we r e the se c r et m ethods o f a tt a i n i n g th a t
l i t ll : a n d i n deed it wo u
ld p uzzle a m a n o f a n ordi n a r y
d e gree o f c r ed u
lity , to t hi n k th a t o n e ch ose n by s uch
m e a n s co u
ld p r es um e to b e Ch r ist s vic a r , a n d the i n fa llib le
judge o f co n t r oversies The re covery , ho wever , o f t he
pope ,p ut a n e n d to those i n tr ig ues
thi
’
.
t
i
‘
’
.
.
Th e
Queen app ea ls t o th e P op e
.
At le n gth t he leg a tes b eg a n the p r ocess , whe n the q uee n
protested a g a i n st t he m a s i n co m pete n t j ud ges They ,how
eve r ,p r o ceeded a cco r di n g t o th e for m s o f la w, a ltho ugh
the q uee n h a d a ppe a le d fr o m t he m to the pope ,a n d obj e c t
ed a like t o t he pl a ce , t o the j ud ges ,a n d he r l a wye r s : y e t
n ced h e r
co n t um a cio us , a n d we n t o n to e x a
t hey p r o n o u
mm a tio n o f h e r m a r ~
m i n e wi t n esses , chiefly a s t o t he co n s u
i e ge w ith p r i n ce Arth ur B ut n ow, si n ce the p r ocess wa s
th u
s goi n g o n ,the e m pero r s a ge n ts p r essed t he pope ve he
m e n t ly fo r a n a vo c a t io n , a n d a ll possible e n de a v o u
rs we r e
us e d by the ki n g s a ge n ts to hi n de r i t ; it wa s told h im , th a t
t h e r e wa s a t r e a t y o n foot be t w ee n t he ki n g a n d the L n
t h e r a n p r i n ces o f G e r m a n y
po n de cl a r i n g him
a n d th a t u
sel f so p a r ti a l a s t o g r a n t t he a vo c a t io n ,t hi s wo ul d ce r t a i n ly
be co n cl uded But the pope t ho ugh t t he ki n g so fa r e n g a ged
r in the poi n t s o f r eligi o n , th a t he wo uld n o t b e
in ho n o u
p r ev a i led upo n t o un ite wi t h L uther s follo we r s he did n o t ,
the r e fore , i m a g i n e th a t the e ffe c t s o f his g r a n ti n g the a vo c a
ld be so fa t a l a s wa s r e pr ese n te d I n co n cl usi o n ,
t i o n wo u
the r e fo r e , a fter the e m peror h a d e n g a ged to h im to res t o r e
his fa m ily t o the gove r n m e n t o f Flo r e n ce ,t he pope r esol v e d
blish his t r e a ty wi t h him : he t old t he E n glish a m b a s
to p u
bo t h be c a use a ll the la w
s a d c r s t h a t he wa s fo r ced t o it
l d n o t be de n ied , a n d t h a t he co uld
vers told hi m it co u
n d e d h im or
r ro u
n ot resist the e mperor s fo r ces , whi ch s u
.
r
.
’
’
.
’
.
’
.
Fox
'
s
B O OK o r MA R T Y R S
23 9
.
h a n ds Their e n de a vo ur s to g a i n a little time by de
itless
a s t hei r o t he r a r ts h a d bee n , for o n
a s wer e a s fr u
y
the 1 5 th o f J uly the pope sig n ed it , a n d o n the 1 9 th s e n t
it by a n e x press m esse n ge r to E n gl a n d
The leg a tes , C a m p e gio in p a r ti c ul a r , d r e w o ut the m at
ter by a ll t he del ays they co uld co n t r i v e ,a n d g a i n ed m uch
time At l a st , se n te n ce b ei n g to b e p r o n o un ced , C a m
n ci n g it , a dj o u
r n ed t h e co u
i
ste
d
p
rt
till
f
r o n ou
i
o
n
a
o
e
,
p g
O ctobe r , a n d s a id th a t they bei n g a p a rt o f the co n si sto r y ,
st obse r v e thei r ti m es o f v a c a tio n This g a ve the ki n g
mu
a n d hi s co u
r t g r e a t o ffe n ce w he n they s a w wh a t wa s like
to be the iss u
e o f a p r o cess o n w hi ch his m aj esty wa s s o
ch be n t , a n d in whi ch he wa s so fa r e n g a ged , b oth in
mu
ho n o ur a n d i n terest Th e ki n g gover n ed himsel f upo n
t his o cc a sio n with m o r e te m per t h a n wa s e x pe c ted : h e
lis m is s e d C a m p e gio civilly , o n ly his o ffi ce r s s e ar n e d h is
o ffe r s whe n he we n t b eyo n d s e a , w i t h desig n , as wa s
t ho u
ght , to see if the dec r e t a l b ull co uld b e fo un d W o l
e
w
a s n ow u
p
o
n t h e p oi n t o f b ei n g disg r a ced , tho u
gh
y
the ki n g see med to tre a t hi m with all his former co n
a ll
.
.
.
.
.
,
c
.
.
s
fid e n ce
.
O HA
T E R I l l.
Accoun t of Cr a nmer
.
AT this period Dr Cr a n m er , a fello w o f Jes us Colle ge
.
C a m b r idge , meeti n g a cci d e n t a lly w ith G a r di n er a n d
Fo x a t W a lth a m , a n d e n te r i n g i n to disco ur se upo n the
r oy a l m a r r i a ge , s u
ggested t h a t the ki n g sho uld e n g a ge the
chie f un ive r sities a n d divi n es o f E ur ope to e x a m i n e the
l a wful n ess o f his m a r r i a ge ; a nd if they g a ve their resol u
tio n s a g a i n st it , the n i t be i n g ce r t a i n th a t the pope s dis
p en s a t io n co u
ld n o t de r og a te fr o m the la w o f God , the
m a rr ia ge m u
st be de cl a r ed n ull This n ovel a n d r e a s o n a
b le s cheme they pr e posed to the k in g , wh o wa s m u
ch
ple a sed with it , a s he s a w this wa y wa s b etter in itsel f
an d wo u
ld m orti fy the p ope C r a n m e r wa s a cco r di n gly
s e n t fo r , a n d o n co n ve r si n g w ith him , the k i n g co n ceived
a h i h op in i o n both o f h is le a r n i n g a n d
r
de
e
u
n
ce
as
ll
w
,
g
p
in
’
.
.
240
o
“
F x
’
B OOK o r MA RTY RS
s
.
prob i ty a n d s i n cerity ,wh i ch took such ro ot in his
mi n d , th a t n o a rti fi ce s n or c a l u
m n i e s were e ver a b l e t o t o
mo ve it
a s o f h is
.
W olsey is d isg r a ced
.
Fro m this mo m e n t b eg a n t he decli ne o f Wolsey The
gre a t se a l wa s t a ke n fr o m h im a n d give n to S ir Thom a s
More : a n d he wa s s ued in a pr ae m un ire fo r h a vi n g hold
the leg a ti n e co ur ts by a foreig n a uthority , co n t r a ry to the
la ws o f E n gl a n d : he co n fessed the i n di ct m e n t , ple a de d
ign o r a n ce , a n d s ub mitted hi m sel f to the kin g s mercy ; so
m
n t p a ssed o n h im : the n wa s hi s ri ch p a l a ce a n d
u
dg
e
j
roy a l fur n it ure sei zed o n for t h e roy a l us e ; yet the ki n g
re cei v ed hi m a g a i n i n to his prote cti o n , a n d resto r ed to
him the te m p o r a lities o f the sees o f Y ork a n d W i n chester
a n d a b ove
in pl a te a n d other goods
Arti cles
we r e , ho we v er , pre ferr ed a g a i n st him in the ho u
se o f
lords , w he r e he h a d b u
t fe w fr i e n ds ; b u
t C r o m well , wh o
L
1a d b ee n his se c r et a r y d id so m a n a ge the m a tter in the
ho u
se o f co m m o n s th a t i t c a m e to n othi n g Thi s fa ili n g ,
his e n e m ies p r o c u
r ed a n o r de r to b e se n t to him to go
i n to Y o r ksh i r e : thithe r he we n t in gre a t st a te , w ith o n e
hu
n d r ed a n d si x ty ho r ses i n h is t r a i n , a n d s eve n ty two
a rts follo wi n g h im
There he lived so m e ti m e b ut the
ki n g bei n g i nfo r m ed th a t h e wa s p r a ctisi n g with the p ope
a n d the e m p eror , se n t the e a r l o f No r th u
m b e r l a n d to a r
re st him fo r high t r e a so n a n d b r i n g him up to L o n do n
O n the way he s i cke n ed , a n d died a t L ei ceste r , m a ki n g
g r e a t protest a tio n s o f his co n st a n t fidelity to the ki n g , p a r
la r ly in the m a tte r o f h is divo r ce : a n d
w ishi n g he
tic u
ha d served God a s fa ith fu
lly a s he h a d d o n e the ki n g ; fo r
the n he wo uld n o t h ave c a s t n im o ff in his gr a y h a i r s a s
r ites a r e
the ki n g h a d d o n e
wo r ds th a t d ecli n i n g fa vo u
a p t to refle ct o n , b u
t seldom rem e mb e r in the height o f
the ir fort u
ne
.
’
.
.
-
.
“
.
Th e Un iver s ities d ecla r e a g a in s t t h e K ing s Ma rr iag e
’
The ki n g n o w i n te n di n g to p r oceed in the m e t h od pr o
posed by Cr a n m e r , se n t to O x fo r d a n d C a m bridge to pro
ure their co n cl usio n s At O x fo r d it wa s r e ferred by t he
c
.
2 42
F
’
o x s B O OK o r MA RT YRS
.
tio n and to give the ir j udg m e n t a ccordi n g to t hen c on
sc ie n ces ; a n d a ft er th r e e weeks st udy , the gre a ter p ar t
a greed o n this
l
th a t the k i n g s m ar r i a ge wa s unla wfu
”
a n d th a t the po e co u
ld n ot dispe n se with it At O rle a n s ,
p
A n giers , a n d To u
se , they determi n ed to the s a m e
lo u
rpose
pu
C a lvi n tho u
ght the m a rri a ge n ull , a n d all a greed th at t he
pope s dispe n s a ti o n wa s o f n o fo r ce Os ia n d er wa s e m
ployed to e n g a ge t h e L uthe r a n divi n es , b ut they were
a fr a id o f
n g the e m peror n e w g r o u
n ds o f disple a s u
ivi
re
g
Me la n ct ho n tho ught the la w in Levitic us wa s dispe n s a ble
a n d th a t the m a rri a ge might be l awfu
l ; a n d th a t in thos e
m a tters st a tes a n d pri n ces m ight m a ke wh a t l a ws the y
ple a sed ; a n d tho ugh the divi n es o f L eipsi c a fter m ucl
di sp uti n g a b o ut it , did a g r ee t h a t those l a ws were mor a l
ld n eve r b e bro ught to j usti fy the d ivorce with
y e t they co u
t he s u
bse q ue n t m a r r i a ge ; b ut the pope wa s mo r e co m
pli a n t , for he o ffered to C a ss ali to gr a n t the ki n g dispe n s a
t io n for h a vi n g a n other wi fe , with whi ch the I m peri a list
see m ed n o t diss a tisfied
The ki n g s c a use bei n g thus fo r ti fi ed by so m a n y resol u
ti o n s in his fa vo ur , he m a de m a n y members o f p a rli a m e n t
in a p r orog a tio n ti me sig n a lette r to the p ope , co m pl a i n
in g th a t n ot withst a n di n g the gre a t merits o f the ki n g , the
u
stice
o f hi s c a u
se
a n d the i m port a n ce o f it to the s a fety
,
j
o f the ki n gdo m , yet the pope m a de still n e w del a ys
the y
the r e fore pressed him to desp a tch it speedily , other wi se
they wo uld b e fo r ced t o seek other remedi es , tho ugh they
were n o t w illi n g to d r i ve thi n gs to e x tre m ities till it wa s
un a void a ble The letter wa s sig n ed by t he c a r di n a l ,t he
a rc h b i s h op o f C a n te r b u
ry , fo ur b ishops , t we n ty -two a b
bots , forty t wo peers ,a n d eleve n co m mo n ers
T o this the pope wrote a n a n s we r : he took n oti ce o f
the veheme n ce o f thei r s ty le : h e fr eed hi m sel f fr o m the
imp ut a tio n s o f i n gr a ti tude a n d i nj ustice : he a ck n o wledged
the ki n g s g r e a t m e r its ; a n d s a id he ha d do n e a ll he co uld
in his fa vo u
r : he h a d g r a n ted a co mm issio n ,b ut co uld n o t
re fuse to r e ceive the q uee n s a ppe a l ; a ll the c a rdi n a ls
with o n e co n se n t j u
dged th a t a n a vo c a tio n was n ecess a ry
S i n c e th a t time the del a ys lay n ot w ith h im , b ut with the
ki ng ; th a t he wa s re a dy t o pro ceed , a n d wo uld br in g it
’
i
.
.
’
.
.
‘
.
.
’
.
-
.
_
’
’
.
o
r x s B O OK o r
’
MA RT YR S
2 43
.
speedy a n iss ue a s the i m port a n ce o f it wo uld a dmi
of ; a n d for thei r thre a te n i n gs they we r e n ei t her a gr e e a
b le t o t hei r w isdo m , n or thei r r eligio n
The ki n g , n ow disg us t ed a t his depe n de n ce o n the pop e
ed a p r o cl a m a t io n a g a i n st a n y t h a t sho uld p ur ch a se ,
is s u
blish a n y b ull fr o m Ro m e co n t r ar y to his
b r i n g ove r , o r p u
au
t h o r t ty : a n d a ft e r t h a t he m a de a n a bs t r a c t o f a ll t h e
r ea so n s a n d a u
tho r ities o f the fa the r s o r m ode r n wr ite r s
a g a i n st his m a r ri a ge
blished b oth in L a ti n a n d
, to b e p u
En glish
B oth sides h a vi n g prod uced the stre n gth o f their c ause ,
it e wd e n t ly a ppe a r ed th a t ,a cco r di n g to the a utho r ity give n
to t h e t r a d itio n in the ch u
rch o f Ro m e ,the k i n g h ad cle ar ly
th e r ight o n his side
A m idst these disp utes the q uee n co n ti n ued firm to h e r
r esol u
tio n o f le a vi n g the m a tte r in the pope s h an ds , a n d
wo u
ld n o t li ste n to a n y p r o p os it io n s fo r r e fe rr i n g the m a tter
to t he a r b itr a tio n o f a n um be r chose n o n b oth sides
The k i n gs o f E n gl a n d cl a i m ed the s a m e l a titude o f
po wer in e cclesi a sti c a l m a t t ers , a s the Ro m a n empe r o r s
h a d e x e r cised be fore the fa ll o f th a t e m p i r e : a n cie n tly
they h a d by thei r a utho r ity divided bishopri cs ,gr a n ted the
i n vestit ur es , a n d m a de l a ws rel a ti n g b oth to e cclesi a stic a l
c a uses a n d perso n s W he n the popes beg a n to e x t e n d
thei r po we r b eyo n d th e li m its a ssig n ed t he m by t h e
c a n o n s , gr e a t oppositi o n a rose to t he m in E n gl a n d ; b ut
they m a n a ged the a dv a n t a ges th ey fo un d , eithe r fr o m t h e
we a k n e ss or ill ci r c u
m st a n ces o f p r i n ces so ste a dily , th a t
a t le n gth they s u
bd ued t he w o r ld : a n d if they h a d n ot by
t heir c r u
el e x a cti o n s so o p p r essed the cle r gy , th a t t hey
we r e dr i ve n to seek shel t e r u
n de r t h e cove r t o f the tem
po r a l a utho r ity , the world wa s so ove r whel m ed by s upe r
nd
c r ed ulity , th a t n o t o n ly t he w hol e spi r it ua l
s tit io n
po wer , out eve n the te m po r a l a utho r ity o f t h e p r i n ce s wa s
likely t o n a v e fa lle n un de r popish tyr a n n y But the dis
co n te n t ed cle r gy s uppor t ed the se c ul a r po wer a s m uch a s
they h a d b e fore a dv a n ced th a t o f the p a p a l B o n i fa ce
VIII h a d r a i sed his pr et e nt io us to th a t i m p ude n t pit ch
th a t he e cl a r ed a ll po we r both e c clesi a s tic a l a n d civil
wa s d e r l v e d fro m h im ; a n d this he est a blished a s a n a r t i
cle o f faith n ecess a ry to s a lv a tio n ; o n which he an d h is
su
ccessor took up o n them to dispose o f all e ccl e si a sti c al
'
e as
.
.
.
’
.
.
a
.
.
.
d
s
24 4
’
Fo x s
B
o o k o r MAnr m s
f
.
b e n e fi ce s by their b u
lls a n d prov sio n s To restr a in t hes e
i n v a sio n s o f the r ights o f p r i n ces ,l a ws we r e m ade in En g
l a n d , whi ch co n de m n ed the m for t he future : b ut n o pu
n is h m e n t be i n g de cl a r ed fo r the tr a n sg r esso r s , the co u
rti e r s
a t Ro m e we r e n o t fr ighted a t so ge n e r a l a la w : so th a t
these a b uses still co n ti n ued : b ut in the r ei gn o f Ed war d
III , a m o r e seve r e a ct wa s m a de , by which a ll t n a t t r a n s
re ,
gr e s s e d we r e to b e i m p r iso n ed , to be fi n ed a t ple a s u
a n d to fo r fe it a ll their b e n e fi ce s
.
.
.
Th e C lerg y s u
ed in a P r wmu
mr e
'
These lo n g for gotte n st a t utes were n ow revived , to
b r i n g the cle r gy i n to a s n ar e : it wa s desig n ed , by the ter
ror o f t h is , to fo r ce the m i n to a n e n ti r e s ubmissio n , a n d
to oblige the m t o r edee m the m sel ves by the gr a n t o f a co n
s id e r a b le s u
bsidy They ple a ded ig n o r a n ce ; it wa s a
p ubli c e r r o r , a n d they o ught n o t the r e fo r e to be p un ished
fo r it
To this it wa s a n s we r e d , th a t the l a ws whi ch they
h a d tr a n sgr essed we r e still in fo r ce , a n d so n o ig n or a n ce
co uld e x c use the vi ol a tio n o f the m The co n vo c a tio n o f
C a n t e r b ur y m a de the i r s ub m issi o n ,a n d in their a ddress to
the ki n g , he wa s c a lled the p r o t e c t o r a n d s up r e m e he a d
o f t h e ch u
r ch o f E n gl a n d ; a n d b u
t so m e obj e cti n g to th a t ,
it wa s a dded ,
in s o fa r a s it is a g r ee a ble to the la w o f
”
Ch r ist
This wa s sig n ed by n i n e b ishops , fi fty a bb ots
a n d p r io r s , a n d the g r e a te r p a r t o f the lo w e r ho u
se : a n d
to
with i t t hey o ffered the ki n g a s ubsidy o f
p r o c ur e his fa vo ur , a n d p r o m ised for the fut ur e n o t t o
m a ke n or e x ec ut e a ny co n stit uti o n s wi t ho ut hi s li ce n ce
The co n vo c a ti o n o f Y o r k did n o t p a ss this so e a sily ;
they obj e cted to the word h ea d , a s a g r eei n g to n o n e b ut
Chr i st ; whe r e upo n the ki n g wr ote the m a lo n g e x p o st u
la t o r y le tter , a n d told the m with wh a t li m it a ti o n s those o f
C a n terb ur y h a d p a ssed th a t title ; upo n whi ch they a ll
s ub m itted , a n d o ffered
whi ch wa s a ccepted ; a n d
thus the clergy were a g a i n rece ived i n to t he ki n g 8 pr o
ta c tion ,an d p a rdo n ed
.
.
.
.
.
.
2 46
Fox
’
B OOK o r
s
M A RT Y R S
.
tor ,to e x c use the k i n g s a ppe a r an ce , upo n s uch gro und s
ld be fo un ded o n the c a n o n la w, a n d upo n the privi
as c o u
leges o f the cr o wn o f E n gl a n d The I m pe r i a lists p r esse d
t the w iser c a rdi n a ls , wh o
t a e p ope to give se n te n ce , b u
o bse r ved th a t the n a ti o n wo uld a dhe r e to the ki n g , if he
sho uld b e p r ovoked to sh a ke o ff the pope s yoke ,s uggested
n sels
m ilde r co u
sio n ,the pop e see m ed to fa vo ur the ki n g s e x
I n co n cl u
po n which the I m pe r i a lists m a de gre a t
cu
s a t o r y ple a , u
co m pl a i n ts But t his a m o un ted to n o m o r e , th a n th a t the
ki n g wa s n o t b o un d to a ppe a r in pe r so n : the r e fo r e the
c a r d i n a ls , wh o we r e in his i n te r est , a d v ised the ki n g to
se n d ove r a p r o x y fo r a n s we r i n g t o the m e r its o f the c a use
Bo n n e r wa s a lso se n t to E n gl a n d t o a s s ur e the ki n g , th a t
ch in the F r e n ch i n terest ,th a t he
t h e p ope w a s n o w so m u
m ight co n fide n t ly r e fer his m a tte r to h im
At t h a t ti m e t he ki n g se n t fo r the spe a ker o f t he ho use
n d the p r el a tes we r e b u
o f c o m m o n s , a n d told h i m he fo u
t
ha l f s u
bj e cts ; fo r t h e y s wo r e a t thei r co n sec r a ti o n a n o a th
to the pope , i n co n siste n t w ith thei r a llegi a n ce a n d o a th to
him By t he i r o a th to the po pe , they s wo r e to be in n o
co un cil a g a i n s t h im , n o r to discl ose his sec r e t s ; b ut to
tho r ities o f the
m a i n t a i n the p a p a cy , a n d t h e r ights a n d a u
r ch o f R o m e , a g a i n st a ll m e n
In thei r o a t h to the
chu
ki n g , they r e n o un ced a ll cl a uses in thei r b ulls co n t r a r y to
the ki n g s r oy a l dig n ity , a n d s wo r e to b e fa ith ful to h im ,
a n d to live a n d die w ith him a g a i n st a ll o t he r s , a n d to keep
his co un sel a ck n o wledgi n g th a t they held thei r b ishop r i cs
o n ly o f h im It wa s evide n t they co uld n o t keep b oth
those o a ths , in c a se o f a b r e a ch betwee n the ki n g a n d t he
Bu
e b r oke o ff t he co n s ult a tio n s o f p ar
t t he p l ag u
p ope
S oo n a fte r , S ir Tho m a s More , see
lia m e n t a t this ti m e
R
m
m
n g o n so fa st , desi r ed le a ve
t
re
w
ith
o
e
co
i
in g a r u
u
p
to la y do wn his o ffi ce , whi ch wa s upo n th a t co n fe r r ed on
dley Mo r e wa s s a tisfied with the ki n g s
S i Tho m a s A u
ke pi n g up the l a ws fo r me r ly m a de in oppositio n to the
p a p a l e n c r o a chme n ts , a n d so ha d co n c ur r ed in the s uit o f
the p r ae m un ire b ut n e w the m a tter we n t fur ther , a n d n ot
bei n g a ble to keep p a ce with the kin g s me a s u
re s ,b e re
tu
r ne d to a p r iv a te l ife
sa
.
’
.
’
.
.
.
.
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’
.
.
.
’
r
.
e
’
F
o x s s o o n o r M A RT Y RS
’
247
.
I n ter view of t he K ing s of E ng la n d a n d F r a nc
An i n terv ie w soo n foll o wed be t wee n the ki n g s o f Fr a n c e
a n d E n gl a n d ; in which ,Fr a n ci s pro m ised He n r y to s o
nd
him in his s u
it ; e n co ur a ged h im to pro ceed to a s e a l
m a rr i a ge w itho u
red hi m o f his a ssist
t del a y ; a n d a ssu
a n ce a n d s u
ppo r t : m e a n time ,the pope o ff ered to the kin g ,
t o se n d a leg a te to a n y i n di ffe r e n t pl a ce o u
t o f E n gl an d ,to
for m t h e pro cess , r eservi n g o n ly the givi n g se n te n ce to
hi ms el f ; a n d proposed to h im , a n d a ll pri n ce s , a ge n er a
tr u
ce , to b e follo wed by a ge n er a l co un c il
The ki n g a n s wered , th a t s uch wa s the prese n t st a te o f
the a ffa i r s o f E urope , th a t it wa s n o t s e as o n ab le to c al l a
ge n e r a l co un cil ; a n d th a t it was co n tr a ry t o his pr e r oga
tive to se n d a p r o x y to a ppe a r a t Rome ; th a t by the de
cr ees o f ge n er a l co un cils , a ll c a uses o ught to b e j udged o n
the pl a ce a n d by a p r ovi n ci a l co un cil ; a n d th a t i t was
fi t te r to j udge it in E n gl a n d ,th a n a ny whe r e else : a n d th a t
by h is co r o n a tio n o a th he wa s b o un d to m a i n t a i n the di gui
ties o f his c r o wn , a n d the rights o f h is s ubj e cts a n d n ot
to a ppe a r b e fore a ny fo r eig n co ur t S ir Thom a s Ell iot
wa s , there fore , se n t over w ith i n str u
ctio n s , to mov e th a t
the c a us e might b e j udged in E n gl a n d
'
n
n
.
.
.
ma r r ies Ann e B o ley n
.
S oo n a fter this ,the kin g m a rried A n n e B oley n ; Ro w
l a n d L ee ( a fter wa rd b i shop o f C ove n try a n d Lic hfi e ld )
o ffi ci a ted , n o n e be i n g p r ese n t b ut the d uke o f Nor fo lk ,a n d
her fa ther ,m other , brother , a n d Cr a nm er It wa s tho ught
th a t the forme r m a r r i a ge bei n g n ull , the ki n g m ight pro ~
ce e d to a n other : a n d perh a ps t h ey hop ed ,th a t a s the pop e
ha d for m erly proposed this m ethod , so he wo u
ld n ow a p
prove o f it But tho ugh t he pope h a d j o i n ed hi m sel f t o
Fr a n ce , ye t he wa s still so m uch in fe ar o f the e m p eror ,
t h a t he d ar ed n ot provoke him
A n ew c it a tio n wa s there
fore iss u
ed o ut , for the ki n g to a n s wer to the quee n s com
pl a i n ts ; b ut He n ry s a ge n ts protested , th a t their m a ster
was a sovereig n p r i n ce , a n d E n gl an d a fr e e ch u
r ch , over
wh ic h the p op e h a d n o j u
st a uthority a n d th a t the ki n g
co u
ld e x pe ct n o j usti ce at Ro me ,where t he em per or s
po wer wa s so gre a t
.
.
.
’
’
’
.
24 8
F
’
o x s B OOK o r MA RT Y RS
.
Th e P a r lia men t con d emn s App ea ls t o Rome
.
At th i s ti m e , the p a rli a m e n t m e t a g a i n ,a n d p a s s ed a n
a n d e n a ct in , th a t
a c t , co n dem n i n g a ll a ppe a ls to R o m e
g
the n ce forth a ll c a uses sho uld b e j udged withi n the ki ngdom ,
ll e f
an d th a t se n te n ce s give n in E n gl a n d were to h a ve fu
ted a n y ce n s ur es from Rome we re
fe et : a n d a ll th a t e x e c u
to i n c ur the p a i n o f pr aem un ire
.
r
C r a n mer ma d e Ar c hb i s h op of C a n ter bu
y
.
Wa rh a m , a r chb ishop o f C a n terb ur y , h a vi n g d ied the
p r e cedi n g ye a r , wa s s ucceeded by C r a n me r wh o wa s the n
in Germ a n y , disp u
ti n g in the ki n g s ca use with some o f
the e m pero r s d ivi n es The ki n g r esolve d to a dv a n ce him to
t h a t dig n ity ,a n d se n t h im wo r d o f it , th a t so he m ight m a ke
h a s t e ove r : b u
t a p r o m oti o n so fa r a b ove his tho u
ghts ,
e a n d pr i
ha d n o t its co m m o n e ffe ct o n h im : he h a d a t r u
m it ive s e n se o f so gre a t a ch a r ge ; a n d i n ste a d o f a spi r i ng
to it fe a r ed it a n d r et ur n i n g ve r y sl o wly to E n gl a n d ,used
r s to b e e x c u
a ll his e n de a vo u
sed fr o m th a t a dv a n ce m e n t
B ulls we r e se n t fo r to Ro m e , in o r de r to his co n se cr a tio n
wh ich the pope gr a n te d , a n d o n the 3 0th o f Ma rch , C r a n
mer wa s co n secr a ted by the b ishops o f L i n col n ,E x eter
The o a th to the pop e wa s o f h a rd diges
a n d St As a ph
tio n to h im He there fo r e m a de a p r otest a ti o n , be fore he
took i t , th a t he c o n ce ived hi msel f n o t b o un d up by it
ty to God ,to his
n a n y thi n g th a t wa s co n t r a ry to his d u
n try ; a n d this b e repe a ted whe n he
k i n g , o r to his co u
took it
’
’
.
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
The K ing s Ma rr ia g e con d emned by the C on voca ti on
’
.
e stio n s b e fore t h em ;
T he co n vo c a tio n h a d the n two q u
’
the fi rst wa s , co n ce r n i n g the l a wful n ess o f the ki n g s m a r
’
r ia ge , a n d the v a lidity o f the pope s dispe n s a tio n ; the
other wa s , o f m a tte r o f fa ct ,whethe r Pri n ce Arth ur h a d
c o n s umm a ted the m a r ri a ge F o r t he fi r st , the j udgme n ts
n ive r sities were re a d ; a n d a fter a lo n g de
o f n i n etee n u
b a te , there be i n g t we n ty -three o n ly in the lo wer ho use ,
r teen were a g a i n st th e m a rri a g e , seve n fo r it , a n d t wo
(b u
b io usly In t he upper ho use S t o ke slv,b isho o t
voted d u
.
.
p
250
Fo x
’
s
B O OK o r
MA RT Y RS
.
h e rsel f ; a n d so resolved , th a t n o n e sho uld s erve a b out
her who d id n ot tre a t her a s quee n
At Ro m e the c a rdi n a ls o f the Imperi a l fa ctio n compl a i n
e d mu
ch o f the a tte m pt m a de o n the pop e s po wer , a n d
urged him to pro ceed to ce n s ur es But there wa s o n ly
se n te n ce give n , a n ullin g a ll th a t the a rchb ishop o f C a n te r
b ur y h a d do n e ; a n d the ki n g wa s req ui r ed un der p a i n o f
e x com m un i c a tio n , to pl a ce thi n gs a g a i n in the st a te in
whi ch the ) form e r ly were a n d this n otifi c a tio n wa s a ffi x ed
at D u
n ki r k
The ki n g se n t a n e m b a ssy to the Fre n ch
mo n a rch , who wa s the n setti n g o ut to Ma r seilles , to meet
the p on e the ir err a n d wa s to d iss ua de him from the j o ur
ne , u
n less the pope p r o m ised He n ry s a tis fa ctio n
Fr a n ci s
y
sa id h e wa s e n g a ged in ho n o u
r to go o n ; b ut a ss ured them
he v e nld m i n d the ki n g s co n cern s with a s m u
ch ze a l a s if
they were his o wn
on
.
’
.
.
’
.
B ir th of the P r in ces s E liz a b eth
.
e e n bro ught forth a d a ughter , a fter
In S eptemb er the q u
ee n Eliz a beth a n d the ki n g h a vi ng
wa rd the re n o wn ed q u
be fo r e de cl a r ed l a dy Ma r y p r i n cess o f W a les ,d id n o w the
s a m e for he r : tho ugh , si n ce a s o n might e x cl ude her fr o m
it , she co uld n ot b e he ir a pp a r e n t , b ut o n ly heir pr e s um p
tive to the c r o wn
The eve n t ful mo m e n t wa s n ow a t h a n d ,whe n the in ci
de n t sho uld t a ke pl a ce th a t wo uld c ause the sep a r a tio n o f
E n gl a n d fro m the Ch ur ch o f Rome There was a se c r et
Fr a n cis , th a t if ki n g
a gree m e n t b et wee n the pope a n d
He n y wo uld r e fe r his c a use to the co n sistory , e x cepti n g
o n ly the c a r di n a ls o f the Impe r i a l fa ctio n , a s p a rti a l , a n d
wo u
ld in a ll other thi n gs retur n to his ob edi e n ce to the see
ld b e give n in hi s fa vo ur
o f Ro m e , th e se n te n ce sho u
Whe n Fr a n cis retur n ed to P a r is , he se n t over the b ishop
o f th a t city to the ki n g , to tell wh a t he h a d obt a i n ed o f
t he p e p e in his fa vo u
r , a n d the te r m s o n whi ch it wa s pro
m is e d ; th is wr o u
ght so m uch o n the ki n g , th a t b e pre
s e n tl
m
u
n whi ch the bi shop o f P a ris
co
se
ted
to
the
po
n
n
:
y
gh it wa s n ow in t he m iddle o f wi n ter , we n t to Rome
tho u
e n ce Upo n h i s a r r iv a l there ,the m a tter see m ed
n co n se q u
po n the k in g s se nd i ng
gre ed ; for it wa s pro m is ed , th a t u
.
.
r
.
‘
.
’
p ox
s
B
O O K o r M A R T YRS
1
.
pro mise un der h is h a n d , to pl a ce thi n g s in the ir former
st a te , a n d hi s orderi n g a p r o x y to a ppe a r for him , j udge s
sho uld b e se n t to C a m br a y fo r m a ki n g the pro cess , a n d
the n se n te n ce sho uld be give n Upo n the n oti ce give n o f
this a n d o f a d a y fi x ed fo r the ret ur n o f the co ur ier , the
ki n g desp a tched him with a ll possible h a ste a n d n o w the
b usi n ess see m ed a t a n e n d But the co urier h a d the s e a
a n d Alps to p a ss , a n d in wi n ter it wa s n o t e a sy to obser v e
The a ppoi n ted d ay c a me , a nd
a li m ited d ay so e x a ctly
n o co u
r ier a r rived
upo n whi ch the imp e ri a list s g a ve o ut
th a t the ki n g wa s a b usi n g t he pope s e a si n ess a n d pressed
him veheme n tly to p r o ceed to a se n te n ce : the b ishop o f
P a ris req uested o n ly a del a y o f s ix d ays But the desig n
o f the i m peri a l ists w a s to hi n de r a reco n cil ia tio n ; for if
the ki n g h a d bee n set r ight with the pope , there wo uld
h a v e bee n so po werful a le a gue form ed a g a i n st the empe
r o r , a s wo u
ld h a ve fr ustr a ted a ll his m e a sure s a n d there
fore it was n e cess a ry fo r his p oliti cs to embroil them
Se
du
i n g p r i n ce , the pope ,
c e d by the ar t ific e o f this i n tr igu
co n t r a ry to his ordi n a r y pr ude n ce , br o ught the m a tter b e
fore the co n sisto r y ; a n d there the i m peri a li sts h a vi n g the
m aj ority , i t wa s drive n o n with so m u
ch pre cipit a tio n ,
th a t they did in o n e d a y th a t whi ch , a ccordi n g to form ,
sho uld h a ve occ upied th r ee
They g a ve the fi n a l se n te n ce ,de cl a red the ki n g s m ar
ee n C a th a r i n e good , a n d re q uired hi m to live
r ia ge with q u
wit h her a s hi s wi fe , other wise they wo u
ld pro ceed to ce n
s ures T wo d ays a fte r t his ,the co ur ier c a m e with the
ki n g s s ub m issi o n in d ue for m he a lso b r o ught e a r n est
lette r s fr om F r a n cis in the ki n g s fa vo ur Th is wro ught
o n a ll the i n di ffere n t c a r di n a ls , a s well a s those o f the
ch th a t they pr a yed the p ope to r e
Fr e n ch fa ctio n , so m u
c a ll wh a t wa s do n e A n e w co n sistory wa s c a lled ; b ut
rged , with gre a ter veheme n ce th a n eve r ,
t h e i mp e r i a lists u
th a t they wo uld n ot give s uch sc a n d a l to the world a s t o
rec a ll a de fi n itive se n te n ce p a st o f the v a lidity o f a m ar
ch a dv a n t a ges by their n u
r ia ge , a n d give the he r eti cs s u
ste a di n ess in m a tters o f th a t n a t ur e f it wa s the re fore ca r
ried , th a t the fo r mer se n te n ce sho uld t a ke pl a ce , a n d the
e x e cutio n o f it be co m mitted to t he emperor W he n th is
wa s k n o wn in E n gl a n d , it determi n ed the ki n g in his re s o
lu
t io n o f s h a ki ng o ff the p a p a l yo k e ; in whi ch he had
a
.
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’
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’
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’
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25 2
F OX 8
s o on
or
a n ten n as
.
ma de s o gre a t a progress , th a t t he p a rli a m e n t ha d
p as se d
a ll the a cts co n cer n in g it , b e fo r e he re ceived the n e w
fro m Ro m e fo r b e j u
dged th a t th e b est way to se c ure hi s
c ause wa s to let Rom e s e e his powe r ,an d with wh a t vigo ur
he c ou
l d m a k e wa r
s
.
C H AP T E R I V
Arg umen ts f or r ej ecting the P op e s p ower
’
.
IN E n gl an d the fo u
n d a tio n s o n whi ch the p a p a l a u
th o
rity wa s b uilt , h a d b ee n e x a mi n ed w ith e x t r a ordi n a ry c a re
o f l a te ye a r s
a n d sever a l b ooks w ere wr itte n o n th a t
s ubj e ct It wa s de m o n str a ted th a t all the a p ostles were
m a de e qu
a l in the po wers th a t Chri st g a ve the m , a n d h e
.
o fte n co n de m n ed thei r co n tests a b o ut s upe r iority ,b ut n ever
decl a red in S t P ete r s fa vo ur S t P a ul withs tood h im to
n is fa ce , a n d re cko n ed hi m sel f n o t i n fe r ior to him
If th e
dig n ity o f a perso n le ft a ny a uthority with the city in
which he s a t ,the n A n tio ch m ust c a r r y it a s well a s Rome ;
a n d Je r u
s a le m , where Ch r ist s uffered ,wa s to b e pre ferred
t o a ll t h e wo r ld , for it wa s t r u
ly the mother ch urch The
o ther pr ivileges a scribed to St
P eter , were e ither o n ly a
p r e cede n ce o f o r de r , or we r e o cc a sio n ed by hi s fa ll , a s
”
th a t i nj un cti o n ,
Feed my sheep , it b ei n g a restori n g
him to the a postoli c a l fu
n ctio n
S t P eter ha d a lso a li m ited
provi n ce , the circ umcis io n , as St P a ul h a d the un cir cum
c is io n ,o f fa r gr e a ter e x te n t ; whi ch sho w ed th a t P ete r wa s
n o t co n side r ed a s t h e u
n i v e r s a l p a sto r
S eve r a l sees , a s Ra v e n n a , Mil an , a n d Aq uilei a , pr e
te n ded e x e m p t io n fro m the p a p a l a ut h ority Ma n y En g
lish b i shops h a d a sse r ted th a t the popes h a d n o a utho r ity
a g a i n st the c a n o n s , a n d to th a t d ay n o c a n o n the pop e
m ade wa s bi n di n g till it wa s received ; whi ch sho wed t he
pope s a utho r ity wa s n o t believed to b e fo un ded o n a d i
vi n e a uthority : a n d the co n tests whi ch the ki n gs o f E n gl a n d
r es , bishops
h a d h a d with the popes co n ce r n i n g i n vestit u
do i n g hom a ge , a ppe a ls to Ro m e ,a n d the a utho r ity o f p a p a l
b ulls a nd provisio n s , sho wed th a t the pope s po wer wa s
beli eved to b e s ubj ect to l aws and c ustom , and s o n ot d e
’
.
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-
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’
’
254
r ox
’
s
B OOK o r
ur ns
MA
.
pope s po wer o f dispe n si n g ; a n d th a t a s n o n e c ou
ld dis
pe n se with the l a ws o f God , so t he ki n g a nd p ar li a me n t
o n ly ha d t h e authority o f dispe n si n g with the l a ws o f t he
la n d ; a n d th a t there fo r e s u
ch lice n ses or dispe n s a tio n s a s
s e , sho u
ld be fo r the fut ure gr an ted by
were formerly in u
the t wo a rchb ishops ; some o f these were to b e co n fi r med
un de r the gre a t se a l ; a n d they a ppoi n ted th a t t her e a fte
rse with Rome ,o n those s ubj e cts sho uld ce a se
a ll i n terco u
They a lso decl a red th a t they did n o t i n te n d to a lter a ny
a r t i cle o f the
c a thol i c fa ith o f Ch r iste n dom , or o f th a t
which was d e cl a red in the script u
re n e cess a ry to s a lv a tio n
They co n fir m ed a l the e x emptio n s gr a n ted to m o n a steries
he popes , b u
t su
bj e cted them to the ki n g s visit a tio n ,
a n d g a ve the ki n g a n d hi s co u
n cil po wer to e x a mi n e a n d r e
( o r m all i n d u
lge n ces a n d p r ivileges gr a n ted by the p ope
This a ct s ubj e cted the m o n a steries e n ti r ely to the k i n g s
thority , a n d put the m in n o s m a ll co n fusio n Tho se
au
wh o lo ved the re for m a tio n r ej o iced b oth to see the pope s
po wer rooted o ut ,a n d to fi n d the s cript ure m a de the st a n d
a r d o f religio n
A fter thi s a ct ,a n other p a ssed in b oth ho uses ,in s ix d ays
ti m e ,witho ut a n y oppositio n , set tli n g the s uccessio n o f the
c r o wn , co n fir m i n g the se n t e n ce o f divo r ce ,a n d the ki ng s
m a r r i a ge with q u
ee n A n ne , a n d de cl a r i ng all m a r ri a ges
l
n l a wfu
wit hi n the d egrees p r ohi bited by Moses to b e u
a ll th a t h a d m a rri e d withi n them were a ppo i n ted to b e d i
e illegiti m a ted ; a n d t he s uccessio n
v o r ce d , a n d their iss u
to t he cro wn wa s settled upo n the ki n g s i ss ue by the pre
se n t q uee n , or , in de fa ult o f th a t , to the k i n g s right hei r s
All we re r eq ui r ed to s we a r to m a i n t a i n the c o n
fo r ever
te n ts o f th is a ct ; a n d if a ny re fused to s we a r to i t , o r
sho uld s a y a ny thi n g to the sl a n der o f the ki n g s m a r r i a ge ,
d ged g u
ilty o f m isprisio n o f tre a so n , a n d
he was to b e j u
to b e p un i she d a cco r di n gly
Ab o ut th is ti m e o n e P hillips compl a i n ed to the ho use o f
s in g him c r uelly
c omm o n s o f t he bishop o f L o n d o n , for u
po n s usp i cio n o f heresy t he co m m o n s se n t up
in p r iso n u
p etitio n to the lords , b ut re ceived n o a n s wer ; they
h e re fo ne se n t so m e o f thei r me m b e r s to the b ishop ,desi r
t in a g a i n st him : b u
t
ng hi m to a n s wer the c o m pl a i nt s p u
se o f lords with it ; a n d they with
a i n ted the ho u
h e a c qu
co n se n t V )t€ d th a t n o n e o f their ho use o ught to a p
’
.
.
.
’
.
’
.
’
.
’
’
’
.
’
.
t
'
Fox
’
B OOK o r
s
MA RT Y RS
.
r
or
s
e
a n s we r to a n y co m pl a i n t a t the b a i o f the ho u
p
lar
O n which the co mm o n s l et this p a rti c u
o f co m mo n s
c a se fa ll , a n d se n t up a b ill , to whi ch the lords a gr eed
regul a t i n g the p r o ceedi n gs a g a i n st heretics ; r epe a li n g t he
s ta t ute o f H e n r y IV ; a n d de cl a r in g th a t n o n e were to be
co mm itted fo r heresy b ut upo n a prese n t m e n t m a de b y
sed fo r spe a ki ng
t wo wit n esses ; n o n e were t o b e a cc u
n ded o n ly u
po n t he pope s
a g a i n st t h i n gs th a t w e r e g r o u
c a n o n s ; b a il wa s to b e t a ke n fo r hereti cs , a nd He y w er e
ught to tri a l in ope n co urt ; a n d if up o n co n vic ~
to be b
r e , or we r e rel a pses , they we r e to
t o n they d id n o t a bj u
This wa s
r n t ; the ki n g s writ bei n g first o bt a i n ed
Le b u
a g r e a t che c k to the bishops t yr a nn y , a n d g a ve g e a t s a
t is fa c t io to t h e fr i e n ds o f the re fo r m a t io n
The co n vo c atio n se n t in a s ub m iss io n a t the s a me time,
b y whi ch they a ck n o wledged , th a t a ll the co n vo c a tio n s
o ught to b e a sse m bled by the k i n g s wr it ; a n d p r o m i sed
t e a n y c a n o n s witho u
t t h e ki n g s
n eve r to m a ke n o r e x e c u
They a lso desi red , th a t si n ce m a n y o f the r e ceived
a sse n t
c a n o n s we r e fo un d to b e co n tr a r y to the ki n g s p r e r og a tive
a n d the l a ws o f t he l a n d ,the r e m ight be a co m m ittee ,n a med
by the ki n g ,o f thi r ty tw o , the o n e h a l f o ut o f b oth ho uses
o f p a rli a m e n t , a n d t h e othe r o f t h e cle r gy , e m po we red to
l a te them , a s t hey sho uld see c a use T hi s
a b r og a te o r r eg u
wa s co n fi r m ed in p a rli a m e n t ; the a c t a g a i n st a ppe a ls wa s
re n e wed a n d a n a p pe a l wa s a llo wed fr o m the a r chb ish o p
to the ki n g , upo n whi ch the lo r d ch a n cell o r wa s to gr a n
r t o f deleg a tes
a co m m issi o n fo r a co u
A n o t he r a c t p a ssed fo r r eg ul a t i n g the ele ctio n s a n d co n
lls fr o m Ro m e
s e c r a t i o n s o f b ishops , co n de m n i n g a ll b u
po n a v a c a n cy the ki n g S h OUl J
a n d a ppo i n ti n g th a t u
r
ld by a m issive
a n t a li ce n se fo r a n ele ctio n , a n d sho u
g
etter sig n i fy t he p e r so n s n a m e who m he wo uld h a ve
a n d w ithi n t welve d a ys a fte r these w e r e delivere d ,
chose n
t he de a n a n d ch a pte r , o r p r io r a n d co n ve n t ,we r e r eq u
ired
to ret ur n a n ele ctio n o f the pe r so n n a m ed by the ki n g
un der their se a ls The b ishop ele ct wa s upo n th a t t o
s we a r fe a lty a n d a writ wa s to b e iss ued o ut fo r his co n
s ua l m a n n er ; a fte r th a t he wa s to d o
s e cr a tio n in the u
po n whi ch b oth the te m por a lities a n d
h o m a ge to the ki n g , u
i
i
r it u
a
li
e
s were to b e restore d , a n d bishops were to e x
t
p
r is d ict ion s a s they h a d do n e b e for e
er cise t h eir ju
All
ea
.
.
’
r o
.
’
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’
r
n
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’
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’
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‘
’
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°
.
9
36
F ox
who tr a n sgres s e d
n 1 re
mu
’
B OO K
s
or
MA R T Y R S
.
this a ct were m a de guilty o f a prac
.
A p r iv a t e a ct p a ssed ,dep r ivi n g c a rdi n a l C a mpe gio an d
J ero m e de G ia nucc ii o f the b ishop r ics o f S a lisb ury a nd
W o r cester : the re a so n s give n fo r it were , be c a use they
did n o t r eside in thei r di o ceses , for pre a chi n g the l a ws o f
God , a n d keepi n g hospit a lity , b ut lived a t the co ur : o f
Ro m e , a n d d r e w £ 3 000 a ye a r o u
t o f the ki n gd om
W hile t hese me a s ur es we r e p ur s ui n g by the gove r n m e n t ,
Ti n d a l o f A nt werp ,who h a d bee n co m pelled to flee fr o m
E n gl a n d ,by the a ssist a n ce o f seve r a l others tra n sl a ted the
Ne w Test a m e n t i n to E n glish , a n d improved every opp e r
n it
tu
y o f se n d i n g the m fr o m t he n ce to E n gl a n d , by m e a n s
o f which the mi n ds o f the people were p r ep a ri n g fo r the
ch a n ge t h a t wa s soo n to follo w
.
S t or y a n d Jlf a r ty r d om of Th oma s B ilney
.
Tho m a s B il n ey wa s b r o ught up a t C a m bridge from a
ch ild O n le a vi n g the un ive r sity he pre a ched in sever a l
pl a ces ; a n d in his ser m o n s sp oke with gre a t b old n es s
This wa s
a g a i n st the p r ide a n d i n sole n ce o f t h e cle r gy
d uri n g t h e m i n istr y o f c a r di n a l W olsey , wh o , he a r i n g o f
his a tt a cks , c a us ed him to b e seized a n d i m p r iso n e d
O vercome w ith fe a r , B il n ey a bj u
red ,wa s p a rdo n ed , a n d
r et u
rn ed to C a m b r idge in the ye a r 1 5 3 0 Here he fell
i n to g r e a t ho r ro r o f mi n d ,in co n se q ue n ce o f his i n st a b ility
th He b ec a m e a sh a m ed o f himsel f,
a n d de n i a l o f the t r u
bi tterly r epe n ted o f his s in , a n d g r o wi n g st r o n g in fa ith,
r esolved to m a ke some a to n e m e n t by a p u
bli c a vo wa l o f
n is a post a cy , a n d co n fessio n o f his s e n ti m e n ts
To pre
p a re hi m sel f fo r hi s t a sk , he st udied t he sc r ipt ures with
deep a t te n t io n fo r t wo ye a r s a t the e x pi r a tio n o f whi ch he
itted the un iversity , we n t i n to N or folk , where he
a g a i n qu
a n d d o wn th a t co u
n ty a g a i n s t
wa s bor n , a n d p r e a ched u
p
idol a tr y a n d s upe r stitio n ; e x ho r ti n g the people to a goo d
l i fe , to give a l ms ,t o b elieve in Ch r ist , a n d to o ffer up their
so uls to him in the s a cr a m e n t He ope n ly co n fessed nis
and u
si n g n o pre c a uti o n a s
o wn s in o f d e n y in g the fa ith
he we n t a b o ut , wa s s oo n ta ke n by the b ishop s o fii ce r s ,
c o n dem n ed as a rel a pse , a nd degr a d e d S ir Thom a s More
r n him
P a rker , a fter wa rd a r ch
sent d o wn the wr it t o b u
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258
F
O X S n o o n o r M A RT Y RS
uffered a lso the s a me fa te a t Y ork
.
Upo n th e se pro ce e d
in gs ,the p a rli a m e n t co m pl a i n ed to the ki n g ; b u
t this d ic
n ot che ck the s a n g u
i n a r y p r o ceedi n gs o f the clergy O n
Ba i n h a m ,a co u
n s ellor o f the Te m ple , wa s t a ke n o n su
s i
p
cio n o f he r esy , whipped in the p r ese n ce o f sir Tho m a s
More , a n d a ft er wa r d r a cked in the To wer , yet he co uld
ght o n to a cc use a ny , b ut thro ugh fe a r he a h
n o t b e w ro u
r ed
f
t
r , bei n g dis ch a rged , he wa s in
w
u
A
er
this
ho
eve
,
j
gr e a t tro uble o f mi n d , a n d co uld fi n d n o quiet till he we n t
p ubli cly to ch urch , whe r e he ope n ly co n fessed his si n s ,
a n d de cl a r ed t he tor m e n ts he felt in his co n s cie n ce for
wh a t he h a d do n e
Upo n thi s he wa s a g a i n se ized o n ,a n d
co n de m n ed fo r h a v i n g s a id th a t Tho m a s B e cket wa s a
m ur de r e r , a n d wa s d a m n ed if he did n o t repe n t a n d th a t
in the s a c r a m e n t , Ch r i s t s b ody wa s r e ce ived by fa ith ,a n d
n o t che wed w ith the teeth
S e n te n ce wa s p a ssed upo n
him ,a n d he wa s b ur n t S oo n a fte r this More delive r ed up
the g r e a t se a l , in co n se que n ce o f whi ch the re for m e d
pre a chers h a d a short respite
Bu
tio n wa s soo n revived , a n d its r a ge
t the perse c u
stoppe d n o t a t the livi n g ,b ut ve n tur ed itsel f eve n o n the
de a d L ord T r a cy m a d e a will , by which he le ft his so ul
to God , in hopes o f m e r cy th r o ugh Ch r ist , witho ut t h e
help o f a ny s a i n t a n d there fore he decl a r ed th a t he w o uld
le a ve n othi n g fo r so ul m a sses This will , be i n g bro ught to
the bishop o f L o n do n s co urt to h e proved a fte r his de a th ,
provoked the clergy so m uch th a t he was co n de m n ed a s a
hereti c , a n d a n o r de r wa s se n t to the ch a n cello r o f W o r
o
t he we n t beyo n d his i n st r u
o este r to r a ise his b ody : b u
tio n s , a n d b urn t it , whi ch co uld n o t b e j usti fi ed , si n ce the
de ce a sed wa s n ot a rel a pse T r a cy s he ir s ued h im fo r it
rn ed o ut o f his pl a ce ,a n d fi n ed £ 4 00
a n d he w a s t u
The clergy pro cl a i m ed a n i n d ulge n ce o f forty d a ys p a r
rn i n g o f a hereti c ,
d o n to a ny th a t c a r r ied a fa got to th e b u
elty m ight seem the m o r e m e r ito r io us
t h a t so cr u
The re form ed n o w e nj oyed a respite o f two ye a rs ,whe n
the cr a fty G a rd i n er represe n ted to the ki n g th a t it wo ul d
te n d m uch to n is a dv an t a ge if he wo uld t a ke some o c c a
sio n to sho w his h a tred o f heresy A ccordi n gly a yo ung
ma n n a med F rith was c hose n for a s acr ifi ce t o th i afln ted
se al fo r reli gio n
s
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F ox s
B OOK o r M A R T Y RS
25 9
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r ed b
t
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Th e Ref or mer s f a vou
y he C ou
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ob ility a n d ge n t r y were ge n e r ally well s a t is fi e d
t the b ody o f
with the ch a n ge in e cclesi a sti c a l a ffa irs ; b u
the people , bei ng more un de r the p o we r o f the p r iest s
bj e c t It wa s s a id
wer e filled with g r e a t fe a rs o n t h e s u
a m o n g them th a t the ki n g n o w j oi n ed hi m sel f to he r eti cs ;
th a t the quee n , Cr a nm e r , a n d C r o m well , fa vo ured the m
It wa s le ft free to disp u
te wh a t were a rti cles o f fa ith , a n d
wh a t were o n ly the de c r ees o f popes ; a n d the most im
n der the prete n ce th a t
ort
a n t ch a n ges m ight b e m a de , u
p
t hey o n ly rej e cted those op i n i o n s whi ch we r e s u
pp orted b y
tho r it y
h e p a p al a u
The mo n ks a nd fr i a rs sa w themselves le ft at t he ki n g s
mercy Their b ulls co uld be n o lo n ger use ful to the m
The tr a de o f n e w s a i n ts , or i n d ulge n ces wa s no w a t a n
e n d ; they h a d a lso so m e in ti m a tio n s th a t Cro m well wa s
formi n g a p r oj e ct for s u
gh t
p pr e ss s in g the m ; so they tho u
it n ecess ar y for their o wn prese r v a tio n to e m b r o il the
ki ng s a ffa i r s a s m uch a s wa s possible : there fo r e , b oth in
co n fessi o n s a n d disco urses , they l a b o ured to i n fuse i n to
the peopl e a dislike o f his p r o ceedi n gs : b ut these pr a c
tices a t home , a n d the i nt r igues o f c ar di n a l P ole a b r o a d ,
the libels th a t were p ublished ,a n d the r ebelli o n s th a t were
r a ised in E n gl a n d ,wro ught so much o n the ki n g s te m per ,
t a tu
r a lly i mpe r io u
s a n d b oistero us , th a t he b e c a me too
p r o n e to a cts o f seve r ity , a n d hi s n e w title o f h ea d of t h e
r ch seemed to h a ve i n cre a sed his fo r m er v a n it , a n d
ch u
y
m a de him fa n cy th a t a ll his s ubj e cts were b o un d to reg u
l a te t hei r belie f by the me a s ur es he set the m The b ishops
a n d a b b q t s did wh a t they co u
ld to fr ee the ki n g o f a ny
a lo u
e
sies
he
m
ight
h
a ve of the m ; a n d o f their o wn a ccord
j
be fore a n y law ua s m a de a b o ut it ,swore to m a i n t a i n his
s uprem a cy
Th e
n
.
.
.
’
.
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.
.
C r o mwell ma d e Vica r G ener a l
.
The firs t a ct o f his n e w po wer wa s the m a ki n g Crom
well vi c a r ge n er a l , a n d visiter o f a ll the m o n a steries a n d
ch urches o f E n gl a n d , with a deleg a tio n o f the ki n g s s u
m
a cy to him
he
r
w
a
s a lso e m p o we r ed to give commi s ~
e
p
s ions s u
Lalte rn to h imself
a nd a ll wills , whe r e the es ta te
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o n o r M A R T Y RS
.
was 1 n v a l u
e a b ove £2 00, we r e to b e proved i n his c ourt
Th is wa s a fter wa r d e n l a r ged : he wa s m a de the k in g s
v icegere n t in e c clesi a sti c a l m a tte r s ,ha d the pre cede n ce o f
a ll perso n s e x cept the roy a l fa m ily
a n d hi s a u
thority wa s
in a ll po i n ts the s a me a s h a d b ee n for m erly e x ercised by
the pope s leg a t es
P a i n s were t a ke n to e n g a ge a ll the cle r gy to de cl a re fo r
the s up r e m a cy At O x ford a p ubli c dete r m i n a tio n wa s
m a de , to whi ch eve r y memb er a sse n ted , th a t the p op e h a d
no
m ore a u
tho r ity in E n gl a n d th an a ny other fo1 e ign
b ishop The F r a n cis c a n s a t Rich m o n d m a de so me oppo
sitio u; they s a id , by the r ule o f St F r a n cis , they were
b o un d to obey the holy see The b isho p o f Lich fi eld
told them th a t a ll the b ishops in E n gl a n d ,a ll the he a d s o f
ho u
ses ,a n d the m ost le a r n ed divi n es h a d sig n ed th a t pro
positio n S t Fr a n cis m a de h is r ule in It a ly , where t he
b ishop o f Ro m e wa s m etrop olit a n , b ut th a t o ugh t n ot t o
e x te n d to E n gl an d : a n d it wa s sho wn th a t the c h a p t e
cited by them wa s n ot wr itte n by h im , b ut a dded si n ce
yet they co n ti n ued positive in their re fus a l to sign it
’
’
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.
Gen er a l vis ita ti on of t he Mon a s ter ies
.
It wa s well k n o wn th a t the m o n ks a n d fri a rs , tho ugh
they co m plied with the ti m e , yet h a ted thi s n e w po wer o f
the ki n g s ; th e people we r e a lso st a r tled a t it : so o n e Dr
Leighto n , wh o h a d bee n in W o ls ey s se r vi ce with Cro m
well , p r oposed a ge n e r a l visit a ti o n o f a ll the religio u
s
o uses in E n gl a n d ; a n d tho ught th a t n othi n g w o uld r e
co n cile the n a tio n so m uch to the ki n g s s upre m a cy , a s to
see so m e good e ffe ct flo w fr o m it O thers deemed this
wa s to o bold a step , a n d fe a red i t wo u
ld p r ovoke the reli
gio n s orders too m uch Y et it wa s k n o wn th a t they we r e
g uilty o f s uch disorders , a s n othi n g co uld so e ffe ctua lly
che ck a s i n q ui r y C r a n mer led the wa y to this b y a me
t r o p o lit ic al visit a ti o n , fo r which he obt a i n ed the ki n g s
li ce n se ; he took c a re to see th a t the pope s n a me wa s
s tr u
ck o ut o f a ll t he o ffi ces o f the ch urch , a n d th a t the
kin g s s uprem acy wa s ge n er a lly a ck n o wledged
In O ctober the ge n e r a l visit a tio n o f the mo n a sterie s wa s
n ; a n d the vis i te r s were i n str u
be gu
cted to i n q uire whethe i
se s h a d the ir full n umber a ccordi n g to the ir fo un
the ho u
’
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2 62
’
Fo x s
B O O K o r MARr vns
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,
D over , foll owed the ir e x a m ple
An d in the fo llo win g ye a r
r others m a de the like s urre n ders
fo u
.
.
D ea th of
Q ueen C a th a r in e
.
ee n
ar y 8, 1 5 3 6 , qu
On J a n u
C a th a ri n e died She h a d
b ee n resol ute in m a i n ta i n i n g her title a n d st a te , s ayi n g ,
th a t si n ce the pope h a d j udged her m a rri a ge wa s good ,s he
wo u
ld die r a t her th a n do a n y th i n g to p r ej udi ce it S he
d e s 1 r e d to b e b u
r i ed a m o n g the O o s e r v a n t fri a rs , wh o h a d
m ost st r o n gly s uppo r ted h er , a n d s u
se
ffe r ed fo r her c a u
S h e o r de r ed 5 00 m a sses to b e s a id fo r her so u
l ; a n d th a t
o n e o f h e r wo m e n sho u
ld go a p ilgrim a ge to o ur l a dy o f
Wa lsi ngha m , a n d give t wo h un d r ed n obles o n her wa y to
1 1e poor
n d de a th a ppro a chi n g , she wr ote
t e n h e fo u
ghter to his c a re
t o the e mperor , re co mm e n ded her d a u
a lso to the ki n g , w ith thi s i n s c r i ptio n ,
My d e a r lord ,
”
ki n g , a n d h u
sb a n d
S he fo r g a v e h im a ll the i njuries he
l
h a d do n e her ; a n d w ished h im to h a ve r eg a r d to his so u
S he re com m e n ded her d a ughter to his prote cti o n , a n d de
sir ed h im to b e ki n d to her th r e e m a ids , a n d to p ay her
serv a n ts a ye ar s wa ges ; a n d co n cl uded with , Mi n e eyes
”
desi r e y o ua b ove a ll thi n gs
S he e x p ired a t K i mb olto n ,
in the fi ftieth ye a r o f her a ge ,h a v i n g b ee n thi r ty th r ee ye a rs
S he wa s devo ut a n d e x e m pl a r y ; p a tie n t a n d
in E n gl a n d
ch a ri t a ble Her vi r t ues a n d her s uffe r i n gs cre a ted a n e s
tee m fo r her i n a ll r a n ks o f people The ki n g ordere d
her to b e b uried in the a bbey o f P ete r bo r o ugh , a n d wa s
so m e wh a t a ffe cted a t her de a t h b ut t he n a tur a l b a r b a r ity
ch re m o r se o n
o f his temper p r eve n ted h im fro m feeli n g m u
t h e refle ctio n th a t he h a d e m b i t te r ed the e x iste n ce o f a
wo m a n wh o loved a n d revere n ced him
The s a me ye a r the p a r li a m e n t co n firmed the a ct e m
po weri n g thirty two perso n s to revise the e ccles i a sti c a l
a ws ; b u
t n o time bei n g li mited fo r fi n ishi n g it , it h a d n o
The chie f b usi n ess o f this sessi o n , wa s the sup
e ffe ct
p r essi n g of a ll mo n a steries whose reve n ues d id n o t e x cee d
The a c t sets fo r th the gre a t disorders o f
£2 00 a ye a r
t hose ho uses , a n d the m a n y un s uccess ful a tte m pts m a de t o
re form the m The religio us th a t were in them we r e o r
de r ed to b e pl a ced in the g r e a ter ho uses ,a n d th e re ve n ue s
n g wa s a l so emp o we red t o wa k e
v
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o x s B O OK o r MA RT YRS
r
2 63
.
o un d a tio n s o f s uch o f the s uppress e d ho uses a s h e
ple a sed , whi ch were in a ll thr ee h un d r ed a n d seve n t y
This p a rli a me n t ,a fter s ix ye a rs co n ti n ua n ce ,wa s n o w d is
s olved
ne w f
.
A Tr a n s la ti on of th e B i b le p r op os ed
.
In a co n vo c a tio n whi ch sat a t thi s ti me , a motio n wa s
m a de fo r tr a n sl a ti n g the B ible i n to E n glish ,whi ch ha d bee n
’
t
p r o m ised whe n Ti n d a l s t r a n sl a tio n wa s co n dem n ed , b u
wa s a fte r wa rd l a id a side by the cle r gy a s n either n e c e s
s a r y n or e x p e die n t It wa s s a id , th a t t hose whose o fli c e
it wa s to te a ch the people the wo r d o f G o d ,did a ll they
co uld to s up p r es s it Mo se s ,t he p r ophets ,a n d t he a pos
t les wrote in the v u
lg a r to n g ue Ch r ist di r e cted t he peo
ple to se a r ch the sc r i pt ur es ; an d a s soo n a s a n y n a tio x
.
.
co n vert ed to the Ch r is t i a n r eligio n , the B ible wa s
tr a n sl a ted i n to thei r l a n g ua ge ; n or wa s it eve r t a ke n o ut
o f t h e h a n ds o f the pe o ple , till the C h r i sti a n r eligio n
so corrupted , th a t it wa s dee m ed i m poli t i c to t r ust the m
ld so m a n i festly discove r those er
with a book , which w o u
r o r s ; a n d the lege n ds , a s a r eei n g better with those a b u
ses ,
g
we r e r e a d i n ste a d o f t h e w o r d o f God
C r a n m e r tho ught th a t p utti n g the B ible in the people s
h a n ds wo uld b e the m ost e ffe ct ua l m e a n s fo r p r o m oti n g th e
r e fo r m a tio n
a n d the r e fo r e m oved th a t the k in g m ight b e
Bu
t G a r di n e r , a n d all the other p a rty
pr a yed to orde r it
o pp osed this vehe m e n tly They s a id a ll the e vtr a va ga n t
o p i n io n s l a tely bro a ched in Ge r m a n y a r ose fr o m the i n di s
c r e et u
se o f the sc r ipt u
r es
S o m e o f those opi n io n s were
a t this t im e disse m i n a ted in En gl a n d , bo t h a g a i n st the di
vi n it y a n d i n c a r n a tio n o f Ch r is t , a n d the use ful n ess o f t he
s a cr a m e n ts They the r e fo r e a r gued , th a t d uri n g these
dist r a ctio n s the us e o f the sc r ipt ur es wo uld p r ove a g r e a t
s n a r e , a n d p r oposed th a t i n ste a d o f t he m ,th a t there m igh
be so m e sho r t e x p osit io n o f the Chris t i a n r eligio n p ut in to
the people s b a n d s whi ch m ight keep t he m in a cert a i n
s ubj e cti o n to the k i n g a n d t h e c hr r c h But in sp ite o f
the ir a r g ume n ts , t he q uestio n o f the t r a n sl a tio n wa s c a rr ie d
11 the co n vo c a tio n in the a ffi r m a tive
The co urti ers were m uch di vided o n this poi n t ; som e
s a id if the ki n
a ve w a y to it , he wou
v e r b e a bl e
g
ld
n
e
,
g
wa s
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’
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.
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£6 4
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Fo x s
B OO K
MA RT Y RS
or
.
ter th at t o gover n his people , a nd th a t they wo uld b re al
i n to m an y divisio n s B ut o n the othe r h a n d ,it wa s m a i n
ld m a ke the di ffere n ce b et we e n
fa i n ed , th a t n othi n g wo u
the p e p e s po wer a n d the ki n g s sup r e m a cy a ppe a r m ore
e m i n e n tly , th a n fo r the o n e to give the people the fr ee us e
o f the word o f God ; while the oth e r kept the m in d a rk
n ess , a n d r u
led the m by a bl i n d ob edie n ce It wo uld d o
m uc h a lso in e x ti n g uish i n g the i n te r ests th a t either the
pope o r the m o n ks ha d a mo n g the peo pl e T h e B ible
wo u
ld te a c h the m ,th a t they h a d bee n lo n g de ce ived b y im
postur es ,whi ch ha d n o fo un d a tio n in the scriptures Thes e
re a so n s , stre n gthe n ed by the q uee n s r ep r e se n t a ti o n s to the
ki n g , pre v a iled so fa r with h im , th a t he g a ve o r der for set
ti n g a b o ut this i m po r t a n t a ffa ir wi t h a ll possible h a st e ;
a n d withi n three ye a r s the i m p r e ssio n o f it wa s fi n ished
The p op ish p a r ty s a w, wi t h dis a ppoi n t m e n t a n d c o n
cer n ,th a t the q uee n wa s the g r e a t obst a cle to thei r desig n s
S he gre w n o t o n ly in the ki n g s esteem , b ut in the love o f
the n a tio n D ur i n g the l a st n i n e mo n ths o f her li fe sh e
best o wed a b ove
in a l m s to the poo r , a n d see m ed
to delight in do i n g good S oo n a fter C a th a r i n e s de a th ,
A n n e b o r e a de a d s o n , wh i ch wa s believed to h a ve m a de
n fa vo u
r a ble i m p r essi o n o n t h e k in
It
a s a lso
s m i nd
w
an u
g
co n sidered , th a t n o w q uee n C a th a r i n e wa s de ad ,the ki n g
might m a r r y a n othe r , a n d r eg a i n the fr ie n dship o f the pope
a n d the e m pe r o r , a n d th a t t he iss u
e by a n y othe r m a r r i a ge
wo u
ld n eve r be q uestio n ed W i th these r e a so n s o f st a te
the ki n g s a ffe ctio n s j oi n ed : fo r he wa s n ow in love ( if so
he a r tless a m o n ste r wa s c a p a ble o f feeli n g love )with J a n e
S eymo ur , w hose dispo siti o n wa s te m pe r ed b e twee n the
gr a vity o f C a th a ri n e a n d t h e g a yety o f A n n e The l a tter
used a i possible a rts to r e in fla m e his dyi n g a ffe ctio n ; b ut
he wa s we a r y o f h e r , a n d the r e fo r e dete r m i n ed o n he r d e
st r uctio n to e ffect whi ch he soo n fo un d a p r ete n ce L a dy
Ro c hford , wi fe to the brothe r o f A n n e , b a sely a cc u
sed her
s b a n d o f a cri mi n a l
hu
i n terco urse w ith h is sister ; a n d
Nor r is , W esto n a n d B r e r eto n , the ki n g s serv a n ts , with
S m e t o n ,a m u
si ci an , we r e a cc used o f the s a m e cri me
S he wa s co n fi n ed to her C h a mber , a n d the fi ve pers o n s
b e fo r e m e n ti o n ed were se n t to the To we r , whither t he
n e x t d a y ,she wa s a l s o c a rried
O n the river som e privy
n se ll or s c a me to e x a mi n e h er , b u
co u
t she m a d e d ee p p r o
af
.
’
’
~
.
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.
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.
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’
.
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o
.
.
’
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’
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.
26 6
r ox
’
s
B OOK o r MART YRB
.
r o th e rs to lie with her ; a nd ha d o fte n s a id t o t he m ,
fo u
tha t the ki n g n ever h a d h e r he a r t ; a n d this wa s to t he
e begotte n bet wee n the ki n g a n d her ,
s l a n der o f the iss u
which wa s t r e a so n b y t he a c t th a t co n fi r m ed h e r m a r r i a ge ,
so th a t the a ct m a d e fo r the m a r r i a ge wa s n o w t ur n ed to
her r ui n They wo uld n o t no w a ck n o wledge her t he
’
ki n g s l a wful wi fe ,a n d the r e fore did n o t fo un d the t r e a so n
t e 2 5 th Ed wa r d III
It d oes n o t a ppe a r wh a t
o n the st a t u
evide n ce wa s b r o ught a g a i n st her ; fo r S m e t o n bei n g a l
.
.
e a dy co n dem n ed , co uld n o t be m a de us e o f ; a n d his n ever
be i n g b r o ught fa ce to fa ce wi th he r , g a ve j ust s uspicio n
t h a t he wa s pe r s u
a ded to his co n fessio n by b a se pr a c t ices
There wa s n o othe r e viden ce th a n a decl a r a t io n s a id to
h a v e bee n m a de by the l a dy W in gfi eld , who died b e fore
the tri a l took pl a ce so t h a t whethe r this de cl a r a tio n we r e
r e a l or a fo r gery m u
st b e ve r y do ubt ful
The e a r l o f No r th um be r la n d wa s o n e o f t he j ud ge s He
ha d fo r m e r ly bee n in love w ith the q u
ee n , a n d ,ei the r fr o m
a ret u
se , he b e
r n o f his p a ssio n , o r fr o m so m e othe r c a u
c a m e s udde n ly so ill , th a t he co uld n o t st ay o ut t he t r i a l
It wa s r e m e m be r ed t h a t this e a r l ha d s a id to t he c a r di na l
lVo ls ey ,th a t he ha d e n g a ged hi m sel f so fa r w i t h he r , t h a t
r
.
.
.
.
he co uld n o t go b a ck , whi ch wa s p e r h a ps do n e by so m e
p r o m ise co n cei v ed in wo r ds o f t h e fut ur e te n se ; b ut n o
m
ro
i
n less in t h e w ords O f t h e prese n t te n s e , c o u
l
s e ,u
d
p
’
Fo x s
B O O K 0 ? MA RT YRS
.
26 ?
e n t m ar r ia ge P erh a ps th e q uee n did
b seq u
u th e s u
not u
n derst a n d th a t di ffe r e n ce , o r p r ob a bly the fe a r o f a
te r r ible de a th wr o ught so m uch o n h e r , t h a t she co n fessed
he co n tr a ct ; b ut t he e a r l de n ied it posi t i vely , a n d took
r n to his
t he s a c r a m e n t u
p o n i t , w ishi n g t ha t it m i gh t t u
d a m n a t io n if t he r e we r e e ve r ei t he r co n tr a c t o r p r o m ise o f
Up o n h e r o wn co n fe s sio n , ho w
m a r r i a g e bet wee n t he m
e ve r , he r m a r r i a ge with the k i n g wa s j udged n ull fr o m th e
gh n othi n g co uld
b egi n n i n g , a n d she wa s co n de m n ed ,a l t ho u
b e m o r e co n t r a di cto r y ; fo r if she wa s n eve r the k i n g s
ld n o t be g uil ty o f a d ulte r y , t here bei n g n o
w i fe , she co u
bre a ch o f the fa ith o f wedlo ck , if they we r e n e ve r tr uly
m a r r ied
Bu
t the ki n g w a s r esolved bo t h to be rid o f he r ,
gh t e r by he r
a n d t o illegi t i m a tize his d a u
T he d ay b e fo r e h e r de a t h , sh e se n t h e r l a s t m ess a ge to
the ki n g ,a sse r t i n g he r i n n oce n ce ,r e co m m e n di n g he r d a ugh
t e r to his c ar e , a n d th a n ki n g h im fo r hi s a dv a n ci n g h er
fi r st to be a m a r chio n ess , the n a q uee n , a n d n o w, whe n he
co uld r a is e her n o highe r o n e a r th , fo r se n di n g he r to b e a
s a i n t in He a ve n The lie ute n a n t o f the To we r wr ote to
C r o mw ell , th a t it wa s n o t fit to p ublish the ti m e o f her
e x ec utio n , fo r t he fe we r th a t we r e p r ese n t , t h e better it
ld be ,si n ce he believed she w o uld d e c la r e he r i nn oce n ce
wo u
r o f h e r de a th
a t the ho u
fo r t h a t m o r n i n g s h e h a d m a de
g r e a t p r otest a t io n s o f it whe n she r e ceived t he s a c r a m e n t ,
re
a n d see m ed to lo n g fo r de a t h with g r e a t oy a n d ple a s u
j
tio n e r , wh o h a d bee n se n t fo r
O n b ei n g told t h a t t he e x e c u
e x p r essly fr o m F r a n ce , wa s ve r y skil ful , she e x p r essed
g r e a t h a p p i n ess ; fo r she s a id she h a d a ve r y sho r t n e ck ,
ghed
a t whi ch she l a u
A li ttle be fo r e n oo n , she wa s b r o u
ght to the pl a ce o f
e x ec utio n ; the r e we r e pr ese n t s o m e o f the chie f o ffi cers
a n d g r e a t m e n o f t h e co u
S he wa s ,it see m s , p r ev a iled
rt
on, ou
t o f r eg a r d to h e r d a u
ghte r , to m a ke n o r efle ctio n s
o n the c r u
el t r e a t m e n t she m e t wi t h , n o r to s a y a ny thi n g
to uchi n g the g r o un ds o n wh ich se n t e n ce p a ssed a g a i n st her
S he o n ly desi r ed th a t a ll wo ul d j udge the best ; she highly
co m m e n ded the ki n g ,a n d t he n took he r le a ve o f the wo r ld
S he r e m a i n ed fo r so m e t i m e in h e r p r iv a t e devo t io n s , a n d
”
To Ch r ist I co m m e n d m y so ul ; upo n which
the e x e c uti o n e r s t r uck o ff he r he a d : a n d so l i t tle respec t
was p a id to her b ody ,th a t i t wa s with bru
t a l i n sole n ce put
ann
.
.
’
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
é
F 0 15 s
.
B o o k o r Si Ah Tt fi S
.
in a che st o f e lm t r ee , m a de to se n d a r r o ws i n to Irel a nd ,
a n d the n b u
r ied in the ch a pel o f the To wer
No r ris the n
ld a cc use her But
h a d his li fe pro m ised him if he w o u
t his fa ith fu
l a n d vi r t uo us s e r v a n t s a id he k n e w she wa s
i n n oce n t , a n d w o uld d ie a tho us a n d de a ths r a the r th a n de
fa m e her ; so he a n d the th r ee o t hers we r e behe a de d , a n d
ed to t he l a st to v i n di c a t e her The
a ll o f the m co n t i n u
’
d ay a ft er q u
ee n A n n e s de a th the ki n g m a r r ied Ja n e S ey
m ou
r ,wh o g a i n ed m o r e u
po n him th a n a ll his wives eve r
did b ut s he wa s fort una te th a t she d id n o t o utlive his love
.
.
.
to her
.
The P op e p r op o ses a r econ cil ia t ion with t he K ing
.
P ope Cleme n t the S eve n th wa s n o w de a d , a n d c a rdi na l
F a r n ese s ucceeded him by the n a m e o f P a ul the Thi r d ,
wh o m a de a n a tte m pt to r e co n cile hi m sel f w ith the ki n g ;
n de r ed o u
b ut, whe n th a t wa s r ej e cted , th u
t a m ost te rr ible
Y et n o w, si n ce the
s e n te n ce o f depositio n a g a i n st h im
ee n s upo n whose a c co un t the b r e a ch wa s m a de were
t wo q u
ht
i
t
a fit ti m e to a tte m pt the r e
t o f the wa y , he tho u
ou
g
c o v e r y o f the p a p a l i n te r es t , a n d orde r ed C a s s a li t o let the
ki n g k n o w t h a t he h a d b ee n d r ive n , ve r y m uch a g a i n st his
m i n d , to p a ss se n t e n ce a g a i n st him , a n d th a t n o w it wo u
ld
be e a sy fo r h im to r ecove r the fa vo ur o f the a post oli c see
Bu
t the ki n g , i n ste a d o f he a r ke n i n g to the p r opositio n ,
c a used t wo a cts to b e p a ssed , by o n e o f whi c h it ua s
n e to a ck n o wle d ge t he a u
h
n ir e fo r a n
o
t
o
m a de a p r mm u
y
ri t y o f the po p e , o r to pe r s ua de o t he r s to it a n d , by the
o the r , a ll b ulls , a n d a ll p r ivileges flo wi n g fr o m t he m , we r e
de cl a r ed n ull a n d v oid ; o n ly m a r r i a ges o r co n sec r a t io n s
All who e nj oyed
e o f the m we r e e x ce pt e d
m a de by vi r t u
p r ivilege s by these b ulls we r e r eq ui r ed t o b r i n g the m i n to
po n whi ch the a r chbishop wa s t o m ake a
t h e C h a n cery , u
n der the g r e at
n e w g r a n t o f the m ,w hi ch ,bei n g co n fi r m ed u
se a l ,wa s t o b e o f full force in la w
.
.
.
.
D eb a t es of th e Con voca t i on
.
The co n vo c a tio n s a t a t the s a m e t i m e , a n d wa s m uch
L a ti m er p r e a ched a L a t i n se r m o n be fore
e mploye d
he m ; he was the m ost celeb r a te d p r e a che r o f th a t t im e ;
.
27 0
r ox
’
s
B OOK
or
'
A
M n r vn s .
it as m u
ch The co n test wo uld h a ve b e e n m uch sh a rp e r
ha d n o t the k i n g se n t so m e a r ti cles to b e co n side r ed o f by
the m , whe n the follo wi n g m i x t u
r e o f tr u
th a n d e r ror was
.
greed upo n
1 Th a t the b ishops a nd pre a chers o u
ght to i n struct the
peo ple a cco r di n g to t he sc r ip t ures , the three cree d s , an d
the fo ur fi r st ge n e r a l co un cils
2 Th a t b a ptism wa s n e cess a ry to s a lv a t io n , a n d th a t
child r e n o ught to b e b a p tized fo r t he p ar do n o f ori gi na l
s i n , a n d obt a i n i n g the H oly Ghost
3 Th a t pe n a n ce wa s n e cess a r y to s a lv a tio n , a n d th a t it
co n s isted in co n fessio n , co n t r i t io n , a nd a m e n d m e n t o f li fe
wi t h the e x ter n a l wor k s o f c h a r it y ,t o whi ch a lively fa ith
o ught to b e j o i n ed ; a n d th a t co n fessio n to a p r iest wa s n e
c e s s a r y whe r e i t m igh t b e h a d
4 Th a t in t h e e u
ch a r ist un d e r the fo r ms o f b r e a d a n d
W i n e the very flesh a n d blo od o f Ch r ist wa s re ce ive d
5 T hat j u
st ifi c a t i o n wa s the re m issio n o f si n s , an d a
p e r fect r e n ov a tio n in Ch r ist ; a n d t h a t n o t o n ly o utwa r d
tely n ecess a r y
t i n wa r d holi n ess ,wa s a bsol u
good wo r ks , b u
As fo r the o utwa rd ce r emo n ies ,the pe ople we r e to b e
t a ught , 1 Th a t it wa s m eet to h a ve i m a ge s in ch ur ches ,
g ht to a void a ll s uch s upe r s t iti o n a s h a d bee n
bu
t they o u
us ua l in ti m es p a st , a n d n o t to wo r shi p the i m a ge ,b ut o n ly
r the s a i n ts , b u
God
2 Th a t t hey we r e to ho n o u
t n o t to
e x pe ct t h e se thi n gs fr om the m whi ch God o n ly gives 3
Th a t they might p r a y to the m fo r thei r i n te r cessio n ,b ut a ll
s uperstitio us a b uses we r e t o ce a se ; a n d if the ki n g sho uld
lesse n the n um be r o f s a i n t s d a ys , they o ug h t to ob ey him
s e o f the cere m o n ies wa s good ,a n d th a t t hey
4 Th a t the u
co n ta i n ed m a n y mysti c a l s ign ifi cat io n s th a t te n de d to r a ise
s uch were vest m e n ts in divi n e
t h e mi n d to wa rd God ;
w orship , hol y wa te r ,holy b r e a d , the c a r ryi n g o f c a n dles
a n d p a l m s a n d a shes , a n d c r eepi n g to the c r oss , a n d h e ]
l o wi n g th e fo n t , with other e x o r cisms 5 Th a t it wa s
a n d to h a ve m a sses a n d
ood
ls
t
o pr a y fo r dep a r ted so u
,
g
obsequies s a id fo r them ; b ut the script ur es h a vin g n either
de cl ared in wh a t pl a ce they we r e , n o r wh a t torme n ts they
n ce r t a i n , a n d to b e le ft to God ; there
ffe r ed , th a t wa s u
su
ses o f the pope s p a r do n s ,or s a yi n g m a sse s
fo r e a ll the a b u
ch a n d s uch pl a ces ,o r be fo r e s uch im a ges ,we re t o b e
in s u
u
a wa
t
y
p
a
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
.
.
’
.
.
F ox
’
B OO K
s
or
MA R T Y R S
7]
.
These a rti cles were s 1gn e d by C r o m well , the t wo a rch
msh o p s , s i x tee n bisho ps , forty abbo t s a n d p r io r s , a n d fi ft y
The ki n g a fte r wa r d a dded a pre fa ce ,
)f t h e lo wer ho me
d e cl a r i n g the p a i n s th a t he a n d the cle r gy h a d b ee n a t fo r
the r emovi n g t he d ifi e r e n c es in religi o n whi ch e x isted in
the n a tio n ,a n d th a t he a pproved o f t hese a rt i cles , a n d r e
q ui r ed all his subje ts to a ccept the m , a n d he wo uld b e
ther eby e n co ur a ged to t a ke further p a i n s in the like m a t
ters for the fut ure
bli c a tio n o f t hese thi n gs , the fa vo urers o f the
O n the p u
re fo r m a t io n , tho ugh they did n ot a pprove o f every p a rti
l a r , y e t were well ple a sed to see thi n gs b r o u
ght un der
cu
e x a m i n a tio n ; a n d si n ce so m e thi n gs we r e a t this t i m e
ch a n ged ,t hey did n ot do ubt b ut m o r e ch a n ges w o uld follo w ;
r es a n d the a n cie n t creeds
they we r e gl a d th a t the sc r ipt u
t a ddi n g t r a
we r e m a de the st a n d a r ds o f t h e fa i th , w i t ho u
di t io n , a n d th a t the n a t ure o f j ustific a t i o n a n d the gospel
cove n a n t wa s r igh t ly st a ted , t h a t t he i mm edi a te worship
o f i m a ges a n d s a i n ts wa s co n de m n ed , a n d th at p u
r g a tory
r i cu
n ce r t a i n : b u
t the n e cessit y o f a u
l a r co n fes
wa s le ft u
s io n a n d the co r po re a l prese n ce , the doi n g revere n ce to
i m a ges a n d pr a y i n g t o s a i n ts , we r e o f h a r d digestio n to
the m ; yet they r ej oi ced t o see so m e g r osser a b uses r e
moved ,a n d a re fo r m a tio n o n ce set on foot The popish
p a r ty , o n the othe r h a n d , were so r ry to see fo ur s a cr a
m e n ts p a ssed over in sile n ce , a n d the tr a de in m a sses for
the de a d put do wn
At the s a m e time othe r thi n gs were in co n s ult a tio n ,
tho ugh n ot fi n ished C r a n mer o ffered a p a per t o the ki n g ,
e x ho r ti n g h im to pro ceed to further re fo r m a tio n , a n d th a t
n othi n g sho u
ld be dete r m i n ed witho ut cle ar proo fs fro m
r e , the dep a rti n g fr om whi ch h a d bee n the o cc a sio n
s c r ipt u
r ch
o f a ll the errors th a t h a d bee n in the ch u
Ma ny thi n gs
we r e n ow a ck n o wledged to be e r ro n eo u
s , fo r whi ch so m e
ffered de a th
He t he r e fo r e proposed
n o t lo n g be fore h a d s u
seve r a l poi n ts to be dis cussed , a s ,W hether there we r e a
r g a tory ?
pu
W hether dep ar ted s a i n ts o ught to b e in vo
ght
c a t e d , or tr a diti o n to b e belie v ed ? W hethe r i m a ges o u
t o b e co n side r ed o n ly as represe n t a tio ns o f hi story ? a n d
l for the clergy to m a rry ? He
Whethe r it were l awfu
d gme n t in thes e p oints till
p r a y ed the k in g n ot t o g ive j u
.
'
i
.
.
.
.
.
.
2 72
r ox
’
s
Bo o n
or
he h e a r d them well e x a m i n ed
fu
rther a t th a t pe r i od
At this ti m e visiters were
M A R T Y RS
.
t a ll thi s wa s c a r ried
bu
no
.
ppo i n ted to s urvey all t he
lesser m o n a ste r ies : they w ere to e x a m i n e the st a te o f
thei r reve n ues a n d goods a n d t a ke i n ve n to r ies o f t hem ,
a n d to t a ke thei r se a ls i n to thei r keepi n g ; they we r e t o
t r y h o w m a n y o f the religio u
s wo uld ret ur n to a sec ul a r
co urse o f li fe ; a n d these we r e to b e se n t to the a r chb ishop
o f C a n te r b u
r y , o r the lord ch a n cellor , a n d a n a llo wan ce
wa s to b e give n the m fo r thei r j o u
r n ey
bu
t those wh o in
te n ded to co n ti n ue in th a t sta te were to b e r e m oved to
so m e o f the g r e a t m o n a ste r ies A p e n sio n w a s a lso to be
a ssig n ed to the a bb o t o r p r i o r d u
r i n g li fe
a n d th e visiters
were p a r t i c u
l a r ly to e x a m i n e wh a t le a ses h a d bee n m ad e
d ur i n g the l a st ye a r T e n tho us a n d o f t he r eligio us were
by thi s m e a n s d r ive n to seek fo r thei r l ivi n gs w ith fo r ty
shilli n gs , a n d a go wn a m a n Thei r goo d s a n d pl a te were
esti m a ted a t
v a l ued re n ts o f t heir
a n d the
bu
ho use s we r e
t they were a b ove te n ti m es a s
m uch The ch ur ches a n d Cloiste r s were in most pl a ces
p ulled do wn , a n d the m a te r i a ls sold
This p r oced ur e g a ve gre a t disco n te n t ; a n d the m o n k s
were n o w a s m uch pitied , a s they w e r e fo r m e r ly h a ted
The n obility a n d ge n t ry , wh o p r ovided fo r thei r yo un ger
child r e n or fr ie n ds by p utti n g the m in those s a n ct ua ries ,
The people , wh o a s they t r a
were se n sible o f the i r loss
n t r y fo u
n d a bb eys to b e pl a ces o f r e
ve lle d ove r the co u
Bu
t the
c e p t io n to str a n ge r s , s a w wh a t they w e r e to lose
pe r stiti o us wh o tho ught the i r fr i e n ds m us t n ow lie still
su
t r elie f fr o m the m a sses , w e r e o ut o f
r g a to r y , w itho u
in p u
Bu
t to r e m ove th is disco n te n t , Crom
r e o ffe n ded
m e a su
well a dvised the ki n g to sell these l a n ds a t ve r y e a sy r a tes
to the n ob ility a n d ge n tr y , a n d to oblige the m to kee p up
the wo n ted hospit a lity This wo uld b oth be gr a te ful to
them , a n d w o uld e n g a ge th e m to a ssi st the c r o wn in the
m a i n te n a n ce o f the ch an ges th a t h a d b ee n m a d e ; s i n c e
their o wn i n te r ests wo uld b e i n terwove n w ith those o f their
sove r eig n An d , a cl a use in the a ct e m po we r i n g the ki n g
to fo un d a n e w s uch ho use s a s he sho uld thi n k fit , there
n n eries n e wly
we re fi ftee n mo n a steries a n d S i x tee n n u
Thes e were b oun d to obey s uch rule s as t he
nd e d
ou
a
.
.
.
.
.
.
‘
.
.
.
.
.
"
.
27 4
r ox
’
B O OK o r MA RT YRS
s
.
m an y p ieces o f the r ea r c r oss were fo un d as when
o in e d togethe r wo u
ld h a ve m a de h a l f a doze n
”
The Rood o f G r a ce , a t B o x ley , in K e n t , ha d b e en
m uch estee m ed ,a n d d r a wn m a n y pilgrims to it , o n a cco unt
o f its possessi n g the w o n der fu
l po w ers o f b o wi n g its he a d ,
rolli n g its eyes , s m ili n g , a n d fr o wn i n g , to the g r e a t a sto
n is h m en t a n d terro r o f the cred u
lo us m ultit ude , wh o im
t e d it to a divi n e po we r : b u
t a ll this wa s n o w d iscove r
pu
ed to be a che a t ,a n d i t wa s b ro ught up to S t P a ul s cross ;
whe r e a ll the spri n gs we r e sho wn by which its motio ns
were gove r n ed
At H a les , in Glo uceste r shire , some o f the bloo d o f
Christ wa s sho wn in a vi a l ; a n d i t wa s b elieve d th a t
n o n e c ou
ld see it wh o we r e in mort a l s in Those who
co uld besto w lib e r a l p r ese n ts were , o f co ur se , g r a ti fied ,by
bei n g led to b elieve th a t they were in a st a te o f g r a ce
Thi s m i r a cle co n sisted in the blood o f a d uck re n e wed
eve r y week , p ut in a vi a l, ve r y thick 011 o n e side a n d thi n
o n the othe r , a n d eithe r side t u
r n ed to wa r d the pilg r i m ,
a s the p r iests we r e s a tisfied or n o t with hi s obl a t io n s
Se
ve r a l othe r si m il a r i m post ures we r e discove r e d , whi ch
co n trib uted m uch to the un deceivi n g o f the p eople
The r i ch sh r i n e o f Thom a s a B e cket a t C a n te r b ury wa s
destr oyed , a n d a n im m e n se q ua n tity o f gold a n d p r e cio us
sto n es , o ffe r ed by the del uded vi cti m s o f s upe r s t itio n in
ho n o ur o f th a t fa ct io n s p r iest a n d s a i n t a fter the pope s
”
o wn he ar t , we r e co n fis c a ted a n d c a r ried a wa y
W he n these p r o ceedi n gs were k n o wn a t Ro m e ,the p ope
i m medi a tely ful m i n a ted a g a i n st the ki n g a ll the th un de r s
o f his spi r it u
se ; a bsolved hi s s ubj e cts fr om
a l sto r e ho u
their a llegi a n ce ,a n d his a llies fr o m thei r t r e a ties with him ;
a n d e x ho r ted a ll Ch r is t i a n s to m a ke w ar a g a i n st a n d e x
t ir p a t e him fr o m the fa ce o f the e a r th
Bu
t t h e a ge o f
c r us a des wa s p a st , a n d this d ispl a y o f i m pote n t m a li ce pro
du
c e d o n ly co n te m pt in the m i n ds o f the ki n g a n d his
a dvise r s ,wh o ste a dily p r oceeded in the g r e a t wo r k o f r e
fo r m a tio n ; a n d the t r a n sl a tio n o f the B ible i n to E n glis h
bei n g n ow co m pleted , it wa s p r i n ted a n d o r de r ed to b e
r e a d in a ll ch u
r ches , w ith pe r m issio n fo r every perso n t o
re a d it wh o m ight b e so disposed
Bu
t , n ot wi t hst a n di n g the ki n g s dis a gree m e n t with t he
pop e o n m an y s ubj e cts , th e re wa s o n e po i n t o n whi c h
an d a s
.
'
.
’
.
.
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’
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-
.
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’
r ox s
B O OK o r MARI YRS
' ‘
27 5
,
hey were a l ik e they were b o th m t o le r a n t , furio us b i gots
n i c a ted a s a h er et ic
a n d while the forme r wa s e x com m u
a lly ze a lo u
s in rooti n g o ut h er esy , an d
n e wa s hi m sel f e qu
b ur n i n g all wh o p r es um ed to dep a r t fro m the st a nd a rd of
fa i th which he h a d est a blishe d
G a rdi n e r , b ishop o f W i n chester , stre n gthe n ed this d is
positio n of the ki n g , a n d pe r s ua ded h im , un de r the pr et ex
te t h e S a cr a m e n t ar is ts , 0
o f a ze a l fo r r eligio n , to persec u
those who d a nie d t he corpore a l prese n c e in the s a cra me n t
t
—
'
.
Ma r ty r d om of J ohn La mber t
.
In co n sequ
e n ce o f this determi n a tio n , J oh n L a mb ert ,a
a ges in L o n do n , wh o h a d dr a wn u t e n
t e a cher o f l a n g u
p
a rgu
m e n ts a g a i n st the te n ets o f Dr T a ylor , o n the a bove
’
s ubje ct , a s delive r ed in a serm o n a t St P eter s ch urch
ght be fore t he
a n d prese n t ed the m to the Do ctor , wa s bro u
’
r t to de fe n d his wri t i n gs ;
a n d , h a vi n
a 1 c h b is h o p s co u
g
a pe a led to the ki n g , the r oy a l theologi a n ,wh o wa s p r o u
d
p
o f eve r y occ a sio n o f di spl a yi n g his t a le n ts a n d le ar n i n g
r esolved to he a r him in perso n He there fore iss ued a
co mm issi o n , orde r i n g a ll his n ob ility a n d bishop s to rep a i r
t o Lo n do n , to a ssist h im a g a i n st heretics
A d ay wa s a ppoi n ted fo r the disp ut a ti o n , whe n a gre a t
nu
mber o f pe r so n s o f a ll r a n k s a sse m bled to witn ess t h
f
r o m his priso n by
roceedi
n gs , a n d L a mbe r t wa s bro u
ght
p
a gu
a r d , a n d pl a ced di r ectly opposite to the kin g
He n r y b ei n g se a ted o n his thr o n e , a n d s ur ro un ded by
the pee r s , bishops , a n d j udges , r eg a r ded the priso n er wi th
n te n a n ce , an d the n co m m a n ded D a , b ishop o t
a ste m co u
y
Chicheste r , to st a te the o cc a sio n o f the prese n t a sse m bly
The b ishop m a de a lo n g or a tio n , st a ti n g th a t , a ltho ugh
the ki n g h a d a b olished the p a p a l a ut hori t y in E n gl a n d , it
was n o t to b e s u
pposed th a t he wo uld a llo w hereti cs with
i m p un ity to distur b a nd tro uble the ch urch o f which he
wa s t h e he a d
He ha d t he r e fore determi n ed to p un ish a ll
s chis m a tics ; a n d bei n g willi n g to h a ve the a dvi ce o f his
b ishops a n d co un sellors o n so g r e a t a n o cc a sio n , had a s
se m bled the m to he a r the a r g um e n ts in the prese n t c a se
The or a tio n b ei n g co n cl uded ,the ki n g orde r ed L a mbert
’
to d e cl a re his op i n io n a s to the sa cr a me nt o f the Lord s
.
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'
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27 6
Fox
’
s
B OOK o r MA RT Y RS
.
S upper , wh ich he d id , by de ny i n g it t o be t he b od y of
Ch r ist
The ki n g the n com m a n ded Cr a n mer to re fute his a s
sertio n , which the l a tter a t t e m pted : b ut wa s i n te r r upted
by G a r di n e r , wh o vehe m e n tly i n te r posed , a n d , bei n g un a
ble t o b r i n g a r g um e n t to his a id , so ught by a b use a n d
le n ce to ove r po we r his a n t a go n ist ,who wa s n ot al lo wed
v ir u
n ts a n d i n s u
lts o f the b ishop
t o a n s w e r the t a u
rse , a n d
T o n s t a l a n d S t o k e sly follo wed in the s a m e co u
L a mbe r t , b egi n n i n g to a n s wer the m wa s sile n ced by th e
ki n g Th e o t he r bishops the n e a ch m a de a speech in
co n fut a tio n o f o n e o f L a m bert s a r gum e n ts , till the whole
t e n w e r e a n s we r ed , o r r a ther , r a iled a g a in st ; fo r he wa s
n o t permitt ed to de fe n d them ho wever misreprese n ted
At l a st , whe n the d ay wa s p a ssed , a nd t o r ches beg a n to
b e l ighte d , the ki n g desi r i n g to b r e a k u
p this p r ete n ded
disp ut a tio n , s a id to L a mbert , W h a t s ayest tho u n o w,
r s w h i ch tho u h a st t a ke n u
a fter a ll these gr e a t l a bo u
po n
thee , a n d a ll the r e a so n s a n d i n str uct io n s o f these le a r n e d
m en ? Ar t tho un o t yet s a tisfied ? W ilt t ho ulive or d ie ?
”
W h a t s ayest tho u? Tho uh a st yet fr ee choi ce
L a m bert a n s wered , I yield a n d s ub m it mysel f wholly
”
”
n to the will o f yo u
r m aj esty
The n s a id the ki n g ,
u
co m mit thysel f un to the h a n ds o f God , a n d n o t i n to
”
mi n e
L a m b ert replied , I co m m e n d my so ul i n to the h a n ds
b m it un to yo ur
o f God , b u
t my body I wholly yield a n d s u
”
cle m e n cy
To whi ch the ki n g a n s we r ed , If y o u do
f
co mm it yo ur sel un to m y j udg m e n t , y o u m us t die , fo r I
will n ot be a p at ro n u
n to he r eti cs
a n d ,t u
r n i n g to C r o m
well , h e s a id , Re a d the se n te n ce o f co n dem n a tio n a g a i n st
”
him , whi ch he a cco r di n gly did
Up o n the d ay a ppoi n ted for this 11 o m a rty r to s uffer,
he wa s bro ught o ut o f the priso n a t eight o clock in the
m o r n i n g to t h e ho u
se o f C r o mwell , a n d c a r r ie d i n to his
i n n er ch a m ber , where ,it is s a id ,C r o m well desi r ed his fo r
L a m be r t bei n g a t la s
giv e n e s s fo r wh a t he ha d do n e
r o f his de a th wa s a t h a n d , a n d
a d m o n ished th a t the ho u
bei n g bro ught out o f the ch a mber i n to the h a ll , s al uted the
ge n tle m e n p r es en t , a n d s a t do wn to b r e a k fa s t with the m
sno wi n g n either s a d n ess no r fe a r
Whe n bre a k fa st W s
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a
’
278
r o x s B OOK o r
man“
gh ts of S t J ohn o f Jer usal em , b oth in En gl an d and
I re l a nd
Kni
.
.
F a ll of C r omwell
.
In this ye a r , a lso , C r om well , who ha d so lo r g b e en a
r ite o f the ki n g , a n d h a d held the highest o ffi ces ,was
fa vo u
dde n ly disg r a ced , a n d co mm itted to the To we He ha d
su
m a n y e n e m ies ; the n obility fr o m j e a lo usy a t b eholdi n g a
re b i r th p r o m oted to t he peer a ge , a n d e nj oy
m a n o f ob sc u
e n ce ; a n d the popish clergy
in g gr e a t po we r a n d i n fl u
fr o m the belie f th a t the s u
p p r essi o n o f t h e mo n a ste r ies a nd
the i n n ova tio n s o n the ir r eligio n we r e p r i n cip a lly p r od uced
by his co un sels The fickle ty r a n t w ho m he h a d so lo n g
a n d fa ith fu
lly served , wa s a lso displ e a sed with him as the
a dviser o f his m a rr i a ge w ith A n n e o f Cleves , whom he
wa s n o w a n x io u
s to get rid o f, in o r de r to b t a i n the h a n d
ke o f No r folk He
o f C a th a r i n e Ho wa r d , n ie ce o f the d u
s uspec t d h im like wise o f sec r etly e n co ur a gi n g a n o p p o
sit io uto the s ix a rticles , a n d hoped , by s a c r ifici n g a ma n
wn o wa s ob n o x io u
s to the c a tholi cs , to reg a i n the i r a ffe c
tio n s , for feited by his s a n gui n a r y and r a p a cio us pro
.
.
o
.
e
c e e d in
gs
C r o m well e x peri e n ced the co mm o n fa te o f fa lle n mi
n ist e r s ; his prete n d ed fr ie n ds fo r soo k him , a n d his e ne
m 1 es p ur s ued their reve n ge a g a i n st him witho ut oppositio n ,
e x cept fro m C r a n m er , wh o , with a r a re fi delity , d a re d
t o a vo w a n a tt a ch m e n t to him , eve n a t this ti m e , a n d
wro t e a very e a r n est letter to the ki n g in his fa vo u
r But
He n r y wa s n o t e a sily t ur n ed fro m his p ur pose , a n d be in g
r esol v ed o n the r u
i n o f C r omwel l,was n o t to b e diss uad e d
fr o m his desig n
In the ho u
se o f lo r ds a bill o f a tt a i n der wa s p a ssed with
the most i n dece n t h a ste ; b ut in the co m mo n s it met with
oppositio n , a n d , a fter a del a y o f t e n d a ys , a n ew b ill was
fr a m ed , a n d se n t u
p to the lo r ds , in whi ch Crom well wa s
”
v
desig n a t ed a s the m ost co r r upt t r a ito r e er k n o wn ; his
tre a so n s , a s a ft e r wa r d spe ci fied , co n sisti n g in the co un t e
n a n ce a n d fa vo u
r he h a d sho wn to the re fo r mers O n
these gro un ds he wa s a tt a i n ted both fo r t r e a so n a n d he r esy
The kin g n o w pro ceeded with hi s divorce ; a n d ,a ltho ugh
t he re w as n o r e a so n t o disp u
te the leg a lity o f his m a rri a ge
.
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r
279
’
o x s s o o n o r res e r ve s
.
w ith An n e o f
Cleves , st ill , a s she was d is a gree a ble t o hi s
ght to o ffer
r oy a l t a ste , h is sycoph a n ts were to o well t a u
nan i
the le a st oppositio n to his wishes The co n voc a ti o n u
m ou
s ly dissolved the m a r r i a ge , an d g a ve him liberty t o
m a r r y aga i n ; i n deed it is prob a ble , th a t if he h a d desi r ed
r e wo u
ld
t o h a ve t wo o r m o r e wives a t o n ce , the me a s u
h a ve b ee n s a n ctio n ed , so b a se a n d s ervile were the co ur
r
t ie r s a n d
a n t wa s s u
s
tyr
r iests by who m th is m o n st r o u
p
ro un ded The quee n co n ti n ued to resi d e in E n gl a n d ,
”
bei n g decl a r ed The a dopted sister o f the ki n g , an d
h a vi n g a pe n sio n o f £ 4 000 per a n n um
C r o m well was e x e c uted o n the 2 8th o f J uly , a n d h is fa ll
ga ve a gre a t check to the re form a tio n in E n gl a n d ; Cra n
ggle a g a i n s t a host o f
m er bei n g le ft a l m ost a lo n e to st r u
.
.
.
en e m 1 e s .
Not withst a n di n g the p o wer o f the pope wa s at a n e n d
in the ki n gdom , a n d a g r e a t p r ogress wa s a l r e a d y m a de
tio n wa s
t o wa r d a r e for m a ti o n , still a spi r it o f pe r se c u
che r ished by the re fo r me r s the m selves , a g a i n st a ll s uch a s
d ar ed to thi n k mo r e libe r a lly th a n themsel v es , a n d in this
we r e they e n co u
r a ged b y the a rt ful i n si nua tio n s o f the
p a pists , wh o represe n ted to the ki n g the good e ffe cts th a t
wou
ld r es ult from s uch me a s ur es in e ffe cti n g t he s uppr e s
sio n o f heresy , a n d b r i n gi n g a bo ut a r eco n cili a tio n with
Th e m a rtyrdo m o f L a m b e r t wa s the r e fore
t h e p ope
soo n follo wed by th a t o f D r B ar n es , Thom a s G a rr e t ,
W illi a m Je r o m e , B e r n a rd a n d Me r to n , Rob e r t T e stwo o d ,
A n tho n y P e a r so n s , Ad a m D a m lip , A n n e A ske w, Tho m a s
B e n e t , with a gr e a t n um ber o f the r s , for p r esum i n g t o
di ffer fr o m the ki n g o n the subje t o f the re a l body a n d
blood o f Ch r ist in the s a c r a me n t o f t h e L o r d s S uppe r ,a n d
some othe r po i n ts These a ll s uffered m a r yrd om by
b ur n i n g ; the p ar ti cul a rs o f the fi rst th r ee we h a ve o n ly
room to me n tio n
.
.
o
e
’
t
.
.
Ma r ty r d om of D r Ro ber t B a rn es
.
B a r n es wa s ed uc a ted in the un ive r s i ty o f L o uv a i n ,
O n his r et u
rn to E n gl a n d he we n t t o C a m
in B r a b a n t
bridge ,where he wa s m a de p r ior a n d m a ster o f the ho use o f
gusti n es The d a r kest ig n o r a n ce pe r v a ded the un i
th e A u
v ersit y a t th e ti m e of his a rr iv a l there : b ut he , ze a l ous to
Dr
.
.
.
280
r
’
o x s B OOK o r MA RTYRS
.
pro m ote k n o wledge a n d truth , beg a n t o in struct th e st u
de n ts in the cl a ssi c a l l a n g ua ges , a n d , with the a ssist a n ce
ght fr o m L o uv a in ,
o f P a r n el , hi s schol a r ,who m he h a d b r o u
soo n c a used le a r n i n g to flo ur ish , a n d the un iversity to b e a
a v e r y di ffere n t a spe ct
These fo un d a ti o n s b ei n g l a id ,h e b eg a n to re a d ope n ly
the epistles o f S t P a ul , a n d to te a ch in gre a t e r p ur ity the
do ct r i n e o f Christ He p r e a ched a n d disp uted with g r e a t
~
wa r m th a g a i n st the l u
r ies o f the higher cle r gy , p a r t ic u
x u
la r ly a g a i n st c a r di n a l W olsey , a n d the l a m e n t a ble hypo
Bu
cr is y o f the ti m es
t still he re m a i n ed ig n o r a n t o f t h e
g r e a t c a use o f these evils , n a m ely , the idol a t r y a n d s upe r
rch a n d wh ile he de cl a i m ed a g a i n st the
s t it io n o f t h e ch u
s t re a m , he hi m sel f d r a n k a t the spri n g , a n d b o wed do wn
to idols At le n gth , h a ppily be comi n g a c q ua in ted wit h
B il n ey , he wa s by th a t m a r tyr wholly con verted un t o
C h r ist
The fi r st se r m o n he p r e a ched o f t h i s t r ut h wa s o n t he
S un d a y be fo r e Ch r ist m a s d a y , a t St Ed wa r d s ch ur ch , in
C a m b r idge His the m e wa s the e p istle o f the s a m e S un
”
Ga u
d ay ,
d et e i n D o min o
&c
F o r this se r m o n he
sed o f he r esy by t wo fello ws o f
wa s i m m edi a tely a cc u
K i n g s H a ll ,b efo r e the v ice ch a n cello r Th en Dr Notto
ris ,a b itte r e n e my to Ch r ist , m oved B a r n es t o rec a n t ; b ut
he r e fused , a s a p pe a rs in his b ook whi ch he wro t e to ki n g
He n ry in E n glish , co n futi n g the j udg m e n t o f c a rdi n a l
e o f the p a pi s t i c a l bishops
W olsey , a n d the r esid u
A fte r p r e a chi n g so m e t i m e ,B a r n es wa s a r r e s ted o p e n ly
in the co n vo c a tio n ho u
se : b r o ught to L o n do n , a n d the
n e x t m o r n i n g c a r r ied to the p a la ce
o f c a r di n a l W olsey ,
a t W est m i n s t e r , whe r e a fter w a iti n g the whole d a y , hf:
wa s a t n ight b r o u
ght be fo r e the c a rdi n a l in hi s ch a m be r
”
o f st a te
Is thi s , s a i d W olsey , D r B a r nes , who is
”
sed o f he r esy
Y es ,a n d ple a se yo ur gr a ce , r c
a cc u
plied the c a r di n a l s sec r et a r y , a n d I tr ust y o v wi ll fi n d
h im r e fo r m a ble , fo r he i s le a r n ed a n d wise
”
W h a t , Mr Do ctor , s a id W olsey , ha d y oun ot a
t
fli c ie n t scope in th e s c r ipt u
r es t o te a ch the p eop le , b u
su
th a t my golde n shoes , m y poll a x es , my pi ll a rs , my golde n
c ushio n s ,m y c r osses ,did so sore o ffe n d y o u,th a t y o um ust
lu
m a ke u
s r id icu
m c ap u
t a mo n gst the people , wh o th a t
d ay la u
ghed u
s to s cor n ? Verily it wa s a sermo n fi tte r to
.
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282
r ox
’
s
B
OOK o r MA RT Y RS
.
He a n s wered , I th an k yo ur gr a ce fo r yo ur good n il 3
I will sti ck to the holy s cr iptur e , a n d to G od s book, a c
”
co r di n g to the si m ple t a le n t th a t God h a th le n t me
”
W ell , s a id he , t ho ush a lt h a v e thy le a r n i n g tri e d a t
”
the utter m ost , a n d t ho ush a lt h a ve the la w
He wa s t he n co m m itted t o the c usto d y o f the serge a n t
gh t h im t o L o n do n a n d by who m
a t a rm s , wh o h a d b r o u
he wa s the n e x t mor n i n g bro ug ht be fo r e the bishops who ,
o n e x a m i n i n g the a r ticles o f hi s fa i t h , whi ch he h a d deli
ve r ed to the c a r di n a l , a sked him if he wo u
ld sig n the m ,
po n co m mi t ted to the Flee t
whi ch he did , a n d wa s t he r e u
O n the S a t u
r d a y follo wi n g he wa s a g a i n b r o u
ght b e fo r e
the b is h ops , wh o c a lled upo n him to k n o w whethe r he
ld a bj ur e or b urn He wa s the n g r e a t ly a gi ta ted , a n d
wo u
r n th a n a b ju
re ; b u
a de d
fel t in cl i n ed r a ther to b u
t wa s pe r s u
by so m e pe r so n s to a bj ur e , whi c h he a t le n gt h co n se n ted
to do , a n d the a bj ur a ti o n bei n g put i n to his h a n d ,he a bj ur ed
bsc r ibed i t wi n
a s i t w a s the r e wr itte n , a n d the n b e s u
h is o wn h a n d ; yet his j udges wo uld s c a rcely r ece ive hi m
r ch a s they te r m e d it
The n th e y
i n to the boso m o f the ch u
t h im to a n o a th ,a n d ch a r ged h im to do a ll th a t t he)
pu
co m m a n ded him ,whi ch he a cco r di n gly p r o m ised
He wa s the n a g a i n co mm itted to t he Fleet a n d the n e x t
mo r n i n g wa s b r o ugh t to S t P a ul s ch ur ch ,with fi ve others
wh o h a d a bj u
r ed
He r e the c a r d i n a l , b ishops , a n d clergy
bei n g a sse m bled in g r e a t po m p , the bishop o f Ro cheste r
p r e a c hed a se r m o n a g a i n st the do ct r i n es o f L uthe r a n d
B a r n es , d ur i n g whi ch the l a tte r wa s c o mm a n ded to k n e el
do wn a n d a s k fo r gi v e n ess o f God , a n d the c a thol ic ch urch ,
a n d the c a r di n a l s g r a ce ; a fte r whi ch he wa s o r de r ed , a t
the e nd o f the se r m o n , to de cl a r e th a t he wa s used mo re
ch a rit a bly th a n he de served , his he r esies b ei n g so horrible
a n d so detest a ble : o n ce mo r e he k n eeled , desi r i n g o f the
people forgive n ess a n d to p r a y fo r him This fa r ce be
in g e n ded , the c a r di n a l dep a rted u
n de r a c a n opy ,with t h e
b ishops a n d mit r ed a bbots , wh o a cco m p a n ied h im to th e
o ute r g a te o f the ch ur ch , whe n they ret ur n ed The n
B a r n es , a n d the others wh o h a d a bj ur ed , we r e c a r r ied
thri ce a b o ut the fi r e , a fter whi ch they we r e b r o ught to
the b ishops ,a n d k n eeled do wn fo r a bsol utio n The bisho p
o f Ro chester st a n di n g u , decl a red th a t D r B a r n es wit h
p
the other s were rece ived i n to the c h u
rch a g a i n A ft e r
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Fo x
’
s
B OOK o r M A RT Y R S
2 83
.
r in g the car
wh ich t ney were re committed to the Fleet d u
‘
re
d in a l s ple a s u
D r B a r n es h a vi n g
’
.
re m a i n ed in the Fleet h a l f a ye a r ,
s t ody o f t he A us t i n F r i a r s in L o n do n ;
wa s pl a ced in t h e c u
st i n F r i a r s o f
fr o m whe n ce he wa s r e m o v ed t o the A u
No r th a m p t o n , the r e to be b ur n ed ; o f which i n te n ti o n ,
ho wever , he wa s pe r fectly ig n or a n t B ei n g i n for m ed o f
the b a se desig n s o f his e n e m ies , ho weve r , he , by a s t r a t a
e m , e sc a ped , a n d r e a ched A n t we r p , whe r e he d w elt in
g
s a fety , a n d wa s ho n o ur ed w ith the fr ie n dship o f the best
ther , Me
a n d m ost e m i n e n t r e fo r m e r s o f the ti m e , a s L u
ke o f S a x o n y , a n d othe r s I n deed , s o
la n ct h o n , the d u
g r e a t wa s his r e p ut a ti o n , th a t t h e k i n g o f De n m a rk se n t
him a s o n e o f his a m b a ss a do r s to E n gl a n d ; whe n s ir Tho
m a s Mo r e , a t t h a t ti m e lo r d ch a n cello r , w ished to h a ve
h im a pp r ehe n ded o n t h e fo r m e r ch a rge He n r y , ho wever ,
ld n o t a ll o w o f this , co n side r i n g it a s a b r e a ch o f the
wo u
m ost s a c r ed l a ws , to o ffe r v i ole n ce to the pe r so n o f a n
n de r a n y p r ete n ce
B a r n es the r e fo r e r e
a m b a ss a do r , u
n m olested ; a n d de a r ted a a i n with
m a i n ed in E n gl a n d u
p
g
He r et urn ed to W itt e m b e r g, whe r e h e r e
ou
t rest r a i n t
m a i n ed to fo r wa r d hi s wo r ks in p r i n t which he h a d beg u
n,
r n ed a g a i n to E n gl a n d , a n d co n ti n u
ed
a ft er whi ch h e r et u
a fa i t h fu
l p r e a che r in L o n do n , bei n g well e n te r t a i n ed a nd
pro m oted d ur i n g the a sce n de n cy o f A n n e B oley n He
ke o f
wa s a fte r wa r d se n t a m b a ss a do r by He n r y to the d u
Cleves , upo n the b usi n ess o f the m a r r i a ge betwee n An n e
o f Cle v es a n d t h e ki n g ; a n d g a ve g r e a t s a tis fa ctio n in
eve r y d ut y whi ch wa s e n t r us t ed to h im
Not lo n g a ft e r the a r r i v a l o f G a r di n e r from F r a n ce , D r
B a r n es a n d o t her r e fo r m ed p r e a che r s , we r e a pprehe n ded
a n d c a r r ied be fo r e the ki n g a t H a m pto n C o u
r t , wher e
B a r n es w a s e x a m i n ed The ki n g bei n g desi r o us to b r i n g
a bo u
t a n a g r ee m e n t be t wee n him a n d G a r di n e r , g r a n ted
him le a ve to go ho m e wi t h the b isho p to co n fer wi t h him
Bu
ght to
t they n o t a g r eei n g , G a r di n e r a nd hi s p a r ty so u
e n t a n gle a n d e n t r a p B a r n es a n d his fr ie n ds in fu
r the r d a n
ger , which n o t lo n g a fte r wa s b r o ugh t to p a ss F o r , b y
cert a i n co m pl a i n ts m a de to t he ki n g o f the m , they were
e nj oi n ed t o p r e a ch th r e e se r m o n s the follo wi n g E a ster a t
the S pittle a t which se r m o n s , besides other repo r ters
whi c h we re s e nt th ith e r , S tep he n G ard i ne r als o was t here
.
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284
r
’
o x s B O OK o r MA RT Y RS
.
prese n t , sitti n g with the m a yo r ,either to b e a r r e coro o f
their re c a n t a t io n , o r else , a s the P h a r isees c a me to C hr ist ,
to e n s n a r e the m in thei r t a lk , if they sho uld spe a k a ny
thi n g a m iss B a r n es p r e a che d fi r st ; a n d a t the co n cl u
s io n o f his se r m o n , r e q u
es t ed G a r di n e r , if he tho ught he
h a d s a id n o t hi n g co n t r a di c t o r y to t r u
th , to hold up his
h a n d in t he fa ce o f a ll p r ese n t ; upo n whi ch G a r di n e r im
m edi a t ely hel d u
Not withs t a n di n g this , they
p his fi n ge r
we r e a ll t h r e e se n t fo r to H a m p t o n Co u
r t , whe n ce the
y
we r e co n d u
c t ed to the To we r , whe r e they rem a i n ed till
the y we r e b r o ught o ut to de a th
'
.
.
.
S t or y of Th o ma s G a rr et
.
Tho m a s G a rret was a c ur a te o f L o n do n Ab o ut t he
ye a r 1 52 6 , he c a m e to O x fo r d ,a n d bro ught with him s un
r es , wi t h the
d ry books in L a ti n , t r e a t i n g o f the S c r ipt u
fi r st p a r t o f Um o d is s id en t z um, a n d T in d a l s fi r st t r a n s
l a ti o n o f the Ne w Test a m e n t in E n glish , which b o oks he
Sold to seve r a l s chol a r s in O x fo rd
A ft e r he h a d bee n the r e a while , a n d h a d d isposed o f
t hose b ooks , n e ws c a m e fr o m L o n do n th a t he w a s so u
ght
fo r in th a t ci ty , t o b e a p p r ehe n ded a s a he r eti c , a n d t o be
i m p r iso n ed fo r selli n g t h e s e he r eti c a l p ublic a tio n s , a s they
we r e te r m ed
Fo r i t wa s n o t u
n k n o w n to c a r di n a l W o l
sey , the bishop o f L o ndo n , a n d othe r s , th a t Mr G a rre t
m ber o f those b ooks , a n d th a t he wa s go n e
ha d a gr e a t n u
to O x fo r d t o s e ll t he m , to s uch a s he k n e w to be lovers o i
the gospel W he r e fo r e they dete r m i n ed to m a k e a pri vy
se a r ch t h r o ugh a ll O x fo r d ,to a pp r ehe n d a nd i m p r iso n him ,
r n a ll his b ooks , a n d h im to o if t hey co u
ld But ,
a n d to b u
h a ppily ,o n e o f the p r o cto r s g a ve Mr G a r ret se cret wa r n
ld i m me
in g o f t hi s p r ivy se a rch , a n d a d v ised th a t he sho u
d ia t e ly a n d pr iv a tely d ep a rt fr o m O x fo r d
By m e a n s o f a n othe r fr ie n d ,a c ur a cy wa s p r o c ur ed fo r
t fo r t h a t co u
n t ry , b u
t
him in Do r setshi r e , a n d he set o u
bei n g wa yl a id by his e n e m i es , wa s un a b le to p r o ceed ,a nd
rn e d to O x fo r d , whe r e he w a s , o n the s a m e
t he r e fo r e r e t u
n ight , a p p r ehe n ded in h is b ed , a n d w a s o r d e r ed , by the
c o mm iss a ry o f t h e U n ive r si t y , to be co n fi n ed in his o wn
rther di r ecti o n s we r e rec ei v ed respecti n g
c h a mbe r , t ill fu
He esc a ped in dis guise ,b ut was ret a ke n , a n d bei ng
him
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ro x s
986
Bo o k
MART YRQ
or
.
fr o m the T o wer to S m ithfi e ld , whe r e, b e fo r e t hey were
o m m itted to the fi r e , t hey a dd r essed the p eople
”
I a m co m e h ithe r , s a id D r B a r n es , to b e b ur n ed a s
a he r eti c , a n d
y o ush a ll he a r m y belie f, whe r eby y o um ay
perc ive wh a t erro n eo us op i n io n s I hold God I t a k e to
m
n o wledge
r e co r d , I n ever
to
k
t
au
g
t
s
h
a n y err o n eo u
y
(
)
do ct r i n e , b ut o n ly those t hi n gs whi ch sc r i pt ur e led m e
un to ; n ei t he r in my serm o n s h a ve I ever m a i n t a i n ed o r
r r e cti o n ; b u
t w ith a ll d ilige n ce
g1 ve n occ a sio n fo r a n y i n s u
eve r m o r e d id I st udy to set forth the glo r y o f God , the
obedie n ce to our sovereig n lord the ki n g , a n d t h e true
a n d si n cere religio n o f Christ ; a n d n o w he a r ke n to my
fa ith
I believe in the holy a n d blessed Tri n ity , three p er
so n s , a n d o n e God , th a t cre a ted a n d m a de a ll the wo r ld
a n d th a t this blessed T r i n ity se n t do wn the se co n d pe r so n ,
Jesus Ch r ist , i n to the w o m b o f t h e m ost blessed a n d p ur es t
vi r gi n Mar y I believe t h a t he wa s co n ceived o f the Holy
Ghost , a n d took flesh o f he r , a n d t h a t he s uffe r ed h un ger ,
t hi r st , cold , a n d o t he r p a ssio n s o f o u
r b ody , s in e x ce p ted ,
a cco r di n g to the s ayi n g o f St P ete r , He wa s m a de in a ll
An d I belie v
t hi n gs like to his b re t hre n , e x cept s in
th a t th is his de a th a n d p a ssi o n wa s the s ufli c ie n t r a n so m
gh his de a th he o verc a m e
fo r s in An d I b eli eve , t h a t th r o u
s in , de a t h , a n d hell ; a n d t h a t the r e i s n o n e othe r s a t is fa c
tio n un to the F a the r , b ut this his de a th a n d p a ssi o n o n ly ;
a n d th a t n o wo r k o f m a n did deserve a n ythi n g o f God ,
chi n g o ur j usti fic a tio n ; for 1
bu
t his p a ssio n o n ly , a s to u
k n o w t he b est wo r k th a t ever I per fo r med is imp ure an d
i m pe r fect
He the n , li fti n g up his h a n ds , pr a yed God t o fo r give
h im his t r esp a sses , s a yi n g ,
I co n fess , th a t my evil
tho ughts a n d cogit a t io n s a r e i n n um er able ; where fo r e I
besee ch thee , O Lo r d ,n ot to e n te r i n to j udg m e n t with m e ,
r i n iq u
it ies , who is a ble to
fo r , if tho u st r a itly m a rk o u
dg m e n t ? W he r e fo r e I t r ust in n o good wo r k
a b ide thy j u
t h a t ever I did , b ut o nly in the
I d o not
o f C h r ist
do ubt b ut t h r o ugh h im to i n he r i t the ki n gdo m o f he a ve n
Bu
t i m a gi n e n o t ,th a t I spe a k a g a i n st good wo r k s , fo r they
a re to b e do n e , a n d v e r ily they th a t do t hem n o t , sh a ll
n eve r come i n to the ki n gdom o f God
l Ve m u
st do them ,
se t hey ar e co m m a n de d us o f G od ,t o sho w a nd se
be c a u
c
.
.
e
.
.
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’
e
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.
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’
o
F x
s
n
o o k o r M A RT Y RS
for t h 0 1 1 pro fess io n , n o t to dese r ve
o nly by the de a th o f Ch r i st
°
2 87
.
or m erit ; for th a t is
.
r ch , a n d a co m p a n y
I believe th a t the r e is a holy ch u
o f a ll them th a t d o pro fess C hrist ; a n d th a t a ll wh o h a v e
s uffered a n d co n fessed his na m e , a r e s a i n ts , a n d th a t they
d God in he a ve n ,more th a n I or a ny m a n s
p r a ise a n d l a u
to n g ue c a n e x press
A perso n prese n t a sked him his op i n i o n upo n pr a yi n g
”
t o s a i n ts
I believe , s a id b e , they a r e in he a ve n
wi t h God , a n d th a t they a r e wo r thy o f a ll the ho n o u
r th a t
sc r ipt ur e willeth them to h a ve But I s ay , th r o ugho ut
sc r ip t ur e we a re n ot comm a n ded to pr a y to a n y s a i n t s
There fore I n either ca n n o r will pre a ch to y o uth a t s a i n ts
o ught to b e p r a yed un to for the n sho uld I p r e a ch un to y o u
a doct r i n e o f m i n e o wn he a d
Notwithst a n di n g , whethe r
they pr a y fo r us or n o ,th a t I r e fer to G od An d if s a i n t s
d o pr a y fo r u
s , t he n I tr u
st to p ra y fo r y o uwithi n t hi s
h a l f ho ur , Mr Sheri ff, a n d for eve r y Ch r isti a n livi n g 1 11
th e fa ith o f Chris t , a n d dyi n g i n the s a me a s a s a i n t
W he r e fore , if t he d e a d m ay fo r the q ui ck , I will s ur ely
”
pr a y for y o u
Th e n s a id he to the sheri ff, H a ve ye a ny a rti cle s
”
a g a in s t m e fo r wh ich I a m co n de m n ed 2
The she r i ff
”
a n s wered ,
No The n s a id he , Is t here he r e a n y m a r
e lse th a t k n o weth whe r e fo r e I d ie , or th a t by my p r e a ch
in g h a th t a ke n a ny e rr o r ? Let t he m n o w spe a k , a n d I
”
will m a ke th e m a n s we r
The n
Bu
t n o m a n a n s we r ed
s a id he ,
W ell , I a m co n de m n ed by the la w to die , a n d
as I u
n d e r s ta n d by a n a c t o f p a r li a m e n t , b u
t whe r e fo r e I
c a n n ot t ell ; pe r h a ps it is fo r he r esy ; fo r we a r e like to
bu
rn
Bu
t they th a t h a ve bee n the o cc a si o n o f i t I p r a y
God fo r give them , a s I wo uld be fo r give n mysel f An d
Dr S t ephe n , bi shop o f W i n chester , if he h a ve so u
ght o r
wro u
ght this my d e a th ,eithe r by word o r deed , I pr a y God
t o fo r give h im a s he a r t ily , a s fr eely , a s ch a r i t a bly , a n d a s
s i n ce r ely , a s C h r ist fo r g a ve the m th a t
h
i
m
a th
u
to
de
t
p
An d if a n y o f th e co un cil , or a ny othe r , h a ve so ught o r
wr o u
ght it th r o ugh m a lice o r ig n o r a n ce , I pr a y God for
give their ig n o r a n ce , a n d ill um i n a t e thei r eyes , th a t they
m a y see a n d a sk me r cy fo r it
I beseech y o ua ll to p r ay
fo r the ki n g s gr a ce , a s I h a ve do n e e v er si n ce I wa s in
n ,an d do n o w, th a t God m a v
m
r
o
ive
prosp
hi
e rity ,
i
s
p
g
’
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“
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“
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’
288
F
’
o x s B O OK o r MARTY RS
.
th at he m ay lo n g reig n a m o n g y o u; a n d a fte r h1 m
th a t godly pri n ce Ed war d , th a t he m ay fi n ish those thi n gs
n
I h a ve bee n r eported to b e
whic h his fa ther h a t h b egu
n to the ki n g ;
a p r e a che r o f s editio n , a n d disobedie n ce u
n d by the co m
bu
t he r e I s a y to y o u
, th a t y o ua r e a ll bo u
m a n d m e n t o f God to ob ey yo ur p r i n ce with a ll h um ility ,
a n d w ith a ll yo u
r he a rt , a n d th a t n o t o n ly fo r fe a r o f the
”
s wo r d , b u
t a lso fo r co n scie n ce s a ke b e fore God
He the n begged a ll m e n to forgi v e h im ; to b e a r witn es s
th a t he detested a n d a bhorr ed a ll evil Op i n io n s a n d do c
a g a i n st t h e w o r d o f God , a n d th a t he d ied in the
t r in t
s C hrist , by who m he do ubted n o t b ut to be
fa i t h o f Jes u
s a ved Wi th these wo r ds , he desi r ed a ll the spe ct a tors to
p r a y fo r h im , a n d the n he p r ep a r ed hi m sel f to suffer
J e r o m e a n d G a r r e t p r o fessed in like m an n er their b e
'
l e f, re citi n g a ll the a r t i cles o f the Ch r is t i an fa it h , b r ie flv
decl a r i n g t hei r m i n ds up o n eve r y a r t i cle ,a s the ti m e wo uld
s uffe r , whe r e by the p eo p le m ight un de r st a n d th a t the r e
se n o r e r ro r in t hei r fa i t h fo r wh i ch they co ul d
wa s n o c a u
j us t ly be co n d e m n ed ; p r otesti n g , m o r eove r , t h a t they de
n ied n o t hi n g th a t wa s ei the r i n the O ld o r Ne w Test a me n t ,
s e t fo r t h by t h e ki n g , who m t hey p r a ye d the Lo r d lo n g
co n ti n ue a m o n g t he m , w i t h his s o n p r i n ce Ed wa r d
Jero m e the n a dd r essed the peo p le a s follo ws : I say un to
r e t h r e n , th a t God h a t h bo u ht u
l
u
good
b
s
a
l with no
o
,
g
y
s m a ll p r i ce , n ei the r with gold n o r sil ver , o r o t he r s uch
e , b ut wi t h his m ost p r e ci o us blood
thi n gs o f s m a ll v a l u
n t h a n k fu
l the r e fo r e to h im a g a i n , b ut do a s m uch
Be n o t u
a s to Ch r isti a n m e n belo n geth t o fu
lfil his co m m a n d m e n ts ;
th a t is , love yo ur b r e t h r e n L o v e hur t e t h n o m a n , love
lfille t h a ll thi n gs If God h a t h se n t t hee p le n t y , help thy
fu
r th a t h a t h n eed
G ive him good co un sel If he
n ei ghbo u
ldst gl a dly
la c k ,c o n s id e r if t ho uwert in n ecessity , tho uwo u
b e r e fr eshed An d a g a i n , he a r yo ur c r oss with Ch r ist
C o n sider wh a t r ep r oo f,sl a n de r ,a n d r ep r o a ch ,he s uffe r ed o f
his e n e m i es ,a n d ho w p a t ie n t ly he s uffe r ed a ll thi n gs C o n
s ide r ,t h a t a ll t h a t Ch r is t did w a s o f his m e r e good n ess ,a n d
r d ese r vi n g
F o r if we co u
ld m e r it o ur o wn s a l
not o f o u
v a tio n , Ch r ist wo uld n o t ha ve died fo r us But fo r Ad a m s
b r e a ki n g o f God s p r ecepts ,we ha d bee n a ll lost , if Chris t
An d like a s Ad a m broke the
ha d n o t re d eemed u
s a ga i n
precepts , a n d wa s d r ive n o ut o f P a r a dise , so we , if we
a nd
.
.
.
.
t o
.
.
.
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’
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’
.
290
Fox
’
s
B O OK o r M ARr m
C
H A PT ER V ]
'
.
Attemp t ag a in s t C r a nmer
.
elty o f the me a s ures o f the ki n g a ga i n st the dis
Th e c r u
s e n te rs h in ted a t in the pre cedi n g ch a pter ,g a ve the pop is h
gr e a t hopes o f s ucceedi n g , a n d to co m plete the ir
v i cto r y , they a t t empted the dest r u
ctio n o f C r a n mer ,a n d
t he q u
ee n , who m they co n sidered the gre a test obst a cles to
t hei r s u
ccess They pe r s ua ded the ki n g th a t Cr a n m er
wa s the so u
rce o f a ll the he r esies in E n gl a n d ; b ut He n ry s
estee m for h im wa s s uch ,th a t n o o n e wo uld a ppe a r to giv e
evid en ce a g a i n st h im they the r e fo r e desi r ed th a t he might
be co m m itted to the To we r ,a n d the n it wo uld a ppe a r how
m a n y would i n fo r m a g a i n st h im
The ki n g see m ed to a pp r ove this pl a n , a n d they re
solved to e x e cute it the n e x t d ay : b ut in the n ight He n r y
se n t fo r C r a n m er ,a n d told hi m wh a t wa s resolved co n ce r n
in g him
C r a n mer th a n ked the ki n g for givi n g him n oti ce
b m itted to it , o n ly desiri n g th a t he might be
o f it a n d s u
he a r d in a n s we r fo r hi m sel f ; a n d th a t he m ight h a ve im
p a r ti a l j udges , co m pete n t to decide He n r y wa s s ur p r ised
to see him so little co n cern ed in his o wn preserv a tio n : b ut
told him , si n ce he took so little c a r e o f hi m sel f, th a t h e
st t ake c a re o f h im He there fo r e g a ve h im in st r uc
mu
n cil , a n d to desi r e to see his
t io n s to a ppe a r be fo r e the co u
a cc u
se r s b e fore he sho uld be se n t to t he To wer ; a n d th a t
he m ight b e used by the m , a s they wo uld desi r e to be used
in a si m il a r c a se
a n d if he co u
ld n o t p r ev a il by the force
o f re a so n ,the n he wa s to a p pe a l to the ki n g in p e r so n ,a n d
wa s to sho w the roy a l s e a l r i n g , whic h he took fr o m his
fin ger , a n d g a ve him ,whi ch they wo uld k n o w so well th a t
they wo uld d o n othi n g a fter they o n ce s a w it
A ccordi n gly o n bei n g s umm o n ed n e x t mur n in g, he
c a me ove r to W hiteh a ll ; the r e he wa s d e t a in e d ,with gre a t
n cil ch a m be r be fore he
in sole n ce , in the lobby o f the co u
t whe n th a t wa s do n e , a n d he ha d a cted
wa s c a lled in ; b u
as the ki n g h a d o r de r ed h im , a n d a t l a st sho wed the ri n g ,
sio n , a n d we n t to the ki n g
h is e n e m ies rose in g r e a t co n fu
He upb r a ided the m severely fo r wh a t they h a d d o n e , a n d
ch
ex p re ss ed h is e stee m a n d ki n d n ess fo r Cr a n mer in s u
pa r ty
.
’
.
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.
.
’
Fo x
s
Bo o n
or
MA RT YRS
29 1
.
terms , th at they were gl a d to get o ff, by prete n d i n g th a t
they h a d n o othe r desig n b ut t h a t o f h a vi n g his i n n o ce n ce
decl a r ed by a p ubli c t r i a l F r o m t his v a i n a t t e m pt they
n a l t e r a ble fa v o u
were so co n vi n ced of the ki n g s u
r to him ,
r t her desig n s a g a i n s t h im
t h a t they fo r bo r e a n y fu
Bu
ld n o t e ffe c t a g a i n s t C r a n m er , they
t wh a t they co u
ee n , who
t ho u
gh t m ight b e m o r e s a fely t r ied a g a i n s t the q u
”
n e w le a r n i n g , a s t he r e fo r m a t io n
11 a s k n o wn to love the
was t he n c a lled
She used to h a v e se r m o n s in he r p r ivy
l d n o t b e so se c r e t ly c a r ried b u
c ha m be r ,whi ch co u
t th a t
,
1 1 c a m e t o the k n o wle d ge o f h e r roy a l spo u
se ; yet her
co n d uct in a ll othe r thi n gs wa s so e x a ct , a n d she e x p r essed
s uch a te n d er c a re o f t h e ki n g s pe r s o n , th a t it wa s o b
se r ved she h a d g a i n ed m uch upo n h im ; b ut his peevish n ess
gro wi n g with his diste m pe r s ,m a de h im so m eti m es imp a
tie n t eve n to he r
He used o fte n to t a lk w ith he r o f m a tters o f religio n ,
st a i n ed the a r g ume n t fo r the re fo r m
a n d so m eti m es she s u
ers s o st r e n uo usly ,th a t he wa s o ffe n ded a t it : yet a s soo n
Bu
t o n ce t he d eb a te c o n
a s th a t a ppe a r ed she let it fa ll
t i n n ed lo n g ,th e ki n g e x p r essed his disple a s u
r e a t it t o G a r
di n er , whe n she we n t a wa y The c r a fty bishop to ok hold
n i ty t o pe r s u
a de t h e ki n g th a t she w a s a
o f thi s opport u
r io t h e s l
W
n ed w i t h hi m
j
oi
r e a t cherishe r o f he r eti cs
y
g
in t he s a m e a r t i fice a n d filled the a n g r y ki n g s he a d w ith
suspici o n s , i n so m uch th a t he sig n ed the a r t i cles upo n whi ch
she wa s to b e i m pe a che d But the ch a n cellor c a r ele s sly
by
d r oppi n g the p a pe r , it h a ppe n ed to b e t a ke n u
on e o f
p
ee n s fr ie n ds , wh o c a r r ied it to he r
the q u
The n e x t n ight a ft e r s up p e r , she w e n t i n to the ki n g s
bedch a m ber , whe r e she fo un d h im sitt i n g a n d t a lki n g wi t h
cert a i n ge n tle m e n H e ve r y co ur teo usly wel co m ed her ,
a n d b r e a ki n g o ff his t a lk with the ge n t le m e n , be ga n o f
s ua l m a n n e r , to e n te r i n t o t a lk
h i m sel f, co n t r a r y to his u
s to he a r the q uee n s
o f r eligio n , see m i n g a s it w e r e desiro u
o pi n io n o n ce r t a i n m a tte r s w hich he m e n t io n ed
The q uee n ,perce i v i n g to wh a t this te n ded , mildly a n d
with m uch a pp a re n t de fe r e n ce , a n s we r ed him a s follo w s
”
Y o ur Majesty , s a y s she , d oth r ight well k n o w,
ne ithe r a m I mysel f ig n o r a n t ,wh a t g r e a t i m per fe c t i o n a n d
nt o u
r fi r st cre a tio n is a llotted u
we a k n ess by o u
s wo m e n,
bje ct un to
to b e or d a ine d a n d a ppoi n te d as i n fe rior , a n d s u
.
’
.
.
’
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.
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’
.
’
.
’
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’
.
292
’
Fo x s
B O O K O F sum mit s
.
r he a d , fr o m whi ch he a d a ll o u
r d ir ectio n o u
ght
ma n a s o u
t o p r o ceed ; a n d th a t a s God m a d e m a n to hi s o wn sh a p e
ed with m ore speci a l
a n d like n ess , whereby he ,bei n g e n d u
i
s
f
t
o f pe r fe ctio n , m ight r a ther b e sti r red to the co n te m
g
r
pla t io n o f he a ve n ly th i n gs , a n d to the e a r n est e n de a vo u
to ob ey hi s co m m a n d m e n ts ; eve n so a lso m a de he wo m a n
o f m a n , o f who m , a n d by who m , she i s to b e gove r n ed ,
co m m a n ded , a n d di r e cted whose wo m a n ly we a kn esses
a n d n a tu
r a l i m pe r fectio n o u
ght to be tole r a ted , a ided , a n d
bor n e with a l , so th a t by his wisdom s uch thi n gs a s be l a ck
in g in her o u
ght to be s upplied
S i n ce the n ce , there fo r e , th a t God h a th a ppoi n ted s uch
r a l di ffere n ce b et wee n m a n a n d wo m a n , a n d yo ur
a n a tu
m aj esty bei n g so e x celle n t in gi ft s a n d o r n a m e n ts o f wis
d o m ,a n d I a silly poo r wo m a n , so m uch i n fe r ior in a ll r e
s e cts o f n a t u
re u
n to
,h o w the n co m eth it n o w to p a ss
p
y ou
th a t yo ur m aj esty , in s uch di ffuse c a uses o f religio n , will
see m to requi r e my j udgm e n t ? which ,whe n I h a ve uttered
st I , a n d will I ,re fe r my jud g
a n d s a id w h a t I ca n , yet m u
’
r m aj esty s wis
m e n t in this a n d in a ll ot he r c a ses , to yo u
p r e m e he a d a n d gover n or he r e
d o m , a s m y o n ly a n cho r , s u
.
e a r t h ,n e x t un de r God to le a n un to
”
Not so , by S a i n t Ma r y , r eplied the ki n g ; y oua r e
be co m e a docto r , K a te ,to i n st r uct us , a s we t a ke it , a nd
”
n o t to be i n str u
cted o r di r e cted b y us
”
If yo u
r m aj esty t a ke it so , s a id the quee n , the n
h a th yo ur m aj esty ve r y m uch m ist a ke n , who h a ve ever
bee n o f the op in io n , to thi n k it ve r y un see m ly a n d pr e
n her t h e o ffi ce o f a n
er o u
s fo r a wo m a n t o t a ke u
po
o
s
t
p
i n s t r uc t e r , or te a che r to he r lo r d a n d h usb a n d , b ut r a ther
to le a r n o f her h usb a n d , a n d to b e t a ught by him ; a n d
r m aj es t y s le a ve , he r eto fo r e bee n
where I h a ve , with yo u
b old t o hold t a lk with yo ur m aj es t y ,whe r ei n so m e t i m es in
Opi n io n s the r e h a th see m ed so m e di ffe r e n ce , I h a ve n o t
do n e it so m uch to m a i n ta i n opi n io n , a s I did it r a the r to
r m aj esty m ight wi t h
m i n ister t a lk , n o t o n ly to the e n d yo u
less g r ie f p a ss over this p a i n ful ti m e o f yo ur i n fi r m ity ,
be i n g i n te n tive t o our t a lk , a n d hopi n g th a t yo ur m ajesty
sho uld re a p so m e e a se the r eby ; b ut a lso t h a t I , he a r i n g
yo ur m aj esty s le a r n ed di sco ur se , m ig ht r e cei v e to m ysel f
r e yo u
r m aj esty , I
whe r ei n , I a ss u
s o m e p r o fit the r eby
ha ve n o t mi ss e d a ny p a rt o f my desi r e in th a t b eh al f
’
on
.
.
“
’
’
.
2 94
Fox
’
s
B O OK o r
M A RT Y R S
.
ti m e to b e o ffe n ded w ith him ; yet she tho ught that
”
ig n o r a n ce ,n o t w il fu
l n ess wa s the c a use o f his e r ro r
”
Ah , p oor so ul , r eplied the ki n g , tho ulittle k n o west
how ill he deserveth thi s g r a ce a t thy h an ds
O n my wo r d
s we e the a rt , he h a th bee n to wa r d thee a n a r r a n t k n a ve ,a n d
”
T hus the desig n a g a i n st h e r wa s fr ust r a ted ,
s o let him go
a n d G a r di n er , wh o h a d p r omoted it lost the ki n g s fa vo u
r
e n ti r ely
t h at
.
“
.
.
’
.
T h e K ing s S ic kn es s a n d D ea t h
’
.
The ki n g s diste m pe r h a d bee n lo n g gro wi n g upo n him
He wa s be co m e so corp ule n t th a t he co uld n o t go up a n d
do wn st a i r s , b ut wa s let do wn a n d d r a wn up by a n e n gi n e ,
whe n he i n te n ded to wa lk in his g a r de n
He h a d a n ul
ce r a tio n in h is leg ,whi ch g a ve h im m uch p a i n ,the h um o urs
o f his body disch a rgi n g the m selves th a t wa y , till a t l a st a
dro p sy c a m e o n He ha d g r o wn so fie r ce a n d cr uel , th a t
th o se a bo ut h im we r e a fr a id to let him k n o w th a t his de a th
dged g uilty o f
s ee m ed n e a r ,lest t hey m ight h a ve bee n a dj u
t r e a so n , in fo r etelli n g hi s de a t h !
H is will wa s m a de r e a dy ,a n d sig n ed by him o n the 3 0th
He o r de r ed G a r di n e r s n a m e to be str uck
o f Dece m b e r
tors W he n s ir A n tho n y Bro wn
ou
t fr o m the list o f his e x ec u
e n de a vo ur ed to pers ua de him n o t to put th a t disg r a ce o n
ed positive in it ; fo r he s a id h e
a n old serv a n t , he co n ti n u
k n e w his te m pe r a n d co uld go v er n h im ; b ut it wo uld n ot
b e in the po we r o f othe r s to do it , if he we r e p ut in s o
”
high a tr ust The m ost m a te r i a l thi n g in the will,wa s ,the
p r e fe r r i n g the ch ild r e n o f his se co n d siste r , by Ch a r les
B r a n do n , d uke o f S uffolk , to the child r e n o f his eldest si s
ter the q uee n o f S cotl a n d , in the s uccessio n to the c r o wn
n d a ti o n o f T r i n ity
O n his de a thbed he fi n ished the fo u
C ollege ,in C a mb r idge ,a n d o f Ch r ist s Hospit a l ,n e a r Ne w
g a te yet this l a st wa s n ot fully settled , till his s on com
n
ple t e d wh a t he ha d b eg u
a r y , 1 5 4 7 , his spi r its s u
n k , a n d it
O n t he 2 7 t h o f J a n u
w a s evide n t th a t he ha d n o t lo n g to live
S ir An t h on
D e n n y took co u
r a g e to t ell him th a t de a th wa s a ppro a chi n
g
He e x
a n d desi r ed h im t o c a ll 0 11 God fo r his m ercy
re
e
s sed ih
n er a l his s o rro w for hi s p a s t si n s ,an d his tr u
t
s
p
g
’
.
.
.
’
.
.
.
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’
.
v
.
.
’
r ox s
5
B O OK o r MA R T YR S
the mercies o f Go d in Christ Jes us He ordered Cr a n
mer to b e se n t fo r ,b ut wa s speechless b e fore he a rrived ;
n d erstood W h a t he s a id to h im ,
y e t he g a ve a sig n th a t he u
a n d soo n a fter died , in the 5 6 th ye a r o f his a ge ,a ft er he
ha d reig n ed thi r ty -seve n ye a rs a n d n i n e mo n ths
His
de a th was co n ce a led three d ays ; a n d the p a r li a m e n t co n
ti n n e d to s it till the 3 1 st o f J a n ua ry ,whe n his de ce a se wa s
m ad e p u
bli c It is p r ob a ble the S eymo urs ,un cle s to the
yo un g k i n g , co n ce a led it so lo n g , till they m a de a p a rty
for se c u
r i n g the gove r n me n t in the ir o wn h a n ds
The severities He n r y used a g a i n st m an y o f his s ubj ects ,
in m a tte r s of religio n , m a de b oth sides write with gre a t
sh a rp n ess a g a i n st him ; his temper wa s i m perio us a n d cr uel ,
h e wa s s u
dde n a n d viole n t in his p a s s io n s ,a n d hesita ted at
n o t hi n g by whi ch he co u
ld gr a ti fy either his l ust or hi s r e
ve n ge This wa s m uch p r ovoked by the se n te n ce o f the
pope a g a i n st h im , by t he virule n t books C a rdi na l P ole a nd
o t hers p ublished , by the reb ellio n s th a t were r a ised in Eng
l a n d by the popish cle r gy ,a n d the a pprehe n sio n s he wa s in
o f the e m peror s g r e a t n ess , together w ith his k n o wledg e
o f the fa te o f those pri n ces , a g a i n st whom the popes h a d
th un dered i n fo r m er ti m es ; a ll wh i ch m a de h im thi n k it
n ecess a r y t o keep his people u
n de r the terror o f a severe
gove r n m e n t ; a n d by so m e p ubli c e x a m ples to se c ure the
pe a ce o f the n a tio n , a n d the r eby to p r eve n t a more pro
se e ffusio n o f blood ,whi ch m ight h a ve other wise follo wed
fu
if he ha d bee n m ore ge n tle ; a n d it wa s n o wo n de r if,
a fter the pop e deposed him , he proceeded to g r e a t severi
t ies ag a i n st a ll wh o s upported the p a p a l autho r ity
Al m ost the l a st a ct o f his li fe wa s o n e o f b a rb a ro us in
gra tit u
de a n d mo n st r o us tyr a n n y This wa s the e x e c utio n
o f the e a rl o f S u
rrey ,a br a ve a n d a cco m plished n oblem a n ,
who h a d served h im with ze a l a n d fidelity , b u
t wa s n o w
s a cri ficed to the gro un dless s uspi cio n s o f this gloo m y tyr a n t ,
med the a r m s o f Ed
o n the prete n ce o f h is h a vi n g a ss u
wa rd the Co n fessor , which ,from his b ei n g rel a t ed to the
roy a l fa mily , he ha d a right to do , a nd whi ch he h ad do n e
d uri n g m a n y ye a rs ,without o ffe n ce Not s a tis fi ed with the
de a th o f this n oblem a n , the blood thi r sty despot , n o w tot
teri n g o n the bri n k o f t he gr a ve , dete r m in ed to compl ete
his wo rse th a n s ava ge b a rb a rity ,b y bri ngi ng to th e b lo clt
in
.
.
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’
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29 6
F
o x s B OOK O F M A RT YR S
’
.
ged d uke o f No r folk , fa the r o f his fo r mer victi m ,who
n e , in
ha d spe n t a lo n g li fe , a n d e x pe n ded a pri n cely fortu
The r e bei n g n o ch ar ge o n whi ch to fo un d a n
his servi ce
impe a ch m e n t a g a i n st him ,a p a rli a m e n t wa s s um m o n ed to
lfil
a tt a i n t him ; a n d so well did these se r vile wretches fu
their i n h um a n m a ste r s e x pe ct a tio n s ,th a t the bill o f a tt a i n
der wa s p a ssed in b oth ho uses in the sho r t sp a ce o f seve n
d ays ; a n d the roya l a sse n t be i n g give n by commissi o n ,
J an ua ry 27 , the d uke wa s o r de r ed for e x ec utio n o n the
r se o f the n ight , t h e ki n g
t in the co u
n e x t mo r n i n g ; b u
n a l o f the eter n a l
m m o n e d be fore the trib u
was himsel f s u
J udge
t he a
.
’
.
PART VI
.
ti on s in S co t la n d , a n d P r og r ess of t h e Refor m s
P er secu
r in
t
h
e r ei n o
rd
K
t ion d u
i
n
E
d
w
a
g
g
f
g
.
C
H A PT ER I
r in
ti on s in S co t la n d d u
P er s ecu
g t h e 1 5 th a n d p a r t of
t h e l 6 t h cen tu
r i es
.
H AVI N G b r o ught o ur a cco un t o f the s uffe r i n gs a n d m a r
t y r d o m s o f the E n glish r e for m e r s do wn to the de a th 0 1
He n r y the E ighth , we sh a ll n o w proceed to rel a te the cr uel
pe r sec utio n s o f God s fa ith ful se r v a n ts in S co tl a n d to the
s a me pe r iod b ut it will p r evio usly b e n e cess a r y to gi ve a
sho r t sketch o f the prog r ess o f the r e fo r m a tio n in th a t
co un tr y
The lo ng a lli a n ce bet wee n S cotl a n d a n d F r a n ce , ha o
re n de r ed the t wo n a tio n s e x t r e m ely a tt a ched to e a ch othe r ;
a nd P a r is wa s the pl a ce where the le a r n ed o f S cotl a n d
Y et e a r ly in the fi ftee n t h ce n t ury
ha d their ed uc a tio n
le a r n in g wa s more e n co ura ged in S cotl a n d , a n d un iv w
n ded in severa l episcop a l sees
Ab o u
t
ties were fo u
’
.
.
»
.
2 98
’
Fox
s
B O OK o r
M A RT Y R S
.
A n d re ws , t o co n fe r upo n the po in ts in quest io n But his
e n em ie s co uld n o t st an d the light , a nd fi n di n g they c ould
m e n t ,r e solved u
n o t d e fe n d the m selves by a rg u
po n reve n ge
H a m ilto n wa s a ccordi n gly i m priso n ed Arti cles were e x
hib it e d a g a i n st him , in which he wa s ch a rged with h a v in g
de n ied free will ; a dvo c a ted j usti fic a tio n by fa ith a lo n e ;
a n d decl a red th a t fa ith , hop e , a n d ch a rity , a r e so li nk e d
together , th a t o n e c a nn ot e x i st in the bre a st witho ut t he
o t h er
Upo n his re fusi n g to a bj ure these doctr i n es , B e a to n ,
An d r e ws , w ith the a r chb ishop o f Gl a s
a rchb ishop o f S t
go w, three b ishops , a n d fi ve a bb ots ,co n de m n ed him a s a n
ob sti na te he r eti c , delive r ed him to the se c ul ar po wer , a nd
ordered his e x e c utio n to t a ke pl a ce th a t ve r y after n oo n ;
fo r the ki n g ha d go n e in pilgrim a ge to Ross , a n d they
po n his retur n ,H a milto n s fr ie n ds might
we r e a fr a i d , lest ,u
a lly for h im
ha ve i n terceded e ffe ct u
W he n he wa s tied t o
the st a ke , he e x p r essed g r e a t j oy in his s ufferi n gs , s in ce
by these he wa s to e n ter i n to everl a sti n g li fe
A tr a i n o f po wder b ei n g fi r ed ,it d id n ot ki n dle the fuel ,
r n t hi s fa ce ,whi ch o c c a sio n ed a del a y till m ore
bu
t o n ly b u
po wder wa s bro ught ; a n d in th a t t i m e the fri a rs co n ti n ua lly
urged h im to r e c a n t , a n d p ra y to the Vi r gi n , s a yi n g the
S a lve Reg ina
Amo n g the rest , a fr i a r n a med C a m pbel ,
wh o h a d bee n o fte n wit h h im in p r iso n ,wa s ve r y o ffi c io u
s
H a m ilto n a n s wered h im , th a t he k n e w he wa s n o t 3 here
ti c , a n d h a d co n fessed to h im in p r iv a te , a n d ch a r ged h im
t o a n s we r fo r th a t a t the thro n e o f Al m ighty God
By
n p o wde r wa s b r o u
ght , a n d the fir e be i n g
t his ti m e the gu
ki n dled , he di ed , r e pe a ti n g t hese wo r ds , L o r d Jes us ,r e
Ho w lo n g , oh ! L ord ! ho w lo n g sh a ll
c e ive my spi r it !
d a r k n e ss over whe lm this ki n gdo m ? a n d ho w lo n g W ilt
”
ffer the ty r a n n y o f these m e n 2
He s uffere d de at h
t ho us u
in the ye a r 1 5 2 7
The vie ws a n d do ctr i n es o f this glo r io us m a r tyr were
s uch a s c o uld n o t fa il to e x cite the highest a d m ira ti o n o f
every re a l belie v er ; a n d they were e x pressed with s uch
b r evity , s uch cle a r n ess , a n d s uch pec uli a r vigo ur a nd
be a uty , fo r mi n g in the m selves a complete s umm a r y o f the
a t they a fforded i n str u
n t o a ll wh o s o u
ospel
th
ctio
ght t o
,
g
kn o w more o f God
T he forc e o f t he tru
ths p re a che d by Hamilton ,the firm
.
.
-
.
.
’
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
Fox s
2 99
B OOK o r MART Y RS
.
e o f h is de a th , a n d the si n gul a r c a t astrophe of fr ia r
C a mpbel , m a de stro n g impressio n s o n the people ; a nd
m a ny received the n e w op in i o n s S e a to n , a Dom i n ic a n ,
the ki ng s co n fessor , pre a chi n g in L e n t , set out the n a tu
re
e r epe n t a n ce , witho ut mi x i n g the d ir e c
a n d m e t hod o f t r u
tio n s whi ch the fr i a rs co mm o n ly g a ve o n th a t s ubj e ct ; a n d
whe n a n other fr i a r a tte m pt e d to sho w the de fe ctive n ess o f
gh t , Se a to n de fe n ded himsel f in a n other
W h a t he h a d t a u
s er m o n ,a n d re fle cted o n those b ishops wh o did n o t pre a ch ,
c a lli n g the m d um b dogs But the clergy d a r ed n o t med
dle with him , till they h a d by se cre t i ns i n ua tio n s rui n ed his
c r edit wi th the ki n g ; a n d the fr eedo m he used in r e
p r o v i n g h im fo r his vi ces , q ui ckly a lie n a ted J a mes fro m
him ; up o n whi ch he withd r e w i n to E n gl a n d , a n d wrote t o
the ki n g , t a x i n g the clergy for their cruelty ,a n d pr a y i ng
him to res t r a i n it
n ss
.
’
.
.
Ma r ty r d om of Henr y F or est
.
A fe w ye a r s a fter this e ve n t , He n r y Forest , a yo ung
fri a r o f L ithgo w, wa s b u
r n t fo r s a yi n g th a t H a m ilto n
wa s a m a r ty r , a n d th a t the do ct r i n es he pre a ched were
tr ue
Norm a n G ur ley a n d D a v id S tr utto n were a lso p ut to
de a th a b o ut the s a m e ti m e , fo r s ayi n g the r e wa s n o s uc h
pl a ce a s p urg a tory , a n d th a t the pope wa s A n tichris t
T he ye a r follo wi n g , v iz 1 5 3 9 , t wo othe r s we r e a p pr e
he n ded o n s uspi cio n o f heresy ,n a m ely : Jero m eRussel a n d
Ale x a n de r C a m pbell , a yo ut h o f a b o ut e ightee n ye a rs o f
a e
B ei n g t r ied be fore the a rchb isho p , they were sen
g
r n t o n the follo wi n g d a , wh i ch wa s e x e
t e n ce d to b e b u
y
cu
te d a cc o rdi n gly
.
.
.
.
.
Ma r ty r d om of s ix P er sons
.
In 1 543 , the a r chbi shop o f St A n dre ws m a k in g a vis rt
s p a rts o f his dio cese , severa l p erso ns
u
tio n in to v a rio u
Amo n g the se t he s ix
we re a cc used a t P erth o f heresy
follo win g we r e co n dem n ed to die : Wi lli am A n ders on ,
n t e r , Jame s
Rob e rt L a mb , J a me s Fin la y son , Jam es Hu
Ra veles on , a nd Hele n St ar k
.
.
.
.
800
F ox
’
s
B OOK o r M A RT YR S
.
T h e a c cu
sa t io n s l a id a g a i n st them were to the fol lo win g
e ffe ct
The fo ur fi r st were a c cused o f h a vi n g h un g up the i m a ge
o f S t F r a n cis , n a ili n g r a m s ho r n s o n his he a d ,a n d fa s t e n
m
in
b
u
r i n cip a l m a tter o n
p
the
p
a co w s t a il to his r u
t
g
whi ch they we r e co n de m n ed wa s h a vi n g reg a led the m
selves with a goose o n Allh a llo ws-eve ,a fa st d ay ,a cco rd in g
to the Ro m ish s uperstitio n
J a m es Ra ve le s o n wa s a cc used o f h a vi n g orn a m e n ted his
ho use with the th r ee cro wn ed d i a de m o f P eter , c a rved in
wood , whi ch the a r chb ishop co n ceived to be do n e in
mo ckery to his c a rdi n a l s ha t
H e le n St a rk wa s a c c used o f n o t h a vi n g a cc ustomed her
sel f to pr a y to the Vi r gi n Ma r y , m ore especi a lly d uri n g
the ti m e she wa s in childbed
O n these a cc u
s a tio n s they we r e a ll fo un d g uilty , a nd
i m m edi a tely rece ived se n te n ce o f de a th ; the fo ur me n fo r
e a ti n g the goose to b e h an ged ; J a mes Ra vele s o n to be
b ur n t ; a n d the wo m a n , with he r s ucki n g i n fa n t , to be put
1 11 1 0 a s a ck , a n d d r o wn ed
’
.
’
.
-
’
.
.
.
The fo ur m e n , with the wom a n a n d chil d , s uffe r ed a t
te d
t J a me s Ravele s on wa s n o t e x ec u
th e s a me ti m e ; b u
t ill s o m e d ay s a ft e r
.
’
302
r o x s B OOK
or
unnr r n s
.
er in s , a n d Ma r t r d om of Georg e W isha r t
Life, S u
g
y
f
.
Mr Ge o rge W ish a r t was b or n i n S cotl an d , and a fte 1
re ce iv in g a gr a m m a ti c a l ed uc a tio n a t a pr iv a te s chool ,he
dies at the university o f
le ft th a t pl a ce , a n d fi n ished his stu
C a mbridge
The fo llowi n g ch a r a cter o f him , d uri n g his reside n c e in
th a t un ive r sity , wa s writte n by o n e o f his s chol a r s , a nd
co n t a i n s so j ust a pi ct ure o f this e x celle n t m an , th a t we
gi v e it a t le n gth
Abo ut the ye a r o f o ur L ord 1 543 , there wa s in t he
un iversity o f C a m bridge o ne Mr G eorge W ish a rt , co m
m o n ly c a lled Mr Geo r ge , o f B e n n et s college ,who wa s a
m an o f t a ll st a t u
re , b a ld he a ded , a n d o n the s a me wore a
r ou
nd
Fre n ch ca p j udged to b e o f mel a n choly com
ple x io n by his phys iog n o m y , bl a ck h a i r ed , lo n g-be a rded ,
co m ely o f perso n a ge , well spoke n a fter his co un try o f
S cotl a n d , co urteo us , lo wly , lovely , gl a d to te a ch , desiro us
to le a r n , a n d wa s well t r a velled ; h a v i n g o n him for his
h a bit or clothi n g ,n ever b ut a m a n tle or fr ieze go wn to the
shoes , a bl a ck m illi a n fusti a n do ublet , a n d pl a i n bl a ck
hose , co a rse ne w c a n v ass fo r his shirts , a n d white fa lli n g
b a n ds a n d c uffs a t his h a n ds All the wh ich a pp a r el he
g a ve to the poo r , some weekly , so m e m o n thly ,s o me q ua r
t e r ly , a s he liked , s a vi n g his Fre n ch ca p , wh ich he k ept
th e whole ye a r o f m y b ei n g with h im
He wa s a m a n modest ,te m pe r a te ,fe a ri n g God , h a ti n g
coveto us n ess ; fo r his ch a r ity ha d n ever e n d , n ight , n oo n ,
r,
n or d a
y ; he fo r b a r e o n e me a l in three , o n e d ay in fo u
re
fo r the most p a rt , e x cept so m ethi n g to co m fort n a t u
He la y h a rd upo n a p uff o f st r a w, a n d co a rse n e w c a n v a ss
sheets , which whe n he ch a n ged he g a ve a wa y He ha d
co mm o n ly by his bed side a t ub o f wa ter , in the whi ch
( his people b ei n g in bed , the c a n dle put o ut a nd a ll quiet )
he used to b a the hi m sel f, a s I bei n g ve r y yo un g , b ei n g a s
s ured , o fte n he ar d him ,a n d in o n e light n ight discer n ed
him He loved m e te nd erly , a n d I him , for my a ge , as
e ffe ctua lly He t a ught with g r e a t mode sty a n d gr a v ity ,so
th a t so m e o f his people tho ught him severe , a n d wo uld
ha ve sl a i n him , b u
t the Lo rd wa s his de fe n ce
And he ,
a fter d u
e corre ctio n fo r the ir m a lice , by good e x ho r t a t io n
a me n ded the m a n d we n t h is way
0 th a t the L o rd had
.
.
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’
.
-
-
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-
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’
r ox s B
3m
OOK or m a n na
.
me his po o r b oy , th a t he m ight ha ve fi n is hed
th a t he h ad begun ! for in his religio n he was as y o u see
here in the rest o f his li fe , whe n he we n t i n to S cotl a nd
wit h divers o f the n obility , th a t c a me for a tre a ty to ki n g
He n ry VIII His le a r n i n g was n o less s uffi cie n t th a n his
desi r e ; a l wa ys pressed a n d re a dy to do good in th a t he
se priv a tely , a nd in the sch oo l
wa s a ble , both in the ho u
p ublicly ,p r o fessi n g a n d re a di n g divers a uthors
If I sho u
ld decl a re his love to me , a n d a ll men , his
ch a ri ty to the poo r , in givi n g , relievi n g , c a ri n g , help in g ,
r ovidi n g ,y e a , i n fi n i t ely st u
n g h o w to do good u
dyi
n to a ll,
p
r t to n o n e , I sho u
a nd h u
ld soo n er wa n t word s th a n j ust
c a us e to co mm e nd him
All this I testi fy with my whole he a rt ,a n d tr uth , o f
this godly m a n He th a t m a de a ll, gove r n e t h a ll, a n d
e fl h im t o
.
.
.
.
sh a ll j udge a ll, k n o weth th a t I spe a k the tr ut h , th a t the
si m ple m a y be s a tisfied , the a r rog a n t co n fo unded , the hy
”
E M E RY T Y LNE Y
po cr it e d lS ClOS Gd
I n o rder to i m prove hi m sel f a s m uch a s possible in the
k n o wledge o f lite r a t ure , he tr a velled i n to v a rio us fo r eig n
co un tries , whe r e he disti n g uished hi m sel f fo r his g r e a t
le a r n i n g a n d a b ilities , b oth in philosophy a n d divi n ity
His desire to p r o m ote tr ue k n o wledge a n d scie n ce a m o n g
He was
m e n , a cco m p a n ied the p r o fessio n o f it hi m sel f
ve r y r e a dy t o com m un ic a te wh a t he k n e w to othe r s , a n d
e n tly re a d v a r io us a utho r s ,both in his o wn ch a mber ,
fr eq u
bl i c schools
a n d in the p u
A fte r bei n g so m e ti m e a bro a d , he r et ur n ed to E n gl a n d ,
n ce a t C a m b r i d ge , w he r e he wa s
his
reside
a n d took u
p
H a v i n g t a ke n his
a dmitted a m e m ber o f B e n n et college
deg r ees , he e n tered i n to holy orders , a n d e x po un ded the
gospel in so cle a r a n d i n telligible a m a n n er , a s highly to
delight h is n um ero us a udito r s
B ei n g desiro us o f prop a g a ti n g the true gospel in his o wn
co un try , he le ft C a mb r idge in 1 5 44 , a n d in his way to
S cotl a n d pre a ched in m ost o f the pri n ci p a l to wn s , to t he
re
a t s a tis fa ctio n o f his he a r ers
g
O n his a rriv a l in his n a tive l a n d , he fi r st pre a ched at
Mo n trose , a n d a fte r wa rd a t D un dee In this l a st p la c e he
bli c e x positio n o f the epistle to the Rom a ns,
m a de a p u
whic h he we n t thro u
gh with so m uch gr a ce , elo q u
e n c e,
—
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
804
'
and
r ox
fr e edom ,as
pa p ists
’
B O OK o r ms n r r n s
s
.
del ighted the re form er s , and a l a rm e d the
.
I n co ns equ
e n ce o f this e x positio n , o n e Rob ert Mil n , a
pri n cip a l m a n o f D un dee , we n t , by comm an d o f c a r di n a l
B e a to n , to the ch ur ch where W ish a rt p r e a ched , an d in the
midst o f his disco urse p ubl icly told him n ot to tr ouble
the to wn a ny m ore , for he wa s determ in ed n ot to s uf
”
fe r it
This tre a tme n t g r e a tly s urprised Wish a rt , wh o ,a fter a
se , looki n g sorro wfully o n the spe a ker a n d the
s hort p a u
au
die n ce , s a id , God i s my wit n ess ,th a t I n ever i n te nded
yo ur tro uble , b ut yo ur co m fort ; y e a , yo ur tro uble is more
grievo us t o me th a n it is to yo ur selves ; b ut I a m a ss ured ,
’
to re fuse God s word , a n d to ch a se fr o m y o u his messe n
ger , sh a ll n ot prese r ve y o ufrom tro uble , b ut sh a ll bri n g
f
o ui n to it ;
or God sh a ll se n d
o u mi n iste r s th a t sh a ll
y
y
n e ither fe a r b u
r n i n g n o r b a n ishme n t I h a ve o ffered y o u
the wo r d o f s a lva tio n W ith th e h a z a r d o f my li fe I h a ve
rem a i n ed a m o n g y o u: n o w ye yo urselves re fuse m e ; a nd
I m ust le a ve my i n n oce n ce to be d e cl a red by my God If
it b e lo n g p r ospero us with y o u, I a m n o t led by the sp i r it
th ; b ut if un looked -for t r o uble co m e upo n y o u, a c
o f tr u
k n o wledge the c a use ,a n d t ur n to G od , wh o is g r a c io us a nd
merci ful But if y o ut ur n n o t a t the fi r st wa r n i n g , he will
”
visit y o uwith fire a n d s wo r d
At the close o f this spee ch
he le ft the p ulpit , a n d retired
A fter this he we n t i n to the we s t o f S cotl a n d , whe r e he
’
p r e a ched God s wo r d ,whi ch wa s gl a dly received by m a n y
till the a r chb ishop o f Gl a sgo w, a t the i n stig a t io n o f c a rdi
n a l B e a to n , c a m e , w ith h is tr a i n , to the to wn o f Ay r , to
s upp r ess W ish a r t , a n d i n sisted o n h a vi n g the ch ur ch to
p r e a ch in hi m sel f S o m e op p osed this ; b ut W ish a rt s a id ,
L et him a lo n e , his se r m o n will n o t d o m uch h urt ; let us
”
go to the m ar ket c r oss This wa s a greed to ,a n d Wish a rt
pre a ched a se r m o n th a t g a ve un ivers a l s a tis fa ctio n to his
n ded his e n e m ies
he a rers ,a n d a t the s a me time co n fo u
He co n ti n ued to prop a g a te the gospel with the gr ea test
ala crity , p r e a chi n g so m eti m es in o n e pl a ce ,a n d sometime s
t comi n g to Ma ckle ne , he wa s , by forc e ,
m a n ot her ; b u
ke pt o u
rch S ome o f his follo wers wo ul d h a ve
t o f the ch u
b r oke n in ; u
p on wh ic h he sa id t o o n e o f th em , Bro th er,
.
.
.
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306
Fo x
’
B O OK o r M A R T Y RS
s
.
r
e a ched ,b u
t
s pe n t m o s t o f his t ime in pr iv a t e m ed i t at i o n
p
and pra yer
It is s a id , th a t be fore he le ft D un dee , and while he was
rs o f love to the bod ies , a s well a s t o
e n g a ged in the l a bo u
the so ul s , o f those poor a fll icte d people , c a rdi n a l B e a t o n
e n g a ged a despe r a te pop ish p r iest ,c a lled Joh n W eighto n ,
to k ill him the att e m pt to e x e c ute whi ch wa s a s follo ws
o n e d ay , a fter W i sh a rt h a d fi n ished his sermo n , a nd the
people d e p a r te d ,t he p r iest stood wa iti n g a t the b otto m o f
the st a i r s , with a n a ked d a gger in his h a n d un der his go wn
Bu
t Mr W ish a rt h a v i n g a sh a rp , pie r ci n g eye , a n d seei n g
the priest a s he c a me from the p ulpit , s a id to him , My
”
ld y o uh a ve ?
fr ie n d wh a t wo u
An d im medi a tely cl a ppi n g
his h a n d up o n the d a gger , took it fr o m hi m The pri est
bei n g ter r ified , fell o n his k n ees , co n fessed his i n te n tio n ,
A n oise b e i n g here upo n r a ised , a n d
a n d c r a ved p a rdo n
it comi n g to the e a rs o f those who were sick ,they cried ,
D eliver the tr a itor to u
s , we will t a ke him by force
r st in a t the g a te
Bu
t W ish a rt , t a ki n g t he
a n d they b u
pri est in his a rms , s a id , W h a tsoe v er h urts him , sh a ll
h urt me ; for he h a th do n e me n o mischie f,b ut m uch good
”
by te a chi n g me more heed ful n ess fo r the time to come
By this co n d uct he a ppe a sed the people , a n d s a ved the l i fe
o f the w i cked pri est
S oo n a fter hi s retur n to Mo n trose , the c a r di n a l a ga in
co n spired his de a th , c a usi n g a lette r to b e se n t to him a s if
it ha d b ee n fro m hi s fa m ili ar frie n d the l a ird o f K i n n ier ,in
which he wa s desired wi th a ll possible speed , to com e to
him , b ec a use he wa s t a ke n with a s udde n sick n ess In
the me a n ti m e the c a rdi n a l h a d provided s i x ty a rmed m e n
to l ie in wa it withi n a mile a n d a h a l f o f Mo n trose , in o r
rder him a s he p a ss ed th a t way
d er t o m u
The letter com i n g to W ish a r t s h a n d by a b oy ,who a ls o
bro ught him a horse fo r the j o ur n ey ,W ish a rt ,a cco m p a n ie d
by some o f his fr i e n ds set fo rwa r d ; b u
t so m ethi n g p a r t ic u
r n ed b a ck , wh i ch
lar str iki n g hi s mi n d by t h e wa y , he ret u
they wo n de r i n g a t , a sked him the c a use to wh o m he s a id ,
I will n o t go ; I a m forbidde n o f God ; I a m a ss ure d
t here is t r e a so n
L et some o f y o ugo to yo n der pl a ce ,a n d
”
tell m e wh a t y o u fi n d
They a ccordi n gly we n t , d is co
r n in g , they told Mr
ve re d t he a s s a ssi ns , a nd ha stily ret u
.
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F
o x s B OOK o r M A R T Y R S
3 07
’
.
Wish ar t : wh e reupo n he s a i d , I k n o w I sh all e n d my
t i t will n ot b e in
life by th a t bloodthirsty m an s h a n ds ,b u
this m a n n er
A sho r t ti m e a fter this he le ft Mo n trose , an d pro ceeded
to Edi n b ur gh ,in o r der to p r op a g a t e t he gospel in t h a t city
l b r o t he r ,c a lled J a m es
Bv t he wa y he lodged with a fa ith fu
W a tso n , o f I nn er Go ur y In the middle o f the n ight he
u
a n d w e n t i n to the y a rd , whi ch two m e n he a ri n g
e
t
,
g
p
t hey p r iv a tely follo wed hi m
While in the y ar d he fell on his kn ees , a nd pr ayed fo r
so m etime wi t h the g r e a test ferve n cy a ft e r whi ch he a rose
r n ed to hi s b ed Those who a tte n ded h im , a p
a n d ret u
pe a ri n g a s tho ugh they we r e ig n o r a n t o f a ll, c a me a n d
ld n ot an s wer
t he w o u
a sked him w he r e he h a d bee n ? B u
The n e x t d a y they i m port un ed h im to tell the m
t hem
B e pl a i n w i t h us ,for we he a rd yo ur mo ur ni n g ,
s ay l n g ,
r gest ur es
a n d s a w yo u
n te n a n ce , s a id ,
I ha d
O n this h e , w i t h a d ej e cted co u
”
r b eds
Bu
t they still pressi n g
r a ther y o uh a d b ee n in yo u
upo n him to k n o w so m ethi n g ,he s a id , I w ill tell y o u; I
red th a t my wa r fa re i s n e a r a t a n e n d ,a n d there
a m a ss u
fo r e pr a y to God wi t h m e , th a t I shri n k n o t whe n the b a t
tle wa x eth m ost hot
W he n they he a r d t his they wept ,s a yi n g , Thi s is s m a ll
”
co m fort to us
The n , s a id he , God sh a ll se n d y o u
co m fo r t a fter me This re a l m sh a ll be ill um i n a ted with the
light o f Ch r ist s gospel , a s cle a r ly a s a n y re a l m si n ce the
d a ys o f the a p ostle s The ho use o f God sh a ll be b uilt in
it ; y e a , it sh a ll n ot l a ck ,in desp ite o f all e n e m 1e s ,th e top
sto n e ; n eithe r wi ll it b e lo n g b e fore thi s b e a ccomplished
Ma n y sh a ll n o t s uffe r a fte r me , be fo r e the gl ory o f God
sh a ll a p pe a r ,a n d t r i um ph in despite o f S a t a n But , a l a s ,
if the people a ft e r wa r d sh a ll p r ove u
n th a n k fu
l , the n fe ar
”
a
l n d terrible will be the pl a g u
fu
es t h a t sh a ll follo w
The n e x t d ay he p r o ceeded o n his j o ur n ey , a n d whe n he
a rrived a t Le ith , n o t m eeti n g w i t h those he e x pe cted , he
kept himsel f reti r ed fo r a d ay or t wo He the n g r e w p en
sive , an d be i n g a sked the re a so n he a n s w ered ,
W h a t do
I d ifle r fr o m a d e a d m a n ? Hitherto God h a th used my
rs fo r the i n str ucti o n o f others , a n d to the disclosi n g
la b o u
o f d a rk n ess ; a nd n o w I l u
r k as a m an a s h a med to sho w
”
H s frie n ds per ceived th a t his de sir e wa s t o
nis fa ce
’
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-
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i
s
3 08
F
o x s B OOK o r MA RT Y R S
’
.
pre a ch , wn e r e up o n they s a id to h im , It is mo s t co mfo rt
a ble fo r u
s to he a r
t b ec a u
se we k n o w the d a n ger
y o u, b u
”
whe r ei n y o u st a n d ,we d a r e n o t desi r e it
He replied
If y o ud a r e he a r ,let God pro v ide fo r m e a s best ple a seth
him
a fte r w hich it wa s co n cl u
ded , th a t the n e x t d ay he
sho uld p r e a ch in Leith His te x t wa s fr o m t he p a r a ble o f
the s e we r , Ma tt x ii i The se r m o n e n d ed ,the ge n t le m e n
o f Lothi a n , wh o w e r e e a r n est pr o fesso r s o f Jes u
s Ch r is t ,
wo u
ld n o t s uffe r him to st a y a t Le ith ,b e c a use the gove r n o r
a n d c a r di n a l we r e shortly to co m e to Edi n b u
r gh ; b u
t took
him a lo n g with t hem a n d he p r e a ched a t B r a n sto n ,Lo n g
n id d r y , a n d O r m is t o n e
He a lso p r e a ched a t Ive r e s k,
n e a r Mu
s e lb u
r
r se 01 people ,a n d
g : he h a d a g r e a t co n co u
a mo n g them S ir Geo r ge Do u
gl a s , wh o a fter s er m o n s a id
p ubli cly , I k n o w t h a t the gover n or a n d c a rdi n a l will
he a r th a t I h a ve bee n a t this serm o n ; b ut let the m k n o w
th a t I will a vo w it , a n d will m a i n t a i n both the do ct r i n e
”
a n d the p r e a cher to the u
tte r most o f my po we r
A m o n g others th a t c a m e to he a r him p r e a ch , the r e were
r ch door ,whispered
two gr a y fr i a rs ,wh o ,st a n d i n g a t the ch u
to s uch a s c a m e in whi ch W ish ar t obse r vi n g , s a id to the
people , I pr a y y o u m a ke r oo m for these two m e n , it
r n i n g to the m , he s a id ,
ma y b e they co m e to le a r n ; a n d t u
Co m e n e a r , fo r I a ss ur e y o uy o ush a ll he a r the wor d o f
tr uth , wh ich this d ay sh a ll se a l up to y o u ei ther yo ur s a l
a ft e r which he pro ceeded in his
va ti o n o r d a m n a tio n
ser m o n ,s upposi n g th a t they wo uld be q ui et ; b ut whe n he
pe r ce ived th a t they still co n ti n ued to dist urb the people
th a t stood n e a r the m , he s a id to the m the seco n d time ,
O mi n isters o f S a t a n , a n d
n te n a n ce ,
with a n a n g r y co u
de ceive r s o f the so uls o f me n , will ye n e ither he a r God s
tr uth yo ur selves ,n o r s uffe r othe r s to he a r it ? Dep a rt ,a n d
t a ke this fo r yo ur po r tio n ; God sh a ll sho r tly co n fo un d a n d
ye sh a ll b e
r hypoc r isy with i n this ki n gdom
d is close yo u
r pl a ces a n d h a bit a tio n s sh a ll
a bomi n a ble to m e n , a n d yo u
”
be desol a te
He sp oke this with m uch vehe m e n cy ; ther
turn i n g to the p o o ple , s a id , These m e n h a ve p r ovoked
the S pi r it o f God to a n ge r ; a ft er which he proceeded in
his ser m o n , highly to the s a tis fa ctio n o f his he a rers
From he n ce he we n t a n d p r e a ched a t Br an sto n e , Lan~
e d in e , O r m ist o n e , a n d I n veresk , whe r e he wa s foll o we d
u
g
b y a gre at c on c ou
He pre a ch e d also in
rs e o f peopl e
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3 10
’
Fo x s
s o on
MAnr r h s
'
or
'
.
C a rdi n al B e a to n , bei n g i n fo r m ed th a t W ish a r t wa s a t th e
ho u
se o f Mr Co ckb ur n , o f O r m isto n , in E a st Lothi an
.
pplied to the r ege n t to c a use him to be a pp r ehe n ded
with wh i ch , a fter g r e a t pe r s u
a si o n , a n d m u
ch a g a i n st his
will , he co m plied
The e a rl a cco r di n gly we n t , with p r oper a tte n d an ts ,t o
he ho u
se o f Mr Co ckb ur n ,w hi ch he beset a b o ut m id n ight
The m a ster o f the ho use b ei n g g r e a tly a l a r m ed , put him
s el f ih a post u
re o f de fe n ce , whe n the e a r l told him th a t
it wa s in v a i n to r esist , fo r the gove r n o r a n d c a r di n a l were
withi n a m ile , w i t h a p o we r ; b u
ld deliver
t if he wo u
Wish a r t to h im , he wo uld p r o m ise upo n hi s ho n o ur th a t
he sho uld be s a fe ,a n d th a t the c a r di n a l sh o uld n o t h urt h im
W ish a r t s a id , O pe n the g a tes ,t he will o f God b e do n e
n d B oth well co m i n g in , W ish a r t s a id to him ,
I p r a ise
my God ,th a t so ho n o u
r a ble a m a n a s y o u
,my lo r d ,r eceiv e
m e this n ight ; fo r I a m pe r s u
a ded
th a t fo r yo ur ho n o ur s
ffe r n o t hi n g to b e do n e to m e b u
sa ke y o uwill s u
t by order
o f la w :
I less fe a r to di e ope n ly , th a n sec r e t ly to b e
”
mu
r dered
B o t h well replied , I will n o t o n ly p r eserve
r body fro m a ll viole n ce th a t sh a ll b e i n te n ded a g a i n st
vo u
t o r de r o f la w ; b ut I a lso pr o m ise in the pr e
y o uwitho u
se n ce o f these ge n tle m e n , th a t n eithe r t he go v er n o r n o r
c a r di n a l sh a ll h a ve thei r will o f y o u b ut I wi ll keep y o u
in m y o wn ho u
s e , till I e i t he r s e t y o ufr ee ,o r r esto r e y o u
”
to the s a me pl a c e where I re ceive y o u The n s a id Mr
Co ckb urn , My lo r d , if y o u m a ke good yo ur promise ,
rselves will n ot o n ly
m e y o u will , we o u
whi ch we p r es u
ser v e y o u,b ut we will pro c ure a ll t he p r o fessors in Loth ia n
”
t o do the s a m e
This a g r ee m e n t bei n g m a de , Mr W ish a rt wa s delivered
i n to the h a n ds o f the e a rl ,who i m m edi a tely co n d ucted hi m
to Edi n b urgh
As soo n a s the e a rl a rrived a t th a t pl a ce ,he wa s s e n t fo r
by the quee n , who b ei n g a n i n vetera te e n e m y to W ish a r t
p r ev a iled o n the e a r l , n otwithsta n di n g the p r o m ises he ha d
m a de ,to co mm i t h im a priso n e r to t he c a s t le
The c a r di n a l bei n g i n fo r m ed o f W ish a rt s sit ua tio n ,we nt
to Edi n b ur gh , a n d i m m ed i a tely c a used h im to be remove d
fro m the n ce to the c a stle o f St A n d r e ws
The i n vete r a te a n d pe r se c uti n g p r el a te , h a v in g n o w got
lly a t his o wn d ispos a l , r esolved to p r o ce ed
or r m a rtyr fu
a
.
t
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a
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“
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’
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r
31]
’
o x s B OO K o r MA RT YRS
.
rpose
im med ia tely to try him as a hereti c : for wh i ch p u
’
he a sse m bled the prel a tes a t S t A n dre ws ch ur ch o n t he
a ry , 1 5 4 6
2 7 th o f Feb r u
At this m eeti n g the a rchbisho p of Gl a sgo w g a ve it a s his
opi ni o n , th a t a pp li c a tio n sho uld be m a de to the rege n t , to
gr a n t a co m m issio n to so m e n oble m a n to t ry the p r iso n er ,
m of pu
tti n g so p op ul a r a m a n to de ath
t h a t a ll the odi u
m ig ht n o t li e o n the cle r gy
To this the c a r di n a l r e a dily a greed : b ut up o n se n di ng
“
r
n
r
h
e
n
n
r
eceived t
follo wi g a s we :
Th a t
t o the ege t , he
’
he wo uld do well n ot to p r e ci p it a te this m a n s t r i a l ,b ut del a y
it un til his co m i n g ; fo r a s to hi m sel f,he wo uld n o t co n se n t
to his de a th be fore the c a use wa s ve r y well e x a m i n ed ;
a n d if the c a r di n a l sho u
ld do other wise , he wo uld m a ke
i r ed
ld b e requ
p r otest a tio n , th a t th e blood c f this m a n sho u
.
.
.
”
his h a n ds
The c a r di n a l wa s e x tre m ely c ha r gin e d a t this m e s s a ge
fr o m the r ege n t ; ho w eve r he deter m i n ed t o p r o ceed in the
bloody b usi n ess he h a d un de r t a ke n : a n d the r e fo r e se n t the
rege n t word , Th a t he h a d n o t wr i tte n to him a b o ut this
m a tte r , a s s u
n g h i m sel f to be in a n
osi
p
p
y wa y depe n d a n t
up o n hi s a utho r ity , b ut fro m the desi r e th a t the p r ose c utio n
a n d co n victio n o f he r eti cs m ight h a ve a sho w o f
bli
c
u
p
l d n o t this wa y obt a in , he
co n se n t ; whi ch , si n ce he co u
ld p r oceed in th a t way which to him a ppe a r ed the
wo u
”
m ost p r oper
e n ce of this , the c ar di n a l imm edi a tely pro
In co n sequ
ce e d e d to the t r i a l o f W ish a r t , a g a i n st who m n o less th an
e igh t ee n a r ti cles were
e x hibited , whi ch were in s ubst a n c e
a s follo w s
Th a t he h a d despised the
holy m other ch urch ;
h a d deceived the people ; h a d ridic u
led the m a ss ; h a d
p r e a ched a g a i n st the s a cr a m e n ts , s a yi n g th a t the r e were
n o t seve n , b u
t t wo o n ly , v iz : b a ptis m a n d the s u
pper o f
the L ord ; h a d pre a ched a g a i n st co n fessio n t o a p r ies t ;
ha d de n ied t r a n s u
bst a n t i a tio n a n d the n ecessity o f e x tre m e
un c t io n wo uld n ot a d m it the a utho r ity o f the pope or the
co un cils ; a llo wed the e a ti n g o f flesh o n Frid ay ; co n
d e m n e d p r a yers to s a i n ts spoke a g a i n st the vo ws o f m o n ks
&c s a yi n g th a t whoeve r wa s boun d to s uch vo ws , h a d
r o we d the m selves to the st a te o f d a m n a tio n , a n d th a t it
l for p r iests to m a r ry th a t he ha d s a id , it
wa s l a wfu
at
.
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-
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_
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“
3 12
’
Fo x s B O O K o r a
'
r r ns
wa s in v a i n to b u
ild costly ch urche s to the no n o ur o f G od ,
’
s ee in g th a t he rem a i n ed n ot in ch u
rches m a de with me n s
nau
ds ; n o r yet co uld God b e in so s m a ll a sp a ce as b e
’
t we e n the priest s h a n ds — a n d ,fi n a lly ,th a t he ha d a vo w
ed his disbelie f o f p urg a to r y , a n d h a d s a id , the so ul o f
m a n sho u
ld sleep till the l a st d ay , a nd sho uld n o t obt ain
”
i m mo r t a l li fe till th a t ti m e
Mr W ish a rt a n s wered these respe ctive a r ticles with gre a t
co m pos ure o f m i n d ,a nd in so le a rn ed a n d cle a r a m a n n er,
a s g r e a t ly s u
rp r ised m ost o f those wh o we r e prese n t
A b igot t e d prie st n a m ed L a ude r , a t the i n stig a ti o n o f
t he a rchb ishop , n o t o n ly he a ped a lo a d o f c u
r ses o n h i m ,
bu
t t r e a te d h im w ith the m ost b a r b a ro u
s con te m pt , c a lli ng
him
r un a g a te ,fa lse hereti c , t r a ito r , a n d th i e f a n d , n o t
s a tis fi ed wit h th a t ,spit in his fa ce ,a n d other wise m a ltre a ted
.
-
.
.
him
O n this Mr
.
W ish a r t fell o n his k n ees ,a n d a fter m a king
a p r a ye r to God , th u
s a dd r essed h is j u
d ges
Ma n y a n d ho r r ible s ayi n gs un to m e a Ch r isti a n m a n ,
m a n y wo r ds a b o m i n a ble to he a r , h a ve ye spoke n here this
d ay ; whi ch n o t o n ly to te a ch , bu
t eve n to thi n k , I e ver
”
tho ught a gre a t a b o m i n a tio n
A fte r the e x a m i n a tio n wa s fi n ished , the a r chbishop e u
d e a vo u
r e d to p r e v a il o n Mr W ish a r t to rec a n t ; b u
t he
wa s too fi r m ly fi x ed in his religio u
s p r i n ciples , a n d t o o
mu
ch e nl ighte n ed w ith the t r ut h o f the gospel ,to b e in the
le a st m o ved
In co n seq u
e n ce o f this the a r chb ishop p r o n o un ced o n
l se n te n ce o f de a th , whi ch he o de r ed
h im the d r e a d fu
ld b e p ut i n to e x e c utio n o n the follo wi n g d ay
sho u
As soo n a s thi s c r uel a n d m el a n choly ce r e m o n y wa s
fi n ished ,o ur m ar tyr fell o n his k n ees a n d th us e x cl a i m e d
O i m m o r t a l God , h o w lo n g wilt tho u s uffer t h e r a ge
elty o f the un godly to e x e r cise t heir fury
a n d g r e a t cr u
upo n thy se r v a n ts ,whi ch do fur ther thy wo r d in th is world l
W he r e a s they , o n the co n tr a ry , seek to destr oy the t r uth
0 L ord ,
whereby tho uh a st reve a led t hysel f to t he wo r l d
we k n o w ce r t a i n ly th a t thy t r u
e se r v a n t s m ust n ee d s s uffe r
fo r t hy n a m e s s a ke , perse c u
tio n s , a ffl ictio n s , a n d t r o uble s
ldst
n this prese n t world ; yet we desi r e th a t tho u w o u
p r eserve a nd d e fe n d thy ch ur ch ,whi ch tho u h a st chose n
b e fore the fo u
n d a t io n o f the world , an d g ive thy p eop l e
.
.
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r
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‘
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,
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'
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6 1 4
F
o x s n o un o r
’
M A K I YR S
‘
.
’
or s a p a rtm e n ts , t here to st a y till the n e cess ar y p r ep a r a
tio n s were m a de fo r his e x e c utio n
The w i n do ws a n d b a lco n ies o f t he c a stle , oppos ite
t he pl a ce where he wa s t o s u
ffe r , we r e a ll h u
n g with t a es
p
shio n s fo r the c a rdi n a l a n d
t r y a n d silk h a n gi n gs , w i t h c u
his t r a i n , who we r e fr o m the n ce to fe a s t their eyes wi t h t he
The r e wa s a lso a l a rge
tor m e n ts o f t his i n n o ce n t m a n
u
a rd o f soldie r s , n o t so m u
ch
to
se
c
u
r e the e x ec u
t io n , a s
g
t o sho w a v a i n oste n t a t io n o f po we r ; besides whi ch , ca n
no n were pl a ced o n di ffere n t p a r ts o f the c a s t le
All the prep a r a tio n s bei n g co m pleted , W is har t , a fter
h a vi n g his h a n ds tied behi n d h im , wa s co n d ucted to t he
In his wa y thi t he r he wa s a c costed by t wo
fa t a l spot
fr i a r s ,wh o desi r ed h im to p r a y to the Vi r gi n Ma r y to in
t e r c e d e fo r him
To whom he m eekly s a id , Ce a s e
”
te m pt me n o t , I e n t r e a t y o u
As s oo n a s he a rr ived a t the st a ke , the e x ec utio n er put
n d his n eck , a n d a ch a i n a bo u
a rope r o u
t his m iddle ; upo n
s e x cl a i m ed
whi c h he fell o n his k n ees , a n d t h u
O tho uS a vio u
r o f the
mercy up o n me
F a ther o f he a ve n , I co mm e n d my spirit i n to thy holy
”
ha n ds
A fte r repe a ti n g these wo r ds three times he a r ose ,a n d
tur n i n g himsel f t o the spe cta tors , a ddressed them as fol
lo ws
Ch r is t i a n brethre n a n d sisters , I b eseech y o ub e n ot
o ffe n ded a t t he wo r d o f God fo r the torme n ts whi ch y o u
see p r ep a r ed fo r m e b ut I e x ho r t y o u, t h a t y e love the
word o f God fo r yo u
r s a lv a tio n , a n d s uffer p a t ie n tly , a n d
r
wi t h a co m fo r t a ble he a r t ,fo r the wo r d s s a ke w hi ch is yo u
un do ubted s a l va t io n , a n d eve r l a sti n g co mfo r t I p r a y y o u
a lso , sho w m y b r eth r e n a n d siste r s , wh o h a ve o ft e n he a r d
m e ,th a t they ce a se n o t t o le a r n the wo r d o f God , whi ch I
t a ught the m a ccordi n g to t he m e a s ur e o f g r a ce give n m e ,
bu
t to hold fa st to it wi t h the s t r i ctest a tte n t i o n ; a n d sho w
t t he
h e m th a t the doc t r i n e wa s n o old w ives fa bles , b u
truth o f God ; fo r if I h a d t a ught m e n s do c tr i n e ,I sho uld
t fo r the word o f
h a ve h a d g r e a ter th a n ks fr o m m e n : b u
ffe r , n o t so r r o wfu
lly , b ut wit h a gl ad
G od s s a ke I n o w s u
F o r this c a u
se I wa s se n t , t ha t I sho uld
h e a r t a nd m i n d
ffe r t his fire fo r C h rist s s a k e ; behold my fa c e ,y ous ha l
su
n
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‘
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’
r ox s
B O OK o r MA RT YRS
915
.
me ch a n ge my co un te n an ce ; I fe a r no t the fi re ;
tio n co m e to y o ufo r the wo r d s s a ke , I pr a y
an d if perse c u
f
e
r n o t the m th a t ca n kill the body , a n d h a v e n o
o
u
a
y
”
po we r to hurt the so ul
A fte r t his he p r a yed fo r his a cc use r s ,s ayi n g , I b eseech
thee ,F a the r o f h e a ve n ,fo r gi v e t he m t h a t h a ve ,fr o m ig n o
r a n ce o r a n e v il m i n d , fo r ged lies o f m e : I forgive the m
wi t h a ll m y he a r t
I besee ch Ch r ist to fo r give the m ,th at
”
h a ve ig n o r a ntly co n de m n ed m e
The n , a ga i n t ur n i n g hi m sel f to the spe ct a tors ,he s a id ,
I besee ch y o u, b r e t hr e n , e x ho r t yo ur p r el a tes to le a r n
t h e w o r d o f God , th a t they m a
b
e
sh
a m ed to do evil ,
a
y
an d le a r n to do good ; or there will co m e u
po n them the
”
wr a th o f God ,which they sh a ll n o t esche w
As soo n a s he h a d fi n ished thi s speech , the e x e cuo n er
fell o n hi s k n ees b e fo r e h im ,a n d s a id , S ir , I p r ay y o u
”
fo r give m e , fo r I a m n o t the c a u
se o f yo ur de a th
r n t o this W ish a r t co r di a lly took t h e m a n by t h e
In r e t u
h a nd , a n d kissed him , s a yi n g , L o ,he r e 15 a t ok en th a t I
”
fo r give t hee ; m y he a r t , do t hi n e o ffi ce
He wa s t he n fa s t e n ed to t h e st a ke , a n d the fa gots b ei n g
lighted , i mm edi a tely set fi r e to the po wde r th a t wa s tie d
a bo u
t h im ,a n d whi ch ble w i n to a fl a m e a n d smoke
The go v e r n o r o f the c a s t le , who stood so n e a r th a t he
wa s si n ged with the fla m e , e x ho r ted o u
r m ar ty r in a fe w
wo r ds ,to be o f good chee r , a n d to a s k p a r do n o f God fo r
his o ffe n ces To wh ich he r eplied , Th is fl a m e o cc a sio n s
ble t o m y b ody ,i n deed ,b ut it h a t h in n o wise b r oke n
tr o u
t he wh o so p r o u
my s p i r i t
Bu
d ly looks d o wn fr om y o n
”
d e r lo ft y pl a ce , poi n ti n g to the c a r di n a l , sh a ll , e r e lo n g ,
be a s ign o m in o usly th r o wn do wn ,a s n o w he pro udly 10115 a t
”
his e a se
W he n he h a d s a id this , the e x e c ut io n er p ulled the rop e
which wa s tied a bo u
t his n e ck w i t h gr e a t v io le n ce ,s o th a t he
wa s soo n s t r a n gled ; a n d the fi r e getti n g st r e n gt h , b u
rn
ch r a p l d ity t h a t in less th a n a n ho ur his body was
wi th s u
to t a lly co n sum ed
Th us d ied , in co n fi r m a tio n o f the gospel o f Christ ,a s in
ce r e believe r , whose fo r tit ude a n d co n s t a n cy , d ur i n g his
fferi n gs , c a n o n ly be i m p u
ted to the s upport o f d iv in e
su
a id , in o r der to fu
lfil th a t m e m or a ble promise , As is th
da y , s o s h a ll thy s tre n gth h e a l s o
no t see
’
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‘
Fox s BO OK
OF
MAR i Yn s
’‘
.
t t o d ea t h
C a r d in a l B ea t on p u
.
predi ctio n o f Mr W i sh a rt co n c e rn in g c a rd in al
ch a n a n a n d others , b ut it h a s b ee n
Be a to n i s rel a ted by B u
b ted , by so m e l a te r wr ite r s , whether he r e a lly m a de
dou
ch p r edi c t io n or n o t B e th a t a s it m a y , ho weve r , it is
su
ce r t a i n th a t t he d e a th o f W ish a r t did ,in a sho r t ti m e a fter ,
p r o v e fa t a l to the c ar di n a l hi m sel f ; the p a rti c ul ar s o f
whi ch we s u
bj oi n
S oo n a ft er the de a th o f Mr W ish a r t , the c a r di n a l we n t
t o F in h a ve n ,t he se a t o f the e a r l o f C r a wfo r d ,to sole m n ize
a m a r ri a ge bet wee n the eldest s o n o f th a t n oble m a n , a n d
his o wn n a t ur a l d a ughte r , Mar g ar et W hi le he wa s th us
emplo y ed , he re ce ived i n tellige n ce th a t a n E n glish squa d
ron
po n the co a st ,a n d th a t co n seq ue n tly a n i n v a si o n
s u
w a s 1 be fe a re d
Upo n this he i m m edi a tely r et ur n ed to
St A n dre ws , a n d a ppoi n ted a d ay for the n obility a n d
ge n t r y t o m eet , a n d co n s ult wh a t wa s prope r t o b e do n e
o n t his o cc a sio n
Bu
r ther n e ws wa s he a rd o f the
t a s n o fu
E n glish fleet ,their a pp r e he n sio n s o f a n i n v a sio n soo n s ub
s ided
I n the m e an ti m e No r m a n Lesley , e ldest s o n o f the e a rl
o f Ro t hes , w h o h a d bee n t r e a ted by the c ar di n a l with in
sti
ce
a n d Co n te m p t , fo r m ed a desig n , i n co nj u
n ctio n w ith
u
j
his un cle Joh n Lesley , wh o h a ted B e a to n , a n d othe r s who
n t o f his pe r se c u
tio n
we r e i n fl a m ed a g a i n st him o n a cco u
ses ,
o f the p r o t e s t a n t s ,t he de a t h o f W ish a r t , a n d o t he r c a u
gh he n o w r esided in t he
t o a ss a ssi n a t e the p r el a t e , tho u
c a s t le o f St A n d r e ws , which he wa s fo r ti fy i n g a t gr e a t
e
ex
n se , a n d h a d , in the o p i n io n o f t h a t a ge , a l r e a dy r e n
p
de r ed it a l m ost i m pr eg n a ble
The c a r di n a l s r eti n ue wa s n um e r o us , the t o wn wa s a t
his devotio n , a nd the n e ighbo ur i n g co un tr y full o f his de
pe n d a n t s Ho weve r , the co n spi r a to r s ,wh o we r e o n ly s ix
tee n ,h a v in g co n cer t ed thei r p l a n ,m e t togethe r e a r ly in the
r d a y t h e 2 9 t h o f Ma
n g t hey
The
fi
st
thi
m o rn i n g ,o n S a t u
r
y
d id , wa s to seize t h e po r te r o f t h e c a s tle , fr o m who m they
r ed t h e g a t e
They the n se n t fo ur
t ook t he ke y s ,a n d se c u
o f thei r p a r ty to wa t ch the c a r di n a l s ch a m be r ,th a t he m ight
ha ve n o n ot i ce give n h im o f wh a t w a s d o i n g a ft e r which
h
t
e s e 1 v a n t s a n d a tte n d an ts , to
t hey we n t a n d c a lled u
p
r n ed the m o ut the ga te
wh om the y were well k n o wn ,a n d t u
T he
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v
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’
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a re
B
t ox s
OOK o r um r r rw
.
C HAP T E R 1 1
.
Pr og ress
f
o
Ref or ma ti on in
t he
wa r d
t he
VI
Reig n
f Ed
o
e
.
ED W ARD was the o n ly s on o f ki n g He n r y ,by his beloved
r ,wh o d ied the d a
wife J a n e S ey m o u
y a ft er his bi r th , wh i ch
took pl a ce o n the t wel ft h o f O ctob e r , 1 5 3 7 , so th a t , whe n
t t en ye a r s old
he c a m e to the th r o n e , in 1 5 4 7 , he was b u
At s ix ye a r s o f a ge he wa s p ut i n to the h a n ds o f Dr
C o x a n d Mr Cheke ; th e o n e wa s to fo r m hi s mi n d , a n d
t e a ch h im philosophy a n d divi n ity , the other , to te a ch
a ges a n d m a the m a ti cs : o t he r m a sters were a lso
hi m l a n g u
s p a r ts o f his e d uc a tio n He dis
a ppoi n ted for the v a r io u
e,
c overed ve r y e a r ly a goo d disp ositio n to religi o n a n d virt u
l a r r eve r e n ce fo r the sc r i p t ures ; a n d wa s
a n d a p a r t ic u
.
.
.
.
o n ce g r e a tly o ffe n ded with a pe r so n , who , in o r der to
re a ch so m ethi n g h a stily , l a id a g r e a t B ible o n t he floo r ,
He m a de g r e a t p r og r ess in le a r n i n g ,
a n d stood U p o n it
a n d a t the a e o f eight ye a r s , wr ote L a ti n lette r s fr e
g
que n tly to the ki n g , to q uee n C a th a r i n e P a r r e , to the
r y ,a n d his u
n cle , th e e a r l o f He r t ford
a r chb ishop o f C a n te r b u
U po n his fa the r s de ce a se , the e a r l o f He r tfo r d a n d sir
A n tho ny B r o wn were se n t to b r i n g h im to the To wer o f
L o n do n : a n d whe n He n ry s de a th wa s p ublished , he wa s
pro cl a i m ed ki n g
A t hi s co m i n g to t he To wer , his fa ther s will wa s
ope n ed , by which it wa s fo un d th a t he h a d n a m ed si x tee n
n oble m e n a n d ge n tle m e n to b e the gove r n o r s o f the ki n g
dom ,a n d o f hi s s o n s perso n till he sho uld b e eightee n
ye a r s o f a ge These w e r e the a r chb isho p o f C a n te r b ur y ;
lord s W r iot he sly , S t Joh n , Russel , H e r t fo r d , a n d L isle ;
rh a m ;
T o n s t a ll, b ishop o f D u
s ir A n t ho ny B r o wn , s ir
W illi a m P a get , s ir Ed wa r d No r th , s ir Ed wa r d Mo n t a g ue ,
lord chie f j ustice o f the co mm o n ple a s ; j udge B r o m ley ,
A n t ho n y De n n y , sir W illi a m He r b e r t , s ir Ed wa rd
s ir
Vo tt o n , de a n o f C a nt e r b ur y a n d Y o r k
W otto n , a n d D r V
They we r e a lso to gi ve the ki n g s siste r s in m a rri a ge ;
who , if t hey m a r r ied wi t ho u
t t hei r co n se n t , were to fo r fe it
ccessio n A p r i vy co un cil wa s a lso na m ed
the ir right o f s u
to b e the ix a ssist a nt in the gover n m e nt
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'O X ’ S
B O OK O F MA R T YRS
,
As might h a ve bee n e x pe cted , d isse n si o n s soo n a r ose
mero us a p a r ty ; a n d , o n its bei n g proposed
a mo n g so n u
th a t o n e sho uld be chose n o ut o f the si x tee n to w ho m a m
ld h ave
b as sa d o r s sho u
l d a dd r ess the m selves ,a n d who sho u
th e chie f di r ectio n o f a ffa i r s ; lo r d W r io th e sly , the ch a n
ght the p r e cede n ce fell to him by his o ffi ce ,
ce llor ,wh o tho u
s in ce the a r chbishop did n o t m eddle m uch in se cul a
a fla irs opposed thi s m u
ch , a n d s a id , It wa s a ch a n ge o f
a l in po wer
tu
e ki n g s will ; wh o h a d m a de the m a ll e q u
a n d dig n i ty ; a n d if a n y were r a ised a b ove the rest in title ,
ld n ot b e possible to keep him withi n d ue b o un ds ,
it wo u
”
No t with
s in ce gre a t titles m a ke wa y fo r high po wer
s t a n d i n g this , t he e a r l o f He r t fo r d wa s decl a r ed gover n or
o f the ki n g s pe r so n , a n d p r ote ctor o f the ki n gdo m ; w ith
this restri ctio n , th a t he sho uld do n othi n g b ut by the a dvi c e
Upo n this a dv a n ceme n t ,a n d t he
a n d co n se n t o f the rest
o pposi t io n m a de to it ,t wo p a rties we r e fo r m ed , the o ne
he a ded by the p r ote cto r , a n d the other by the ch an cell or :
the fa vo ure r s o f the re for m a tio n were o f the fo r m er , and
t hose th a t opposed it o f the l a tter
The ch a n cellor wa s o r de r ed to re n e w the com m issio n s
’
dges a n d j usti ces o f pe a ce , a n d ki n g He n ry s
of the j u
re
a t se a l wa s to b e m a de u
ld
be
se o f, till a n e w o n e sho u
g
m a de The d a y a fte r t his ,a ll the e x e c uto r s took o a ths to
e x ec ute thei r t r ust fa i t h fully , the p r ivy co un sellors were
ght i n to t he ki n g s p r ese n ce , wh o a ll e x pressed
a lso bro u
their s a tis fa ctio n in the choi ce o f the p r otecto r : a n d it
ld
w a s ordered th a t a ll desp a tches to fo r eig n pri n ces s ho u
be si gn ed o n ly by him All th a t held o ffi ces were r eq ui r ed
to co m e a n d re n e w thei r co mm issio n s , a n d to s we a r a lle
i
a n ce to the ki n g : a m o n g the r est ,c a m e the b ishops ,a n d
g
took o ut s uc h co mm issio n s a s we r e gr a n ted in the for m er
reig n , by w hi ch they we r e to hold the ir b ishop r i cs o n ly
d ur i n g the kin g s ple a s ur e Cr a n m er set a n e x a m ple t o
t o n e o f these
This che ck upo n the
t h e rest in t a ki n g o u
bishops wa s j udged e x pedie n t in c a se they sho uld oppos e
the re for m a tio n ; b ut the ill co n seq ue n ces o f s uch a n n u
lim i t ed po we r bei n g fo r esee n ,the b ishops , wh o we r e a fter
wa r d p r o m oted , were n o t so fette r ed , b u
t were to ho ld
ri n g li fe
h eir bishop r i cs d u
r red , whi ch m a d e wa
f
r
ea
t
r
An a c cid en t s o o n o cc u
o
y
g
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320
s ex
8 no o n
on
a
r vn s .
ch an ges in t he chur ch The c ur a te a n d ch urch -wa r d t
gh t b e fore the co n t ct
o f St Ma r ti n s in L o n do n ,we r e b r o u
cifi x , a n d o t he r i m a ges , a n d p ut ti n g
fo r removi n g the c r u
r e o n the w a lls o f their ch u
rch , in the
s o m e te x ts o f sc r i pt u
pl a ces w he r e t n ey stood ; they a n s we r e d ,th a t in rep a i r i n g
thei r ch ur ch , they h a d r e m oved the i m a ges , whi ch bei n g
t pu
t the wo r ds o f scrip
rotte n they di d n o t re n e w them ,b u
tur e in their r oom : they h a d a lso removed others , wh i ch
t hey fo u
n d h a d bee n a b u
sed to idol a try Gre a t p a i n s were
t a ke n by t he popi sh p a rty to p un ish them s e ve r ely , in
o r de r to str ike a te r r or i n to othe r s ; b ut Cr a n mer wa s fo r
‘
r c h e s , a s bei n g
th e re m ovi n g o f a ll i m a ges set u
p in c h u
e x pressly co n t r a ry b oth to the se co n d com m a n d m e n t , a n d
the pr a c t i ce o f the p urest Ch r isti a n s fo r m a n y a ges : a n d
gh , in co m p li a n ce with the g r oss a b uses o f p a g a n ism
t ho u
mu
ch o f the p o m p o f thei r wo r sh ip wa s very e a rly b r o ught
i n t o th e Ch r isti a n ch ur ch , yet it wa s lo n g be fo r e im a ge s
we r e i n t r od u
ced At fi r st all i m a ges were co n de m n ed by
t h e fa t he r s ; the n they a llo wed t h e u
se , b u
t co n de m n ed
a n d a ft e r wa r d ,in the eighth a n d
t h e w o r shi p pi n g o f the m
n i n t h ce n t u
r ies , the w o r shippi n g o f the m w a s , a fte r a lo n g
co n test , both in the e a st a n d west , a t l a st ge n e r a lly r e
S o m e , in p a r ti c ul a r , were b elieved to b e mo r e
c e ive d
w o n de r fu
lly e n do we d , a n d this wa s m uch i m p r oved by t he
che a ts o f the m o n ks ,wh o h a d e nr i ched themselves by s uch
me a n s An d thi s a b use h a d n ow g r o wn t o s uch a height ,
th a t he a the n is m i t sel f h a d n ot bee n g uilty o f gre a ter a b sur
S in ce a ll these a b uses h a d rise n
d it ie s to wa rd its id ols
se o f the m , a n d the setti ng t he m u b ei n g c o n
t o f t he u
ou
p
r e o f the Chris
tr a r y to the com m a n d o f God , a n d the n a t u
ti a n religi o n , which is si m ple a n d spiritua l ; it seemed
most re a so n a ble to cur e the dise a se in its root ,a n d to cle a r
the ch urches o f im a ges ,th a t the people m ight be preserved
fr om idol a tr y
These re a so n s prev a iled so fa r , th a t the c ura te a n d
rch wa rde n s were dis m issed with a repri m a n d ; th ey
ch u
ch r a sh n ess for the fut ur e ,
were o r de r e d to b e wa r e o f s u
cifi x , a n d , till th a t co uld b e h a d , were
a n d to p r ovide a c r u
o r dered to c a use o ne to be p a i n ted o n the wa ll Upo n
this , Dr Ridley , in a sermo n pre a ched be fo r e the kin g,
er
s tit io n to wa rd im a es a n d ho l
mve ighed a ga ins t the s u
p
y
g
.
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’
a
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-
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.
m
r ox
’
s
B
O O K o r surn a me
-ma s s es a n d O bits
in to the u
se u
l
n ess o f s ou
Chris t ap
l
f
p o in te d the s a cr a me n t fo r a co mm emor a ti on o f his de a t h
a mo n g t h e l ivi n g , b u
t it wa s n o t e a sy to co n ceive h o w th a t
wa s to be a pplied to dep a rted so u
ls ; a n d it was evide n tly
a proj e ct fo r dr a wi n g the we a lth o f the world in t o the i
h a n ds In t he pri m itive ch u
r ch there w a s a co m memor a
tio n o f the de a d , or a n ho n o ur a ble reme m br a n ce o f the m
m a de in the d a ily o ffi ces But eve n this c usto m gr ew
in to a b u
se , a nd some i n ferred from it , th a t dep a rted so ul s,
.
.
.
un les s they were sig n a lly p ur e ,p a ssed th r o ugh a p urg a ti on
in the n e x t l ife , be fore they were a d m itted to he a ve n ; o f
whi c h S t A u
sti n , in whose time the op in io n b eg a n t o b e
re ceived ,s a ys ,th a t it was t a ke n up witho ut a ny sure; gr ound
re
in s crip tu
Bu
re proo f
t wh a t wa s wa n ti n g in script u
wa s s u
pplied by visi o n s , d re a m s , a n d t a les , till it was
ge n er a lly rece ived K i n g He nr y h a d a cted like o n e who
did not m uch believe i t , fo r he h ad dep r ived i n n umer a bl e
so uls o f the m a sses th a t we r e s a id for the m in m o n a sterie s ,
by des t royi n g those fo un d a tio n s Yet he see m s to h a v e
i n te n ded th a t if m a sse s co uld a v a il the dep a rt ed so uls , he
ld himsel f b e se c ure a n d a s he gra ti fi ed the priests by
wo u
this p a r t o f hi s e n do wm e n t , so he ple a sed the people by
a ppoi n ti n g ser m o n s a n d a lms to be give n o n s u
ch d ay s
Th us he died as he h a d lived , wa veri n g bet wee n both
pers ua sio n s
Bu
t n o w the ceremo n y o f the coro na tio n took o fl t he
lti t ude fro m mo r e serio us thought s
a tte n tio n o f the m u
The p r otector wa s m a de d uke o f S o m erset ; the e a rl o f
Esse x , m a rquis o f No r th a m pto n the lords Leslie a nd
Wr io t hes ly ,e a rls o f Wa r wi ck a n d S o uth a m pto n ; Sey m o ur,
ghby , a n d She ffi eld , we r e m a de b a ro n s In
Ri ch , W illo u
o rde r to the ki n g s cor o na tio n , the o ffi ce fo r th a t ce r emo ny
ch sho r te n ed ; o n e rem a rk a ble al
wa s rev ie wed , a n d m u
sed to b e prese n te d
t e r a t io n wa s , th a t fo r m e r ly the ki n g u
to the peopl e a t the cor n ers o f the sc a ffold , a n d they were
ld h a ve him to b e thei r ki ng ? W hich
a sked if t hey wo u
looked like a n electio n , r a ther th a n a cere m o n y o f in vest
This wa s n ow ch a n ged ,
in g o n e th a t wa s a lre a dy ki n g
a nd the people we r e desired o n ly t o give their a sse n t a nd
n a tio n , a s by the d u
od
w
ill
to
hi
s
coro
t
y
o f a llegi a n c e
o
g
t hey we re b o un d to d o O n t he t we n tieth o f Februa ry ,
15 4 7 , he wa s cr o wn e d , a n d a ge n e r al p ard on was pr o
.
-
.
.
.
.
.
'
.
.
’
.
.
t ox
’
s
B OOK o r mum
.
s.
u, out o f which the d uke o f N or folk , ca rd in al Pole ,
an d some others , w ere e x cepte d
Th e ch a n cellor , wh o wa s looked o n a s the h e a d o f the
pop ish p ar ty , n o w lost his pl a ce ,by gr a n ti n g a commiss io n
to the m a ste r o f the rolls a n d three m a ste r s o f ch a n cery ,
te his o ffi ce in the
o f who m t wo w e r e civili a n s , to e x e c u
co urt o f ch a n ce r y a s if he we r e prese n t , o n ly their de cree s
ght to him to be s ig n ed be fore they sho uld
we r e to b e bro u
be e nr olled
The fi rst b usi n ess o f co n seque n c e th a t re q uir ed gre at
co n sid e r a tio n wa s the S ma lc a ldi c wa r ,the n begun b etwee n
e : t he
t he emperor a n d the pri n ces o f the protest a n t le a g u
e ffe cts o f whi ch ,if the e m pe r o r p r ev a iled ,were like to b e ,
n ot o n y the e x tirp a ti n g o f L u
r a n ism , b u
m
the
his
beco
i
t
ng
l
the a bsol ute m a ster o f Ge r m a n y : whi ch he chiefly wis hed
a s the fi r st step to a u
n ivers a l mo n a r chy , b u
t disg u
ised it
to other pri n ces : to the pope he p r ete n ded th a t hi s desig n
wa s o n ly to e x ti r p a te heresy to othe r sovereig n s he p r e
te n ded i t wa s to repress a rebellio n ,a n d de n ied a ll des ig ns
o f su
ppressi n g the n ew doctri n es ; whi ch he m a n a ge d s o
a rt fu
lly , th a t he d ivided Ge r m a n y a g a i n st itsel f, a n d got
some L uther a n pri n ces to decl a r e fo r him , a n d others to
be n e utr a l : a n d h a vi n g obt a i n e d a ve r y libe r a l s upply fo r
h is wa r s with Fr a n ce a n d the T ur ks , fo r wh i ch he g r a n te d
a n edict for liberty o f co n scie n ce , h e m a de pe a ce wit h
both these p r i n ces , a n d resolved to employ th a t tre a s ur e
whi ch the Germ a n s h a d give n him , a g a i n st the m selve s
Th a t he might dep r ive the m o f the ir a llies , he used m e a n s
t o e n g a ge k i n g He n r y a n d Fr a n cis the First in a wa r ; b u
t
th a t wa s , chiefly by their i n terp ositi o n , composed An d
n o w, whe n the wa r wa s li k ely to b e c a rr ied o n with g r e a t
vigo ur , both those pri n ces d ied ; He n ry in J a n ua ry , a n d
Fra n cis in Ma rch follo wi n g Ma n y o f their co n feder a te s
beg a n to c a pitul a te a n d fors a ke them ; a n d the d ivisio ns
a mo n g their o wn comm a n ders very m u
ch hi n dered th eir
ccess
su
The pope wis h e d to e n g a ge the e m peror in a war in
G erm a n y , th a t so It a ly might b e a t pe a ce : a n d m order t o
a ccomplish this obj e c t , he p u
blished the tre a ty whi ch had
b e e n m a d e b etwee n them , th a t so it might a ppe a r th a t t he
d es ign o f t he wa r wa s t o e x tirp a te her e sy ,tho u
gh t he e m
t
o the co n tra ry in
e r or was ma kin
r
ns
ea
t
o
t
es
t
a
t
i
o
r
g g
p
p
cra tme
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
3 24
s ex
I
B
OOK o r MART m
.
n cil o f Tre n t , w
Ge rm any: He a ls o ope n ed the co u
C hai le s h a d lo n g desired in v a i n ; b u
t it wa s n o w bro u
ght
u
p o n h im whe n he le a st w ished for it ; fo r the protest a n ts
ld n ot look upo n it a s a fr e e
a ll de cl a red , th a t they co u
ge n er a l co un cil ,si n ce it wa s so e n tirely a t the pope s devo
ch a s a re fo r m a tio n o f the gr ossest
t io n , th a t n o t so m u
abu
ses wa s likely to b e obt a i n ed No r co uld t h e e m peror
p r ev a il with the co un cil n ot t o co n d e m n the n e w doc
”
t ri n es
a s he r esy ; b u
t the more he a tte m p t ed to obst r u
ct
its p r o ceedi n gs , the m ore d id the po p e ur ge it o n , to ope n
t h e eyes o f the Germ a n s , a n d e n g a ge the m a ll vigoro u
sly
a g a i n st the e m pero r ; who , o n his p a rt , g a ve the m s u
ch
se cr et a ssur a n ces o f toler a ti n g the Augsb ur gh co n fessio n ,
th a t the m a r q uis o f B r a n de n b ur gh decl a r ed for him , a n d
his e x a m pl e wa s follo wed by sever a l othe r p r i n ces Thi s
wa s the st a te o f a ffa i r s in Germ a n y ; which r e n de r ed i t
ve r y d ifli cult to dete r m i n e wh a t a n s we r the p r ote ctor sho uld
give the d uke o f S a x o n y s ch a n cello r , who m he h a d se n t
over to obt a i n m o n ey fo r c a r r yi n g o n the war It wa s ,o n
the o ne h a n d , o f gr e a t i m po rt a n ce to the s a fety o f En g
l a n d to p r ese r ve the Ge r m a n p r i n ces , a n d yet i t wa s ve ry
d a n ge r o us to begi n a war o f s uch co n seq ue n ce un der a n
i n fa n t ki n g At p r ese n t the gover n me n t o n ly pr o m ised ,
cro wn s to H a m b urgh ,
withi n th r ee m o n ths , to se n d
ld do n o m ore till n e w emerge n cies sho uld le a d
a n d wo u
them to n e w co un sels
The n a tio n wa s in a n ill co n ditio n fo r a wa r with s uch a
mighty pri n ce
l a b o uri n g un der gr e a t distr a ctio n s a t
t fo r a re fo r m a tio n ,
ho m e ; the people ge n e r a lly c r yi n g o u
despisi n g the cle r gy , a n d lovi n g the n e w pre a che r s T he
p r iests we r e fo r the m ust p a rt ve r y ig n o r a n t , a n d sc a n d a
lo us in thei r li v es : m a n y o f the m h a d bee n m o n ks , a n d
those wh o were to p ay the m the pe n si o n s which were r e
served to the m a t the dest r uctio n o f the m o n a s t e r ies , till
ld b e p r ovide took c a re to get the m in s om e
they sho u
The gre a test p a r t o f the p e r so n a ges we r e
sm a ll be n e fi ce
1 m p r o p r ia t e d , fo r they b elo n ged to the mo na ste r ies , a n d
the a bbots h a d o n ly gr a n ted the i n c um be n ts , either t he
V i c a r a ge , or so m e s m a ll do n a t ive , a n d le ft the m the per
i
s it e s r a ised by m a sses a n d othe r o ffices
At
the
u
u
s
q
p
ses there wa s n o c a re t a ke n to m a ke
p ressio n o f t h e s e ho u
m b e n ts ; so that they we re in so m
pr o v is io n fo r the incu
’
.
'
.
’
.
.
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-
.
.
.
82 6
’
r o x s no o n
or
m u
m
s.
we re se nt o u
t ,a le tt e r wa s wr 1 tt e n t o all the b ish o p s ,giving
th em n otic e o f it , s u
spe n di n g the ir j uri sdictio n while it
la sted ,a n d req ui r i n g the m to pre a ch n o where b ut in th eir
c a thedra ls , a n d th a t the other cle r gy sho uld n o t pre a ch
bu
rches , witho ut li ce n se ; by whi ch it
t in thei r o wn ch u
wa s i n te n d ed to r estr a i n s u
ch a s we r e n ot a ccept a ble to the ir
o wn p a r ishes , a n d to gr a n t the others lice n ses to pre a ch in
l
an
ch
u
rch
o f E n gl a n d
The
gre
a test d ifficu
ty t h e r e
y
form e rs fo u
n d wa s in the wa n t o f a ble a n d pr u
de n t m en ;
most o f the re fo r med pre a che r s be in g too hot a n d in discreet ,
a n d the fe w wh o were other wise were re qu
ired in L o n d on
a n d the u
n ive r sities
The o n ly thi n g by which the people co uld b e un ivers a lly
i n str ucted wa s a book o f ho m ili es : there fore the t welve
first ho m ilies , in t he b ook still k n o wn by th a t n a me ,were
compiled ; in fr a mi n g whi ch the chie f desig n wa s to a o
q ua i n t the people rightly with the n a t ure o f the gospe l
cove na n t O rders were a lso g i ve n , th a t a B ible sho uld b e
in eve r y ch u
rch , wh i ch , tho ugh i t ha d bee n co m m a n d ed by
He nr y ,yet had n o t b ee n ge n era lly obeye d ; a n d fo r un der
st a n d i n g the Ne w Test a me n t , E ra s m us s p a r a ph r a se wa s
tr a n sl a ted i n to E n glish ,a n d a ppoi n ted to b e pl a ced with it
His gre a t rep ut a tio n a n d le a r n i n g , a n d hi s d yi n g in t he
n io n o f the Rom a n ch u
rch , m a de this b ook p r e fe r
c om m u
a ble to a ny other o f the k i n d
The i nj un ctio n s m a de by Cromwell in th e former re ign
cti n g the people , fo r re m ovi n g im a ges , a n d p ut
for i n str u
ti n g do wn a ll othe r c usto m s a b used to s uperstitio n fo r
re a di n g the S cr iptures , s ayi n g the lit a n y in E n glish , for
e n t sermo n s a n d c a te chisi n g , fo r the e x e m pl a r y live s
fr e qu
rs in visiti n g the s ick ,r e co n ci li n g
o f the cle r gy , thei r l a b o u
d ifle r e n ce s , a n d e x horti n g the people to ch a rity ,& c , were
a n d a ll wh o g a ve livi n gs by simo n i a c a l b ar
no w re n e wed
g a i n s ,were decl a red to h a ve fo r feited their right o f p a tro n
r e a t ch a r ge wa s a lso give n fo r the
A
g
a e to the ki n g
g
stri ct obse r v a ti o n o f the Lord s d a y , whi ch wa s a ppoi n t e d
to b e spe n t wholly in the servi ce o f God , it n o t bei n g
gh to he a r m a ss or m a ti n s in the m or n i n g , a n d spe nd
en ou
n ke n n ess a n d q u
a rrelli n g ,a s wa s
the rest o f the d ay in d r u
bu
ght to b e all e mployed ,
t it o u
c ommo n ly pr a ctised
ti es o f reli gio n ,or in a cts o f ch a r ity D i
e ithe r in the d u
.
,
.
‘
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’
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’
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3 0 11
s B OOK o r ms n r v n s
82 7
.
re ct io n was al s o give n for the s a yi n g o f pr ayer s , in which
the ki n g ,a s s upreme he a d , a n d the quee n , a n d the kin g s
n cil , a n d a ll orders o f per
sisters , t he pro t e cto r a n d co u
I nj un ct io ns
s o n s in the kin gdo m ,were to b e me n t io n ed
r ti m es a ye ar
were a lso give n fo r the b ishops to p r e a c h fo u
in a ll their d io ce s s e s ,o n ce in thei r c a the d r a l , a n d thri ce in
rch , un less they h a d a good e x c use to the
a n y other ch u
co n tr a r y : th a t their ch a pl a i n s sho uld pre a ch o fte n : a n d
th a t they sho uld give orders to n o n e b ut s uc h a s wer e d uly
q ua li fied
T h e visite r s a t le n gth e n ded the visit a t io n ,an d in Lon
s i ng to
d o n a n d eve r y p a rt o f En gl a n d ,the i m a ges , for re fu
b o w do wn to w hi ch m a n y a s a i n t ha d bee n b u
rn t , wer e
B o n n er a t first protested
no w com m itted to the fl a m es
th a t he wo uld obey the i nj un ctio n s , if they were n ot co n
rch ;
tr a ry to t h e l a w s o f God a n d the o r di n an ces o f the ch u
n cil , he
retr a cte d , a n d
t bei ng c a lled be fore the co u
bu
a sked p a r do n ; yet ,fo r a n e x a m ple to others ,he w as so m e
G a r di n e r wr ote to o n e o f the visiters , b e
t i me co n fi n ed
ld n o t re ceive
fore they c a m e to W i n chester , th a t he co u
the ho m ilies ; a n d if he m ust e ither q uit his b ishopri c , or
s in a g a i n st his co n scie n ce , he resolved to choose the fo r
mer Upo n this he wa s c a lled b e fo r e the co un cil , a nd r e
q uired to r eceive the b ook o f ho m ilies : b ut he obj e cted to
ght th a t ch a rity d id n ot j usti fy ,co n
o n e o f the m , which t a u
bl ished by the l a te ki n g , a n d co n firmed
t r ary to the b ook p u
in p a rli a m e n t H e a lso co m pl a i n ed o f m a n y thi n gs in Er a s
m us s p a r a phr a se a n d bei n g p r essed to de cl a re whethe r
n ctio n s or n o t , he r e fu
he wo u
ld obey t he i nj u
sed to pro
mise it , a n d wa s in co n seq ue n ce se n t to the Fleet C r a n
mer t r e a t ed in p r iv a te w it h h im , a n d they a rg ued m uch
t j usti fic a t io n G a rdi n er tho ught t he s a c r a m e n ts jus
a bo u
s t ified a s well a s fa ith Cr a n mer
t ifi e d , a nd th a t ch a r ity j u
urged th a t n oth in g b ut the merits o f Ch r ist j ustified ,
ld n o t e x ist with
as t hey w ere a pplied by fa ith , which co u
t c h a rity
ou
Ga r di n er lay in priso n till the a ct o f ge n er a l p ardo n s et
him a t liberty Man y bl a med the seve r ity o f t hese pro
ity , a n d s a id ,
c e e d in gs , a s co n tr a r y b oth to la w a n d eq u
t h a t a ll people ,eve n those wh o co m p l a i n ed most o f a rb i
s ur p it whe n in a utho r ity L a dy
t r a ry p o wer ,were a p t to u
Mar y was s o m uc h a l ar med t ha t she wrote to the prote ctor
’
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-
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’
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828
r ox
’
s
B OOK o r n a n r m s
.
to the h o n our d ue to her
ty t o th e
fa ther s memory , a n d th a t it wa s a g a i n st thei r d u
kin g to e n ter upo n s uch po i n ts , a n d e n d an ger the p ubl ic
pe a ce be fore he wa s o f a ge To whi ch he a n s wered
Th a t her fa ther h a d d ied be fore he co uld fi n ish the good
thi n gs he h ad i n te n ded co n cer n i n g religio n ; a n d ha d e x
p e ssed his regr et ,b oth be fore hi m sel f a n d m a n y others ,
th a t he le ft thi n gs in so un settled a st a te ; a n d a ss ured her ,
th a t n othi n g sho uld b e do n e b ut wh a t wo uld t urn to the
”
l
ry
r
o f God ,a n d t h e ki n g s ho n o u
o
g
ch ch ange s were co n t r a ry
tha t s u
’
.
r
’
.
New Act s of P a r lia men t
.
T he p a r li a me n t wa s o p e n ed the fo urth o f November ,
thorized to sit und e r the
a n d the protector wa s by p a te n t a u
an d to
clo th o f st ate , o n th e r i g ht h an d o f the th r on e ;
ha ve all th e hon o u
r s an d pr ivil eg es th at s o n ea r a rel at ive
Rich was lor d ch an cellor
o f th e sover eign had ever ha d
The fir st a ct t h at p a ssed ,fi ve bishops on ly di ssenting,was
a repe a l o f a ll the st a t u
tes in t he l a te r eig n ,t h a t h a d m a d e
an
y t hi n g t r e a so n o r felo n y whi ch wa s n o t so be fore , a n d
o f t h e s ix a rticles , a n d t h e a u
tho r i t y give n to the ki n g s
p r ocl a m a tio n s , a s a lso o f the a cts a g a i n st Loll a r ds By
th is a ct , a ll wh o de n ied the ki n g s s up r e m a cy , o r a sse r ted
the pope s , fo r the fi r st o ffe n c e we r e to fo r feit thei r goods ;
n ire ; a n d were to
fo r the seco n d , we r e to b e in a p r ae m u
b e a tta i n ted o f t r e a so n fo r the thi r d If a n y o n e a ttempted
to dep r ive the ki n g o f his est a te o r title , he wa s wa s a d
b
u
n o n e we r e to b e a cc u
dged
g
u
ilty
o f t r e a so n
t
sed
of
u
j
wo r ds , b u
The
t w ithi n a m o n th a fte r they were s p oke n
k i n g s p o wer o f a n n u
lli n g a ll l a ws m a de , be fo r e he wa s
twe n ty fo ur ye a r s o f a ge ,wa s a lso r epe a led ,a n d restr icted
to the a n n ulli n g the m fo r the ti m e to come
A n othe r a ct p a ssed , with the s a m e disse n t , fo r the l a ity
rece ivi n g the s a cr a m e n t in b oth ki n ds ,a n d th a t the people
ld a l wa ys co mm un i c a te with the p r iest ; a n d by it irre
s ho u
v er e n ce to the s a cr a me n t wa s co n de m n ed u
n der severe
e
n a lties
p
A n other a ct wa s p a ssed w itho ut a ny disse n t , o r d a i n i n g
r su
ld
h a t t h e cong é d é lir e ,a n d the ele ctio n p u
a n t to it ,sho u
t ur e , a nd t h a t bishops sho uld be n am ed by
e a se fo r the fu
po n b e co nse cra ted ;
the k in g s letters p a te n t an d th e re u
.
.
’
.
’
’
.
.
’
-
.
.
’
’
33 0
’
r ox s
no o n
on
M A R T Y RS .
m e nt A p rop o s it io n be in g also set o n foo t c on cer ning the
la wfu
l n es s o f t he m a rr i a ge o f the cl ergy , thirty-five su
b
rtee n disse n te d
s cribed to the a ffi rm a tive , a n d o n ly fo u
G a rdi n er , bei n g i n cl uded in the a ct o f p a rdo n , wa s set
ne
a t liberty ; he p romised t o re ceive a n d obey the inj u
sti fi c a ti o n ; yet he
tio n s , obj e cti n g o n ly to t h e ho m ily o f j u
t it wa s visible th a t in his
c omplied in th a t l i ke wi s e ; b u
gh b e o ut
he a rt he a bhorre d a ll these p r o c e edi n gs , tho u
war d ly co n fo rm e d
.
.
.
C eremon ies Ab o lis hed
.
C a n dl e m as a n d Le n t were n o w a ppro a chi n g , a nd the
ch d ivided with respect to the
clergy a n d p eople were m u
s ua l a t those ti m es By some i nj un ctio n s in
ce re m o n ies u
He n ry s reig n it ha d bee n decl a r ed th a t fa sti n g in Le nt
wa s o n ly b i n d i ng by a positive la w
W a kes a n d Plo ugh
Mo n d a ys we r e a lso s upp r essed , a n d hi n ts were give n th a t
other c ustoms ,which we r e m uc h a b used , sho uld be shortly
do n e a wa y The r a bble loved these thi n gs , a s m a tte r s o f
diversi o n , a n d tho ught divi n e worshi p witho ut the m wo uld
b e b ut a d ull b usi n ess But othe r s looked o n the m a s
reli cs o f he a the n is m , a n d tho ught they did n o t be come t he
gr a vi ty a n d s i m pli ci ty o f the Chri sti a n religio n
C r a n m er proc ur ed a n o r der o f co un cil a g a i n st the car
t yi n g o f c a n dles o n C a n dl e m a s d ay , o f a shes o n As h
W e d n esd a y , a n d p a l m s o n P a l m S un d a y wh ich wa s
di r e cted to B o n n er to be i n ti m a t ed to the bishops o f the
provi n ce o f C a n terb ur y , a n d wa s e x ec uted by h im But
ld m a ke
a pro cl a m a t io n follo wed a g a i n st a ll wh o sho u
ch a n ges wi t ho ut a utho r ity The c r eepi n g to the cros s ,
t do wn , a n d
a n d t a ki n g holy bre a d a n d wa ter , we r e p u
po wer wa s give n t o t he a rchbisho p o f C a nterb ur y to ce r
ld b e a fter
t ify , in the ki n g s n a m e , wh a t ce r emo n ies sho u
t o f their
wa rd l a id a side ; a n d n o n e we r e to p r e a ch o u
t lice n se fr o m the ki n g or the visiters ,
o wn p a r i shes w i t ho u
S oo n a fte r
th e a r chbishop , o r the b ishop o f the diocese
this , a ge n e ra l o r der follo wed fo r a re m ova l o f a ll i m a ge s
r ches ,whi ch occ a sio n ed g r e a t co n tests whe t her
ou
t o f the ch u
the i m a ge s ha d bee n a b used to s uperstitio n or n o t S o me
e
ht
the
co
n se cra ti o n o f them was a n a b u
se
Thos
th o u
g
als o whi ch represe n ted the Tri n ity a s a m a n with thre e
.
’
.
.
.
.
-
-
.
.
’
.
.
.
Fox
’
s
B O OK o r MAR T Y RS
83 ]
.
old m a n with a yo un g ma n
a n d so m e , wh e re
b e fore him , a n d a dove over his he a d
th e blessed Vi r gi n wa s represe n ted a s a d m itted i n to it ,
g a ve s o g r e a t sc a n d a l , th a t it wa s n o wo n der if m e n , a s
hey gr e w more e nlighte n ed , co uld n o lo n ge r e n d ur e the m
The o n ly o cc a sio n give n to ce n s ur e in th is orde r ,was ,th a t
a ll sh r i n es , a n d the pl a te belo n gi n g to them , were a p
p o in ted to b e bro ught in fo r the ki ng s use
fa ces in o n e he a d ; or
as an
.
.
’
.
CH
A P T E R I II
.
n i on
A New Ofi ce f or the C ommu
.
b ishops a n d so m e other divi n es were n o w
e m ployed to e x a m i n e a n d a me n d the o ffi ces o f the ch urch
They beg a n wi t h t he E uch a rist , a n d p roceeded in the
s a m e m a n n e r a s in the fo r m e r r eig n It wa s cle a rly fo un d
th a t the pl a i n i n sti tutio n o f the s a c r a m e n t wa s m uch
v iti a ted with a m i x t ure o f m a n y he a t he n ish r ites a n d
pomps , to r a ise the c r edit o f the p r ies t s , in whose h an d s
th a t gr e a t per fo r m a n ce wa s lodged This wa s a t first
d o n e to d r a w over the he a the n by those sple n did rites to
Ch r isti an ity ; b ut s up e r sti t io n ,o n ce beg un ,ha s n o b o un ds ;
a n d ig n o r a n ce a n d b a r b a ri ty i n c r e a si n g in the m iddle a ges ,
there wa s n o reg a rd ha d to a ny thi n g in religio n , b ut a s it
was set o ff wi t h p a ge a n try a n d the belie f o f the corpo r e a l
prese n ce r a ised this to a still g r e a ter height The o fii c e
n k n o wn to n gu
was in a n u
e ; a ll the vessels a n d g a r m e n ts
belo ngi n g to it were co n secr a ted with m uch devo t io n ; a
re a t p a r t o f t he se r vi ce wa s se cr et , to m a k e it look like a
l ch a r m ; the co n sec r a tio n itsel f was to b e s a id
wo n de r fu
v e r y so ft ly , fo r words th a t were n o t to be h e a r d a g r eed
best with a ch a n ge th a t wa s n ot to be see n the m a ny ges
la t io n s a n d t he m a g n ifice n t p r ocessio n s a ll te n ded to
t icu
ra ise this p a ge a n t r y hig he r Ma sses we r e a lso s a id fo r a ll
m a n li fe
T r e n t a ls , a c usto m o f h a v i ng
th e a ffa i r s o f h u
thirty m a sses a ye a r o n the chie f fes t i va ls for redee m i n g
ls o ut o f p ur ga t o r y , wa s th a t wh ich b r o ught the p r ie s ts
so u
most m o n ey , fo r these we r e tho ught t o be God s b es t d a y s ,
in which a cce ss was e as ier to him ! O n s a i nt s d ays , in
EI G HT EE N
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
’
33 2
Fox
’
B O OK o r MA R T Y RS
s
.
’
the m as s it was pr a yed , t h a t by the s a i n ts i n tercessio n the
re a
sa c r ifice might be co m e the m o r e a ccept able ,a n d pro c u
mple i n d ulge n ce ; whi ch co uld n ot be e a sily e x
l
i
n e d , if t h e s a cri fice we r e the de a th o f Ch r ist
B
eside
a
p
the b e fo r e me n tio n ed , a n um be r less v a r iety o f other ri t es
n d ceremo n ies , b o r r o wed fr o m the he a t he n s , were m a de
se o f for corr upti ng the holiest i n stitutio n s o f the Christi a n
religio n
The fi r st step th a t wa s n o w t a ke n wa s to m a ke a n e w
n io n , th a t is , the distr ib u
tio n o f the
o fii ce fo r the co mm u
s a c r a m e n t , fo r the o fii c e o f co n se cra ti o n wa s n o t a t this
ched In the e x ho r t a tio n , a uri c ul a r co n fessio n to
t m e to u
a p r iest is le ft free to be do n e or o m itted ,a n d a ll were r e
quired n ot to j udge o n e a n other in th a t m a tter There
n ci a tio n m a de ,req u
i r i n g impe n ite n t si n n ers
was a lso a de n u
to withd r a w The bre a d wa s to be still o f the s a m e fo r m
sed In the dist r ib utio n it wa s s a id ,
a s th a t fo r m erly u
The b ody o f o ur L o r d , &c ,p r eserve thy body ; a n d the
”
blood o f o ur L ord , & c , preserve thy so ul
This wa s
p r i n te d , with a p r ocl a m a ti o n , r eq ui r i n g a ll to receive it
ch revere n ce a n d un i form ity a s m i ght e n co ura ge the
with s u
ki n g to pro cee d furthe r , a n d n o t to r un to other thi n gs b e
r i n g t h e people o f his
fo r e the ki n g g a ve di r e ctio n , a ss u
e a r n est ze a l to set forth godly o r de r s ; a n d the r e fo r e it was
hoped they wo uld wa it fo r it : the b ooks were se n t a ll
over E n gl an d , a n d the clergy were a p poi n ted to a d m in is
ter the commun io n a t the follo wi n g E a ster a c cordi ng t o
them
m ore
a
.
-
.
'
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Aur i cula r C onfes s ion E x a min ed
.
Co n fessio n wa s n e x t e x a m i n ed ; a n d it wa s fo un d th a t
the pr a cti ce ha d co mme n ced in the e a rly a ges o f the
ch urch ; a n d pe n a n ces h a d b ee n imp osed by the p r iests
Aft er wa rd , pilgrim a ges , a n d c r us a des a g a i n st heretics , o r
pri n ces deposed by the pope , were co mm a n ded i n ste a d o f
a ll other pe n a n ces : the p r iest s a lso m a n a ged co n fessio n
tio n so a s to e nt er i n to a ll m e n s secrets ,a n d to
a n d a bsol u
over
n thei r co n scie n ces by the m ; m a n y reserved c as es
g
tio n ; th is
we r e m a de ,in whi ch the po p e o n ly g a ve a bsol u
lg en ces to be p u
t i n the ir h an d s
o cc a si o n ed the tr a de o f i n d u
n te
c h co nfi de n ce as m ou
whi c h th ey m ana ged with as m u
.
’
334
r cx
’
B O O K o r MA RTYRS
s
.
he a the n ism , were l a i d a s id e
tio n s o n a cco un t o f the me r its o f the blesse d
T he a bsol u
virg in a n d the s a i n t s , the sp r i n kl i n gs o f wa te r , fa s t i n gs
a n d pilgrim a ges , wi t h m a n y o t her thi n gs ; a n d the a b sol u
tio n give n to d e a d bodies , were looked upo n a s gross im
pos t ur es , te n di n g to m a ke the wo r ld thi n k th a t the p r iests
ld c a r ry
ha d t he keys o f he a ve n in their h a n ds , a n d co u
eople
thit
er
h
on e a sier ter m s th a n the gospel presc r ibes
p
This i n d uced the people to p ur ch a se their favo ur , espe
c ia ll
r e dyi n g ; so th a t , a s their fe a r s were
he
hey
e
w
n
t
w
y
t he n h eigh t e n ed , the r e wa s n o other wa y le ft them , i n the
co n cl u
s io n o f a n ill li fe , to d ie wi t h a ny hopes o f ete r n a l
h a ppi n ess , b ut a s they b ar g a i n ed with the ir p rie sts ; a ll
this wa s n o w rej ected
It wa s resolve d to h a ve the whole worship in the v ulg a r
to ng ue ; a s e n a bli n g a ll pe r so n s to j oi n in pra isi n g God
”
n de r s t a n di n g
wit h u
As white h a d be e n the colo ur o f
the p r iest s vest m e n ts , un der the m os a i c a l la w, h a d e a rly
ght i n to t he Christi an ch ur ches , a n d wa s a pro
b ee n bro u
per e x p r essio n o f i n n oce n ce , a n d it bei n g fit th a t the wo r
ld be pe r for m ed in a dece n t h a bit , it wa s
s hip o f God sho u
co n ti n ued
The m o r n i n g a nd eve n i n g p r a yers we r e b ut a l m ost it
the s a m e fo r m a s t h a t in whic h t hey n o w s t a n d , o n ly t b e r t
I n t h e o ffi ce fo r
wa s n ei t he r co n fessio n n o r a bsol uti o n
n io n , the r e wa s a co m me m o r a tio n o f th a n ks
t he co m m u
givi n g fo r the blessed virgi n a n d a ll d ep a r t ed s a i n t s , a n c
In t he
t hey w ere co mm e nded to God s m ercy a n d pe a ce
c o n secr a t io n , the u
s e o f c r ossi n g the ele m e n ts wa s r e
t the r e wa s n o elev a tio n , whi ch wa s a t fi r s t
t a in e d ; b u
used a s a histo r i c a l r i te , to sho w C h r ist s be i n g li fted up
t i t wa s a ft e r wa r d do n e ,to e x ci t e the peo
o n the c r oss ; b u
ple to a do r e it No st a mp wa s to be o n t he b r e a d , a n d it
It wa s to be put in the
wa s to b e thi cker t ha n ordi n a r y
people s m o ut hs by the p r iests , tho ugh it h a d bee n a n
t in their h a n ds ; b u
t a fte r the corpo r e a l pre
c ie n tly p u
ffe r ed to
s e n ce wa s a ck n o wledged , the people we r e n o t s u
to uch it , a n d th e p r iest s th um bs a n d fi n gers were p e
lia r ly a n o i n ted , to q u
a li fy them fo r th a t co n t a ct
cu
In
b a ptis m the child s he a d a n d b r e a st we r e to be crosse d ,
r a tio n wa s to be m a de o f the de vi l to dep a rt fro m
a nd a dj u
ai m : ch ild r e n were to be t hr i ce d ipped , or , in c as e o f
of
Ro me , b ein g r el ic s
of
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
.
’
.
’
.
.
’
’
.
’
’
n
Fo x s
o o n o n ma n t r a s
.
we ak n ess , wa ter wa s to b e spri n kled o n the ir fa ces , a n d
the n they we r e to b e a n oi n ted The si ck might a lso b e
At fun er als , the dep a rt ed
a n oi n ted if they desi r ed it
’
so ul wa s re co mm e n ded to God s m e r cy
The s a cr a m e n ts we r e fo r m e r ly beli eved o f s uch vi r tue ,
th a t they co n fe r r ed g r a ce by the very rece ivi n g them
Acti n g o n this b elie f, the e a rly Ch r isti a n s used to se n d
a ny
ortio
ch
a rist to the si ck , b u
t witho u
t
n s o f t he e u
p
u
hi
ch
a s a co r ru
ptio
n o f l a ter t imes
B
t
i
n
w
w
m
:
u
p
p
p r ocessio n with the h ost , i t wa s n o w a p
s t e a d o f the
b
o
i
ld
n ted th a t the s a c r a m e n t s sho u
e mi n i s t ered to t he
p
si ck , bei n g co n sec r a ted by thei r b edsides ; a n d ,in c a se o f
ses 9
we a k n ess , childre n we r e a llo wed to b e b a p t ized in ho u
tho ugh it wa s more s ui t a ble to the desig n o f b a pt ism
rch
whi ch wa s t he a d m issio n o f a n e w member to the ch u
t o do i t b e fo r e the w hole co n g r eg a tio n
The lit ur gy th us co m piled , wa s p ublished , with a pre
fa ce co n ce r n i n g ce r e m o n ies
W he n the book c a me be fo r e the p ublic , severa l thi n gs
r ed ;
a s p a r ti c u
l a r ly the freq ue n t us e o f t he
were ce n s u
cross , a n d a n o i n ti n g The fo r me r wa s a t fi r s t used as a
b a dge o f a c r uci fie d S a vio ur , b ut wa s m uch co rr upted by
th e p r ies t s in a fte r a ges , so th a t it wa s a t le n g t h believed
e fo r d r ivi n g a wa y evil spi r i t s , a nd pre
t o h a ve a virt u
servi n g o n e fr o m d a n ge r s a n d a cq ui r ed a ki n d o f s a cra
n fo u
n d ed in S c r ip t u
re or r e a
m e n t a l ch a r a cter , e n t i r ely u
si n g it a s a cere m o n y , e x p r essi n g t he
son ;
bu
t the u
believi n g in a cr ucified S av io ur , co uld imply n o s uper
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
s tit i o n .
The protest a n t religio n n ow a ppe a r ed a lmost rui n ed in
Ger m a n y , a n d thi s m a de the re fo r m e r s t ur n their eyes to
E n gl a n d C a lvi n wrote t o the p r ote ctor , a n d p r essed him
to go o n to a m ore c o m ple fe r e for m a t io n , a n d t h a t p r ayers
n ctio n , m igh t b e
fo r the de a d , the ch r ism , a n d e x t r e m e u
l a id a side He d esi r ed h im to t r ust in God , a n d go o n ,
an d w ished the r e we r e m o r e pre a chi n g , a n d in a mo r e
lively way th an he he a r d wa s the n in E n gl a n d : b ut pr a yed
him to s uppress t h a t impiety a n d pro fa n i t y th a t , a s he
n ded in the n a t io n
wa s told , a bo u
a r y 1 5 4 9 , a n a c t p a ssed , a llo wi n g the clergy to
In Febr u
m a rry It wa s decl ar e d , Th a t it were better for p r iest s
n m a rri e d , fr ee o f a ll worldly c a re s ;
e t s inc e t he
to li ve u
y
.
.
.
.
33 6
Fm
’
s
B O O K o r MA RTY RS
.
ch ery , t he)
mws c c m pe llin g it ha d o c c a sio n ed gre a t deb a u
”
were a ll re pe a led
The p r e t e n ce o f ch a stity in the R0
mi sh priests ha d p ossessed the world with a high op i n io n o f
t he m , a n d h a d b ee n a g r e a t refle c t io n 0 11 the r e for m ers , if
the world ha d n o t cle a r ly see n th r o ugh it a nd bee n m a de
ve r y se n sible o f the ill e ffects o f it , by the d e file m e n t it
bro ught i n t o thei r o wn fa milies No r wa s there a ny poi n t
in whi ch the re fo r m e r s h a d se a r ched the S c r ipt u
res m o r e ,
to re m ove t he p r ej udi ce th a t lay a g a i n st the m In the O ld
Test a m e n t a ll the priests we r e n ot o n ly m a rried , b ut the
o ffi ce des ce n ded by in he r it a n ce
I n the Ne w Test a m e n t
m a rr i a ge wa s de cl a red ho n o ur a ble in all : a mo n g the q ua
lifi c a t io n s o f b ishops a n d de a co n s , the ir bei n g the h u
sb a n ds
o f o n e w i fe , a re r ecko n ed u
Ma ny o f the a postle s were
p
m a rried , a n d c a rr ied their wives a bo ut with the m a s a lso
’
.
.
.
.
.
Aq uil a d id P ris cill a
A n other a ct wa s p a ssed , co n fi rm i n g the l it urgy , wh ich
wa s n o w fi n ished
e igh t b is h o p s a nd three tempor a l lord s
o n ly protesti n g a g a i n st it The r e wa s a lo n g pre a mble ,
se t t i n g forth the i n co nv e n ie n cies o f the fo r m e r o ffi ces ,a nd
t he p a i n s th a t h a d b ee n t a ke n to re fo r m the m
a n d th a t
di ve r s b ishops a n d divi n es h a d , by the a id o f the Holy
Ghost , with a un i fo r m a gree m e n t co n cl uded o n the n ew
b o ok
th ere fore they e n a cted th a t by W hits un d ay n e x t
a ll d i v in e o ffi ces sho u
ld b e p e r fo r med a cco r di n g to it a n d
sed other o ffi ces , for t h e fi r st o ffe n ce , they
if a ” ; perso n s u
i m p r iso n ed s ix mo n ths , lose their b e n ifi ce s fo r
s h Uld b e
r i n g li fe fo r the t hi r d
h e se co n d , a n d b e i m p r iso n e d d u
A n o t her a ct wa s a lso p a ssed respe c t i n g fa sti n g , d e cla r
a ll d a ys a n d m e a t s w e r e in themselves
Th
gh
n ,
a t tho u
g
e , a n d to the
a li ke , yet fa sti n g b ei n g a g r e a t help to virt u
s ubd ui n g the b ody to t he m i n d; it wa s e n a cted , th a t Le n t ,
r d a ys , a n d e m be r d a ys , sho u
ld b e
a n d a ll Frid a ys a n d S a t u
n de r seve r a l pe n a l ties , e x cepti n g the we a k , or
fis h d a ys , u
”
those th a t ha d the ki n g s li ce n se
Ch r ist h a d told his dis
ld
f
a st
c i le s , th a t whe n he w a s t a ke n fr o m the m ,t hey sho u
p
so in t he pri m i t ive c h ur ch they fa s t ed be fo r e E a ster ; b ut
the sa m e n um be r o f d ay s wa s n ot obse r ved in a ll pl a ces ;
les a n d d a ys we r e est a blishe d : b ut S t
a fte r wa rd , o t her r u
A us t i n co m pl a i n ed , th a t m a n y in h is ti m e pl a ced a ll t he ir
religio n in obse r vi n g the m F a s t d a ys a r e t ur n ed t o a
mocke ry in the ch ur ch o f Ro m e , in whi ch they d ine on
i site ly d re st a nd d r i n k wi n e
fis h e x q u
.
.
J
t
-
-
’
.
.
.
33 6
rm
’
s
B O O K o r ma n t r a s
.
ws c c m p e llin g it h a d o c c a si o n ed g r e a t deb a u
chery , t he)
”
were a ll re pe a led
The pre t e n ce o f ch a stity in the R0
mish priests ha d p ossessed the wo r ld with a high op i n io n o f
t hem , a n d h a d b ee n a g r e a t r efle ctio n o n the re for m ers , if
the world ha d n o t cle a r ly see n th r o ugh it a n d bee n m a de
ve r y se n sible o f the ill e ffects o f it , by the d e file m e n t it
bro ught i n to their o wn fa m ilies No r wa s there a ny poi n t
in whi ch the re fo r m e r s h a d se a r ched the S crip t u
res m o r e ,
to re m ove t he p r ej udi ce th a t la y a g a i n st the m In the O ld
Testa m e n t a ll the priests we r e n ot o n ly m a rr ied , b ut the
I n the Ne w Test a m e n t
o ffi ce des ce n ded by i n herita n ce
m a rr i a ge was decl a red ho n o u
r a ble in a ll : a m o n g the q ua
sb a n ds
lifi c a t ion s o f b ishops a nd de a co n s , their b ei n g the h u
M
a n y o f the a postle s were
o f o n e w i fe , a r e re c k o n ed u
p
m a r ried , a n d c a rried their wives a bo u
t with the m a s a ls o
Aq uil a d id P riscill a
A n o t her a ct wa s p a ssed , co n firmi n g the l it urgy , wh ic h
wa s n o w fi n ished
eigh t b is h ops a n d th r ee tempor a l lord s
o n ly protesti n g a g a i n st it The r e wa s a lo n g p r e a mble ,
se t t i n g forth the i n co n ve n ie n cies o f the former o ffi ces ,a n d
a n d th a t
t h e p a i n s th a t h a d bee n t a ke n to r e fo r m the m
di ve r s b ishops a n d div in es h a d , by the a id o f the Holy
G host , with a un i fo r m a gr ee m e n t co n cl uded o n the n ew
bo ok th ere fo r e they e n a cted th a t by W hits und ay n e x t
ld be pe r fo r m ed a cco r di n g to it a n d
a ll di v i n e o ffi ces sho u
sed other o ffi ces , fo r the first o ffe n ce , they
if a " ; perso n s u
i m p r iso n ed s ix m o n ths , lose thei r b e n ifi c e s fo r
s h J Uld be
t
ri n g li fe fo r the third
h e se co n d , a n d b e i m p r iso n ed d u
A n o t her a ct wa s a lso p a ssed re spe c t i n g fa s t i n g , d e clar
a ll d a ys a n d m e a ts w e r e in themselves
Th
gh
n ,
a t tho u
g
e , a n d to the
a li ke , yet fa sti n g bei n g a gre a t help to vi r t u
s ubd ui n g the b ody to the m i n ch it wa s e n a cted , th a t Le n t ,
r d a ys , a n d embe r - d a ys , sho u
ld be
a n d a ll F r id a ys a n d S a t u
n der seve r a l pe n a lties , e x cepti n g the we a k , or
fis h-d a ys , u
’
”
those th a t ha d the ki n g s li ce n se
Ch r ist h a d told his dis
ld fa st
c i le s ,th a t whe n he wa s t a ke n fr o m the m ,they sh o u
p
so in t he p r i m itive ch ur ch they fa sted be fo r e E a ster ; b ut
the sa m e n um be r o f d a y s wa s n o t obse r ved in a ll pl a ces ;
les a nd d a ys we r e est a blishe d : b ut S t
a ft e r wa r d , o t her r u
A us t i n co m pl a i n ed , th a t m a n y in h is ti m e pl a ced a ll t he ir
religio n in obse r vi n g the m F a s t d a ys a r e t ur n ed t o a
r ch o f Ro m e , in w hi ch they d ine o n
m ockery in the ch u
i si t e ly d re st a nd d r i n k wi n e
fis h e x q u
’
ra
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
F
o x s n o o k o r m a ur r a s
’
33 7
'
.
A n ew Vis ita ti on
.
cle r gy g a ve the k i n g s ubsi d ies , up o n
ed
The fi r st thi n g a t
wn ic h the p a r li a m e n t wa s p r o r og u
n ifo r m i ty
t e n ded to wa s the en fo r ci n g t he a c t o f u
S ome
co m pl a i n ts we r e m a de o f t he p r ies t s m a n n e r o f o ffi ci a t i n g ,
who did i t with s u
ch a to n e o f v o ic e th a t the people co uld n o t
un de r st a n d wh a t wa s s a id ,a ny m o r e th a n whe n the p r a ye r s
we r e s a id in L a ti n P r a ye r s we r e ,the r e fo r e,o r de r ed to be
s a id in p a r i sh ch ur ches in a pl a i n vo ice ,b ut in c a thed r a ls the
old wa y wa s still kep t up ,a s a g r eei n g bette r wi th t he m usi c
used in the m tho ugh t his see m ed n o t ve r y dece n t in t h e
co n fessio n o f si n s , n o r in t he l it a n y , whe r e a si m ple vo ice ,
g r a vely ut te r ed , a greed bette r w ith those devot io n s th a n
c a de n ces a n d m usi c a l n o t es
O the r s co n ti n ued to us e a ll
t h e gesti c u
l a ti o n s , c r ossi n gs ,a n d k n eeli n gs , to whi ch they
ha d fo r m erly b ee n a cc u
st o m e d
The people a lso co n ti n
ue d the us e o f thei r h e a d s , whi ch ha d b ee n b r o ught m by
P eter the He r m i t , in the eleve n th ce n t ur y , by wh i ch the
repe a ti n g the a n gel s s a l ut a tio n to t h e Vi r gi n wa s m a de
a g r e a t p ar t o f t hei r devotio n , a n d wa s t e n t i m es s a id fo r
o n e P a t er n os t er
I n st r uctio n s we r e gi ve n to the v isite r s
to p ut a ll these do wn , a n d to in q ui r e if a ny p r ies ts co n ti
nu
e d t hei r t r e n t a ls o r m a sses fo r de a r ted so u
ls
O r ders
p
we r e a lso give n , th a t the r e sho u
ld b e n o p r iv a te m a sses a t
a lt a r s in the co r n e r s o f ch u
a lso t h a t the r e sho u
ld b e
r ches
bu
n io n in a d a , u
t o n e co m m u
n l ess in g r e a t ch u
r ches ,
y
a n d a t high fes t iv a ls , in w hi ch they we r e a llo wed to h a ve
two , o n e in the m o r n i n g , a n d a n o t he r a t n oo n
The visi t e r s m a de thei r r epo r t , t h a t t hey fo un d the book
o f co m m o n
n i v e r s a lly o v e r the ki n gdo m ,
p r a ye r r e cei v ed u
e x cept th a t t h e l a dy Ma r y co n t i n ued to h a ve m a ss s a id a c
co r di n g to the a b r og a t ed fo r m s
Upo n this the co un cil
wr ote to he r to co n fo r m to t he l a w s ;
fo r t h e n e a r e r she
wa s to t he ki n g in blood ,she wa s so m u
ch the m o r e oblige d
”
to gi ve e x a m ple to t he r est o f the s ubj e c t s
S he r e fuse d
to co m ply w i t h thei r desi r es ,a n d se n t to the e m p e r o r fo r
his p r o t ectio n ; upo n w hi ch b e p r essed the E n glis h a m
b a ss a d o r s , who p r o m ised t h a t she sho u
ld b e dis pe n sed
wi t h ,a t le a st fo r the p r ese n t
The e m p e r o r p r ete n d ed a f
te r wa r d s th a t they h a d m a de h im a n a b s ol u
t e p r o m ise t h at
ld n e ve r more be t r o u
bled abo ut it ,b ut t hey sa id it
he s ho u
Bo th th e l a ity a n d
.
.
’
.
.
.
’
.
.
.
.
.
.
29
336
Fox
’
s
B O OK o r MA R T YR S
.
tempo ra ry o n e
S he re fused to a ck n o wle d g e
the l a ws m a de whe n the ki n g was un der a ge , a n d c a r rie d
he r sel f ve r y h a ug ht ily fo r she well k n e w th a t t he pr o t e c
l o f a wa r w ith F r a n ce , whi ch m a de the
t o r wa s the n fe a r fu
e m p e r or s a lli a n ce m o r e n e cess a ry t o E n gl a n d : yet t he
co un cil se n t fo r the o ffi ce r s o f h e r ho usehold , a n d r e quir
ed the m to le t h e r k n o w, t ha t t he k i n g s a utho r i ty wa s the
s a m e while he wa s a child ,a s if he we r e a t full a ge a n d
t h a t it wa s n o w lodged in t he m ,a n d tho u
gh , a s s i n gle pe r
s o ns ,t he
y we r e a ll i n fe r io r to h e r , yet a s they we r e t he
ki n g s co u
n cil , she wa s b o u
n d to obey the m , especi a lly
whe n they e x e c u
t ed t h e la w
whi ch a ll s ubj e cts ,o f wh a t
r a n k soeve r , were b o u
n d to obey
At p r ese n t , ho wever ,
t hey d u
r st go n o fu
re
r ther fo r fe a r o f the e m pero r s disple a s u
wa s o n ly a
.
’
’
,
’
.
’
.
Ana b ap t is ts in E ng la n d
.
There we r e so m e a n a b a ptists a t this ti m e in E ngl a n d ,
who c a m e fr o m Ge r m a ny O f t hese the r e we r e t wo so r ts ;
the fi r st o n ly obj e cted t o the b a p t izi n g o f child r e n , a nd
to the m a n n er o f it , by s p r i n kli n g i n ste a d o f d ippi n g
The o t he r held m a ny o p i n i o n s , a n cie n t ly co n de m n ed a s
he r esies they h a d r a ised a wa r in Ge r m a n y , a n d h a d se t
up a n e w ki n g a t Mun ste r ; b ut a ll these we r e c a lled An a
b a p t is t s , fr o m thei r o p posi t io n to i n fa n t b a ptis m , tho ug h it
wa s o n e o f t h e m ildest o p i n i o n s the y held
W he n t hey
ca m e to E ngl a n d ,a c o mm is s io n wa s g r a n ted to so m e b ishops ,
a n d o t he r s to se a r ch t he m o u
t , a n d to proceed a g a i n st
t he m
Se ve r a l o f t he s e pe r so n s , o n bei n g t a ke n up a n d
b ro ught b e fo r e t he m , a bj ur ed thei r e r r o r s ,so m e o f whi ch
we r e ,
Th a t t he r e wa s n o t a t r i n i ty o f pe r so n s ; t h a t
C h r ist wa s n o t God , a n d took n o t flesh o f the Vi r gi n ; a n d
”
th a t a r e ge n e r a te m a n co ul d n o t s in
Jo a n Bo a c h e r , c a lled Jo a n o f K e n t , o ne o f their p r ose
lytes , pe r sis t ed in he r e r r or , a n d de n ied t h a t Ch r ist took
bst a n ce o f his m othe r ; she wa s i n t ole r a bly
flesh o f t he s u
v a i n o f h e r n o t io n s , a n d r ej ec ted w i th sco r n a ll the in
c t io n s o ffe r ed he r ; she wa s t he r e fo r e co n de m n ed a s a n
str u
l a r po we r But
o bsti n a te he r e t ic , a n d del ive r ed to t he sec u
it wa s wi t h the m ost e x tr e me r el u
c t a n ce th a t t he ki ng
gh t it wa s
t io n ; he t h o u
s ig n ed the w a r r a n t fo r he r e x ec u
el ty for whic h the re
a n in s t an ce o f th e s a m e s n ir it o f cr u
.
.
.
.
“
.
.
3 40
F
o
’
x s
B O O K o r MART YRB
.
'
ed to e n de a vo ur to p r ev a il o n the m t o d isperse witho u
shedd i n g blood : b ut Ar un d el , a m a n o f q ua lity ,b ein g a t
thei r he a d , they we r e n o t a m ere r a bble , e a sily sc a t t e r ed ,
bu
t h a d m o r e o f t he disci pl i n e a n d co n seq u
e n t stre n g t h
l a r a r my
They , ho we v er , co n se n ted to t r e a t
o f a r eg u
wi t h L o r d Ru
ssel ,a n d by him for wa rded the follo w i n g de
m a nds to the co u
rt
Th a t the o ld se r vi ce a n d c e r e m o
n ies m igh t be set u a g a i n
a t t h e a c t o f t he s ix a r t i cles ,
h
t
p
a n d t h e de c r ees o f ge n e r a l co u
n cils , m igh t be a g a i n in
force
t h a t t h e B ible i n E n gli s h sho u
ld be c a lled in th a t
p r e a che r s sho uld p r a y fo r the so uls in p ur g a to r y th a t c a r
d i n a l P ole sho u
ld b e re c a lled ; t h a t t he h a l f o f the a bbey
l a n d s sho uld b e resto r ed ,to fo un d two a bbeys in eve r y
co un t y ; a n d th a t ge n t le m e n o f 1 00 m a r ks a ye a r might
ha ve o n e serv a n t
a n d they de si r ed a s a fe co n d u
ct for
thei r c hie f le a d e r s , in o r de r t o the r edress o f thei r p a rti e n
la r g r iev a n ces : they a ft e r wa r d r ed u
ced thei r dem a n d s to
t hose o n ly which r el a t ed to r eligio n
Cr a n m er wr o te a n a n s we r to these , sho wi n g Th e
n ovel t y a n d S u e r sti t io n o f those r ites a n d ce r e m o n ies ,a n d
p
o f a ll th a t me t hod o f w o r shi p o f which they we r e so fo n d
a n d t h a t t h e a m e n d m e n t s a n d ch a n ges h a d bee n m a de a c
cordi n g to t he S c r i p t ur es ,a n d the c usto m s o f the p r i m i t i ve
ch urch : th a t thei r be i n g p a r t i a l to a wo r shi p whi ch they
un de r stood n o t , a n d bei n g desi r o us to be kept s t ill in ig
n o r a n ce , wi t ho u
t t he S c r ip t ur es , p r oved t h a t t hei r p r iests
ha d g r e a ter po we r over the m t h a n the co mm o n re a so n o f
a ll m a n ki n d ha d : a s fo r the s ix a r t i cles ,th a t a c t ha d n ever
p a sse d if the l a te ki n g ha d n o t go n e in perso n t o the p a r
lia m e n t , a n d a r g u
ed fo r it : yet he soo n s a w his e r ror ,a n d
”
ti n g it
wa s sl a ck in e x e c u
A ft e r t his , a th r e a te n i n g lette r wa s se n t to them , in t he
ki n g s n a m e , upb r a idi n g the m fo r t hei r rebellio n a n d bl i n d
ob edi e n ce to t hei r p r iests In it the a utho r ity o f t he ki n g ,
a ltho u h u
n der a e , wa s sho wn a t l a r ge ; fo r by the pre
g
g
te n ce o f t he ki n g s m i n o r i ty , the people ge n e r a lly we r e
t a ught t o believe t h a t the i r r i si n g in a r m s w a s n o t re b ellio n
sio n ,t hey we r e e a r n es t ly i n vi t ed t o s ub m i t t o the
In co n cl u
roy a l m e r cy , a s o the r s h a d do n e , who m t he ki n g ha d n o t
o n ly p a r do n e d , b ut h a d r ed r essed thei r j ust g r ie v a n ces
A fa s t wa s p r o cl a i m ed a t co ur t ,whe r e C r a n m er pre a che d
wit h gr ea t fr e ed o m a n d v e he m e n ce : he repr o ve d the a s
.
-
-
.
.
’
.
’
.
.
Fo x
’
s
B OO K
or
M A RT YRS
4]
.
s lives , p a rti c ul a r ly those wa o pr e
for the ir vi cio u
te n ded a l ove to the gospel ; a n d set b e fo r e them t he
se m b ly
l
u
dg
m
e
n t s o f God , w hi ch they m ight e x pe ct wo u
d
over
j
t a ke thei r m isdeeds ,if they did n o t repe n t a n d a m e n d thei r
lives
The rebels still co n ti n ui n g in a rms , troops were s e n t
a g a i n st them , a n d a ft e r so m e resist a n ce in O x fordshire ,
D evo n shire , a n d No r folk , they we r e a t le n g th every
where ro u
ted , their le a de r s p un ished , a n d tr a n q uill ity
res ore d
.
,
t
.
Vis ita tion of C a mbr id g e
.
A v isit a tio n o f C a m bridge follo wed soo n a fter thi s
nd
t whe n he fo u
Ridley wa s the chie f o f the visi t e r s ; b u
th a t a desig n wa s l a id to s upp r ess so m e colleges , un der
p r e t e n ce o f un i t i n g the m to othe r s , a n d to co n ve r t som e
fello wships t h a t we r e p r o v ided fo r divi n es , to the st u
dy o f
th e c 1vil la w, he re fused his a sse n t H e s a id , The
ch urch wa s a lle a d y too m uch r obbed , a n d yet so me m e n s
r a ve n o us n ess wa s n o t yet s a t isfied It see m ed a desig n
t o f t he l a n d ;
wa s l a id t o d r i v e b o t h religio n a n d le a r n i n g o u
”
there fo r e he desi r ed le a ve t o be go n e
The o t her visi ters
co m pl a i n ed o f h im t o the p r o t e c t or , who wro t e h im a r e
provi n g le t ter : b ut he a n s we r ed it w i t h the fr eedo m th a t
bec a me a bishop , who wa s resolved to s uffe r a ll t hi n gs
ra t her th a n s in a g a i n st hi s co n sci e n ce ; a n d the pr ote ctor
w a s so w ell s a ti sfie d w ith h im , th a t , fo r his s a ke , the col
l ege o f Cl a r e -h a ll ,the s upp r essio n o f whi ch he ha d stro ng
ly obj e c t ed to , wa s preserved
.
“
.
’
'
.
.
.
B on ner P r osecu
ted
.
B o n n er was n ow b ro ught i n to tro uble It wa s n ot e a sy
t o k n o w ho w to de a l wi t h him , fo r he o beyed every order
th a t wa s se n t h im ,a n d yet it wa s k n o wn th a t he se cretly
h a ted a n d co n de m n ed a ll t h a t wa s do n e ; a n d a s o ft e n as
he co uld decl a re th a t s a fely , he did so , a nd by s uch m e a n s
r ve d his i n te r est w i t h the p a pists :
rese
a n d tho u
g
h
h
e
p
n cil , yet he did it in so remis s
o beyed t he o r d e r s o f the co u
a m a n n er , th a t it wa s visibly a g a i n s t hi s in cli n a ti o n
He
was ,th e r e for e c a ll e d be fore t he co u
n cil ,an d ch a r e d with
g
.
.
”
9
2
849
Fox
’
s
no o n
or
ma n r va s
r p a rt i c u
la rs , th a t
W here a s he us e d to o fii ciat e
himsel f o n the gre a t festiv a ls , he ha d n o t do n e it si n ce the
n e w se r vi ce wa s set o u
t ; th a t he took n o c a r e to rep r es s
”
l t e r y , a n d th a t he n eve r p r e a ched
O n e x a mi n a t io n ,
ad u
provi n g very re fr a ctory a n d viole n t , he wa s dep r ived o f
his bishopric , a n d co m m itted to priso n d uri n g the ki n g s
ple a s u
re
se ve a l
.
’
.
F a ll of the P r o t ector
The E n glish a ffa i r s upo n the co n ti n e n t this ye a r were
n su
ccess ful , a n d the fa ult bei n g l a id o n t he
e x tremely u
p r ote cto r , he a vy co m pl a i n ts we r e m a de a g a i n st him a nd
his e n e m ies , who we r e very n ume r o us a nd po we r ful ,
ope n ly d e cl a r ed t hei r hos t ili ty The e a r ls o f S o ut h a mpto n
a n d o f W a r wic k we r e t h e chie f ; the o n e h a ted h im fo r
dis m issi n g him fr o m the c h a n cello r shi p , a nd the othe r b e
c a use he wa s his r i v a l in po we r a n d di gn i ty
The p r i vy co un sello r s co m pl a i n ed th a t he wa s become
so a r bi t ra r y in his p r oceedi n gs , th a t he li t tle reg a rd ed t he
n cil ,
o pposi t io n t h a t wa s m a de by t h e m aj o r i ty o f the co u
to a n y o f his desig n s
All t hose t hi ngs co n c ur r ed to c r e a te
him m a n y e n e m ies ; a n d , e x cept Cr a n m e r , P a get , a n d
Sm i t h , a ll t ur n ed a ga i n st him
The p r o t e cto r co n d ucted the ki n g to H a m pto n co urt ,
an d
t him , which in
t m a n y o f his o wn people a bo u
pu
cre a se d the j e a lo usies o f the O p posite p a r t y ; upo n which
n cil m e t a t Ely ho u
se , a n d a ss um e d
ni n e o f the p r ivy co u
to t he m selves the a utho r i ty o f the co un cil a n d secret ar y
Petre bei n g se n t by t he ki n g , to a s k a n a cco un t o f their
mee t i n g , in ste a d o f ret ur n i n g , j oi n ed hi m sel f to the m
They m ade a full d e cl a r a tio n o f the p r ote cto r s ill gover n
m e n t ; a n d st a ted t h a t The r e fo r e t hey resol ve d , the m
”
Bo th
s elves , to see t he s a fety o f t h e ki n g a n d ki n gd o m
the city o f L o n do n , a n d the lie ut e n a n t o f the To wer de
c la r e d fo r them : they a lso se n t lette r s a ll ove r E n l a n d ,
g
desi r i n g the a ssis ta n ce o f the n obili t y a n d ge n t r y ,a n d seve n
mo r e o f the p r i vy co un cil j oi n ed t he m
The p r o t e c t or ha d re m oved t he k i n g fr o m H a mpto n
c ou
rt to Wi n dso r c a s t le , whi c h wa s c a p a ble o f so m e d e
fe n ce ; a n d h a d a r m ed so m e o f his o wn se r v a n ts ;
et
y
h
msel
f
n e a rl
a ll his fr ie nd s , a nd
a b a nd o n ed b
se ei n
i
y
g
y
.
.
.
.
-
.
’
.
.
-
44
Fo x
’
s B OOK o r M A R T Y R S
.
bj ect He ,ho we ver ,
ha d m a de him forget th a t he wa s a s u
ha d c a rried his g r e a t n ess with m uch i n n oce n ce , si n c e ,
died ch a r ges b r o ught a g a i n st him by his n u
i n a ll the st u
m or o n s e n emies , n o a cts o f cr uelty , r a pi n e , o r b r ibery ,
His fa ults we r e r a ther e r r o r s a nd
we r e obj ected to h im
”
H is e m b a si n g th e coi n was
we a k n esses , th a n c r i m es
d one u
p o n a co mm o n m ist a ke o f we a k gove r n m e n ts , who
fly to th a t a s thei r l a st r e fu
ge in the n e cessity o f the ir a f
In his i m p r iso n m e n t ,h e set hi m sel f to the st u
dy o f
fair s
mo r a l philoso p hy a n d divi n ity , a n d wr ote a p r e fa ce to a
.
.
.
.
b o ok o n p a tie n ce ,whi ch h a d m a de a g r e a t i m pressio n o n
‘
his mi n d H is fa ll wa s a g r e a t a filic t io n to a ll who love d
ch i n c r e a sed , by their
th e r e fo r m a tio n , a n d this wa s m u
th
fe a rs o f t wo o f his g r e a test e n e m ies ; o f who m So u
a m pto n wa s a k n o w n p a pist ,a n d W a r wick was looked o n
a s a m a n o f n o religio n
Bu
t thi s eve n t , while it dep r essed the r e for m ers , r a ised
the spi r its o f the p a p ists : t he d uke o f No r folk a n d G a r
d in e r hoped to b e disch ar ged B o n n e r e x pected to be t e
est ablished in his b ishop r i c ; a n d the n e w service wa s n e
t the e a r l o f W a r w ick , fi n di n g
gle c t e d in m a n y pl a ces : b u
the ki n g ze a lo usly a t t a ched to the re fo r m a tio n , a ffe cted
se A co ur t o f civili a n s
to be a g r e a t p r o m ote r o f th a t c a u
po n their
wa s a ppoi n ted to e x a m i n e B o n n e r s a ppe a l , a n d u
repo r t t he co un cil rej e c t ed it ,a n d co n fi r med his se n te n ce
In Nove m be r , the p a r li a m e n t m et in whi ch a ki n d o f
r iot a c t wa s p a ssed , de cl a r i n g i t t r e a so n in a ny pe r so n s to
m be r o f t welve , if, o n bei n g re q u
ested
a sse m ble to the n u
The b ishops m a de a he a v y c o m
th ey d id n o t dispe r se
pl a i n t o f the g r o wth o f vi ce a n d i m p ie ty , a nd th a t t heir
po we r wa s so m uch a b r idged th a t they co uld n ot repress
it A c cor di n gly ,a b ill wa s re a d ,e n l a r gi n g their a uthority ,
whi ch wa s p a ssed by the lords ; b u
t the co mm o n s rej e cted
it ,a n d i n ste a d o f it , se n t up a bill th a t e m po we r ed t hi rty
two perso n s wh o we r e to b e n a m ed by the ki n g , the o n e
h a l f o f the te m po r a lty , a n d t he othe r o f the s p irt ua lty ,to
compile a b ody o f e cclesi a sti c a l l a w s withi n th r ee ye a rs ;
te
a n d th a t these ,n o t bei n g co n tra ry to the co mm o n or st a t u
ld h a ve the force
la w , a n d a p p r oved o f by the ki n g , sho u
o f e cclesi a sti c a l l a ws
Six bishops a n d s ix other cle r gyme n were emp o we red
to pr e a re a n e w form o f ord ina tio n ; whi ch b e ing co n
p
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’
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.
r
o x s B O OK o r MA RT YRS
84 5
’
.
l d t a ke pl a ce a ft er Apri
n d e r th e gre a t se a l, sho u
hrme d u
A r ti cles were a lso prese n ted a g a i n st the d uke 01
ne x t
S ome r set , with a co n fessio n sig n ed by h im , in whi ch he
p r otested th a t h is e r rors h a d flo wed r a t her fr o m in d is cr e
tio n th a n m a li ce , a n d de n i ed a ll tre a so n a ble design s a g a i n st
the ki n g , or the r e a l m He wa s fi n ed in £ 2 000 a ye a r in
l a n d ,a n d wa s de pr i v ed o f a ll hi s goods a n d o ffi ces He
“
co m pl a i n ed o f t he he a vi n ess o f thi s s e n te n ce , a n d d e
’
r , tr u
sti ng
s i r ed e a r n es t l y to b e r esto r ed to the ki n g s fa v o u
”
ld m a ke a m e n ds fo r his p a st follie s
H e wa s
t h a t he sho u
d isch a r ged in the begi n n i n g o f Febr ua r y , soo n a fte r wh ich
he wa s p a r do n ed , a n d wa s a g a i n bro ught b o t h to t he co urt
a n d co u
n cil in Ap r il
The r e fo r m a tio n n ow,a ft er this co n fusio n ,re co m me n ced
r The co un cil se n t o r d ers th r o ugho ut
with fr esh vigo u
E n gl a nd , to r e q ui r e a ll to co n fo r m themselves to the n e w
se r vi ce , a n d to c a ll in a ll the books o f the old o ffi ces An
All the
a c t w a s p a ssed in p a r li a m e n t to the s a m e e ffect
old books a n d i m a ges we r e a ppoi n ted to b e de fa ce d , a n d
a ll p r a ye r s to s a i n ts were to b e st r u
ck o ut o f the books o f
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
devotio n p ublished by the l a te ki n g
The co m m ittee a ppoi n ted to p r ep a re the b ook o f ord i
They fo un d
n a tio n s , fi n ished t heir w o r k with u
n a n i m i ty
th a t , in t he a n cie n t ch ur ch ,the r e wa s n othi n g use d in ordi
n a tio n s , b u
t p r a ye r a n d i m posi t io n o f h a n ds ; the a n oi n ti n g
a n d givi n g co n se c r a ted ves t m e n ts bei n g a dd i t io n s o f l a ter
a ges
I n the co un cil o f Flore n ce it wa s decl a r ed , th a t
t he ri te o f ord a i n i n g a p r iest , wa s the d eliveri n g the
vessels fo r the e uch a r ist , wi th a po w er to o ffer s a c r i fices
to God for the de a d a n d livi n g ,whi ch was a n ovelty ia
ve n t ed to s upport the belie f o f t r a n s ubsta n ti a tio n All
these a dditio n s we r e n o w c u
t o ff , ordi n a tio n wa s restored
to a g r e a te r si m pli city ; a n d the fo r m wa s a l m ost the s a m e
a s th a t still in u
se in the ch u
r ch o f E n gl a n d ; o n ly the n i n
o r d a i n i n g a p r iest , th e b ishop wa s to la y o n e h a n d o n his
he a d ,a n d w i t h the o ther to gi v e him a B ible ,a n d a ch a l i ce ,
a n d bre a d in it
In the co n se c r a tio n o f a bishop , the
fo r m wa s the s a m e th a t we s t ill e m ploy ,o n ly the n t hey r e
ta in e d t he c u
sto m o f givi n g the bishop a st a ll,
s ayi ng the se
”
words , B e to the flock o f Christ a shephe r d
At this ti m e pope P a ul the Thi r d died In the c o n clave
th a t foll o wed , c a rdi na l F a r n ese pro m oted t he i n tere s t o f
.
.
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.
.
.
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.
846
’
B O OK
Fox s
or
M A R T YR S
.
rd inal Pole , whos e wis e beh a vio ur a t Tre n t h a d gre a tly
ra ised h im in the opi n i o n o f his co n tempor a r ies It a ls o
a ppe a red , th a t tho u
gh he w as o f the e m pe r or s fa cti o n ,y et
he did n o t serve him bli n dly
S o me lo a ded him with t he
imp u
t a ti o n s o f L uther a n is m ,a n d o f i n co n ti n e n ce ; the l as t
wo u
ld n o t h a ve hi n de r ed his a dv a n ce m e n t m uch ,t ho ugh
true ,yet he fully cle a red hi m sel f fr o m i t : b ut the fo r m er
lay he a vier ; for in his ret ire m e n t a t Viterb o , w he r e he
ch to the st udy o f c o n
wa s leg a te ,he ha d give n hi m sel f m u
specte d
t r o ve r s ie s
a n d T r a n e lliu
s ,F la m in io ,a n d o t he r s s u
ther a n ism ,h a d lived in his ho use ; a n d in the d isc us
of Lu
sio n s a t the co un cil o f Tre n t he see m ed fa vo ur a ble t o
so m e o f their opi n io n s But the gre a t s ufferi n gs bot h o f
hi m sel f a n d fa mily in E n gl a n d , see m ed to set hi m a b ove
a ll s u
spi cio n s
W he n h is fr ie n ds h a d a l m ost g a i n ed a s uffi cie n t numb e r
ffr a ges , he see m ed little c on cer n ed a t i t , a n d r a the r
o f su
decli n ed t h a n a spi r ed to the dign ity W he n a full n umbe r
o f the c a rdi n a ls h a d a greed , a n d c a m e to a do r e him , a c
cord i n g to the o r di n a r y ce r e m o n y , he re ceived i t with his
us ua l cold n ess ; a n d a s they c a m e in the n ight , he s a id ,
”
God loved light , a n d the r e fo r e a dvise d the m to del ay
the a dor a tio n till d a y The I t a li a n s , a m o n g who m a mb i
ti o n i s tho ught to be the ch ar a c t e r isti c o f a gre a t mi nd
looked o n this a s a n i n s uffer a ble p iece of d ul n ess ; so th at
t he c a r d i n a ls dese r ted h im be fore d a y ,a n d chose De Mo n t e
pope , wh o a ss um ed the p a p a l cro wn by the n a m e o f J uli u
s
the Third H is fi r st p r o m otio n wa s ve r y e x tr a ordi n a ry ,
fo r he g a ve his o wn c a r di n a l s h a t to a se r v a n t wh o ke pt
hi s m o n key ; a n d bei n g a sked t he re a so n o f i t ,he s a id
He s a w a s m uch in h is serva n t to recomm e n d him to be a
c a r di n a l , a s the co n cl a ve s a w in hi m to i n d uce them t o
”
choose h im pope
a ry ,Ridley wa s m a de bisho p o f L o n do n a n d
I n Feb r u
W est m i nster , with li ce n se to hold t wo p r e h e n ds ; a n d his
p a te n t wa s n o t d ur i n g ple a s ure , b ut d ur i ng li fe
Abo ut this ti m e there was a rum o ur o f a m a rri a ge b e
t wee n the ki ng , a n d a F r e n ch p r i n cess ,which grieved t he
re fo r me r s , who r a ther wished him to m a r ry t he d a ughter
o f the e m peror Ma x imili a n , wh o w a s b el i eved to fa vo u
r
t h e re form a t io n , a n d wa estee m ed o n e o f the be s t me n o f
s
Dr L a t imer pre a ched a t co urt ,a nd wa rn e d t he
the age
ca
.
’
.
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’
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3 48
Fox
’
s
B O OK o r ma rin a s
.
The C ommon P r a y er B o ok r evised
A desig n wa s n o w s e t
.
foot for a revisio n o f the
c ommo n p r a yer boo k : in o r der to which the opi n io n o f
th a t emi n e n t re fo r m e r Buce r wa s a sked
H e replie d
“
t ha t He a pp r oved t he m a i n p a r ts o f the form e r book ,
a n d wished t he r e might be n o t o n ly a de n u
n ci a tio n a g a i n st
sc a n d a lo us pe r so n s who c a m e to t h e s a cr a me n t, b ut a dis
on
.
to e x cl ude the m : th a t the h a b i ts m igh t be l a id
a side ;
n i o n o ffi ce m ight
t h a t n o p a rt o f the co mm u
be
used , e x cept whe n the r e wa s a s a cr a m e n t ; th a t co mm a
m ight b e more fr e q u
n io n s
e n t th a t the p r a ye r s might be
s a id in a pla in voi ce ; the s a cra m e n t p ut in the people s
”
h a n ds a n d th a t there m ight b e n o p r a ye r s fo r t he de a d
He a lso a dvised a ch a n ge o f seve r a l phr a ses in the o f
n io n th a t fa vo u
fi c e o f the co m m u
r ed t r a n s u
bst a n ti a tio n too
mu
ch ; a n d th a t b a ptis m m ight be pe r fo r m ed o n ly in
”
r ches
ght the h a llo wi n g the wa ter , the
ch u
; he tho u
n o r d id
ch r is m ,a n d the whi t e g a r m e n t ,we r e too sce n ic a l
he a pp r ove o f a bj u
r i n g the devil , n o r o f the
god fa ther s
ght co n fi r m a tio n
a n s we r i n g in the c h ild s n a m e : he tho u
ld be del ayed t ill the pe r so n wa s o f a ge ,a n d c a m e s in
s ho u
a n d c a te chisi n g
c e r e ly to re n e w the b a p tis m a l cove n a n t
sho uld t a ke pl a ce eve r y holyd a y ,b oth o f child r e n a nd
lts
He disliked p r iv a te m a r r i a ges , e x tre m e un ctio n ,
adu
r chi n g o f wo m e n : a n d
a n d m a ki n g o ffe r i n gs a t the ch u
tho ught the r e o ught to be g r e a t e r st r i ct n ess used in the
”
e x a m i n a t io n o f t h ose pe r so n s wh o c a me to r e ce i ve orders
At the s a m e t i m e he un de r stood t h a t the ki n g e x pected
a n e w e a r s gi ft fr o m h im , o f a book wri t te n p a r tic u
a r ly
l
y
fo r his o wn u
s e : he the r e fo r e ,p r ep a r ed a b ook co n ce r n i n g
the ki n gdom o f Ch r i st ; in whi ch he pressed m uch the
a st r i ct disci pli n e , the s a n c t ifi c a t io n o f the L o rd s
s ett i n g u
p
r a lities a n d
d a y , the a ppoi n ti n g d a ys o f fa sti n g ,a n d th a t pl u
n o n r eside n ce o f the cle r gy m ight b e co n de m n ed ; th a t
child r e n m igh t be c a techised ; th a t the r evere n ce d ue to
ch urches m i ght be p r ese r ved ; th a t the p a sto r a l fun ctio n
might be r esto r ed to wh a t it o ught to be th a t bisho p s
l a r a ffa i r s ,t a ke c a r e o f their d io ce s se s ,
m ight th r o w o ff se c u
a n d gover n the m by the a dvi ce o f the ir presbyte r s ; th a t
r a l b isho ps over twen ty or th irty p a ris he s
the re mi ght b e ru
c ip lin e
’
,
.
’
’
v
!
.
.
’
’
-
Fox 9
B O OK o r un a r x n s
3 49
.
th a t provi n c ia l co un cils m ight meet twice a ye a r ;
th a t ch urch l a n ds sho uld b e restored ,a n d th a t a fo urth p a rt
ld b e a ssig n ed to the poor ; th a t m a r r i a ge wi t ho ut co n
s ho u
se n t o f p a r e n t s , sho uld be a n n ulled ; th a t a seco n d ma r
l ,a fter a d ivorce fo r a d ulte r y
r ia ge m ight be dec la r ed l a wfu
th a t c a r e sho uld be t a ke n o f t he
a n d fo r so m e o t he r r e a so n s
ed uc a tio n o f yo ut h a n d fo r r epressi n g l ux ury ; th a t the la w
m ight be re form ed ; th a t n o o ffi ce m
ight b e sold ,b u
t give n
to t he most d ese r vi n g th a t n o n e sho uld b e p ut in pri so n
fo r slight o ffe n ces a n d th a t the se ve r i ty o f so m e l a ws , a s
th a t which m a de the ft ca pi ta l , m ight be mitig a ted
Ed wa rd wa s m uch ple a sed wi t h these co un sels ; a nd
upo n the m beg a n to fo r m a scheme fo r a m e n di n g m a n y
thi ngs th a t we r e a m iss in the gove r n m e n t This he wr ote
ou
t with his o wn h a n d , a n d in a s tyle a n d m a n n er whi ch
gh the tho ughts we r e m a n ly He
we r e r a ther childi sh ,tho u
r n a l o f eve r y t hi n g th a t p a ssed a t hom e ,
a lso wr ote a j o u
It ha s cle a r m a r ks o f
a n d o f the n e ws fr o m beyo n d se a
bei n g his o wn co m positio n H e a l so wrote a n othe r book
in Fre n ch , be i n g a colle cti o n o f a ll the pl a ces o f s cript u
re
a g a i n st idol a try ,with
a p r e fa ce ,a n d a ded i c a tio n to t he
prote ctor
At this t i me ,Ridley m a de hi s fi rst visit a tio n o f his d io
cess ; the a r ti cles upo n which he p r o ceeded were chie fly r e
l a ti n g to the se r vi ce a nd cere m o n ies th a t we r e a b olishe d
He a lso c a rried wi th him i nj un ctio n s a g a i n st some re m a i n
ders o f t he for m er s up ersti tio n ,a n d e x ho r t a ti o n s to the peo
pl e t o b e ch a r it a ble , a n d to co m e fr eq ue n tly to the s a cr a
a n d he e x p r essed a wi sh th a t a lt a r s in the ch u
men t
r che s
sho uld be re m oved ,a n d t a bles p ut in thei r r oo m ,in t he
most co n ve n ie n t pl a ce o f the ch a n cel
In the a n cie n t
ch ur ch thei r t a bles were o f w ood b ut the s a cr a m e n t b e
in g a fte r wa rd c a lled a s a c r i fice ,they c a m e to b e c a lled a l
This g a ve rise to the o pi n io n o f a n e x pi a tory s a c r i fi ce
tar s
ght fit to t a k e
in t he m a ss ,a n d there fore it wa s n o w tho u
Ridley o n ly a d vis
a wa y b oth the n a me a n d fo r m o f a lt a rs
ra tes to do this b ut upo n so m e co n tests a risi n g co n
e d the c u
cer n i ng it,the co un cil i n t e r p osed ,a nd o r de r ed it t o be do ne ;
sti fic a tio n o f it , in
s e n di n g wit h their orde r s ix r e a so n s in j u
wh ich they s h o wed th a t a t a ble wa s m o re prop e r th a n an
a lt a r ; espe ci a ll y s in c e t he op i n io n o f a n e x p ia to ry s a cr ifi ce
was s u
ppo r t ed By the l a tter
a nd
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
30
’
850
r ox s
no o x
urtnr r a s
or
.
rb a n c e : the
T he gove rn me n t was n ow free o f a ll d ist u
co in a ge wa s re for m ed , a n d t r a de wa s e n co ur a ged T he
.
se emed a lso to b e e x ti n g uished by a
m a rri a ge bet wee n the e a rl o f W a r wi ck s so n a n d the d uke
ghter
o f S o m e r set s d a u
The popi sh cle r gy n o w complied with every c h a nge th at
O glethorpe , a ft er wa r d b ishop o f C a r l isle , b e
wa s m a de
in g i n formed a g a i n st a s a fa vo u
rer o f the old s uperstitio n ,
m a de a de cl a r a t io n , th a t
he t ho ught the orde r o f religio n
the n settled , wa s n e a rer the us e o f the p r i m i t ive ch urch
t h a n th a t w hi ch wa s fo r m e r ly r e ce ived
and
th a t he
co n d e m n ed tr a n s ubst a n ti a tio n a s a l a te i n ve n tio n , a n d a p
proved the com mun io n in b oth ki nds ; a lso the people s
”
r e ce ivi n g i t a l wa ys with t h e p r iest
S m i t h , who ha d writte n a g a i n st t he m a rri a ge o f t he
cle r gy , a n d ha d bee n i m priso n e d ,b ut wa s disch a r ged by
C r a n m er s i n te r cessio n , wrote a s u
bmissio n to him , a c
k n o wle d gi n g the m ist a ke he ha d co m m itted in hi s book ,
a n d the a r chbisho p s
ki n d n ess to wa r d h im : co n cl udi n g
”
with a wish th a t
he m ig ht pe r ish ,if he were n o t si n cere ,
a n d c a lli n g o n
God , a s a wit n ess a g a i n st his so ul , if he
”
lied
Da y , the b ishop o f Chi chester ,p r e a ched a t co u
rt a g a i n st
tr a n s ubst a n ti a tio n , a nd a ll oppositio n to the re fo r m a tio n
see med to h a ve m elted a wa y b ut t he c a l m wa s de ce it ful ;
the p a p ists still a bho r r ed the ch a n ge s which h a d bee n m a de
gh they tho ught it p r ude n t a t p r ese n t to co m ply
a n d a l t ho u
wi th the m , they r esolved to s ei ze the e a rliest oppo r t u
n ity
of thro w i n g o ff the m a sk
Ma r ti n Buce r died in the b egi n n i ng o f thi s ye a r He
tio n
h a d e n te r t a i n ed g r e a t a p p rehe n sio n s o f a fa t a l re v ol u
n t o f t he b a d li ves o f the people ,the
in E n gl a n d , o n a cco u
wa n t o f e c clesi a sti c a l d iscipli n e , a n d the n egle ct o f t he
p a stor a l ch a r ge
O r ders were se n t fr o m t h e co u
rt to
C a m b r idge , t o b ur y h im with a ll the p ubli c ho n o ur to his
me m o ry th a t co uld be devised S peeches a n d ser m o n s
n i v ersity o r a tor , a n d by Pa r
we r e m a d e by H a ddo n , t he u
ker a nd Re d m a y n The l a st o f these was o n e o f t h e most
e x tr a ord i n a ry m e n b o t h fo r le a r n i n g a nd j udgm e n t i n h is
time : he ha d di ffe r ed in so m e poi n ts fr om B uc e r ,a nd yet
he a ck n o wledged , th a t t he r e we r e n o n e a live o f whom he
ch a s he h a d do n e by his co n versa tio n
hoped to l e a rn so m u
rt
fa ct io n s in the co u
’
’
.
’
.
’
’
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
3 52
r ox s
no on
M A R T Y RS
or
.
d isp u
tes , be fore a lte r a tio n s were m a de ,in order th a t e ve r)
mi ght b e a cq ua in te d ~wit h wh a t wa s In te n ded to b e
do n e A cco r d i n gly the bishops a n d cle r gy fr a m ed a bo d y
o f a r ticles , w hich c o n t a i n ed the doct r i n e o f the ch u
r ch o f
E n gl a n d they d i v ided the m i n to forty t wo ,a nd a fte r wa rd
so m e fe w a lte r a t io n s bei n g m a de in the begi nn i n g o f q u
ee
Eliz a be t h s r eig n , they were red uced to their prese n t n um
ber , thirty n i n e
o ne
.
-
’
-
.
The C ommon P r a y er B ook Revised
.
W he n this wa s settled , they com m e n ced t he rev ie w o f
the com m o n pr ayer b ook In the d a ily se r vice they a dded
the co n fessio n a n d a bsol uti o n , Th a t so the wo r ship o f
God m ight begi n wi t h a g r a ve a n d h um bl e co n fessio n a fter
whi ch a sole m n de cl a r a tio n o f the m e r cy o f God , a cco r d
”
in g to the te r m s o f the gospel , wa s to be p r o n o u
n ced by
Th is wa s tho ught m uch bette r th a n the givi n g
t h e priest
tio n in s uch fo r m a l wo r ds a s , I a bsolve thee ;
a bsol u
pe r fi ci a l wo r shi ppers , a n opi n io n th a t
which r a ised , in s u
the p r i est h a d a utho r ity to p a r do n s in ,a n d m a de the m thi n k
ch a s h ow to p ur ch a se it a t his h a n ds In
o f n othi n g so m u
the co mm un io n se r v i ce they o r d e r ed a r e ci ta l o f the com
m a n d m e n t s ,w ith a short devotio n b et we e n every o n e o f
the m The ch r is m , the use o f the c r oss in co n secr a ti n g
the e uch a r ist , p r a ye r s for the de a d , a n d so m e e x p r essio n s
th a t fa vo ur ed tr a n s ubst a n ti a ti o n , we r e rej e cted , a n d the
book wa s p ut in the s a m e o r der a n d m etho d a s th a t it
es to t h is d ay ,with the e x ceptio n o f so m e
whi ch i t co n ti n u
i n co n side r a ble v a r i a tio n s A r ubri c w a s a dded to the o ffi c e
n i o n , e x pl a i n i n g the re a so n o f k n eeli n g in i t,
o f the co mm u
th a t it wa s o n ly a s a n e x p r essio n o f r eve r e n ce a n d gr a t it ude ,
upo n the r e ceivi n g so p a r t i c ul a r a m a r k o f the fa vo ur o f
God : b ut th a t n o a do r a tio n wa s i n te n ded by it , a n d th a t
they d id n ot thi n k Ch r ist wa s co r po r e a lly p r ese n t in i t
ee n Eliz a beth s time this wa s o m itted , th a t s uch as
In q u
co nformed in other thi n gs ,b ut still r et a i n ed the belie f o f
the co r po r e a l prese n ce , m ight n o t b e o ffe n ded a t s uch a
decl a r a tio n : it wa s a g a i n i n se r ted o n the resto r a tio n o f
Ch a r les II ,for removi n g the scruples o f those wh o e x cepted
t o th a t post u
re
At t his t ime s ix o f t he mo s t e m in e n t preachers wer e
.
“
.
“
.
.
.
.
’
.
.
r ox
’
'
353
w
s s o o n o r ma n r vr
.
pp oin ted to reside a t co ur t by t ur n s ,t wo a t a time , a n d
r w ere se n t , a s i n ti n e r a n t p r e a chers , in to a ll
th e o ther fo u
th e co un t i es o f E n gl a n d ,fo r s upplyi n g the de fe cts o f t he
clergy , wh o were ge n e r a lly ve r y we a k a n d fa ul ty
a
.
ke of S omer s et
F a ll a n d d ea th of th e D u
.
Ab o ut this time the e arl o f Wa r wi ck , to st r e n gthe n hi
p a rty a g a i n st S o m e r set , prev a iled o n the ki n g to c o nfer
n e w t itles o n seve r a l n oble m e n ,a n d to r a ise so m e co mm o n
ers to the peer a ge
He wa s hi msel f cre a ted d uke o f
N orth umbe r l a n d ; t he m a r q uis o f Do r set wa s m a de d uk e
let , m a rq uis o f W i n chester Herbert ,e a sl
ffolk ; P a u
of S u
ssel , e a r l o f B ed fo r d a n d D a rcy , lord
o f P e m b r oke ; R u
An a pp a re n t re co n cili a ti o n h a d t a ke n pl a ce b e
D a r cy
t wee n S o m e r set a n d Nor t h um be r l a nd b ut e a ch dist r ust
ed the o t her ,a n d wa s p r ep a red to seize the fi r st o ppo rt u
shi n g h is r iv a l No r th umb e r la n d s s upe r ior s k ill
n ity o f c r u
g a ve him the a dv a n t a ge a n d upo n i n form a tio n o f a pre
te n ded plot to a ss a ssi n a te him a nd so m e o f hi s fr ie n ds , the
d uke a n d d utchess o f S o m erset ,wi t h severa l othe r pe r so n s ,
O n the first o f D e c e m b e r ,
were co m m itted to t he To wer
ke wa s b r o ught to his t r i a l : the m a rq uis o f
1 5 5 1 , t he d u
W i n cheste r p r esided ,a n d t we n ty seve n p ee r s s a t a s j udges ,
d ukes o f S uffolk a n d No r t h um
a m o n g w ho m were the
be r l a n d , a n d the e a r l o f P e m b r oke He wa s ch a r ged with
a desig n to seize o n the ki n g s pe r so n ,to a ss a ssi na te No r th
um b e r la n d , to t a ke possessio n o f t he to wer a nd city o f
Lo n do n , a n d to d estroy the ki n g s gua r ds
It see m ed a
gross de r el icti o n o f j ustice fo r No r th um b erl a n d to sit a s a
j ud ge , whe n the c r i m e obj e cted wa s a desig n a g a i n st his
li fe b ut h a t r ed o f hi s riv a l c a r r ied him beyo nd t h e bo un ds
S o m e r set , in his de fe n ce , de n ied a ll desig n s
o f de ce n cy
to r a ise the people , or to kill No r t h um berl a n d ; or if he
t a n y i n te n t io n
ha d t a lked o f it , it wa s in a p a ssi o n , wi ho u
lo us to thi n k ,th a t b e with a
o f d oi n g so : a n d it wa s ridi c u
s m a ll t r oop co uld dest r oy the g ua r ds , wh o were 9 00 st r o ng
The few a r med me n he ha d a bo ut h im , were o n ly for h is
o wn de fe n ce ; he ha d do n e n o m ischi e f to his e n emies ,
tho ugh it wa s o n ce in his p o wer to h a ve d o n e it ; a n d h a d
rre n dered hi m sel f witho ut a ny resist a n ce He desire d
su
ght fa ce t o fa c e with him b u
t
the wit n esse s might be bro u
e
.
.
’
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-
.
’
’
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t
-
.
.
’
80
854
r ox
’
B O OK o r nurt r r na
'
s
.
c o m mo n a ct o f j usti ce wa s de n ied ,a n d the ir d eposit io ns
were o n ly re a d
D ur i n g the t r i a l , he b eh a ved wi th gre at
tempe r , a n d a ll the a b use w hi ch the ki n g s co un sel m a d e
se o f in ple a di n g a g a i n st him , d id n o t provoke him to a n
u
y
i n de ce n t p a ssio n
\Vhe n se n t e n ce wa s give n , hi s co u
ra ge sun k a little ,a nd
he begged p a r do n o f the three lords , who we r e his e n emies ,
a n d e n t r e a te d the m to solicit t he ki n g in h is fa v o u
r , or a t
le a st to p r o t ect his wi fe a n d chi ld r e n But i n ste a d o f ih
m be r l a n d dete r m i n ed to fr ee him
t e r ce d in g fo r h im , No r t h u
r t he r fe a r , by t h e s a c r i fi ce o f his a n cie n t
s el f fr o m a ll fu
riv a l , a nd a ccordi n gly e m ployed his e m iss a ries to prej udic e
the ki n g a g a i n st his un cle , by pre t e n di n g th a t , while in the
to wer , he h a d co n fessed a d esig n to e m ploy so m e perso n s
to a ss a ssi n a te North um be r l a n d , No r th a m p t o n , a n d Pe m
broke This bei n g believed by the ki n g , he g a ve h im up
to his e n em i es
St a n hope , P a r tridge , Ar un de l, a n d V a n e , the d uke s
frie n ds a n d p r e t e n ded a cco m pli ces , were n e x t t r ied : t he
ch pi t ied , fo r t hey ha d m a de a n ill
t wo fi r s t we r e n o t m u
use o f thei r i n terest with the d uke while in po wer : the
ch l a me n ted They we r e a ll co nde m n ed ;
a s t t w o we r e m u
P a r tr idge a n d V a n e we re h a n ge d , the other t wo were
behe a d e d
n fort u
n a te d u
ke was
S ix weeks a fte r his tri a l , t he u
bro ught t o the s c a ffold , a n d a s Mr F o x , the a uthor o f t hi s
tio n , we sha ll give his
wo r k , wa s prese n t a t his e x ec u
n t o f i t in hi s o wn words
a cco u
In t he ye a r o f o u
r Lo r d 1 5 5 2 , the two a n d t we n tieth
ke o f S o m e r set , un cle to ki ng E d wa rd ,
a r y , t he d u
of J a n u
ght o ut o f t he to we r o f Lo n do n , a n d a cco r di n g to
wa s b r o u
the m a n n er de li v ered to the she r i ffs o f t he city , a n d com
p a ssed a bo ut wi t h a gre a t n um ber o f a r m ed m e n , bo t h o f
the g ua rd a n d othe r s He wa s b r o ught un to the sc a ffol d
o n To w e r hill , whe r e b e , n o t hi n g ch a n gi ng ei t her voi ce or
co un te n a n ce , b ut in a m a n n er with the s a m e gesture
sed a t ho m e , k n eeli ng upo n both
which he co mm o n ly u
a n ds , co m m e n ded hi m sel f
his
h
h is k n ees , a n d li ft i n g u
p
un to G o d
A ft er he h a d e n ded a fe w short pr a yers , st a ndi n g u;
r n i n g hi m sel f to wa rd the e a st side o f the sc e f
a g a i n ,a n d t u
fold , n othi n g a t a ll a b a s hed ( a s it seemed to m e , st a n di n g
thi s
.
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-
.
35 6
Fo x
’
s
B O OK o r ma n r x a s
.
c o m in g upo n them S uch a n oi se the n wa s in the e a rs r f
all, a l t ho u
gh they s a w n othi n g W he r eby it h a ppe n ed t ha
t a n y evide n t c a use
all t he people bei n g a m a zed wi t ho u
th ey r a n a wa y , so m e i n to the d itches a n d p uddles , a n d
ses the r e a b o ut ; othe r s fell do wn g r ovel
s ome i n to the ho u
n d ,w i t h thei r
n to t h e g r o u
o lla x e s a n d h a lberds ; a n d
in g u
p
most o f the m c r ied o ut , Jes us s a ve us
Jes us s a ve us
Those wh o r e m a i n ed in their pl a ces , fo r fe ar k n e w n o
a n d I m ysel f,wh o wa s the r e a m o n g the
where they we r e
rest , be i n g a lso a fr a id in this h ur ly b ur ly , stoo d still
It h a ppe n ed here , a s the ev a n gelist wr ote o f
a m a zed
Ch r ist , whe n a s the o ffi ce r s o f t he high p r iests a n d ph a r i
sees , co m i n g wi th we a po n s to t a ke h im , bei n g a sto n ished ,
nd
r a n b a ck wa r ds a n d fell to the g r o u
In t he m e a n t i m e , while t hese thi n gs were th u
s in
doi n g , the p eople by ch a n ce espied o n e s ir A ntho n y Bro wn
ridi n g un de r t he s c a ffold ; whi ch wa s the occ a sio n o f a
F or whe n they s a w h im co m i n g , they co n
ne w n oise
a ll s in
e
hi
ch
they
r e d th a t w h ich wa s n o t t r u
b
u
w
e ct u
t
,
j
ce r e ly w ished fo r , th a t t h e ki n g by th a t m esse nge r h a d se n t
his un cle p a r do n : a n d the r e fo r e with g r e a t r ej oici n g a n d
c a sti n g up thei r c a ps , t hey c r i ed o ut , P a r do n , p a r do n is
co m e God s a ve the ki n g
Th us t his good d uke , a l t ho ugh
he wa s d estit ut e o f a ll m e n s hel p , yet he s a w, b e fo r e his
dep artur e , in ho w g r e a t love a n d fa vo ur he wa s wit h a ll
An d t r uly I do n o t thi n k th a t in so g r e a t a sl a ughter
me n
kes a s h a t h bee n in E n gl a n d w i t hi n t hese fe w ye a r s ,
of du
the r e were so m a n y weepi n g eyes a t o ne ti m e ; a n d n ot
t c a use F o r a ll m e n s a w in his fa ll the p ubli c
wi tho u
rui n o f E n gl a n d , e x cept s uch a s i n deed did perce ive
n othi n g
Bu
r n fr om whe n ce we h a ve str ayed the d uke
t to retu
in the m e a n ti m e st a n di n g still in the s a m e pl a ce ,m odestly
n te n a n ce m a de a sig n to th e people
a n d w i t h a g r a ve co u
ld keep themselves q ui et
with his h a n d , th a t they wo u
W hi ch do n e a n d sile n ce obt a i n ed ,he sp a ke un to them in
this m a n n e r
‘
De a r ly beloved frie n ds , there is n o s uch m a tter her e
It seemeth thus
in h a n d a s y o u v a i n ly hope or b elieve
good un to Al m ighty God , whose o r di n a n ce it is meet a n d
n to
n e cess a r y th a t we a ll b e obedie n t u
W here fore I pr a y
iet
a n d t o b e co n te n t e d W it h my d e a t h,
o ua ll to be q u
,
y
.
.
t
.
.
“
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’
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’
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.
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’
Fo x s
8 00 K
or
MAR I YRS
3 54
p
'‘
.
ffer ; a n d let u
n in
s n ow
oi
whi ch I a m m ost w illi n g to s u
j
’
r ese r v a tio n o f th e k i n g s
r
a
r
yer
to
the
L
o
the
p
u
n
r
d
f
o
p
m aj esty ,un t o whom , hi the r to , I h a ve a l wa ys sho wed my
l a n d t r ue s ubj ect I h a ve a l wa ys bee n
s el f a m os t fa i t h fu
mos t dilige n t a bo ut hi s m aj es ty in his a ffa i r s b o t h a t home
a n d a b r o a d , a n d n o less dilige n t in seek i n g t he co m m o n
’
At whi ch words a ll the pe ople
g ood o f t he w hole r e a l m
’
cried o ut , It is m ost tr ue
The n the d uke pr o ceedi n g , s a id , U n to whose m aj esty
s
I wish co n ti n u
a l he a l t h , with a ll feli ci t y ,a n d a ll p r ospero u
’
’
‘
su
ccess
V
Vh o r e un t o the people a g a i n c r ied o ut Ame n
‘
Moreove r , I d o wi sh un to a ll his co un sello r s the gr a ce
a n d fa vo u
r o f God , whe r eby they m a y rule in a ll thi n gs
up r igh t ly wi t h j usti ce
U n t o whom I e x hort y o ua ll in t he
Lo r d to sho w yo ursel ves ob edie n t , a s it is yo ur bo unde n
ty , u
n de r the p a i n o f co n dem n a tio n , a n d a lso mos t pro
du
’
a rd o f t h e ki n g s
fi t a b le fo r the prese r v a tio n a n d s a feg u
.
.
.
.
.
.
m aj esty
‘
Mo r eover , a s hereto fo r e I h a ve h a d o fte n ti m es a f
fa i r s wi th divers m e n , a n d La rd it is to ple a se every m a n ,
the r e fo r e if there b e a ny wh o h a th b ee n o ffe n ded a n d ia
r ed by m e , I m ost h u
m
u
bly req ui r e a n d a s k him fo r give
j
n ess ; b u
t es p eci a lly Al m igh t y G o d , w hom t h r o u
gho ut a ll
m y li fe I h a ve m ost g r ie v o u
sly o ffe n ded : a n d a ll other
wha t soever t hey b e th a t h a ve o ffe n ded me , I d o wi t h my
No w I o n ce a g a i n req uire y o u
whole he a r t fo r give t he m
,
de a r ly belo v ed in the Lo r d , th a t y o uw ill keep yo urselves
q uie t a n d still , lest th r o ugh yo ur t um ult y o u m ight tr o uble
me For a lbe it the spi r it be willi n g a n d r e a d y , the flesh
gh yo ur q uiet n ess I sh a ll
is fr a il a n d wa ve r i n g , a n d t hro u
b e m uch m o r e co m po sed Mo r eove r , I d esi r e y o u a ll to
h e a r m e wi t n ess th a t I die he r e in the fa i t h o f Jes u
s Ch r ist ;
d esi r i n g y o uto help m e wi t h you
r p r a yers , th a t I m a
per
y
n t o my e n d
s eve r e co n s t a n t ly in t he s a m e u
A ft er this , t urn i n g hi m sel f a g a i n , he k n eeled do wn
The n D r C o x ,wh o wa s prese n t to co un sel a n d a dvise him ,
d elive r ed a ce r ta i n sc r oll i n t o his h a n d , whe r ei n wa s c o n
n to God
W hich be i n g re ad ,
ta in e d a brie f co n fessio n u
he s t ood up a g a i n upo n hi s feet , wi tho ut a ny t r o uble o f
mi n d , a s it a ppe a r ed , a n d fir st b a de t h e sheri ffs fa r e well ,
the n the lie ut e n a n t o f t he t o we r , a n d o the r s , t a ki n g t hem
po n the sc a ffold with him
all by the h a n d s which we r e u
.
.
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’
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“
.
.
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.
35 8
Fo x
’
m
on
no o n
s
a n r r ns .
'
mo n ey to the e x ec utio n er ; wh ich do ne
go wn , a n d k n eeli n g do wn a g a i n 1 11 t he
his shi r t s t ri ngs A ft er th a t , t he e x e cu
s tra w, u
n t ied
r n ed do wn h is coll a r a bo u
t his
t io n e r co m i n g to h im t u
The n
n eck , a n d a ll o t he r thi n gs whi c h hi n de r ed him
li fti n g up his eyes t o hc a ve n , a n d cove r i n g his fa c e
with his o wn h a n dkerchie f, he l a id hi m sel f d o wn a lo n g ,
sho wi n g n o tro ubl e or fe a r , n either did his co un te n a n ce
chang e
Th us this m eek a nd ge n tle d uke lyi n g a lo n g ,a n d look
in g fo r the st r oke , b e c a u
se his do ublet cove r ed his n eck ,
he wa s co mm a n ded to rise u
t it o ff ; a n d the n
p an d p u
l a yi n g hi m sel f do wn a g a i n upo n the block , a n d c a lli n g
th r i ce upo n t he n a m e o f Jes us , s ayi n g , Lo r d Jes us , sa v e
me , a s he wa s the t h i r d t i m e r e pe a ti n g the s a m e , eve n a s
the n a m e o f Jes us wa s in ut t e r i n g , in a m o m e n t b e ua s
be r e ft bo t h o f he a d a n d li fe , a n d slept in the Lo r d ; bei n g
t a ke n a wa y fr o m a ll d a n ge r s a n d evils o f this li fe ,a n d rest
in g n e w in the p e a ce o f God ; i n the p r e fe r m e n t o f whose
tr ut h a n d gos p el he a l wa ys sho wed hi m sel f a n e x celle n t
i n s t r ume n t a n d me m be r a n d t he r e fore ha th r e ce ived the
”
re wa r d o f his l a bo ur s
S o m e r set wa s a m a n o f e x t ra o r d i n a r y vi rt ues ,g r e a t ca n
r , a n d e m i n e n t piety : he wa s a l wa ys a pro m o t e r o f j u
s
d ou
ti ce , a n d a p a t r o n o f the opp r essed H e wa s a better
sold ie r t ha n a st a tes m a n , be i n g too e a sy a n d ope n he a rte d
T he p eople s a w th a t t he co n spir a cy , for
a tio n
fo r his si tu
ffe r ed ,wa s m e r ely a p r e t e n c e
r su
which he a n d t he other fo u
rde r : the o the r a cco m pli ces we r e soo n d is
fo r t heir m u
ch a rge d , a n d P a l m er , the chie f wi t n ess ,bec a m e No r th um
l a r co n fid a n t The whole a ffa i r wa s looked
b e r la n d s p a r t i c u
o n a s a co n t r iv a n ce o f the l a t t e r , by whi ch he e n ti r ely lost
the a ffectio n s o f t he peopl e The chie f obj e c t io n to S o
me t set wa s ,his h a vi n g r a is e d m uch o f his es t a t e o ut o f t he
se
r ch l a n ds , a n d his p a l a ce o f S o m e r set ho u
s poils o f ch u
i n s o f so m e ch ur ches a n d
t o f the r u
in the Str a n d , o u
bishop s p a l a ces
The d ay a fter the d uke o f S o merset s e x e c utio n , pa r
The fi r st a ct they p a ssed wa s t he
lia m e n t a ssembled
es t a blished co m m o n pr a ye r book ,a s i t w a s the n a m e nded
A n other la w wa s p a ssed , by whi ch it wa s e na c ted t h a t
N o d ay s were to be esteemed holy in their o wn n a ture
T he n he g a ve
he p u
t o ff his
-
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’
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’
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’
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.
36 0
Fo x
’
s
BO
O K o F MA RT Y RS
.
very s e e as it b e c a me v a c a n t , th e b est m a n ors wer e l a id
h old o f by s u
ch h un g r y co ur tiers a s co uld pro c ur e the
i
n
a
o
f
m
the
They see m ed to thi n k , th a t the b shop s
gr t
s e es were so ri ch th a t they co u
ld n e ver b e m a de poor
e n ou
gh b ut they we r e soo n red uced to so lo w a co n di t io n
th a t it wa s h a r dly possible fo r a b ishop to s ubsist in the m
If wh a t h a d b ee n th u
s t a ke n fro m the m ha d bee n co n ve rted
to good uses , s uch a s the m a i n te n a n ce o f the p oor a n d in
fe r i e r cle r gy , i t wo u
ld h a ve bee n some e x c use fo r the vi o
le n ce ; b u
t t h e l a n ds were l a id hold o f by l a y m e n , who
ma d e n o com p e n s a tio n fo r the spo ils th u
s g a i n ed by t hem
e
’
.
.
.
Th e K ing s S ickn ess
’
.
We n ow d raw to the co n cl usio n o f th e re ign of th is
yo uth ful kin g ; wh o ,while he wa s a child in age ,wa s a m a n
in wisdo m
He h a d co n t r a cted gre a t colds by viole n t e x ercises ,
whi ch in J a n u
a ry set t led i n to so obsti n a te a co u
gh , th a t a ll
t h e skill o f phys ici a n s a n d the a id o f m edi ci n e proved
i n e ffectual There wa s a s uspi ci o n over a ll E urope th a t
he wa s p ois on ed : b ut n o cert a i n g r o un ds a ppe a r fo r j usti
fy in g it
D ur i n g his si ck n ess , Ri d ley p r e a ched be fo r e him , a n d
ch o n works o f ch a r i ty , a n d
a m o n g o t he r thi n gs s p o ke m u
t he d u
ty o f m e n o f high co n ditio n , to b e e m i n e n t in goo d
works
The ki n g wa s m uch to uched with this : a n d a fte r
the se r m o n , he se n t for the bisho p , a n d t r e a t ed h im wit h
ch respe ct ,th a t he m a de h im sit do wn a n d b e cove r ed
su
he the n told him wh a t i m p essi o n his e x ho r ta t io n h ad
m a d e o n h im , a n d the r e fore he des ired to b e dire cted by
him ho w to do his d u
ty in t ha t m a t te r
Ri dley took a little t i m e to co n sider o f it , a n d a fter
l t a t io n wi t h t he lo r d m a yo r a n d a lder m e n o f
s o m e co n s u
L o n do n ,he br ought the ki n g a sche m e o f seve r a l fo und a
n ded , a n o t he r fo r s u
ch a s
t i o n s ; o n e fo r the si ck a n d wo u
lly idle o r we r e m a d , a nd a t hi r d fo r o r ph a n s
we r e w il fu
gges t i o n , e n do wed S t B a rtholo
Ed wa r d , a c t i n g o n this s u
m e w s hospi t a l fo r t he fi r st , B r ide well fo r t he seco n d , a n d
Chris t s hos p i ta l , n e a r Ne wg a t e , fo r t he t h i r d ; a nd he e u
la r ge d the g r a n t whi ch he h a d m a de the ye a r be fore , fo r
S t Th o m as hos p i t a l , in S o u
tes and
t h wa rk
T he s t a tu
.
.
.
.
r
.
.
.
’
’
’
.
.
Fo x
’
s
Bo
ok
or
Ma t t r x tt s
36 1
.
re a tin g to thes e were n o t fi ni shed till the 2 6 t h
gh he g a ve orders to m a ke a ll the h a ste th a t
of J u
n e , tho u
was poss i b le a n d whe n he s e t his h a n d to them he blessed
God for h a ving prolo n ged his l i fe ti ll he h a d fi n ished h is
desig n s co n cern i n g them These ho uses h a ve , by t he
good gove r n m e n t a n d the gre a t ch ar i t ies o f the city o r
Lo n do n , co n ti n ue d to be so use fu
l , a n d gr o wn to b e so
well e n do wed , th a t n ow they m ay be re cko n ed a mong the
n oblest in E u
r ope
The ki n g b o r e his si ck n es s with gre a t s ub m issi o n to the
ch
will o f God ; a n d s eemed co n cer n ed in n othi n g s o m u
rch wo uld b e in a fter
as t h e s t a te th a t religio n a n d the ch u
his de a th The d uke o f North umberl a n d , who wa s a t the
he a d o f a ffa irs , resolved to improve t he fe a rs the ki n g wa s
in co n cern i n g religio n , to the a dv a n t a ge o f l a dy J a n e
G r ey , wh o wa s m a rr ied to his s o n , lo r d G uil ford D udley
Ed wa r d wa s e a sily pers ua ded by h im to o r der the j udges
cces
to p u
t some a r ti cles , whi ch he h a d sig n ed , fo r the s u
sio n o f the c r o wn ,in the co mm o n for m o f la w They a n
s we r e d , th a t the s u
ccessio n bei n g set t led by a c t o f p a rli a
m e n t , co u
ld n ot be t a ke n a way , e x cep t by p a rli a me n t
yet the kin g pe r sisted in his o r ders
The j udges the n de cl ared b e fo r e t h e co un cil ,th a t i t h a d
bee n m a de tr e a so n by a n a ct p a ssed in this reig n , t o
ch a n ge the s uccessio n so th a t they co uld n ot m eddle wi t h
it Mo n ta gue wa s chie f j ustice , a n d sp a ke in the n a m e
o f t h e rest
m berl a n d fell i n to a vi ole n t p a ssio n ,
O n this , No r th u
c a lli n g him tr a it or , for r e fusi n g to ob ey the kin g s co rn
m a n ds
Bu
dges were n o t m oved by his th r e a t s ;
t t he j u
a n d they we r e a g a i n b r o u ht be fo r e t h e ki n g , who sh a r ply
g
k e d them for the ir del ays
eb u
They r eplied th a t a ll they
ld do wo uld b e o f n o fo r ce witho ut a p a rli a m e n t : yet
co u
hey we r e required to per form it in the b est m an n er they
ld
co u
At l a st Mo n t a gue desired they might fi r st h a ve a p a rdo
or wh a t t hey were to do , whi ch be i n g gra n ted , a ll the
j udges , e x cept C o s n ald a n d H a les , a g r eed t o the p a te nt ,
an d d elive r ed t hei r opi n io n s ,th a t t h e lord ch a n cello r m ight
u
t
the
se
a l to the a rt i cle s ,d r a wn u by the ki n g , a n d t h a t
p
p
the n they wo uld b e good in la w C o s n a ld wa s a t l a st p r e~
va iled o n t o jo i n in the sa m e opi n io n , so th a t H ale s , who
wa rr an ts
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
.
.
.
31
36 2
Fo x
’
s
B OO K
or
MA R T Y RS
.
was a z e a lo u
s protest a n t , was the o n ly ma n who s tood o ut
the l a st
The p r ivy co un cillors were n e x t re quired to s ign t he
p a per Ce cil , in a r el a t i o n he wr ote o f this tr a n s a ctio n ,
He a r i n g so m e o f the j udges de cl a re so positively
sa ys ,th a t
th a t it wa s a g a i n st la w, he re fused to set his h a n d to it
a s a privy co u
n cillor ,b u
t sig n ed it o n ly a s a wit n ess to t he
”
ki n g s s ubscri ptio n
Cra n mer c a me n ot to the co un cil whe n it wa s p a ssed
the r e , a n d re fused to co n se n t to it , whe n he wa s presse d
t o it
s ayi n g , He wo uld n ever h a ve a h a n d in disi n he r iti ng
”
his l a te m a ster s d a ughters
The dyi n g ki n g a t l a st by
his 1 mp o r tun ity prev a iled with him to do it ; upo n which
t he g r e a t se a l wa s
t to the p a te n ts
pu
The ki ng s diste m pe r co n ti nued to in c r e a se , so th a t the
physi ci a n s desp a i r ed o f his re covery A c o n fide n t wo m a n
un dertook h is c ure , a nd he wa s p ut i nto he r h a n ds ,b ut she
le ft him wo r se th a n she fo un d him ; a n d this heighte n e d
the j e a lo usy a g a i n st the d uke o f No r th um be r l a n d ,wh o ha d
i n tr od uced he r , a n d d is m issed the physi ci a n s At l a s t , to
cro wn his desig n s , he got the ki n g to wr ite to his sisters to
co m e a n d divert h im in hi s sick n ess : a n d the e x cl usio n
cted so sec r etly , th a t t hey , a ppr e he n d mg
ha d bee n co n d u
r n ey
n o d a n ge r , be a n their j o u
g
ly the k i n g felt the a ppro a ch o f de a th ,
O n t h e 6 th o f J u
t m a n n er He
a n d p r ep a r ed hi m sel f for it in a m ost d e v o u
r ay e rs a nd e a c u
a tio n s to
p
l
wa s o ft e n he a r d o fi e r in g u
p
j
God : p a rti c ul a r ly ,a fe w m o m e n ts be fo r e he died ,he p r a yed
e a r n estly t h a t t he Lord wo uld t a ke him o ut o f this wr etche d
life , a n d co m m it t ed hi s spi r it to h im ; he i n terce d e d v ery
bje cts th a t God wo uld preserve E n gl a n d
fe r ve n tly fo r his s u
e religio n a m o n g t hem
from pope r y , a n d m a i n t a i n his t r u
The l a st wo r ds he utte r ed we r e these , I a m fa i n t Lord
”
h a ve me r cy uno n m e , a n d t a ke my sp i r it
S oo n a fte r
th a t he bre a t h e d o ut his in n o ce n t s o ul in sir He nry S51
ne v s a rms
to
.
.
“
.
’
.
’
.
.
’
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
4
’
.
364
’
r ox
s
s oon
or
mx nr m s
.
blessi n gs whi ch , by the co n ti n ued provide n ce o f Go d , we
h a ve so lo n g e nj oyed ; a n d let us be co n fi r med more a nd
more in o ur deter m i n a tio n to r esist eve r y a ttempt ,whether
by ope n force or s e cr e t fr a u
d ,to deprive us a n d o ur d e
s cen d a n t s o f the p r ivileges so de a r ly p u
r ch a sed
It h a s bee n a sse r ted by the Ro m a n c a tholi cs , Th a t all
ffe r ed d e a t h , d u
r i n g the reig n o f q u
ee n Ma r y ,
those wh o s u
ha d bee n a dj u
dged guil ty o f high tr e a so n , in co n seq ue n ce
o f thei r risi n g in d e fe n ce o f l a d y J a n e Grey s ti t le to the
”
c ro wn
To disp r ove this ,ho weve r , is n o di ffi c ult m a tter ,
s i n ce every o n e co n vers a n t in E n glish histo r y ,m ust k n o w
t h a t those wh o a r e fo u
n d gu
ilty o f high tre a so n a r e to b e
h a n ged a n d q ua r tere d B ut ho w c a n eve n a p a pist a ffi rm ,th a t
e ver a m a n in E n gl a n d wa s b u
r n ed for high t r e a so n ? We
a d m it , th a t s om e fe w s u
ffe r ed de a t h in the o r di n a ry way
o f p r o cess a t co m mo n la w , fo r t he i r a dhe r e n ce to
l a dy
J ane ; bu
r n ed
t n o n e o f those were b u
W hy , if tra ito r s ,
were they t a ke n be fo r e b ishops , wh o h a ve n o po wer to
n a llo w i n g the bishops t o
u
dge
i
n
cri
m
i
n a l c a ses ?
Eve
j
h a ve h a d po wer to j ud ge , yet t hei r o wn bloody s t a tute did
n o t e m po we r the m to e x e c u
te The p r oceedi n gs a g a i n st
the m a r tyrs a r e still e x t a n t ,a n d t hey a r e c a rr ied o n d i r ectly
a ccordi n g to the fo r m s p r esc r ibed by thei r o wn st a t u
te
Not o n e o f those wh o we r e b ur n ed in E n gl a n d ,wa s ever
a cc u
sed o f h igh t r e a so n ,m uch less we r e they tr ied a t co m
m o n la w
An d this sho uld te a c h the r e a der to v a l ue a
n t r y , p ar tic u
l a r ly a s
h isto r y o f t r a n s a ctio n s in his o wn co u
it rel a tes to the s u
ffe r i n gs o f the blessed m a r tyrs in de fe n ce
o f t h e religio n he p r o fesses , in o r der th a t he m a y be a ble
t o re m ove the veil whi ch fa lsehood h a s c a st over the fa ce
th H a vi n g s a id th us much , by wa y o f i n trod uctio n ,
o f tr u
m e n ts o f t he
we s h a ll p r oceed with the A cts a n d Mo n u
British Ma r ty r s
By the de a th o f ki n g Ed wa r d ,the c r o wn devolved ,a o
c ordi n g to la w , o n his eldest siste r Ma r y ,who wa s withi n
r n ey to the co u
r t , whe n she h a d n o t ic e
o
u
a h a l f a d a ys
j
give n he r by the e a r l o f A r un del ,o f h e r b r othe r s de a th ,a n d
ccessio n Upo n thi s s he
o f the p a te n t fo r l a dy J a n e s s u
re t i r ed to Fr a m li n gh a m , in S uffolk ,to b e n e a r the se a ,th a t
Be
sh e m ight esc a pe t a Fl a n de r s , in c a se o f n e cessity
fore s h e a r r i ved th e e , she w ote , o n the 9 t h o f J u
ly ,to t he
h e m th a t
n de r stood , t h a t
n
u
t
ll
g
t
She
he!
n cu
i
e
cou
,
,
.
“
’
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
’
.
r
.
r
o x s s o o n o r mum
’
3 65
s.
b rother wa s de a d , by which she s u
cceeded to the cro wn ,
bu
t wo n dered th a t s h h e a rd n o t fr o m them ; she well u
n
d e r s t o o d w h a t co n s u
lt a tio n s they h a d e n g a ged in , b ut she
wo u
ld p a r do n a ll s uch a s wo uld r et ur n to their d uty , and
e
pro cl a i m h e r ti t le to the c r o wn
.
La d y J a n e
G
r ey .
It was n o w fo un d , t h a t th e ki n g s de a th co uld b e n o
lo n ge r kept a sec r et ; a cco r di n gly so m e o f the privy co un
cil we n t to l a dy J a n e , a n d a ck n o wledged her a s the i r
q uee n ‘ The n e ws o f the ki n g s de ath a flli ct ed her m uch ,
a n d her b e i n g r a ised to the thro n e , r a ther i n cre a sed th a n
lesse n ed her t r o uble She wa s a perso n o f e x tra ordi n a ry
i r e m e n ts , a n d virt ues S he wa s mistress
a b ilities , a cq u
both o f the Greek a n d L a ti n to ng ues ,a n d d elighted m uch
dy As she wa s n o t t a i n ted with the levities whi ch
in st u
us ua lly a ccomp a ny her a ge a n d st a tio n , so she seemed to
h a ve a tt a i n ed to the p r a ctice o f the hig hest fo r titude ; for
dde n t urns o f her co n ditio n ,a s she wa s n ot e x
in those s u
wi th the p r ospe ct o f a cr o wn , so she wa s little
a lted
c a st do wn whe n her p a l a ce wa s m a de her priso n The
o n ly p as sio n she sho wed ,wa s th a t o f the n ob le s t kin d , in
’
’
.
.
.
.
.
.
gh t e t o th duk e of S uflolk,an d g r an d d n gh ter
Th e l dy J an e w as d u
th
d at h of h r fi s t husb an d,th e
r y VIII , w h ,
to Ma r y , s i s t r t o H
kin g
c e, m ar r d C h ar l B d on, aft rw ar d creat d duk e of
f Fr
Su
ffo l k
a
a
e
o
an
.
en
r
.
ie
'
e
o
es
on
r an
e
e
-
e
e
r
e
e
3 66
r ox
’
s
n
o o n or
sra nr v a s
.
co n c e r n she e x pressed fo r he r fa ther a n d h usb a n d ,who
n t ; tho u
gh , in
fell w ith he r , a n d see m i n gly o n h e r a cco u
re a lity , No r t hum b e rlan d s a m bitio n a n d he r fa ther s we a k
n ess r u
i n ed he r
S he r ej e cted the c r o w n whe n it wa s first o fler ed her ;
s h e s a id she k n e w o f r ight it belo n ged to the l a te ki n g s
co uld n o t wi t h a good co n scie n ce
s iste r s , a n d the r e fore
m e it ; b u
dges a nd p r ivy
a ss u
t she wa s told ,th a t both t h e j u
co un cil o r s h a d decl a r ed ,th a t it fell to he r a c co r di n g to
la w
This ,j o i n ed with the i m port un iti es o f he r h usb a n d ,
her fa t he r , a n d fa t he r in la w, m a de he r s ub m it Upo n
this ,t we n ty o n e p r i vy co un sello r s set thei r h a n ds to a letter
to Ma r y , telli n g he r th a t q uee n J a n e wa s n o w thei r sove
reig n , a n d t h a t a s the m a rr i a ge bet wee n her fa ther a n d
m o t he r h a d bee n de cl a r ed n u
ll , so she co uld n o t s ucceed
to t he c r o wn ; they the r e fo r e r eq ui r ed he r t o lay d o wn h e r
p r e t e n si o n s ,a n d to s ub m it to the set t le me n t n ow m a de ;
a n d if she g a v e a r e a d y obedie n ce p r o m ised her m u
ch
r
fa vo u
The d ay a ft er th is they p r o cl a i m ed J a n e
No r t hum b er la n d s k n o wn e n m i ty to the l a te d uke o f
S o m e r set ,a n d the s uspi cio n s o f his bei n g the a uthor o f
Ed ward s un t i m ely de at h ,h ego t a g r e a t a ve r sio n in the peo
ple to him a n d hi s fa m ily , a n d disposed the m to fa vo ur
Ma r y ; who , in the me a n ti m e , wa s ve r y a ctive in r a isi ng
To a t ta ch the p rotest a n ts to
fo r ces to s u
p port her cl a im
her c a use ,she p r o m ised n ot to m a ke a ny ch a n ge in t he
re fo r m ed worship ,a s est a blished un der he r b r other ; a n d
r a n ce a l a r ge body o f the m e n o f S u
ffolk j oi n e d
o n this a ss u
her st a n d a r d
North um berl a n d wa s n ow pe r ple x ed b et wee n his wish
to a ss um e the co m m a n d o f a n a rm y r a ised to oppose Ma ry
a n d his fe a r o f l eavi n g L o n do n to the gover n m e n t o f t he
co un cil , o f whose fidelity he e n te r t a i n ed gr e a t do ubts
He wa s , ho wever , at le n gth obliged to a dopt the l a tter
cour se ,a n d b e fo r e his dep ar t ur e fr o m the m et r opolis he
n cil , a n d a ll pe r so n s in a o
r ed the membe r s o f the co u
a dj u
se o f
th o r ity , to be ste a d fa st in the ir a tt a ch m e n t to the c a u
q uee n J a n e , o n who s e s uccess , he a ss ur ed the m ,depe n de d
the co n ti n ua n c e o f the protest a n t religio n in E n gl a n d
They p r o m ised a ll he req ui r ed , a n d he dep arted e n co n
rage d by thei r p r otest a tio n s a n d a pp ar e n t ze a l
Ma ry s p a r ty in the me a n ti m e co n ti nued d a ily t o aug
th e
’
’
.
'
’
.
-
-
.
-
.
.
’
’
.
.
.
.
.
’
c
3 68
Fox
’
s
B O OK
MA R T Y R S
on
.
s a nd
way was met b y her siste r ,l a dy Eliz a b eth ,with a tho u
ee n O n a rt i
h orse , who m she h a d r a ised to a ssist t he qu
ke o f Nor folk , t he
vin g a t the To we r , she libe r a ted the d u
d utchess o f S o m e r set , a n d G a rdi n er ; a lso the lord Co urt
n e , so n to t he m a r q u
is o f E x ete r , wh o h a d bee n k e pt
y
’
there eve r si n ce his fa ther s a tta i n de r , a n d who m she n o w
m a de e a r l o f Devo n shi r e
Th us wa s se a ted on the thro n e o f E n gl an d the l a dy
Ma ry , wh o , to a dis a gr ee a ble pe r so n a n d we a k m in d , un i
ted bigotr y , s uperstit io n , a n d c r uelty S he see m s to h a v
’
’
i n herited m ore o f h e r m other s th a n he r fa the r s q ua lities
He n r y wa s imp a ti e n t , ro ugh , a n d un gove r n a ble ; b ut
C a th a ri n e ,while she a ss um ed the ch a ra cter o f a s a i n t ,h a r
bo ured i n e x o r a ble r a n co ur a n d h a tred a g a i n st the protest
a n ts
It wa s the s a m e with her d a u
ghter Ma ry ,a s a ppe a r s
fr om a lette r in her o wn h a n d -wr iti n g , n o w in the B r i tish
Mus ue m In this lette r , whi ch i s a dd r essed to bishop
G a r di n e r ,she de cl a r es he r fi x ed i n te n tio n o f b ur n i n g eve r y
prot est a n t ; a n d the r e is a n i n si n ua ti o n ,th a t a s soo n a s cir
.
.
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.
.
.
um st a n ce s wo uld pe r mit , she wo uld restore b a ck to the
ch ur ch the l a n ds tha t h a d bee n t a ke n fro m the co n ve n ts
c
.
T h is wa s the gr e a test i n st an ce o f her we a k n ess th a t she
co uld sho w : for in the fi r st pl a ce the co n ve n ts ha d bee n a ll
de m olished ,e x cept a fe w o f thei r ch urches ; a n d the re nts
we r e in the h a n ds o f the first n obility ,w ho ,r a the r th an p ar t
ld h a ve ove r t ur n ed the gover n me n t b o th in
with the m , wo u
ch ur ch a n d st a te
Ma r y wa s cro wn ed a t W est m i n iste r in the us ua l for m
l we r e the co n se que n ces th a t follo wed The
t d r e a d fu
bu
ishes a we a k m i n d
n a r rown ess o f spirit th a t a l wa ys disti n gu
fro m o n e th a t h a s bee n e n l a r ged by ed uc a tio n , perv a ded
U n a cq ua i n ted with the
a ll the a ctio n s o f this pri n cess
co n stitutio n o f the co un t ry ,a n d a s l a ve to s uperstitio n ,she
tho ught to do m i n eer over the rights o f p r iva te j udg m e n t ,
a n d tr a m ple o n the p r ivileges o f m a n ki n d
The fi r st e x ertio n o f her reg a l po wer wa s , to wre a k her
po n a ll those who ha d s upported th e t itl e o f
ve n ge a n ce u
l ad y I a n e G r ey
ke o f North umberl a n d ,who
T m fi rst o f these wa s the d u
e n ce o f
was behe a ded o n To wer-hill , a n d wh o , in co n se qu
n p itied : n a , h e
nis cr ime s , a risi n g from a mbitio n , died u
y
was e ve n t aunted o n t he s c a ffold b y t he s pecta tors ,who
.
.
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.
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.
’
rox s
B O OK o r MA RT Y RS
knew in wh a t m a n n er he h ad
S omers e t
a
3 69
.
cted to the g ood d u
ke of
.
The other e x ec utio n s th a t follo wed were n umero us ih
deed ,b ut a s they we r e all upo n the st a tute o f high tre a so n ,
they c a n n ot ,wit h a ny degree o f prop r iety , b e a pplied to
p r otest a n ts , o r , a s they we r e the n c a lled , h er etics T he
p a rli a me n t wa s pli a n t e n o ugh to co m ply with a ll t he
q uee n s req uests ,a n d a n a c t p a ssed to es t a blish the p opish
religio n This Vi a s wh a t the q uee n wa it ed for , a n d po wer
bei n g n o w p ut i n to he r h a n ds , she wa s dete r m i n ed to e x e r
c ise i t in the m ost a r b itr a r y m a n n er She wa s destit ute
m a n co m p a ssio n , a n d witho u
of h u
t the le a st rel uct a n ce
co uld ty r a n n ise ove r the co n sc ie n ces o f m e n
This l e a ds us to the co n cl usio n o f the first ye a r o f her
reig n ; a n d we co n sider i t the m ore n e cess a ry to ta ke
n oti ce o f these tr a n s a ctio n s ,a ltho u
gh n o t ,str ictly spe a ki n g ,
ma r ty r d oms , th a t o u
r r e a ders might be co n v i n ced o f the
gre a t di ffe r e n ce the r e is bet wee n dyi n g for religio n ,a n d for
high tr e a so n It is history a lo n e th a t c a n te a ch the m s uch
thi n gs , a n d it is refle ctio n o n ly th a t c a n m a ke his t o r y use
fu
l
W e fr eq ue n tly r e a d witho ut reflectio n , a n d study
witho u
r
t co n si d e r a tio n ; b ut the follo wi n g portio n s o f o u
history , in p a r ti c ul a r , will fur n ish a mple m a te r i als fo r
serio us tho ught to o ur re a ders , a n d we e n t r e a t their a tte n
tio n to them
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’
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.
Ma r ty r d oms in th e S econ d y ea r of Q ueen Ma r y s Reig n
’
.
The q uee n h a vi n g s a ti a ted her m a li ce upo n those pe r
so n s wh o h a d a dhered to l a dy J a n e G r ey , she ha d n e x t
re co ur se to those old a ux ili a ries o f pope r y , fire , fa got , a n d
the sta ke , in o r de r to co n vert her he r etic a l s ubj e cts to the
m e c a thol ic fa ith
.
Ma r ty r d om of th e R ev J ohn R og er s
.
.
Mr J o hn Rogers , the a ged m i n ister o f St Sep ulchre s
ch u
rch , S n o w hill , L o n do n , wa s the p r otom a rtyr : he
i
n th is
wa s the fi r st s a crifice , stri ctly spe a ki n g , o ffe r ed u
p
ffe r ers ,who se
r e ig n to popery , a n d le d the way fo r those s u
b lo od h as bee n the fo u
r ,an d glory of th e
n d a t io n , ho n o u
chu
r ch o f En gl a nd
’
.
.
.
’
87 0
r ox s
no o n
on
MA R T Y R S
.
T h is Mr Roger s h a d b ee n so m e ti m e ch a pl a i n t o the
En glish fa cto r y a t An twerp The r e he bec a m e a cqu
a i n te d
with Mr T i n d a l , a n d a ssisted h im in his t r a n sl a tio n o f the
New Test a m e n t The r e we r e seve r a l othe r wo r thy pro
t e s t a n t s the r e a t th a t ti m e , m ost o f who m ha d bee n d r ive n
n t o f t h e pe r sec u
tio n s fo r the s ix
ou
t o f E n gl a n d , o n a c co u
a rt i cles ,in the l a tter e n d o f the reig n o f He n r y VIII
Mr
l , a n d eve n e u
Roge r s , k n o wi n g th a t m a r r i a ge wa s l a wfu
j oi n ed in s c r ipt ur e , e n tered i n to th a t st a te with a vi r t uo us
wom a n , a n d soo n a ft er set o u
e n ce
t fo r S a x o ny ,in co n se qu
o f a n i n vit a tio n to th a t e ffect
W he n Ed wa r d a sce n ded the thro n e o f E n gl a nd , Mr
r n ed to his n a ti ve co u
n t r y , a n d wa s p r omoted
Roge r s ret u
’
by bishop Ridley to a p r ebe nd a r y o f St P a ul s He wa s
a lso a ppoi n ted r e a de r o f t he divi n ity le ct u
re in th a t c a the
’
d r a l ,a n d vic a r o f St Sep ul ch r e s
a t i o n he co n t i n u
ed some ye a rs a n d a s
In thi s sit u
q uee n Ma ry w a s ret ur n i n g fr om the to wer , whe r e she ha d
’
bee n i m bibi n g G a r di n e r s p er n icio us co un sels , Mr Rogers
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St P a ul s C r oss He i n veig hed m uch
es o f the l a te
a g a i n st popery , e x p a ti a ted o n the m a n y vi r t u
ki n g Ed wa r d ,a n d e x horted the people to a bide in the pro
test a n t r eligio n
For this se r m o n he wa s s umm o n e d be fo r e the co un ci l
bu
t he vi n di c a ted hi m sel f so well , t h a t he wa s dis m issed
This le n ity sho wn by the co un cil wa s r a ther d isple a si ng
to the quee n ; a n d Mr Roger s ze a l a g a i n st pope r y bei n g
e qua l to his k n o wledge a n d i n teg r ity , he wa s co n side r e d
ld preve n t th e r e est a blish m e n t o f
as a pe r so n who wo u
popery
For this r e a so n it wa s , th a t he wa s s um m o n ed a seco n d
time b e fo r e the co un cil ; a n d a ltho ugh the r e were m an y
p ap ists a m o n g the membe r s , yet s uc h wa s the respect a l
most un i ve r s a lly felt fo r Mr Rogers ,th a t he was a g a i n dis
t w a s co m m a n ded n o t to go o u
m issed , b u
t o f his o wn
ho use Thi s o r de r he co m plied with , a ltho ugh he might
h a ve m a de his esc a pe if he wo uld He k n e w he co uld
h a ve h a d a l ivi n g in Ge r m a n y , a n d he h a d a wi fe a n d t e n
child r e n : b ut a ll t hese thi n gs did n o t m ove him ; he did
r t de a t h , b u
t m e t it with fo r tit u
de whe n it c a me
n o t co u
He rem aine d co n fi n ed in his own ho use sever a l week s ,
til l B o nn er , b is hop o f L on do n , proc u
r e d a n e r e c t t o h a ve
wa s pre a chi n g a t
’
.
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’
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-
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3 72
r ox
‘
s
no o n
on
MA RT YRS
.
A fte r h e had be en e x a m in ed sever a l t ime s b e fo re a
n cil , wh ich wa s a mere m o ckery o f j u
sti ce , he was
co u
tur n e d ove r to B o n n er , bishop o f L o n do n ,who c a used him
to go th r o ugh a se co n d m o ck e x a m i n a tio n ; a nd , a t l a st ,
A cert ifi c a te
d e cl a red him to be a n obsti n a te hereti c
rse , se n t i n to ch a n cery ,
o f th is wa s in the o r di n a ry co u
ed for the b ur n i n g o f Mr Roge r s in
an d a writ wa s iss u
This se n t e n ce d id n o t in the le a st frighte n
S m ithfi e ld
r m a rtyr ,wh o ,by fa ith in the blood o f Christ ,wa s re a dy
ou
to go t hro ugh with his a tt a ch m e n t to the tr uth ,witho ut p ay
in g a n y reg a r d to the m a l ice o f his e n e m ies
O n the 4 t h o f Febru
a ry , 1 5 55 , Mr Rogers wa s t a ke n
ou
t o f Ne wg a te , to b e led to the pl a ce o f e x e c u
tio n , whe n
the sheri ff a sked him if he wo uld r e c a n t his opi n io n s ?
To this he a n s we r ed , Th a t wh a t he ha d pre a ched he
”
wo u
ld se al with his blood
The n , s a id the s heri ff,
”
tho u a rt a he r etic
To wh ich Mr Rogers a n s wered ,
Th a t will b e k n o wn whe n we meet a t the j udgme n t s ea t
”
o f Ch r ist
As they were t a ki n g him to S m ithfi eld , his wife a nd
eleve n child r e n we n t to t a ke the ir l a st fa re well o f a te n de r
h usb a n d a n d a n i n d ulge n t p a r e n t T he she r i ffs , ho we ver,
n feeli n g is
ld n o t pe r m it the m to spe a k to him ; so u
wo u
b igotr y ,so m e r ciless is s upe r stitio n ! W he n he was ch a i n ed
to the sta ke he de cl a r ed th a t God wo uld in his o wn goo d
ti m e v in dic a te the t r uth o f wh a t he h a d ta ught ,a nd a ppe a r
r o f the protest a n t religio n
Fire wa s the n set t o
in fa v o u
the pile , a n d he wa s co n s um ed to a shes
He wa s a very pio us a n d h um a n e m a n , a n d his be i n g
s i n gled o u
pe r stitio u
s cr uelty , ca n
t a s the fi r st vi ctim o f s u
o n ly e n title h im to a higher cro wn o f glo r y in he a ve n
.
,
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“
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“
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r en ce S a u
Ma r ty r d om of L a u
n d er s
.
ffered in this reig n wa s the r e
The n e x t p erso n who s u
Mr L a ur e nc e S a un de r s , o f whose fo r m e r li fe we
h a ve co llected the follo wi n g p a r t i c ul a r s : his fa ther ha d a
co n s ide r a ble est a te in O x fo r dshi r e , b ut dyi n g yo un g , le ft
a l a r ge fa m ily o f child r e n
L a ur e n c e wa s s e n t to Et o n
s chool a s o n e o f the ki n g s schol a rs
Fro m Eto n he wa s , a cco r di n g to the r ule s o f the fo un
d a t ion , s e n t t o K i ng s c o lle ge i t C a mbridge , whe re he
ver e n d
.
.
’
.
’
’
no
r ox s
o n o n MAB T YRS
37 3
.
ud i e d thr ee ye a rs , a n d m a d e gre a t progre ss i n the d if
fer e n t sorts of le a rn i n g the n t a u
ght in the school s At
the e n d o f the thr ee ye a rs he le ft the un w e rsrty , a n d r e
tur n i n g to his m other ,preva iled upo n her to pl a c e him
wi th a m erch an t
He wa s a cco r di n gly a rti cled to s ir W illi a m Chester a
r i ch m erch a n t in L o n do n ,wh o wa s a fter wa rd sheri ff o f th a t
city He ha d n ot bee n lo n g in his e m ployme n t , whe n he
bec a m e we a ry o f a li fe o f tr a de He s un k in t o a deep
mel a n choly , a n d a fte r wa rd we n t i n to a reti r ed ch a mber , to
mo urn for his impr ude n ce , a n d to beg o f God th a t he
wo u
ld ,in some m a n n er or oth e r ,delive r him from a l ife s o
disgust ful
His m a ster , who wa s a worthy m an , took n otice o f thi s ,
a n d a s k ed S a u
n de r s his re a so n s fo r bei n g in th a t despo n d
in g co n d itio n ? The yo u
n g ge n tle m a n c an d idly told him
upo n whi ch he i m medi a tely g a ve him up his i n de n tu
re s ,
a n d se n t h im ho m e to his r el a tio n s
This S a un ders co n side r ed a s a h a ppy eve n t ,a n d th a t n o
ti m e might be lost , he retur n ed to his st udies at C a m bridge ;
a n d , wh a t wa s very u
n co m mo n in th a t a e , he le a r n ed t he
g
Greek a n d Heb r e w l a n gua ge s A fter this b e devoted him
sel f wholly to the study o f the s a cred scriptures , in order
to qua l i fy hi m sel f fo r pre a chi n g the gospel
In st u
dy he wa s d ilige n t , a n d p r a cti c a l in holi n e s s o f
li fe : in doi n g good fe w e q ua lled him , a n d he seemed to
h a ve n othi n g in V ie w b ut the h a ppi n ess o f i m m o r t a l so uls
e
In the begi n n i n g o f kin g Ed wa rd s reig n ,whe n the tru
religio n beg a n to b e co un te n a n ced ,he e n tered i n to o r ders ,
ccess H is fi r st a ppo i n t m e n t
a n d pre a ched with g r e a t s u
re
wa s a t F o t he r in gh e m , where he re a d a divi n ity le ct u
bu
t th a t college h a vi n g b ee n dissolved , he wa s a ppo i n te d a
ct
I n th a t n e w st a tio n his co n d u
pre a cher in Lichfi eld
en titled him to g r e a t respe ct ; fo r s u
ch was his s weet n ess
e nt
of temper , his k n o wledge in h is p r o fessio n , his elo qu
m a nn er o f a ddressi n g his he a rers , the p ur ity o f h is ma n
n ers , a n d his a ffecti o n a te a dd r esses to the he a rt ,th a t he
wa s u
n ivers al ly respe cted , a n d
his mi n istry wa s ve ry
use ful
A ft e r b e i n g so m e mo n ths in L ich field , he re mo v e d t o
the li vin g o f Ch ur ch L a n gto n , in L eiceste r sh ire : there he
cted m a n y who b efo re
e s id ed wit h his peopl e , a n d i n str u
st
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,
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’
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-
32
’
87 4
r o x s no o n o r
ma nr r ns
.
were ig n ora n t o f the true pr in c iples o f the Christ ia n reli
'
He wa s the s a me to me n s b odies a s to their so us
All th a t he receive d ,beside the sm a ll pitt a n ce th a t sup
ported his pe r so n ,wa s give n a wa y to fee d the h un gr y a nd
clothe the n a ked Here wa s the Christi a n mi n ister inde e d !
for n o i n st r u
ctio n s will m a ke a l a sti n g im pressio n o n the
mi n d ,while the e x a m ple is co n t r a r y
His n e x t r e m ov a l wa s to Allh a llo ws , in B re a d -stre e t ,
Lo n do n a n d wh e n he h a d t a ke n possessio n o f it , he we nt
do wn to the co un try , to p a rt , in a n a ffe ctio na te m a n n er ,
wi t h his fr ie n ds
W hile he wa s in the co un try ki n g Ed wa rd d ied , a n d
Ma ry s ucceedi n g ,p ublished a pr o cla m a t io n ,co mma n d ing a ll
her s ubj e cts to a tt e n d m a ss
Ma ny p io us m i n isters r e fu
sed to obey t he r oy a l p r ocl a m at io n ,a n d n o n e wa s more for
wa rd in d oi n g so th a n Mr S a u
n ders
He co n ti n ued to
pre a ch whe n ever he h a d a n oppo r t un ity , a n d re a d the
pr a ye r b ook ,wi t h t he sc r ipt ur es , to the people , till he was
a pp r e he n ded in the follo wi n g m a n n er
Mr S a un de r s wa s a dvised to le a ve the n a tio n , a s pio us
Dr Je wel a n d m a n y othe r s did b ut he wo uld n ot ,d e clar
in g to his fr ie n ds , th a t he wa s willi n g to die fo r the n a me
o f the L ord Je s u
s
Acco r di n gly , he le ft his people in
L ei ceste r shire , a nd tra velled to wa r d Lo n do n , o n his a r
riv a l n e ar whi ch , he w a s m e t by sir Joh n Mo r d a n t ,a p r ivy
co un sellor to q uee n Ma r y ,wh o a sked him where he wa s
goi n g ? Mr S a un de r s s a id ,t o his l ivi n g in B r e a d st r eet ,to
in st r u
ct his people Mo rd a n t desi r ed him n o t to go : to
which Mr S a u
How sh a ll I the n b e
n d ers a n s we r ed ,
a cco u
n t a ble to God ? I f a n
a n d d ie b e fo r e co n so
b
e
si
ck
y
l a tio n ,the n wh a t a lo a d o f g uilt will b e upo n my co n
”
scie n ce , a s a n un fa i t h ful shephe r d ,a n unj ust ste wa r d l
Mo r d a n t a ske d h im whethe r he did n o t fr eq ue n tly p r e a ch
in B r e a d st r eet ; a n d b ei n g a ns wered in the a ffi r m a tive ,
he e n de a vo ur ed to diss uade him fr o m d oi n g so a ny mo r e
S a un de r s , ho wever ,wa s resol ute , a n d told h im he wo ul d
co n ti n ue to p r e a ch a s lo n g a s he lived , a n d in vite d t he
othe r to co m e a n d he a r him the n e x t d ay a ddi n g th a t he
wo u
ld co n fi r m hi m in the t r uth o f those se n time n ts wh ich
he t a u
ght Upo n this they p a r ted ,a n d Mo r d a n t we nt and
ld
nders wo u
ga ve i n form a tio n to b ishop Bo n n er , th a t S a u
nday
r ch t he n e x t S u
pr e a c h in his ch u
gio n
’
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3 76
r ox
’
s
no on
on
ma ri n a s
.
J o h n Mord a n t , to the h o use o f the c ha n cell o r ,who
ha ppe n ed no t to b e a t home ; so th a t he wa s obliged to
wa it fo r h im fo u
r ho urs in the se r v a n ts h a ll D uri n g the
n d ers stood b a rehe a ded , wh il e
whole o f th is time , Mr S au
Mord an t kept wa l k i n g b a ck wa r ds a n d for wa rds a cross the
roo m
At le n gth the ch a n cellor a rrived , a n d se n di n g for Mr
ld b e
S a un ders in to h i s ch a mber , a sked hi m ho w he co u
ee n s p r ocl a m a tio n S a un de r s
so bold a s to disobey the q u
He h a d pre a ched co n tr a r y to t he
a c k n o wledged th a t
pro cl a m a tio n , a n d th a t he tho ught i t his d uty to d o so ,
gh it sho uld cost h im his li fe
He a dded , th a t
e ve n a ltho u
wh a t he d id a rose fr om the d ict a te s o f his he a rt ,whic h
com m a n ded him to pre a ch the gospel , in se a so n a nd o ut o f
se a so n ; a n d th a t he m ust be a cco un t a ble a t the j udgme n t
se a t of C hrist ,if b e n egle cted a ny p a rt o f his d uty in te a ch
in g a n d co m fo r ti n g his people in their m ost holy fa ith ,so
”
d ge
a s to meet the m o n the right h an d o f t h e j u
T he ch a n cello r po ur ed o ut m uch a b us e o n Mr S a un
de r s , telli n g h im he wa s a hyp oc r ite a n d a hereti c , n o t
wi t hst a n di n g a ll his p r ete n sio n s to a te n der co n s cie n c e
He a cc used him , fur ther o f h a vi n g c a lled the quee n a ha s
t a rd , or r a the r worse ,n a mely , th a t she ha d b ee n bor n in a
s ta te o f i n cest
It wa s well k n o wn th a t He n r y s m a rri a ge with C a th a
ri n e h a d bee n d e cl a r ed i n co n s iste n t wi t h the c a n o n s o f the
ch ur ch a nd , there fo r e , h a d Mr S a un ders c a lled he r by
s uch n a mes ,he m ight ,a cco r di n g to la w,h a ve sheltered him
Bu
t the t r u
sel f un de r a n a c t o f p a r li a m e n t
th is he n ever
tr a d uced her ch a r a cte r ; b ut in sp e a ki n g to G a rdi n er h e
m a de us e o f a m ost seve r e s a rc a s m , by telli n g him th a t
there n eed n o t to be m uc h d isp ut e co n ce r n i n g this m a t
ter with his l ordshi p , wh o ha d a ct ua lly sig n ed t he de cl a r a
”
tio n co n ce rn i n g the illegitim a cy o f Ma ry s b irth
Thi s
m e n t ho m e to h im
bu
t the se veri ty
wa s bri n gi n g the a rg u
g m e n ted G a r di n er s desire o f r eve n ge
o f the s a ti r e a u
S a un de r s told the ch a n cellor , He h a d n o obj e ct i o n t o
r a ge to de cl a re
ffer fo r th a t G o d wh o h a d give n him co u
su
l d s upport him un de r
his se n t im e n ts witho ut fe a r , a n d wo u
gh he wo uld n ever give
a ll so r ts o f a ffli ctio n s ; a n d a ltho u
ld n o t ,by a ny m ean s ,i nj ure
t nt e n t io n al o ffe n c e , yet he wo u
o f s ir
’
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’
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“
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’
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’
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’
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p ox
’
s no o n
MA RT YRS
on
37?
.
his co n sc ie n c e , b y g iv in g u
th a s it was
p the tru
in the wo r d o f G o d
”
re ve ale d
.
G a r di n e r upo n this , re m a nded Mr S a un ders to pr iso n
bu
rbe d
t fi r st told him he wa s o u
t o f his m i n d ,a n d a dist u
m a d m a n , witho u
t the use o f se n se or re a so n
He wa s co n fi n ed in the Ma r sh a lse a p r iso n , a nd s tri ct
orders were give n to the keeper s n ot to suffer a ny perso n
to co n ve r se with him His wi fe , ho wever , c a me to the
priso n with her yo un g child in her a rms , a n d the keeper
had so m u
ch co m p a ssio n , th a t he took the child a n d car
ried i t to its fa ther
Mr S a u
n de r s seei n g the child , rej oiced g r e a tly , s a y in ,
g
it wa s a pe c u
li a r h a ppi n ess fo r him to h a ve s uch a b oy
An d to the byst a n de r s , who a d m ired the be a uty o f the
chil d , he s a id , W h a t m a n ,fe a ri n g God , wo uld n o t lo se
his li fe , soo n er th an h a ve it s a id th a t t h e m other o f th is
”
child wa s a h a r lot ?
He s a i d these words , in order to poi n t o ut the wo fu
l
e ffects o f popish celib a cy ; for the p r iests b ei n g de n ied t he
pr ivilege o f m a rri age , se d uced the wi v es a n d d a ugh t ers o f
m a n y o f the l a ity , a n d filled the n a ti o n with b a st a r d s , who
were l e ft e x posed to a ll sorts o f h a r dships
A fter a ll thes e a ffli ctio n s a n d s uffe r i n gs , Mr S aun ders
wa s b r o u
ght be for e the co un cil ,whe r e the ch a n cellor s a t as
preside n t ; a n d there he wa s a sked a gre a t n umber o f
q uestio n s co n ce r n i n g his opi n io n s These questio n s we r e
proposed in so a r t ful a n d e n s n a r i n g a m an n e r , th a t the pri
so n e r , by telli n g the t r u
th , m ust crimi n a te hi m sel f ; a n d to
h a ve stood mut e wo uld h a ve s ubj ected him to the torture
Un der s uch ci r c umst a n ces God g a ve him fort itude t o
a ssert the tr u
th ,by de cl a ri n g his a bhorre n c e o f a ll the doc
tr i n es o f popery
The e x a m in a tio n b ei n g e n ded , the o ffi cers led him o ut
o f the pl a ce , a n d the n wa ited till some other p r iso n ers
were e x a m i n ed
W hile Mr S aun ders wa s st a n d in g a m o n g
the o ffi cers , seei n g a gr e a t number o f peo p le a sse m bled ,a s
is com m o n o n s uch occ a sio n s ,he e x horted them to be war e
o f fa lli n g o ff fr om Christ to A n ti christ , a s m an y were the n
retur n in g to popery , be c a use they h a d no t fort itude to
ffer
su
T he ch a n cellor ordered him to o e e x c o mm u
n ic a t e d ,a n d
Th is wa s a gr e a t co m
comm itted him to the Co m pter
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”
32
3 78
Fox
’
s
n
o o n o n MA RT YRS
.
fort t o him, b ec a use he wa s visited by m a n y o f his p e opl e
who m
he e x ho r t ed to co n st a n cy ; a n d whe n they were
de n ied a d m itta n ce , he spoke to the m th r o ugh the gr a te
a r y t h e she r i f
f o f L o n do n delivere d
O n the 4 t h o f Feb r u
him to the b isho p , wh o degr a ded h im ; a n d Mr S a u
n ders
”
Th a n k God , I a m n o w o ut o f yo ur ch u
rch
s a id ,
The d ay follo wi n g b e wa s give n up to so m e o f the
quee n s o ffi cers , wh o we r e a ppoi n ted to co n vey h im do wn
to Co v e n t r y , t he r e to be b ur n ed The first n ight they
n de r s took a n opp e r
lay a t S t Alb a n s , where Mr S au
un i t y o f reb uki n g a pe r so n wh o h a d ridi c ule d the Chris
ti a n fa ith
A ft er they a rr i ved a t Cove n tr y , a poor shoe m a ke r , wh o
n de r s , c a m e to h im , a n d
ha d fo r m e r ly worked fo r Mr S a u
”
s a id , O h ! m y good m a ste r , m a y God st r e n gthe n y o u
”
Good shoe m a ke r , a n swe r ed Mr S a un de r s , I beg y o u
w ill p r a y fo r m e , fo r I a m a t p r ese n t in a ve r y we a k c o n
di t io n ; b ut I hope my gr a ci o us God , wh o h a th a ppoi n ted
”
me to it , will give m e str e n gth
The s a m e n ight he spe n t in the co m m o n p r iso n ,pra y in g
fo r a n d e x ho r ti n g a ll those wh o we n t to he a r him
The n e x t d a y , whi ch wa s the 8th o f Feb r ua r y , he wa s
led to the pl a ce o f e x e c utio n ,in the P a r k ,w itho ut the g a te
o f th a t city , go i n g in a n old go wn a n d a shi r t , b a r e foote d ,
n d a n d p r a yed
a n d o fte n fell o n the gr o u
W he n b e a p
n der she r i ff told him
n ,the u
tio
r o a c h e d the pl a ce o f e x e c u
p
h e wa s a he r eti c , a n d th a t he h a d led the people a wa y
e religi o n ; b ut yet , if he wo uld r e c a n t , the
fr o m the t r u
q uee n wo uld p a r do n h im To this Mr S a un de r s a n swe r e d ,
Th a t he h a d n ot filled the r e a l m with he r esy , fo r he h a d
ta ught the people the p ure t r uths o f the gospel ; a n d in a ll
his se r m o n s , while he e x horted the people fi r m ly , desired
h is he a rers to b e obedie n t to the quee n
W he n bro u
ght to the st a ke he e m b r a ced it , a n d a fter
be in g fa ste n ed to it , a nd the fa gots lighted , he s a id
W elcome the cross o f C hr is t ,welc om e everl a sti n g li fe ;
l in t o t he h and s o f him
s oo n a fter whi c h h e resig n ed his s o u
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’
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-
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who ga ve it
.
380
r ox
’
no o n
s
ma n r vn s
or
.
mas Ar u
n del , a n d b orro wi n g a horse from a fr i e n d , W hos e
li fe he h a d s a ved , rode o ff to wa r d t h e se a -side , i n te n d
in g to go to F r a n ce , se n di n g b a ck the ho r se by a se r va n t
He r es ided so m e ti m e a t P a r is , in a s p r iv a te a m a n n e r a s
possi b le Ret ur n i n g a g a i n to E n gl a n d he wa s i n fo r m ed
n try a se co n d
a g a i n st , a n d obliged to le a ve his n a tive co u
.
.
ue
tr
.
He we n t over a g a i n to F r a n ce ,b ut n o t bei n g s a fe the r e ,
he tr a velled i n to Germ a n y : fr o m the n ce he we n t to B a sil ,
s wo m a n , a n d a ft e r wa r d sett led
whe r e he m a r r ied a pio u
so m e time a t Z ur i ch , in S witzerl a n d : there he a pplied
closely to his st udies , a n d m a de himsel f m a ster o f the
Heb r e w l a n g ua ge
At le n gth whe n the true r eligio n wa s set up a fter the
de a th o f k i n g He n ry VIII , a m o n g other E nglish e x iles
th a t ret ur n ed wa s Mr Hoope r In the m ost g r a te ful m a n
r n ed th a n ks to a ll his fr ie n ds a b r o a d , who h a d
ne r he ret u
sho wn him so m uch co m p a ssio n ; p a r ti cul a r ly to the
le a r n ed B ulli n ge r , wh o wa s a g r e a t frie n d to a ll those who
ted fo r the gospel W he n he took a n a ffe c
we r e pe r sec u
lli n ge r , he told him th a t he wo uld write
t io n a t e le a ve o f B u
to him a s o ft e n a s he co uld fi n d a n oppo r t un ity ,b ut a dded
P rob a bly I sh a ll be b ur n ed t o a shes , a nd the n so m e
A n other circ um st a n ce
frie n d will give y o u i n fo r m a tio n
ld n o t b e o m itted in this pl a ce , a n d th a t is , th a t whe n
s ho u
he wa s a ppoi n ted bishop o f Glo ucester a n d W orcester ,the
her a ld wh o e m bl a zo n ed his a r m s p u
re o f a l a m b
t the fig u
sh , with the r a ys o f glory des ce n di n g fro m
in a fiery b u
he a ve n o n the l a m b , which h a d s uch a n e ffe ct o n D r
Ho oper , th a t he s a id he k n e w he sho uld die fo r the tr uth ;
r a ge
Bu
t to
a n d thi s co n sider a tio n i n spi r ed hi m with co u
ret urn to o ur n a r ra ti ve
W he n Dr Hooper a rrived in L o n do n , he wa s so m uch
filled with ze a l to p r o m ote the gospel , th a t he p r e a ched
In his ser m o n s he
e very d ay to cro wded co n g r eg a ti o n s
re proved si n n ers in ge n er a l , b ut p a rt i c ul a r ly directed his
rse a g a i n st the pec uli a r vi ces o f the ti m es
d isc o u
The a b uses he co m pl a i n ed o f were o wi n g to a v a riety o f
c a uses : the n obili ty h a d got the ch ur ch l a n ds , a n d the
s in thei r co n d uct ,b ut ign o
clergy were no t o n ly s editio u
This occ a sio n ed a sce ne o f ge n e
ra n t eve n to a proverb
a ll r a n ks a n d de r ee s o f p e op l e,
ra l im mor a l ity a mo n
g
g
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n
r o x s no u
or
m um s
38 1
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s m e n with s uffi cie nt m a tter fo r r e
whi ch fu
r n ished p io u
proo f
e n t , an d
I n h is do ct r i n e , Hooper wa s cle a r ,pl a i n , elo qu
pe r s ua sive , a n d so m uc h follo wed by a ll r an ks o f p e opl e
th a t th e ch ur che s co uld n ot co n t a i n the m
Altho ugh n o m a n co uld l a bo ur m o r e i n de fa tig a bly in the
’
L o r d s v i n ey a r d , yet Hooper ha d a m o st e x celle n t co n st i
pp orted by t e m pe r a n ce ,a n d wa s there
tu
t io n , which he s u
ch good In the whole o f his co n
fore e n a bled to d o m u
ve r s a t i o n with t hose wh o wa ited on him in priv a te , he
spoke o f the p ur i ty o f the gosp e l , a n d o f the gr e a t thi n gs
r n i n g to
o f God , c a u
t io n i n g the people a g a i n s t ret u
po
if a n y ch a n ge in the gove r n m e n t sho u
ld ta ke pl a ce This
t
wa s the m o r e n e cess a r y ,a s the pe ople in ge n er a l were b u
ill gro un ded , tho ugh Cr a n m e r , Ridley , a n d m a ny other
.
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.
p io us m e n w e r e usi n g eve r y m e a n s in thei r po wer to m a ke
the m a cq ua i n ted wi t h the p r i n c iples o f the Christi a n reli
gio n In this pio us undert a ki n g , n o o n e wa s mo r e fo rwa r d
th a n Dr Hooper a t a ll ti m es , in se a so n ,a n d o ut o f s e a
”
he wa s re a dy to dis ch a r ge his d uty as a fa ith ful
s on ,
m i n ister o f the gospel
Afte r he h a d p r e a ched som e ti m e wi th gre a t s u
ccess ,in
,
the city , he wa s se n t fo r by Ed wa r d VI ,who a ppoi n te d
him o ne o f his ch a pl a i n s , a n d soo n a fter m a de h im bishop
cester , by let ters -p a te n t un der the gre a t se a l
o f Glo u
h a vi n g a t the s a me ti m e the c a r e o f the b ishopri c o f W or
c e s t e r co m m itted to him
As D r Hoope r h a d bee n s o m e ti m e a b r o a d ,he h a d co n
tra cted a n a versio n to the popish ce r e m o n ies , a n d be fore
he wen t t o his b ishop r i c , he req uested o f the ki n g th a t he
might n o t be obliged to give co un te na n ce to the m , whi ch
request the m o n a r ch co m plied with , tho ugh m uch a g a i n st
the i n cli n a t i o n s o f the other bishops D r Hooper a n d his
b r eth r e n o f the r e formed ch urch h a d m a n y disp utes a b o ut
the Romish te n ets , whi ch sho ws th a t the r e a r e so m e r e
pt io n in the best o f m e n S o m e perso n s
ma i n s o f corr u
r s with u
n we a ri ed ze a l , a n d see m to t a ke mo r e
see k ho n o u
ple a s ur e in titles ,th a n in co n side r i n g th a t a n elev a ted ra n k
o n ly i n cre as es the n e cessity o f be i n g m ore observ an t o f
r du
ty
ou
D r Hooper di ffered f o m those m e n ,for i n ste a d o f s e ek
ld n eve r h a v e a ccep t e d o f a ny
ing p r e ferme n ts , he wo u
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r
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382
Fox
’
s
no
o n o n ma a r m s
.
had they n ot b e e n pressed o n him
H a v in g th e c are of
two d io c es s e s , he held a n d g u
ided the m both togethe r ,a s if
they h a d bee n b ut o n e Hi s leis ur e ti m e , whi ch wa s b ut
litt le , he spe n t in he a r i n g c a uses , in priva te pra ye r , a n d
.
.
re a di ng t h e s c r ipt ur es He like wise visited the schools ,
r a ged yo u
a n d e n co u
t h i n the p ur s uit o f le a rn i n g He h ad
child r e n o f his o wn who m he like wise i n str ucted , a nd
tre a ted the m with a ll the te n de r n ess o f a good p a re n t , b ut
t t he i n d ulge n ce o f a w e a k o n e
wi t ho u
He kept o pe n ho use , wi t h provisi o n s for the po o r ;
which wa s a very p io u
s a n d n ecess a r y a ctio n in those times ,
b ec a u
se m a n y pe r so n s wh o h a d bee n d r ive n o ut o f the co n
ve n t s r oved up a n d do wn the co un try st a rvi n g He r e
lie ve d a ce r t a i n n u
m ber o f these every d ay ,a n d whe n they
ha d s a tisfied t he i r h u
n ge r he delive r ed a disco u
r se to them
o n the p r i n ciples o f the Ch r is t i a n religi o n
A fte r this m a n n er , b ishop Hoo p er co n ti n ued to disch a rge
his d uty a s a fa i t h ful p a stor , d ur i n g the w hole o f ki n g
Ed wa r d s reig n
Bu
t n o soo n er wa s Ma r y p r ocl a i m ed ,
th a n a serge a n t a t a r m s wa s se n t to a rrest o ur b ishop , in
orde r to a n s wer t o t wo ch a r ges
Fi r st , to D r He a th , wh o h a d b ee n deprived o f the dio
cess o f Glo ucester fo r his a dhe r e n ce to pope r y , b ut was
ne w resto r ed by the q u
ee n seco n dly , to D r B o n n er ,
b ishop o f L o n do n , fo r h a vi n g give n evide n ce to k i n g
Ed wa r d a g a i n st the perse c u
t i n g p r el a te
B ishop Hooper wa s desi r ed by so m e o f his frie nd s t o
m a ke hi s esc a p e ,b u
I o n ce fled for my
t his a n s wer wa s ,
li fe , b ut I a m n o w de t ermi n ed , th r o ugh the st r e n gth an d
”
g r a ce o f God , t o w it n ess the trut h to the l a st
B ei n g bro ught b e fo r e the q uee n a n d co un cil , G a r d in er ,
sed bishop Hooper o f he r esy ,
s itti n g a s p r eside n t , a cc u
c a lli n g him by the m ost opprob r io us n a m es This wa s in
September , 1 55 3 , a n d a ltho ugh b e s a tis fa ctorily a n s wered
the ch a rges bro ught a g a i n st him , h e wa s co m m itted to pr i
ee n in seve
s on o n the prete n ce o f bei n g i n debted to the q u
ms o f m o n ey O n the 1 9 t h o f Ma rch , 1 5 5 4 , whe n
ra l su
he was c a lled a g a i n to a p p e a r b e fo r e G a rdi n er , the ch a n
l d n o t s uffer him to
ce llo r , a n d sever a l othe r bisho ps , w o u
se ,b ut dep r ived him o f his b ishop r i c
p le a d his c a u
Bei n g a sked whether he wa s a m a r r ied m a n , he a n
s we r e d in the a ffi r m a tive , a n d de cl a r ed th a t h e wo u
l d not
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384
F
’
o x s no o n o n MA RT Y RS
.
d i n n er a n d su
pper ,the wa rde n a nd his wi fe picked quarrea
with me , a n d co m p l a i n ed u
n tr u
ly o f me to th e ir gre a
frie n d , the bishop o f W i n cheste r
A ft er o n e qua rte r o f a y e a r ,B a bi n gto n t he wa rde n ,a nd
his wife , fell o ut wi t h m e , respe cti n g the wi ck ed m a ss
a n d the r e u
po n the wa r de n resorted to the b ish o p o f W in
chester , a n d obta i n ed to p ut me in to the wa rd s , where l
'
.
‘
h a ve co n t i n ued a lo n g ti m e , h a vi n g n othi n g a ppoi n ted to
m e fo r m y b ed b u
t a little p a d o f str a w a n d a rotte n
coveri n g ,with a ti ck a n d a fe w fe a thers the r ei n ,t h e ch a m
ber bei n g vile a n d s t i n ki n g , un til by God s m e a n s good
O n o n e side o f the
people se n t me b eddi n g to lie o n
p r is o n is the si n k a nd fil t h o f the ho use , a n d o n the o t her
the to wn d itch ,so th a t the ste n ch o f the ho use has i n fe cted
me with s un dry dise a ses
Du
ri n g whi ch time I h a ve bee n sick , a n d the doors ,
b a r s , h a s p s , a n d ch a i n s be i n g a ll closed up o n m e , I h a ve
mou
r n ed , c a lled a n d c r ied fo r hel p ; b ut the wa rde n,whe n
h e h a t h k n o wn m e m a n y times r e a d y to die , a n d whe n the
poo r m e n o f t h e wa rds h a v e c a lled t o help me , h a t h com
m a n d e d the doo r s to be kept fa s t , a n d ch a r ged th a t n o n e
o f his m e n sho u
ld co m e a t me , s ayi n g , L et him a lo n e , it
we r e a goo d r idd a n ce o f him
I p a id a l wa y s like a b a ro n to the s a id wa r de n , a s well
in fees , a s fo r my bo a rd , which wa s t we n ty shilli n gs a
n til I wa s wro n g fu
week , b eside my m a n s t a ble , u
lly de
p r iv e d o f m y b ishop r i cs , a n d si n ce th a t time I h a ve p a id
h im a s the b est ge n tle m a n d oth in his ho u
se ; y e t h a t h he
sed m e worse a n d m o r e vilely t h a n t he veriest sl a ve th a t
u
ve r c a m e t o the com m o n side o f the p r iso n
The wa r de n h a t h a lso i m p r iso n ed my ma n ,W illi a m
t o f his clo t hes t o se a r ch for
D o wn to n ,a n d st r ipped him o u
letters , a n d co uld fi n d n o n e b ut a little re m e m br a n ce of
goo d peo ple s n a m es who h a d give n me thei r a lms to
r elieve me in priso n ; a n d to u
n do them a lso , the wa rde n
delivered the s a m e b ill un to the s a id S tephe n G a rdi n er ,
God s e n e m y a n d m i n e
I have su
ffe r ed i m p r iso n m e n t a l m ost eigh t ee n m o n ths ,
my goods i vin gs , frie n ds , a n d co m fo r t t a ke n fr om me ;
the q uee n o wi n g me , by j ust a cco un t , fo ur sco r e po unds o r
mo r e She h a t h p ut m e in p r iso n , a n d give t h n othi ng to
k ee p m e , n either is there s uffered a ny o n e t o co me a t me ,
’
.
.
’
.
’
‘
.
’
’
.
.
.
F ox
’
B O O K o r MA R T YRS
s
3 85
.
w h e r eby I m i gh t h a v e r elie f
I am w i t h a w i cke d m a n
a n d w o m a n , so th a t I see n o r e m e d , s a v i n g
God s help
y
but I s h a ll be c a s t a w a y in p r iso n be fo r e I co m e t o j udg
m en t
B ut I co m m i t m y j us t c a use t o G o d ,w hose w il l be
”
do n e ,w he t he r it be by li fe o r de a t h
A ft e r h e h ad bee n ei gh t ee n m o n t h s in p r iso n , o n t h e 22 d
o f Ja n u
a r y , in 1 5 5 5 , t h e w a r de n o f t h e F lee t w a s o r de r ed
t o b r i n g h im be fo r e t h e C h a n cello r G ar di n e r , w h o , W i t h
o t he r bishops , w e r e a pp oin t ed t o e x a m in e him a seco n d
t i m e , a t G a r di n e r s p a l a ce in S o u
t h w ar k
W h e n b r o ugh t be fo r e t hese m e r ciless p e r se c ut o r s , t h e
ch a n cello r m a de a lo n g sp ee ch t o h im , desi r i n g h im t o for
s a ke t h e opi n io n s h e h a d e m b r a ced , a n d r e t ur n t o t h e boso m
o f t h e ch u
r ch
a ddi n g , t h a t a s th e p e pe w a s t h e he a d o f th e
ch ur ch , so it w a s b r e a ki n g t h r o ugh h e r un i t y t o sep a r at e
’
fr o m h e r
H e p r o m ise d t o p r oc ur e h im th e p op e s a bsol u
t io n if he w o u
ld r ec a n t his opi n io n s b ut t hi s w a s m e r ely
an os t e n t a t io u
s p r e t e n ce t o m e r cy fo r G a r di n e r k n e w ,
t h a t H oop e r w a s t o o w e ll g r o u
n io n s ,
s
opi
n de d in his r eli io u
g
t o co m ply w i t h hi s r e q u
es t
’
To t his D r H oope r ,a n sw e r ed ,t h at a s th e p op e s doc t r i n e
w a s co n t r a r y t o t h e s a c r ed sc r ip t u
r es , a n d a s h e co u
ld not
be t h e he a d o f t h e ch ur ch , b ec a use t he r e w a s n o he a d o f
i t
bu
t C h r i s t , so h e w o u
ld l i v e an d die a sse r t i n g t he doc
t r i n es he h a d t a ugh t
G a r di n e r r eplied , t h a t t h e quee n w o uld n e v e r sho w an y
m e r cy t o t h e e n e m ies o f th e p ope
w he r e up o n B a b i n g t o n ,
th e w a r d e n ,w a s co m m a n ded t o t a ke h im b a ck t o t h e F le e t
It w a s like w ise o r de r e d , th a t he sho uld b e shi ft e d fr o m his
fo r m e r ch a m be r , w hich w a s do n e a n d h e w a s se a r ch ed ,t o
fi n d ,if p ossible , w h e t he r he h a d a n y books co n ce a le d a bo u
t
him , b ut n o n e w e r e fo un d
On th e 2 5 th o f J a n uar y he w a s a g a in b r o ugh t be fo r e t h e
ch a n cello r t o b e e x am i n ed , a n d w a s a g a i n a sked w he t he r
o r n o t he w o u
ld r ec a n t ; b ut n o t hi n g co uld sh a ke his c on
.
’
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.
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.
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stan c
y
.
O n Mo n d a y m o r n i n g,F eb r uar y 4 th ,th e b i sho p o f L o n d o n
w e n t t o t h e p r iso n t o de g r a de him , w h i c h w a s d o n e in t h e
us ua l fo r m , by p ut t i n g th e di ffe r e n t r ob e s upo n h im w o r n by
p r ies t s an d t he n t a ki n g t he m o ff The y d i d n o t p ut o n h im
th e bi shop s r ob es , b ec a use t hey did n o t a d m i t o f t h e v a lid i t y
o f h i s o r di n a tio n
W hi le t hey w e r e s tr ip pi n g h im o f t hes e
_
.
’
.
33
3 80
F ox
’
s
or
soo n
mur m u
r
s
Ro m ish r a gs ,h e t ol d t he m he w a s gl a d t o p ar t w i t h t he n
be c a us e hi s m i n d h a d b ee n a l w a ys a ga i n s t t he m , a n d c o n
a s in fa c t
s id e r e d t he m a s n o be t t e r t h a n h e a t h e n i sh r elics
t hey w e r e , fo r t h e s a m e ki n d o f r obe s w e r e w o rn by th e
p r ies t s b e fo r e th e t i m e o f C o n s t a n t i n e th e G r e a t
A fe w ho ur s a ft e r he w a s de gr a de d , t h e keep e r c a m e to
him a n d t ol d h im , h e w a s t o be se n t do w n t o G lo uces t e r t o s uf
Up o n t his he li ft e d up h is eye s a n d h a n ds t o h e a
fe r de a t h
v e n , p r a isi n g G o d t h a t he w a s t o d ie a m o n
his
p
eople
a s it
,
g
w ou
ld b e t h e m e a n s o f co n fi r m i n g t he m in t h e t r ut h o f w h a t
he h a d t a ugh t t he m H e i m m edi a t ely se n t t o hi s se r v a n t
fo r his b oo t s a n d cl o a k , t h a t he m i g h t be in r e a di n ess t o a t
t e n d t h e o ffi ce r s w he n e v e r t h ey sh o u
ld co m e fo r h im
Abo ut fo ur in t h e m o r n i n g he w a s t ak e n o ut o f p r iso n
o
h
c
t e d t o t h e si gn o f t h e A n gel ,n e a r
t
e sh e r i ff, a n d co n d u
y
n s t a n s s ch u
r ch , F lee t s t r ee t
The r e h e w a s r ecei v ed
St D u
by t h e q ue e n s o ffi ce r s , w h o h a d th e w a r r a n t fo r hi s e x e c u
t io n
a ft e r w hich t hey p e r m i tt ed him to t a ke so m e r e fr esh
.
.
.
.
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’
—
.
.
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m en t
.
Ab o ut b r e a k o f d ay h e chee r fully m o un t e d o n ho r se
b a ck w it ho ut hel p , h a v i n g a hoo d o n hi s h e a d un de r his h a t ,
t h a t he sho u
ld n ot b e k n o w n a n d t h us e qui pp ed , w i t h a
s er e n e a n d ch ee r ful co un t e n a n ce , p r o ceeded o n th e r o a d
fo r Glo uce s t e r ,a t t e n de d by his ke ep e r s
The gua r d s a sked
him w h a t h o use s he w a s a cc us t o m ed t o us e o n t h e r o a d
a n d w he n t hey w e r e i n fo r m ed ,in o r de r t o p e r ple x h im ,t h ey
t ook h im t o o t he r s
On t h e Th ur sd a y follo w i n g t hey a r r i v ed a t Ci r e n ceste r ,
a t o w n in h is o w n d io c e s s , a n d a b o u
t el e v e n m ile s fr o m
G lo uce s t e r , w he r e t hey di n e d a t th e ho use o f a w o m a n w h o
h a d a l w a ys h a t ed t h e p r o t es t a n t s , a n d t r a d uce d b isho p
H oop e r s ch a r a c t e r a s m uch a s p ossib le This w o m a n
seei n g his co n st an cy , w a s so a ffe c t ed , t h a t s h e l a m e n t e d hi s
c a se w i t h t e a r s ,a n d b e g ge d his p a r do n fo r th e m an n e r in
w hich she h a d sp oke n o f him
D i n n e r bei n g o v e r , t hey p r oceeded t o G lo uces t e r , w h e r e
t hey a r ri v ed a b o u
A g re at c r ow d o f
t fi v e in t h e a ft e r n oo n
p eople w e r e as se m b led a b o ut a m il e w i t h o ut th e to w n s o
t h a t o n e o f th e
e
a r d , fe a r i n g a r e sc u
r ode u t o
t
h
u
e
,
g
p
m a yo r s h o use t o de m a n d a id a n d a ssis ta n ce This b ei n g
gr a n t ed ,th e p eople dispe r sed
Hoo pe r w as t h a t n i gh t lod g ed in the h o use o f o n e I n gr a m ,
.
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B OOK o r
MA RT YRS
.
m e r ly s u
b s ste d b e tw ee n t h em , fo r h e h a d lo n g b e e n ac
u
a in t e d
o f t h e she r i ffs t h a t t he
w
i
h
he
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e
be
gged
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m
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wo uld m a ke th e fi r e a s viole n t a s possible , t h a t hi s p a m s
.
m
m i gh t be o f t h e sho r t e r d u
r a t io n ; a ddi n
at
t
he
i gh t
h
,
g
o
h a v e h ad his li fe if he chose it , b ut c o uld n o t co n sis t e n t ly
w i th th a t d u
he o w e d t o God , a nd his o w n co n scie n ce
t
H e s a id , he n e w the Bi shop o f Ro m e w a s A n t i ch r i s t ,
a n d t h e r e fo r e h e co u
ld n o t b e obed ie n t t o h im H e d e
si r ed t hey w o uld n o t de n y his r e ques t , b ut le t h im s uffe r a s
k
.
.
oo n a s p ossible , w it ho ut e x e r ms m g a n y un n ecess a r y c r u
c it y , w hich w a s u
r
n b e co m i n g t h e dig n i t y o f m e n o f ho n o u
A co n s ul t a ti o n w a s held by t h e she r iff s , w he t he r o r n o t
hey sho uld lod ge h im , t he e v e n i n g be fo r e h i s e x ec ut io n ,in
t h e co m m o n g a ol o v e r t h e n o r t h
t the
a te o f t h e ci t y , b u
g
g ua r d s w h o h a d b r o ught h im fr om L o n do n , i n t e r cede d so
e a r n es t ly in his fa v o ur , t h at he w a s p e r mi tt ed t o r e m a i n in
hi s fo r m e r l od g i n gs
a n d he spe n t th e eve n i n g in p r a ye r ,
t o e t he r w i t h a s m u
c h o f t h e n i gh t a s he
co uld sp a r e
g
fr o m hi s o r di n a r y r es t
The b elie v e r , w h o i s t o r es t in
Ch r is t J es us t h r o ugh o ut t h e e n dless a ges o f e t e r n i t y , m ay
w ell e nj o y a n ho u
r s sleep , b e fo r e th e co m m e n ce m e n t 0 1
e v e n t h e m o s t e x c r uci a t i n g t o r t ur es
W he n bisho p H0 0p e r a ose in t h e m o r n i n g , h e desi r e d
th a t n o
p e i s o n w h a t e v e r sho uld dis t ur b h im in hi s de v o
i o n s , t ill th e o ffi ce r s c a m e t o le a d him o ut t o e x e c ut io n
Abo ut ei gh t o clock , th e lo r d Ch a n d o is , a tt e n ded by
s e v e r a l o t he r n o ble m e n a n d
ge n t le m e n , c a m e t o co n d uc t
him t o th e pl a ce o f e x ec u
H oope r
t io n ; a n d a t n i n e D r
w a s r e a dy
B ei n g b r o ugh t d o w n fr o m his ch a m be r , w he n
he s a w t he g ua r ds , he t old t h e she r i ffs h e w a s n o t r a i t o r ,
b ut o n e w h o w a s w illi n g t o die fo r t h e t r ut h ; a n d t h a t , if
t h ey w o u
ld h a v e p e r m i tt ed h im , h e w o uld h a v e w illi n e
go n e un gua r ded to t he s ta ke , w i t ho ut t r o ub li n g a ny o fii c e 1 s
A ft e r w a r d looki n g upo n t h e m ul t i t ude o f p eople t h a t w e r e
a sse m bled , a b o v e
se v e n t ho us a n d in n um be r , he s a id
Al a s ! w h y a x e so m a n y pe ople a sse m ble d ? I d a r e n o t
spe a k t o t he m a s fo r m e r ly
H e w a s led fo r w a r d be t w ee n t h e tw o sh e r i ffs , a s a l a m b
t o th e s l a u
gh t e r , h a v i n g 0 11 a go w n w hich t h e m a n o f t h e
ho use , w h o m he w a s co n fi n ed , h a d le n t h im a n d bei n g
m uch a ffl ic t e d w i t h a n ill n ess h e h a d c o n t r a c t e d 1 11 p r i so n ,he
was oblige d to w a lk w i t h a s t a ff in l US h a n d
The she r i ffs
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F ox
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B OO K o r MA RTY RS
3 89
.
h a vin g co m m an ded h im n o t to spe ak o n e w o r d , h e w a s n o t
see n t o ope n his m o ut h b ut beholdi n g t h e p eop le , w h o
‘
fn o ur n e d bi tt e r ly , he so m e t i m e s li ft ed up h is eye s to w a r d
he a v e n , a n d looke d chee r fully upo n s uch a s h e k n e w ; an d ,
i n deed , hi s co unt e n an ce w a s m o r e chee r ful t h a n it h a d
b e e n fo r a lo n g t i m e b e fo r e
W he n he w a s b r o ugh t t o th e s tak e , h e e m b r a ced it , a n d
look ed s m ili n gly a t a p l a ce w he r e h e use d fo rm e r ly t o
p r e a ch H e t he n k n eeled do w n t o p r a y , an d b ecko n ed
se v e r a l t i m es t o o n e w h o m he kn e w v e r y w ell , t o co m e
a n d he ar him t h a t he m i gh t gi v e a fa i t h fu
l a cco un t o f w h a t
he s a id , a ft e r hi s de a t h , a s h e w a s n o t p e r m i tt ed t o spe ak
a lo u
d
W h e n h e h a d b ee n so m e tim e a t p r a ye r , a
p a r do n w a s b r o ugh t ,a n d o ffe r e d t o him , o n co n di t io n t h a t
he w o uld r ec a n t b ut n ei t he r p r o m ises o f p a r do n , n o r
t h r e a t e n i n gs o f p u
e
ff
e
c
t
o n h im
so
n i sh m e n t , h a d a n
y
i m m o v e a b le w a s he in t h e fa i t h , a n d so w ell es t a b lished in
the p r i n ciples o f th e gosp el
P r a ye r s bei n g e n d ed , he p r ep ar ed hi m sel f fo r t h e s t ake ,
by t a ki n g o ff hi s l an dlo r d s go w n , w hich h e deli v e r e d t o th e
she r i ffs , r e ques t i ng t he m t o se e it r es t o r e d t o t h e o w n e r
He t he n t ook o ff t h e r es t o f his clo t hes ,e x cep t his do ub let
a n d ho se , in w hich h e i n t e n de d t o b e b u
r n ed
b ut th e she
f
r i ffs n o t p e r m i tt i n
h
p
b
m
i
tt e d
A
e
r
t
a t , he
a t ie n t ly s u
t
g
n d of
t hi s a p o u
h
is
legs
n p o w de r w a s pl a ce d b e t w e e n
u
,
g
a n d t h e s a m e qu
a n ti t y u
t h r ee ch a i n s w e r e
n de r e a ch a r m
n d h im , o n e to hi s n eck , a n o t he r t o his m id
t he n fi x ed r o u
dle , a n d a t hi r d to his le gs ; a n d w i th t hese he w a s fa s t e n
ed t o th e s t a ke
This b ei n g do n e , fir e w as p ut t o th e fa go t s b ut th ey
bei n g gr ee n , he suffe r e d i n e x p r essible t o r m e n t S oo n a ft e r
t his , a lo a d o f d r
ght
f
a ots w a s b r o u
b
n t still th e w i n d
,
y
g
ble w a w ay t h e fla m es so t h a t he b egge d fo r m or e ,t h a t h e
m i gh t b e p ut o ut o f his m ise r y
At le n gth t h e fi r e t ook e ffec t , a n d th e m a r t yr tr i um ph
en t ly a sce n ded
i n t o he a v e n , a ft e r such a fi e r y tr i a l as
a l m ost e x ceeds a n
hi
t
n g w e m eet w i t h in t h e p r i m i t ive
y
a ges
H is l a st w o r ds w e r e , L o r d Je s us h a v e m e r cy
up o n m e e n a ble m e to h e a r m y s uffe r in gs , fo r thy n am e s
”
spi
s a ke , a n d r ecei v e m
r it
y
S uch w a s th e e n d o f o n e o f th e m os t e m i n e n t fa the r s o f
r ch o f E n l an d ; an d s u
r ely t h a t r e li i o n w hi ch co u
th e ch u
l
d
g
g
l
.
.
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.
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.
“
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33
390
Fox
’
s
B OOK o r ma n r vn s
.
up p o r t h im un de r such d r e a d ful to r t ur e s must b e o f Go d
F a n a t icis m a n d s upe r s t i t io n m ay g1 v e r esol ut io n b ut it is?
e n ce o f p ur e r e li gi o n w h i ch c a n bes t o w
o n ly t h e d i v i n e i n fl u
r o f de a th
a l m n ess in t h e ho u
s
c
“
.
S egfler z ng s a n d Ma r ty r d o m q
'
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r.
Ro wla n d Ta y lor
.
D r R o w l an d T a ylo r w a s bo r n in the to w n o f H a dl e i gh ,
1n S u
ffolk , w hi ch w a s o n e o f t h e fi r s t pl a ces in E n gl a n d
O spel a n d he r e he p r e a ched co n s t a n t ly
t h a t r e cei v ed t h e
d ur i n g t h e r ei gn 0 ki n g E d w ar d A r chbishop C r a n m e r ,
w h o w a s a good j ud ge o f m e r i t , a n d lo v ed t o r e w a r d it in
le a r n ed m e n , took h im i n t o his fa m ily , a n d p r ese n t ed him
H e r e h e p r o v ed hi m sel f a m os t
t o t h e li v i n g o f Ha dlei gh
e x celle n t p r e a che r a n d a fa i t h ful p a s t o r He m a de h im
sel f a cq ua i n t ed w i t h e v e r y i n di v id ua l in his p a r ish ; h e
gh t t he m like th e a pos t les a n d p r i m i t i v e C h r is t i an s , w h o
ta u
se t o ho use The lo v e o f C h r is t w r o ugh t so
w e n t fr o m h o u
s t r o n gly o n h is m i n d , t h a t e v e r y S un d a y a n d h olid ay he
p r e a che d in th e m os t fe r v e n t m a n n e r t o his people
No r di d h e r e s tr ic t hi m sel f t o p r e a ch in g : hi s li fe w a s
o n e co n t i n u
ed co m m e n t o n hi s doc t r i n e : it w a s a li fe o f
holi n ess ; he s t udied n o t hi n g s o m uch a s t o d o good ; w a s
st r a n ge r t o p r ide ; a n d w a s clo t hed w i t h h um ili t y H e
a
l a r ly a t t e n t i v e to th e p oo r , a n d his ch a r i ty w a s
w a s p a r t ic u
.
.
.
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.
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.
bo un ded o n ly by his a bili t y W hile he r eb uke d si n n e r s
fo r t hei r e n o r m i t ie s , h e w a s r e a dy t o r elie v e t hei r w an t s
Thi s w a s a godlike disp osi t io n , a n d th e ch ar a c t e r is t ic o f a
tr u
e Ch r is t i a n
In t h e co ur se o f his m i n i s t e r i al l a b o ur s he o ft e n m e t
t he a t t e n de d t o t h e
w it h O pposi t i o n ,a n d e v e n w i t h a b use b u
m a x i m l a i d do w n by th e a p os t le , t h a t w e m us t go t h r o ugh
e v il a s w ell a s t h r o ugh good r epo r t He w a s a m a r r ied
m an , bu
t n e v e r s e t d o w n t o di n n e r w i t h his fa m i ly ,w i t ho u
t
fi r s t i n qui r i n g w he t he r t h e p oo r w a n t ed a n y t hi n g To
t h ose w h o w e r e dis t r essed , he g a v e r elie f b e fo r e he a t e a n
y
t h i n g hi m sel f
H e fa m ili a ri zed hi m sel f w i t h a ll r a n ks o f
m e n , in o r de r t h a t he m i gh t w in t he m t o t h e k n o w led ge
p r a c t ice o f t h e t r uth H e w a s a n i n d ul ge n t , te n de r
an d
sb a n d , a n d b r o ugh t up hi s child r e n in t he
a ffec t i o n a t e h u
f a r o f God w ell k n o w i n g , t h a t t o la y a good fo u
n d a tio n is
r e a be a u
t i fu
l s up e r s tr uc tur e
the o n ly w a y t o sec u
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,
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e
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3 92
Fox
’
s
B OO K o r
MA R TY RS
.
i
s
t D r T a ylo r , t o t h e ch a n cello r G a r di n e r , w h o s e nt
g
T a ylo r t o a p p e ar be fo r e
a m e s s e n ge r , co m m a n di n g D r
h im , in o r de r t o a n s w e r t o th e ch a r ge
W he n D r T a ylo r s fr ie n d s he ar d o f thi s , th ey w e r e
ch g r ie v ed , a n d fe a r i n g w h a t w o uld b e t h e r es ul t ,a s jus
mu
r io u
s bi go ts t h e n in
t ice w a s n o t t o b e e x pec t ed fr o m t h e fu
p o w e r , a d v ised him t o go a b r o a d t o s a v e hi s li fe B ut t his
he w o uld b y n o m e a n s co m ply w i t h ; sa yi n g t h a t it w a s
r a ble t o s u
ff e r fo r th e c a use o f God , t h a n to fle e
m o r e ho n o u
God , s a i d he , w i ll
fr o m th e w r at h o f w icke d m e n
ei t he r p r o t ec t me fr o m suffe r i n gs , o r he w ill e n a b le m e t o
”
H e a dded , Th a t he k n e w his d y in fo r t he
he a r t he m
l d b e o f m o r e se r v ice t o t h e c a use 0 C h r i s t
tr u
th w ou
”
t h a n hi s flyi n g a w a y fr o m t h e m a lice o f his p e r sec u
t or s
W h e n his fr ie n d s sa w t h a t n o t hi n g co uld p r e v a i l upo n
him , t hey t ook le a v e o f hi
W l t h t e a r s ; a ft e r w hi ch he s e t
ou
t fo r L o n do n , a cco m p an ied by a se r v a n t n a m ed Joh n
Hull , w h o h a d bee n a co n si de r a ble t i m e in his fa m ily
This fa i t h ful se r v a n t a d v i sed h im t o m a ke hi s esc a pe , b ut
r p ose ;
to n o p u
fo r T a ylo r s a id , t h a t th e goo d she p
he r d sho uld n e v e r le a v e hi s sheep , till h e w as t o r n fr o m
t he m by fo r ce
In t h e s a m e h e a v e n ly m a n n e r he e x h o r t
ed J oh n t o b e co n s t a n t in th e p r o fessio n o f C h r is t i a n i t y ,
an d
n ot
to
r e tu
rn to
p ope r y
He s a id , th a t w o r ldly
w isdo m w a s a p t t o t a ke t o o de ep a r oo t in o ur he ar t s , a n d
t h at it w a s , t he r e fo r e , o u
t y t o do a ll w e co u
ld t o t r i um ph
r du
o v e r t h e w o r ld , th e flesh , a n d th e d e v il ; t o b e co n sis t e n t
in o ur a tt a ch m e n t t o t h e t r ut h ; t o kee p in v ie w th e g lo r i
l ; t o de spise e a r t hly
o i s e t e r n i ty p r ovi ded fo r t h e fa i t h fu
e r o rn e n t s , w hile w e s t r i v e t o r e n d e r o u
r sel v e s w o r t hy o f
g y
he a v e n ; to fe a r G o d m o r e th an m e n ; t o b elie v e t h a t he
w il l s w ee t e n a ll o u
r su
ffe r i n gs , by th e i n fl ue n ces o f h is
H oly S pi r it ; t o t hi n k n o t hi n g t o o h a r d t o e n d ur e , in
o r de r to obt a i n a b le s se d i m m o r t a li t y ; an d ,w i t h a C h r is
tia n co u
r a ge , to t r am ple
m ph o ve r the
o n de a t h , a n d t r i u
gr av e
W he n D r Ta ylo r w a s b r o ught be fo r e th e ch an cell o r
G a r di n e r , t h a t p r el a te r e v iled h im in t h e m ost sho cki n g
m a n n e r , c a lli n g h im a t r a i t o r a n d h e r e t i c ; a ll w h ich o u
r
pi o us m ar t y r p a t ie n t ly sub m i tt ed to In th e Op i n i o n o f
G a r di n e r he m i gh t h a v e b ee n a he r e t ic , b ut , a cco r di n g t o
law , he c ould no t h a v e b e e n a t r a i t o r ; fo r th e stat u
te o f
a
a n
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r ox s
B OO K o r mum
3 93
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s.
s t a tute o f her e sy e n fo r ce d di ffe r e n t
p un i sh m e n t s : fo r tr e a so n t h e o ffe n di n g p a r t y w a s t o be
h a n ged a n d q uar t e r ed fo r he r esy he w a s t o b e b ur n ed
al i v e
Ha d quee n Ma r y p r oceeded a ga i n s t t hi s m a n , a n d
t e o f hi gh t r e a s o n ,t hey m u
st h av e
m a n y o t he r s , o n t he s ta t u
bee n a c q ui t t e d ,a s th e t r i a l w o uld t he n h a v e bee n co n d uc t ed
t o t h e p r i n c i p les o f co m m o n la w
his
she
a cco r d i n
B
u
t
t
g
ha d n o i n t e n t io n t o d o ; h e r desi g n w as t o gr a t i fy t h e
cle r gy , by c a usi n g a ll t hose w ho o pposed t hei r se n t i m e n t s ,
t de a t h in t h e m ost b a r b ar o u
to b e p u
s m a nn e r
D r T a ylo r a n s w e r ed t h e ch a n cello r w ith beco m i n g
fir m n ess he t old him , t h a t he w a s t h e pe r sec ut o r o f G od s
p eople , a n d t h a t h e , hi m sel f h a d a dhe r ed t o o ur S a v i o ur
a n d h is w o r d z h e
bi
shop
G
u
a r di n e r in m i n d o f t h e o a t h
t
p
he h a d t a ke n in th e be gi n n i n g o f ki n g E d w a r d s r ei gn ,
t o m a i n ta i n t h e p r o t es t a n t r eli io n , a n d o ppo se t h e p a p a l
g
s up r e m a cy : b n t G a r di n e r a n s w e r ed t h at t h e o a t h h a d
bee n e x t o r t ed , so t h a t he w a s n o t ob li ged t o a bide by it
It i s ce r t a i n , t h a t e v e r y o a t h e x t o r t ed b y t h e t h r e a t e n i n g
fo r ce ; a n d the m an
n i sh m e n t , c an h a v e n o m o r a l
of pu
w h o h a s bee n w e a k e n o u
gh to s w e ar , m ay r ecede fr o m
th e ob li a t o r y p a r t a s soo n a s he h a d a n op po r t u
n i ty
B
ut
g
t hi s w a s n o t t h e c a se w i t h G a r di n e r ; h a d he r e fu
sed t h e
o a t h , a ll th e p un i sh m e n t i n flic t ed upo n h im w o uld h a v e
bee n the loss o f his bishop r i c An d s ur ely he w ho p a ys t h e
le a s t r e ga r d to th e s a c r ed N am e in voke d to w i t n ess his sin
s
u
bsis
e
c e r it , w ill n o t choose t o e nj oy a t e m po r a l
t
n ce a t
y
il ty co n scie n ce
th e e x p e n se o f a g u
D r T a ylo r e x p l a i n ed t o t h e bishop t h e n a t u
r e of an
o a t h , a n d t old him , t h a t a s he h a d n o t been fo r ced t o t ake
o n e co n t r a r y t o t h e di c t a t es o f co n scie n ce , so he w a s ei t he r
re u
i
diced
n w h a t he did , o r w h a t w a s s t ill w o r se , he t r i
j
p
fled w i t h a s a c r ed obli gat io n t h a t n o m a n w h a t e v e r co uld
dispe n se w i t h a n o a t h ,un less he k n e w it wa s hi s d ut y t o
do so , in co n se que n ce o f its h a v i n g b ee n i m posed o n him
b y v iole n ce
bj e c t t o
Ga r din e r w h o w as sel f co n v icted , tur n e d th e s u
th e disp u
ted p oi n t s co n ce r n i n g t he r e a l p r ese n ce , a n d so m e
o t he r t hi n gs in pope r y
W i t h r espect t o th e re a l p r e se n ce in the s a cra me n t ,D r
T a ylo r tol d hi m , t h a t it h a d n o fo un d a t io n in sc r ip t ur e
ry
H
ou
t had b e e n fi rs t ta u ht a b o u
t he t e n th c e n t u
e
t
g
high
tr e a son
a n d th e
.
-
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3 94
F
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o s s o o n o r Mi n r vn s
x
'
.
quo t e d th e b ook o f B e r t r a m , w hi ch w a s w ri t t e n ab o ut tha
t i m e , w h e r ei n t h e r e a l p r ese n ce w a s de n ied , a n d t r an s u
e
s t a ntia tio n co n side r e d a s n o b e tt e r t h a n a n o v el doc t r i n e
He m a de it a ppe a r , t h a t Ch r is t o n ly co mm a n ded his fol
lo w e r s t o keep t h e fe a s t o f t h e E uch a r is t ,in r e m emb r an ce
o f his l a s t s u
ppe r w i t h t he m Th at a s C h r is t b r oke b r e a d
an d d r a n k w i n e w ith his disciple s in a fr ie n dly m a n n e r , b e
fo r e he w as d r a gged t o p r iso n ,t o j ud g m e n t , a n d t o e x e cu
t io n , co n se q u
e n t ly hi s follo w e r s sho uld ob se r v e it a s a fe a st
of u
n i t y t o t h e e n d o f the w o r ld
S uch w e r e t h e se n t i m e n t s o f t h i s p i o us m an , co n cern i n g
a v e r y disp u
t ed p oi n t
H e w a s cl e a r in hi s co n ce p ti o n s
con ce r n i n g t h e sc r ip t ur e a cco un t o f th e l a st s upp er, fo r a ll
gh t us t o co n side r it in t h e
th e p r i m i t i v e fa t he r s h a v e t au
”
s a m e li ght W he n Ch r is t s a i d , Thi s is my b ody , h e
co uld o n ly m e an t h e a to n e m e n t t h a t w a s to b e m a de fo r s in ,
r ely t h a t co u
an d su
ld n o t b e t h e b r e a d he took in his h a n d
Th e body o f Ch r is t , j oi n ed t o his h um a n so ul , a n d b o th
un i t ed to th e d i v i n e n a t ur e , a r e n o w in a s t a t e o f glo r y in
he a v e n ; a n d h o w t he n c a n t h e p r i es t tur n a m o r sel o f
b r e a d i n to th e b ody o f o ur D i v i n e Redee m e r ? The b a r e
gh t p ut s co mm o n se n se t o t h e bl ush It i s full o f a h
t h ou
s ur di ty , a n d c a n o n ly i m p ose o n t h e g r osses t c r ed uli t y , fo r
l and d e
th e p ur p ose o f in c r e a si n g th e i n fl ue n ce o f a r t fu
S i n i n g p r i ests
g
D r T a ylo r , a ft e r be in g in t e r r o g a t ed b y t h e ch an cello r
fo r a co n side r a ble t i m e , w a s a t le n gt h co m m i tt ed t o p r i so n
fo r bi go t r y k n o w s n o feeli n g ; pe r sec ut io n n o r es t i n g pl a ce
VVhile he w a s in p r iso n , he sp e n t th e gr e a t es t p a r t of
his t i m e in p r a ye r , in r e a di n g t h e s a c r e d sc r ip t ur es , a n d in
e x ho r t i n g t h e p oo r p r i so n e r s co n fin ed w i t h h im t o a s e ns e
ty This w as t h e m o r e n ecess a r y , a s th e
o f thei r d u
w
as
(p
eople
deo
a t t h e ti m e w e r e e x t r e m ely i n o r a n t ; li gh t , i u
g
b e gi n n i n g to b r e a k in upo n t he m , b ut they k n e w n o t h o w
The p r iso n in w hich D r Ta ylo r w a s co n fi n ed ,
t o w a lk
w a s t h a t co m m o n ly c a lled t he K i n g s B e n ch , a n d t he r e h e
B r a d fo r d , w hose
m e t w i t h t h a t holy a n d p io u
a m an Mr
s se n t i m e n t s co n t r ib ut ed t o m i t i ga t e his
a ffi n ity in r eli gio u
su
ffe ri n gs
If t w o v i r t uo us o r pio us pe r so n s a r e o f th e
s a m e Op i n io n , a n d un de r th e s a me ci r c um sta nc es , they
w
a s the c a s e
e
This
n e ra lly sy m p a t hize w i t h e a ch o t he r
g
fo r n o soo ne r did t hey
w it h D r T a ylo r a n d Mr B r a d fo r d
t
.
.
«
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
’
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396
F ox
’
B OOK o r ma ri n a s
s
.
He a ck n o w led ged th a t h e a r
bish op s w h o w e r e p r ese n t
ho r r ed all th e p opish do c t r i n es o f th e ch ur ch o f Ro m e ,
t h a t t o de n y t h e cle r gy t h e
t h a t t h e p e p e w a s A n t ich r is t
p r i v ile ge o f m a r r i a ge w a s th e do c t r i n e o f de v ils th a t t he r e
w er e b u
t t w o s a c r a m e n t s in t h e Ne w Tes t a m e n t ; t h a t t h e
m a ss w a s idol a t r y , t h e bo dy o f C h r is t b ei n g in he a v e n ;
ld a bide by t h ese se n t i m e n t s t o
a n d l a s t o f a ll, t h a t he w o u
t h e l a s t , b ei n g co n v i n ced t h a t t hey w e r e co n sis t e n t with
t h e doc t r i n es l a i d do w n by Ch r is t a n d hi s a po s t les
On e m ay e a sily i m a gin e w h a t w o uld b e the co n s e
a fr ee a n d op e n decl a r a t io n
ch
The
p
a pist s
u
en c e s o f s u
q
co uld n o t b e ar to he ar t hei r fa v o ur i t e n o t i o n s t hus c a lled
in q ue sti o n , a n d eve n co n de m n e d a s idol a t r y
The ch a n cello r t he r e fo r e p r o n o un ced se n t e n c e o n him ,
t a ke n t o a p riso n in S o ut h w a r k , c a lle d th e
a n d he w a s
C li n k , w he r e h e r e m a i n e d t ill n i gh t , a n d t h e n w a s se n t to
l t r y He r e he r e m a i n e d sev e n
t h e C o m p t e r in t h e P o u
d a y s w he n , o n t h e 4 th o f F eb r ua ry 1 5 5 5 , B o n n e r , bi shop
o f L o n do n , w i t h o t he r s , c a m e t o t he s a i d C o m p t e r to d e
opish
r a de him , b r i n g i n g w i t h t h e m t h e
g
The l a st p a r t o f th e ce r e m o n y o de g r a d a ti o n is fo r th e
bishop t o s t r ike t h e pe r so n de gr a ded o n t h e b r e a st ; b ut
B o n n e r s ch a pl a i n a d v i sed h im n o t t o s t r ike D r T a ylo r ,
Y e s , t h a t I w ill , b y
for he w o uld s ur ely s t r ike a ga i n
”
’
fo r the c a use is Ch r i s t s , a n d
S t P e t e r , s a id th e d o c t o r
I sh o ul d n o t b e a g md S o ld e r , if I did n o t figh t m y m a s
t e r s b a t t les
Th e b i sh o p ,t he r e fo r e ,co n t e n ded him slf w i t h p r o n o u
n c in
a c u rs e u
po n D r T a ylo r ; to w hich th e doc t o r an s w e r e ,
Yo um a y c ur se a s lo n g a s y o u p le a se , b ut I a m co n fide n t
G o d w i ll s up Po r t m e : I h a v e t h e w i t n ess o f a good c o n
t h ; w he r e
s cie n ce , t h at I a m s t a n di n g in de fe n ce o f t h e t r u
as
y o ud a r e n ot s a y t h a t y o ua r e d oi n g so b ut I w il l p ra y
”
fo r y o u
W he n h e w a s b r o ugh t up to his ch a m b e r , he told Mr
Br a d fo r d t h a t he h a d m a de the bishop o f Lo n do n a fr a id ;
'
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p
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d
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Su
p e r titio n h a d ri en to uh a p it c h in th e r e ig n o f He n r y I ,t h a t th e
ler gy w e r e e x e mp te d fr o m
o r p ore a l p u
n i h m en t ;
bu
t his g ra n d o n
He n r y II ,in th e o n t it ut io n o f C a r en d o n ,o r d a ine d th a t th ey o ud s uf
n i h m e n t a s t h e la i ty ; a n d t h e re fo r e th e
fe r t h e a m e p u
e r g y , t h a t it
mig h t n o t b e a id t a t a p r ie t s u
fle re d d e a th , a w ay d e g ra d e d him b e fo re
ex e u
t ion ; t h u b y a p i t ifu
l qu
ib b e m a in t a ining the s ha d o w o f ex emp
b s tan c e Q
tio n, wh en they ha d lo t t h e s u
s
c
s
.
s
c
s
s
c s
s
h
s
s
s c
c
s
l
s
s
’
l
.
s
l
s
cl
sh l
s
r
for ,
o x s B O O K o r MA RT YRS
’
97
.
s a i d b e , his ch a pl a i n a d v ised him n ot t o str ike
l d s t r ike him a ga i n , w hich I m a de him b e
m e , le s t I sho u
”
li e v e 1 w o uld ,a l t ho ugh I n e v e r i n t e n ded t o do so
To s t r ike a n e n e m y is s t r ic t ly fo r bi dde n in th e gosp el
a r ded a s t o s t r ike
b ut e v e n h a d D r T a ylo r b ee n so un gu
ld o n ly h a v e bee n i m p ut ed to the ig no
t h e bishop , it Co u
r a n ce w hich a t th a t tim e p r e v ai led , e v e n o v e r th e m i n ds o f
p io us m e n
The n i gh t a ft e r he w a s de gr ad e d , hi s w ife , w i t h hi s s o n
Tho m a s , c a m e t o see h im an d s uch w as th e good n a t ur e
o f th e k eepe r , t h a t b e p e r m i tt ed t h e m to
o i n t o hi s a p a r t
g
m e n t an d su
r T a ylo r fo u
n d a gr e a t
w
i
t h h im
Th
u
s
D
p
di ffe r e n ce b e t w ee n t h e keep e r o f th e bi sho p s p ri so n a n d
th e keepe r o f t h e C o m p t e r
The bi sh op s keepe r s w e r e
e v e r c r uel , bl a sphe m o us , a n d t yr an n i c a l , like t hei r m a st e r ;
b ut th e ke ep e r s o f t h e r oy a l p r i so n s , fo r th e m os t p a r t ,
sho w ed a s m uch fa v o ur a s co uld be gr an t ed to t hose w ho m
they h a d in c us t ody Joh n H ull , t h e se r v a n t , c am e w it h
t h e w i fe a n d s o n o f D r T a ylo r ; a n d a t t hei r fi r s t co m i n
g
in , t hey a ll k n eeled do w n a n d p r a yed
A ft e r s uppe r the d oct o r w al ked t w o o r t h r e e tim es a c r oss
th e r oo m ,b lessi n g G o d t h at he h a d si n gled him o u
t t o b e ar
w i t n ess t o th e t r u
t h , a s it i s in Jesu
s : t h at he h a d b ee n
tho ugh t w o r t hy t o s uffe r fo r hi s n a m e s s a ke : a n d t he n ,
rn i n
tu
g t o his s o n , h e s a id , My de a r s o n , God Al m i gh t y
b less y o u, a n d giv e y o uhis H oly Sp i r i t , t o be a t r ue se r v e n t
o f Ch r is t ; t o he a r hi s w o r d , a n d co n s t a n t ly to s t a n d by t h e
tr u
t h al l t hy li fe lo n g ; a n d ,m y s o n , see t h at t ho ufe ar G o d
fle e fr o m a ll s in a n d w icke d li v i n g ; b e v i rt uo us ;
a l w a ys
a n d p r a y t o G o d si n ce r ely
b
ook
a t te n d cl ose ly t o t h
In
,
y
l , see t h a t t ho u b e ob edie n t to th y
a ll t hi n gs t h a t a r e l a w fu
m o t he r lo v e h e r a n d se r v e h e r ; b e r ule d a n d di r ec t ed
b y h e r n o w in t hy yo ut h , a n d follo w h e r good co u
n sel in
a ll t hi n gs
B e w a r e o f le w d co m p an y ,o f yo u
n g m e n t h at
fe a r n o t G o d , b ut in d ul ge t hei r v a i n a ppe t i t es an d l us t s
F ly fr o m w ho r e do m , a n d ab ho r a ll fil t h y livin g ; r e m e m
b e rin g th a t I , t hy fa t he r , a m t o die in de fe n ce o f h oly m a r
A
n othe r d a , w he n G o d sh a ll bless t hee , love an d
r ia e
y
g
n t t h a t th
c he r i sh the p oo r peop le , an d co u
y chie f ri ches
is to b e r ich in a lm s : a n d w he n th y m o t he r i s far a d
v e n ced in ye a r s , fo r s ake h e r n o t ,b ut p r o v ide fo r her a o
ab ilities , an d see t h a t she w an t for n othin
to
t
h
c ord in
y
g
g
"
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.
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’
’
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’
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.
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.
34
’
3 98
r ox s
B O OK o r w a r m s
.
An d Go d wil l b les s thee , an d giv e th e e lo n g l ife upo r
e ar th , a n d p r ospe r i t y fo r w hi c h n o w , up o n m y kn ees ,]
”
p ra y , t h r o ugh t h e m e r i t s o f’ J e s us C h r ist
The n , t ur n i n g t o hi s w i fe , h e s ai d , My de a r w i fe , c on
ti n n e ste a d fa st in th e fa i t h ,fe a r ,a n d lo v e o f God K eep yo ur
pe r s t i t io n I h a v e
n d e file d by t h e p opish idol a t r ies a n d s u
s el f u
bee n un t o y o u a fa i th ful yoke fello w ; a n d so h a v e y ou
bee n un t o m e ; f o r th e w hi ch I p r a y Go d to r e w a r d y o u
b t n o t ,m y de a r , b ut Go d w i ll r e w a r d y o u No v
a n d do u
t h e t i m e i s co m e t h a t I sh a ll b e t a ke n fr o m y o u
, a n d y ou
di sch a r ge d o f t h e w edlock b o n d t o w a r d m e : t he r e fo r e I
n sel , t h a t I t hi n k m os t e x p edie n t fo r
w il l gi v e y o u my co u
Y o ua r e y e t a child be a r i n g w o m a n , an d , t he r e fo r e ,
ou
y
i t w ill b e m os t co n v e n ie n t fo r
f
o r , do u
bt
o u t o m ar r y ;
y
less , y o uw ill n o t o f yo ur sel f b e a bl e t o s uppo r t o ur de a r
chil d r e n , n o r b e o ut o f t r o ub le , t ill y o u b e m a r r ied
The r e fo r e , a s soo n a s P r o v ide n ce sh a ll p oi n t o ut so m e
pi o us , ho nes t m a n , w h o y o u t hi n k w ill s upp o r t th e p oor
child r e n , be s ur e t o m a r r y h im , a n d li v e in th e fe a r o f
”
God ; b ut by a ll m e a n s a v oid i dol a t r y a n d s upe r st i tio n
H a v i n g s a id t hese w o r ds , he fell do w n a n d p r a yed fo r
hi s fa m ily ; a n d t he n he g a v e his w i fe a n E n gl ish P r a ye r
B ook , a s s e t fo r t h by ki n g E d w a r d VI ; a n d to his s on
Tho m a s , he g a v e a L a t i n b ook , co n t a i n i n g a collec t io n
o f se n tim e n t s fr o m t h e w r i t i n gs o f th e p r i m i t i v e fa t he r s ,
r el a t i n g
n st a n cy o f
t h e co u
ra e an d
co
the
a n cie n t
g
m a r ty r s
The r e a de r w h o a tte n d s to t h e c on d uc t o f t hi s dyi n g
m a r t y r , w i ll fi n d t h a t t he r e i s so m e t hi n g in t r ue r eli gio n
far s upe r io r t o de cep t io n
In t h e p r i m i t i v e t i m es it w a s
co m mo n fo r th e m a r ty r s , p r e v io us to t hei r s uffe r i n gs , t o
c o n v e r se w i t h t hei r fr ie n d s , a n d a lso t o w r i t e epis t les t o
r ches a t a dis t a n ce
So m e o f t hose epis t les a r e
th e ch u
s t ill e x t a n t , a n d w e k n o w t h a t t hey w e r e fr e que n t ly r e a d
ch ur ches a ft e r w a r d : b ut n o eloq ue n ce c a n e x cee d
i n th e
t h a t o f D r T a ylo r , in t a ki n g le a v e o f his w i fe a n d s o n
Ho w s w eetly d o hi s e x p r essio n s flo w fr o m th e he a rt !
W h a t a m a n ly di gni t y un d e r his s uffe r i n gs doe s h e d ispl a y
W h a t r esi g n a t io n t o t h e w ill o f God , a n d w h a t a fi r m r e
lia n c e o n di vi n e P r o v ide n ce H e r e ,i n deed , g r a ce t r i u
m phed
m a n n atu
r e , a n d th e so u
l sho w ed it s n a tive spl en
o v er h u
r , a lt ho u h co n fin e d w i t hi n a m o r ta l body
dou
g
.
.
.
-
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-
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1 00
Fox
’
s
B OOK o r
MA RT Y RS
.
As th e y cam e
d th ey p r ep a red t o set o ut o n ho r seb a ck
ll , his old se r v a n t w h om
ou
t o f t h e g a t e o f t h e i n n , Joh n H u
an
.
w e h a v e m e n ti o n e d be fo r e ,w a s t he r e w a i t i n g , h a v i n g w i t h
’
t
h
e b oy t h a t
him D r T a yl o r s s o n Thom a s Joh n h ft e d u
p
he m i gh t s e e his fa t he r , a n d t he n se t h im o n t h e ho r se b e
“
D r T a ylo r , t a ki n g o ff his h a t , s a id , Good
fo r e h im
peo ple , t his 1 5 m y o w n s o n , b e go t t e n in l aw ful w e dlo ck ,
”
l m a t r i m o n y H e t he n li ft ed up
a n d I bless G od fo r l a w fu
his eyes t o w a r d he a v e n , a n d p r a ye d for h is s o n ; l a i d hi s
’
h a n d up on th e boy s he a d , a n d b lessed him A ft e r t his he
deli v e r ed h im t o Joh n H ull , w ho m h e shook by t h e h a n d ,
Tho u h a s t bee n th e fa ith fulle st serv an t eve r
an d sa i d ,
.
.
.
.
.
m an h a d
\Vhe n t hey a r r i v e d a t B r e n t w ood , t hey m a d e a close
hood fo r D r T a ylo r , h av i n g t w o h ole s fo r hi s eyes , a n d
They did t his , t h a t n o
o n e fo r h is m o u
t h t o b 1 e a t he a t
w hi ch p r a ctice
m a n sho uld k n o w h im , o r s p e a k t o h iin
Th e e v ide n ce o f t he i r
w a s fr e que n t ly use d in s uch c a ses
o w n c o n s c 1 e n c e s co n v i n ce d t he m t h a t t hey w e r e le a di n
g
G uil t c r e a t es fe ar , a n d
in n oce n t p eople t o th e sl augh t e r
s d o e s S a t an r e w a r d h i s v a ss a ls
thu
All th e w ay D r T aylo r w a s a s j o y ful a s if h e h a d bee n
goi n g t o t a ke p o s s e s s mn o f an e s t a t e ; a n d , i n de ed , h o w
co uld it b e o th e r w i se 21 H e k n e w he w a s s i ffe r in g fo r th e
t h w a s a ble t o s u
p po r t h im ; a n d b e
fa i t h , a n d t h a t t h e t r u
s r e w a r d fr o m Him for w hose c ause
a n t icip at ed a glo r io u
he s uffe r e d
At C hel m s fo r d t hey w er e m e t by the she r i ff o f S uffolk ,
nt
w h o w a s t o t a ke h im i n t o t h a t co u
y t o b e e x e c ut e d
W hile t hey w e r e a t sup pe r , t h e she r i ff o f E sse x l a b o ur ed
e a r n es tly w i t h h im t o r e tur n t o th e p op ish r eli gi o n H e
Th a t a s h e w a s a m an o f un i v e r s a l le a r n i n g , so
t old him ,
”
h is de a t h w o uld b e a gr e a t loss 0 th e n a t i o n
The s he r i ff,
w h a t e v e r his o w n op i n i o n s w e r e , s a i d a gr e a t de a l to D r
T a ylo r , a n d fa lli n g b e fo r e h im o n hi s k n ees ,w i t h th e t e a r s
r un n i n g do w n hi s cheek s , e a i n e s tly be 0gged o f h im to 1 e
c an t h is opi n i o n s , a n d be r e co n cile d t o t h e ch ur ch ; p r o
m is in g t h a t he a n d a ll his fr ie n ds w o ul d p 1 o cu
re
hi s
.
.
.
.
.
.
i
.
.
.
.
p a r do n
.
.
Ta ylo r t he n took th e c up in hi s h an d , a n d looki n
l ar ly to t h e she r i ff o f E sse x , s aicf
to the co m p a n y , p a r t ic u
I h ea rtily th an k va n f
vo ur g oo d w ill ; I h ave
Dr
“
.
o r
r ox
s
B O OK
or
un a r m
40]
r wo r ds , a n d mi n ded well yo ur co un sel s ;
he a rke n ed to yo u
a n d , to be pl a i n with y o u
, I d o perceive th a t I h a ve bee n
de cei v ed mysel f, a n d a m likely to dece ive a g r e a t m a n y i n
H a dleigh o f th e ir e x pe ct a tio n s
At these w o r ds the whol e
co m p a n y cl a pped the i r h a n ds wi th j oy
God bless y o u,
s a id the she r i ff o f Esse x , keep to th a t , it is the most
co m fort a ble w o r d we h a ve he a rd fi om y o u Why sho uld
r sel f 3 P l a y a w ise m a n s p a r t , a n d the n
y o uc a st a wa y yo u
”
I a m ce r t a i n y o uw ill fi n d fa vo ur
Upo n t hi s D r T ay
lor r epl ied , I a m , a s y o u see , a m a n o f a very l a rge
b ody ,whi ch I tho ught sho uld h a ve l a i n in H a dleigh ch ur ch
y a rd , a n d there a r e a g r e a t n um ber o f wo r m s t he r e wh o
wo u
ld h a v e h ad the fe a sti n g , whi c h n o d o ub t they wished
”
fo r m a ny a d ay ; b u
t I k n o w I a m de ce ived , s a id he , a n d
th e wo r ms a r e so too ,fo r m y b ody is to b e b ur n ed t o a shes ,
a n d they w ill lose their fe a st
W he n the she r i ff a n d h is co m p a n i o n s he a r d h im s ay this ,
for the n e a r er his s u
t hey we r e a m a zed a t his co n s t a n cy
f
fer in gs a ppro a ched ,the m o r e he wa s stre n g t he n ed to e n d u
re
the m In this he i m it a ted o ur blessed Redee m er , who ,
whe n he felt his fa the r s wr a th begi n n i n g to be i n flicted
upo n h im , he s we a ted a s i t were gre a t d r ops o f blood ; b u
t
whe n led for t h , a n d n a iled to the cross , he looked r o u
nd
with co m pl a ce n cy , a n d co n vi n ced the spe c t a tors th a t the
glo r y o f God sho n e thro ugh his h um a n n a t ur e
S uch h a s b ee n the c a se o f the n a r ty r s in a ll a ges a n d n a
tio n s H um a n n a ture might , a t first , sh udder a n d shri n k
b a ck a t t he tho ught o f the s ufferi n gs t hey were e x posed
to ; b ut th e ir co ns t a n cy i n c r e a sed a s the fie r y tr i a l d re w n e a r
W he n the p r ocessi o n a r rived a t Aldh a m Commo n ,
where D r T a ylor w a s to b e b u
r n t , he li ft ed u his eye s
p
to he a ve n , a n d th a n ked G o d th a t th e l ast st r uggle wa s
come , a n d he hoped he sho uld b e e n a bled to go thro ugh
wi t h it
He tore the hood fr o m his fa ce , th a t he might b e see n
by the n um ero us spe ct a tors , m a n y o f whom h a d formerly
bee n hi s p a r ish o ne r s He the n b eg a n to spe a k to the p eo
st sti ck s
t the o ffi ce r s th r u
ple wh o were p r a yi n g fo r him b u
i n to hi s m o ut h , a n d thre a te n ed to c ut his to n g ue o ut ,
un less he wo uld p r omise to keep sile n ce a t the p l a c e o f
e x e cu
tio n
Whe n he h a d pr aye d, he kiss ed the st a ke,a nd get into .
.
’
“
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’
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’
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’
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.
.
402
F ox
’
s
B O OK o r
M A RT Y RS
.
p itch , which wa s pl a ced fo r that
r pose
Fi r e be i n g set to the pitch , Dr T a ylo r con
pu
tin u
e d pr a yi n g in the m ost devo u
t m a n n er , til l o n e o f the
m a n e t h a n the r est ,k n oc ked o u
o ffi ce r s , m o r e h u
t his br a ins
t a n e n d to his m isery
wi th a h a lbe r d , a n d th us p u
W e h a ve i n t his c a se a n i n st a n ce o f popis h s uperstit io n ,
in so m e respec t s m o r e viole n t th a n a ny we h a ve yet t a ke n
D r T a ylor wa s n o t o n ly a p io u
s m a n , b ut he
n otice o f
ha d bee n , fo r his k n o wledge o f the c a n o n a n d civil l a ws ,
lo n g estee m ed a s t he glo r y o f C a m b r idge He ha d , fr o m
uis dis t i n g uished a b ilities a n d le a r n i n g , co n futed the ch a n
m e n ts co n ce r n i n g the m a r r i a ge o f the
c e llor in h is a r g u
cle r gy ; a n d , i n dee d , in a ll other res p e cts , he wa s so well
a i n ted w ith the a n cie n t fa t he r s , t h a t he wa s wi t h gre a t
a cq u
”
prop r i ety c a lled The W a lki n g L i b r a r y
Bu
t n o m e r cy
s r a n co ur t a kes pl a ce There
c a n be sho wn ,whe r e r eligio u
is so m ethi n g in s uch pe r se c u
tio n s t h a t sh uts up the bo w els
o f co m p a ss io n , eve n to wa r d t he n e a r est r el a tio n s
C ivil
persec uto r s m ay oc c a sio na lly r el a x i n to co m p a ssi o n ; b ut
those wh o perse c ute fr om e r ro n eo us n otio n s o f religio n ,a r e
m a n e se n s a tio n ; a n d p a n t fo r t he
s tr a n gers t o e v e r y h u
blood o f those wh o di ffer fr o m them , eve n a s the h ar t
d o th for the wa ter-b r ooks
b a rre l p a rtly filled with
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
C
H A PT ER III
.
Ma r ty r d om of n umer ous P er s ons in va r i ou
s
p a r t s of
E ng la n d
.
T HE follo wi ng
perso n s were n e x t c a l led t o se a l th ei r
fa ith with their blood ,the p a r t i c u
l a r s o f whose m a rtyrd om s
r limits w ill n o t perm it u
ou
s to give
T h om a s To m ki n s ,a we a ver in the p a r i sh o f S t L eo na rds ,
Sho r e d itch ,a n d Willi a m H un t e r ,a silk we a ve r in C ole m a n
s treet , L o n do n , w e r e b u
r n t ; the fo r m e r a t S m ith field a n d
,
th e l a tte r a t B re n t wood , o n the l 6 t h o f Ma r ch
, 1 555
O n the 2 8 th d ay o f the s a m e m o n th , W illi a m P igot a n d
S tephe n K n ight w ere b ur n t ; the for m e r a t B r a i n t r ee , a n d
the l a tter a t Ma l d e n in E s se x , a n d t he d a y follo win g ,t he
Re v Jo hn L awre n c e was a ls o b u
r n t a t C olchester
.
.
-
.
,
.
.
404
F ox
’
s
B OOK o r
'
A
R
I YRS
M
.
Ma r ty r d om of th e R ev G eorg e Ma r s h
.
.
s d ivi n e wa s d es ce n d e d fr om p oo r
T hi s e m i n e n t a n d pio u
s p a r e n ts , who ed uc a ted him , fr om
bu
t ho n e s t a n d religio u
his e a r li est ye a r s ,in th e p r i n ci p les o f t he r e fo r m ed r eli
gio n ; so th a t whe n he a r r ived a t m a n hoo d , he wa s well
versed in the doc t r i n es o f the p ur e gospel o f Ch r i st
At h is first e n t r a n ce i n to the b usi n ess o f li fe he follo we d
the occ up a t io n o f fa r m i n g , a n d by his ho n est e n d e a vo urs
m a i n t a i n ed hi s fa m ily w i t h de ce n cy a n d rep ut a t io n fo r
s o m e ye a r s : b ut ,o n the d ece a se o f h is wi fe ,bei n g d is
p osed to st udy , he pl a ced his chil d r e n wi t h his fa t her,
q uitted hi s fa r m , a n d we n t to C a m b ri d ge , whe r e he m a de
.
s
uch p r og r ess in liter a t ur e , t h a t he soo n e n tered i n to holy
orde r s
H e o ffi ci a ted a s c ur a te in severa l p a rishes in the co un ty
s
o f L a n c a ste r , kept a s chool a t D e a n , a n d wa s a ze a lo u
p r o m ote r o f the t r ue r eligio n ,a s well a s a vigo r o us oppose r
idol a t r ies o f the ch urch o f Ro m e , d ur i n g t he r eig n
o f th
Bu
t whe n pope r y a g a i n r a ised its de
o f Ed wa r d VI
cti ve he a d , b e , a m o n g m a n y o t he r s , bec a m e the obj e ct
s tr u
t io n , a s o n e t h a t p r op a g a t ed d oct r i n es c on
o f its pe r se c u
r c h , a n d , the r e fo r e , li a ble to t h e
t r a r y to the inf a lli b le c hu
r e a nd p u
n ish m e n t
s eve r est ce n s u
Mr Ma r sh , o n he a r i n g t h a t se a r ch wa s m a de a fter him ,
a b sco n d ed fo r so m e t i m e , a n d in his reti r e m e n t o fte n de
liber a ted wi t h hi m sel f, whether h e sh o uld go a b r o a d to
s a ve hi s li fe , o r s ur r e n d er hi m sel f up , in o r de r to wa rd o fl
the m ischie f whi ch th r e a te n ed his mo t he r a n d b r othe r ,who
spected o f h a vi n g co n ce a led him
we r e s u
D ur i n g this un settled st a t e o f his m i n d , b e co n s ulted
ght di r ectio n o f G od ,
wi th his fr ie n ds , a n d e a r n estly so u
th a t he m ight b e g uided in the wa y , which m ost co n d uced
to His glo r y ,a n d his o wn spiri t ua l a n d e ter n a l i n te r est
At le n g t h,thi n ki n g th a t flight wo uld e v i n ce co wa r di ce
ses , he deter m i n ed , by the g r a ce o f Go d ,
in the best o f c a u
to a b ide by the co n seq ue n ce , a n d a cco r di n gly s urr e n dered
himsel f to t he e a r l o f De r by ,a t his se a t a t L a tha m , in the
co un ty o f L a n c a ster
W he n he wa s b r o ught i n to the e a rl s prese n ce ,he wa s
c h a rged with p r op a g a ti n g he r esy , a n d s e wing s e d itio n
am on g th e people ; b u
t he d en ied the c har ge ,a n d d e
.
.
.
.
'
.
.
.
’
6
F OX s
11 6 0 11
or
a
r y as
.
th a t he p r e a ch ed n o othe r do ctr i n e th a n wh a t wa
co n t a i n ed in t h e wo r d o f God , a n d t h a t he a l wa ys e n fo r ced
a lle g i a n ce to his sove r eig n a cco r d i n g to t h e w ill o f God
Bei n g a sked t o delive r a s umm a r y o f his belie f, he de
cla r e d , t h a t he believed in God t h e F a t he r , S o n , a n d H oly
Ghost , a cco r di n g to t he c r eeds o f t he Apos t les , t he co un cil
s , A us t i n , a n d A m b r ose
o f Ni ce ,a n d the s a i n t s A t h a n a si u
A Ro m ish p r iest , wh o wa s p r ese n t , th e n p r oceeded to
i n q ui r e his O p i n io n co n ce r n i n g the fa vo ur i t e te n et o f t he
ch ur ch o f Ro m e , r el a t i n g to the s a c r a m e n t
Ma rsh a n
s we r e d , in ge n e r a l , th a t he beli e v ed w hosoeve r re ceived
the holy s a c r a m e n t o f the b ody a n d blo o d o f Ch r is t , a c
co r di n g t o hi s o wn a ppo i n tm e n t , did e a t a n d d r i n k his body
a n d blood , w i t h a ll t h e be n efi t s a r isi n g fr o m t h e s a m e , b e
c a use o ur L o r d wa s eve r p r ese n t a t his o wn o r di n a n ces
Thi s ge n e r a l r e p ly n o t a ppe ar i n g s a t is fa cto r y ,t he i n q ui
l a r s , a n d d e m a n ded his opi n io n ,
s it or s desce n ded to p a r ti c u
whe t he r o r n o t the ele m e n ts we r e ch a n ged i n t o the ve r y
body a n d blood o f Ch r ist a ft e r co n sec r a tio n O ur m a r t y r
b r iefly o bse r v ed ,t h a t wh a t he believed he h a d a l r e a dy de
ch h ar d
c la r e d , a n d desi r ed t h e m n o t to p r opose to h im s u
estio n s , in o r de r to e n d a n ge r h is li fe ,
n p i o fi t a b le q u
and u
c k f1 o m h im his ve r y blood
a n d , a s i t we r e , t o s u
I ii ce n s e d a t t his 1 e p ly , t h e e a r l t old h im , th a t i n s te a d o f
seeki n g hi s des tr uctio n , he m e a n t t o p r ese r ve his li fe in
thi s wo r ld , a n d se c ur e his h a pp i n ess in t h a t which is to
co m e , by co n ve r t ih g him fr o m d a m n a ble e r r o r s a n d here
sies , a n d b r i n gi n g h im o v er t o t he holy m o t he r ch ur ch ,o ut
of t h e p a le o f whi ch the r e w a s n o s a l v a t io n
A fte r m a ny q uestio n s a n d e x ho r t a t io n s , fi n d i n g he still
pe r seve r ed in the fa i t h whi ch o p posed t h a t o f the in fa l
”
lib le ch ur ch , t he e a r l g a v e h im p e n a n d in k , a n d o r de r ed
h im t o wr i t e do wn his bel ie f co n ce r n i n g t h e s a c r a m e n t o f
th e a l t a r ; a n d 0 11 his wr i t i n g t h e s a m e w o r ds he h a d b e
fo r e delive r ed , he w a s co mm a n ded to be m o r e p a r t i c u
lar ,
F ur ther I k n o w
whe n he wr ote o n ly the follo wi n g :
c la r e d ,
s
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
.
“
n o t.
”
This r esol ut e beh a v io ur e x posed him to the kee n est r e
t o r s , w ho co mm i tt ed h im t
se n t m e n t o f his po p ish pe r sec u
n, a nd su
f
f
r ed n o
n e ar
riso
e
ne to
co
m
e
h
i
m
b
ut t h
o
p
kee p e r , who b r o ugh t him d a ily t h e sc a n ty a llo wa n ce o f t h e
a r io u
a tte m pts were m a de , d u
n
l
V
s
ri
h
i
a ce
s c o nfin e
g
p
1
.
’
406
r ox s
B o o k o r n x nr r ns
.
me n t , t o b r i n g h im to a re c a n t a t io n ; b ut a s he still r e
m a i n ed fi x ed a n d de t e r m i n ed in his fa ith , they a d m in is
r follo w i n g a r t i cles , a n d t h e e a rl de
te r e d to h im t h e fo u
c la r e d , if he wo u
ld n o t s ubsc r i be t he m , he sho uld be im
p r iso n ed , a n d p r oceeded a g a i n st wi t h t he ut m ost se ve r ity
sed i n the ch ur ch o f E n gl a n d
1 Wh e t h e r t h e m a ss n o w u
t io n ; a n d wi t h fa i t h a n d
wa s a cco r di n g t o Ch r is t s i n s t i t u
”
reve r e n ce a n d devo t io n , to be he a r d a n d see n 1
2 Wh e t he r Al m ighty G o d , by the wo r ds pr o n o u
n ced
b y t h e p r ies t , did c ha n ge t he b r e a d a n d wi n e , a ft er t h e
wo r ds o f co n sec r a t i o n , i n t o the body a n d blood o f C hrist ,
”
whe t he r it we r e r ece ived o r rese r ved 1
3 W he t he r the la y peo ple o u
ght to re ceive it b ut
under t he fo r m o f b r e a d o n ly , a n d whethe r the o n e ki nd
”
ffi cie n t fo r the m 2
wa s s u
sed in En g
4 Whet h e r co n fessio n to the p r iest n o w u
”
la n d wa s godly a n d n e cess a r y 2
H a v i n g r e t i r ed fo r so m e t i m e to co n side r o f these a rt i
cles , he ret ur n ed , a n d del ive r ed his opi n io n o f the m a s
follo ws
The fi r st b e a bsol ut ely de n i ed
The se co n d he a n s we r ed in the very wo r ds he ha d b e
fore wr i t t e n
W i t h respect to th e thi r d , he de cla r ed , th a t la y people ,
t io n o f Ch r ist , o u
ght to rece iv e
t he i n s t i t u
a cco r di n g to
un de r bo t h ki n ds ,a n d th a t ,the r e fore , to r e ce ive un der o ne
ki n d o n ly wa s n o t s uffi cie n t
To the l a st he obse r ved , th a t tho ugh a ur i c ul a r c o n fe s
m
a ns t o i n stru
n or a nt
w
as
ood
e
c
ig
eople
it
s 1 o n wa s a
t
,
p
g
n o t n ecess a ry to s a lv a tio n , b ec a u
se n o t co m m a n ded by
G od
T o these a n s we r s he a dded , th a t his fa i th in Christ ,
n ded o n the i n fa llible w o r d o f the o n ly livi n g a n d tr u
e
fo u
God , he n ever wo uld de ny a t t he i n s t a n ce o f a ny livi n g
cre a t ure , o r th r o ugh fe a r o f a n y p un ish m e nt wh a t soever
He wa s a ft e r wa r d co m m itted t o L a n c a ster g a ol ,l a id in
iro n s , a n d a r r a ig n ed a t the b a r with t he co m m o n felo n s
where t he pe r sec u
t o r s e n de a v o u
r ed to e x to r t fr o m h im in
n t y , w ho m ma y
fo r m a tio n s o f se v e r a l p e r so n s in t h a t co u
s pec t ed o f m a i n t a i n i n g he r e t i c a l o p i n io n s ; b ut n o t hi n g
su
c ou
ld p r ev a il w i t h h 1m to utt er a wo r d t h a t m ight e nd a n
h
i
e l iv es o r lib e rtie s of his fa it hfu
h
l
br
t
r
C
e
t
t
h
e
en
i
n
r
st
g
.
.
’
.
-
.
.
.
.
-
.
.
.
408
se x
Bo c k
s
oF
MAR I YRS
'‘
.
ere propo un ded to him ; to which he se vera lly an
s we r e d in the n eg a tive
B ei n g c ha rged wi t h h a vi n g decl a r ed th a t t h c h ur ch a n d
d oct r i n e t a u
ght a n d set fo r th in ki n g Ed wa r d s t ime wa s
the t r ue ch ur ch , a n d th a t the ch ur ch o f Ro m e is n ot the
tr u
e C a tholi c ch ur ch ; he a ck n o wledged the de cl ar a tio n
a n d r a t i fied i t by a r e p eti t io n
S eve r a l p e r so n s p r ese n t t a ki n g o cc a sio n to a sk h im , a s
he de n ied the bishop o f R o m e s a utho r i ty in E n gl a nd ,
whe t he r L i n u
s ,A n a clet us ,a n d Cle m e n t ,who w e r e b ishops
o f Ro m e ,we r e n o t good m e n
he replied in the a ffir m a tive ,
bu
t ho r ity in
t re m i n ded t he m th a t t hey cl a i m ed n o m o r e a u
En gl a n d ,th a n t he a r chbishop o f C a n te r b ur y dot h in Ro m e
As th is obse r v a tio n highly r e fle cted o n t he va lid iity o f
t he p a p a l s u
p r e m a cy , t h e b isho p wa s so in ce n sed , th a t he
g a ve Ma r sh ve r y a b usi v e l a n g ua ge , c a lli n g him , a m ost
d a m n a ble , i r r e cl a i m a ble ,un p a r do na ble he r eti c
In r et u
r n fo r this , Mr
Ma r sh m ildly e x post ul a ted with
the bishop , telli n g him , if he co uld be pe r s ua ded , in his
o w n co n scie n ce , t h a t the a r ticles p r o p osed
to h im we r e
fo u
n ded o n God s wo r d , he wo u
ld gl a dly yield in eve ry
o
i
n t ; de cl a r i n g , th a t
he
held
n o he r e t i c a l opi n io n , b u
t
p
utte r ly a bho r r ed eve r y ki n d o f he r esy a n d the n c a lled a ll
p r ese n t to be a r wit n ess , th a t in the a r ticles o f r eligio n he
held n o o t he r op i n io n t h a n wh a t wa s by la w es t a blished ,
blicly t a ugh t in E n gl a n d , in the ti m e o f Ed wa r d VI
a nd p u
a n d in s u
c h religio n a n d do ct r i n e , by the g ra ce o f God
he wo u
ld live , a n d die
He wa s t he n , fo r the l a s t ti m e , a sked , whethe r he wo ul d
ll o f he r esies , o r fo r s a k e
s t a n d to these o p i n io n s , bei n g fu
r ch ; a n d o n his he a r
r n to t h e C a tholi c ch u
the m , a n d r et u
ld co n t i n ue ste a d fa st a n d im m o ve a b lc
tily decl a r i n g he wo u
r ch
in t he fa ith o f God s w o r d , n o r eve r r e t ur n to a n y ch u
th a t wa s n o t fo un ded o n sc r i p t ur e a ut ho r i t y , the b isho p
beg a n to r e a d his se n te n ce o f co n de mn a t io n , b ut wa s in
te r r u
p t e d by the ch a n cello r , in o r de r to give h im a n other
Op p o r t un ity o f r e c a n ti n g
He r esol ut ely wi ths t ood the e a r n es t e n t r e a ties o f sever a l
peo ple , wh o d esi r ed h im to a ccep t o f the p r o ffe r ed me r cy ;
ld eve n t he r e pe a t ed e x ho r t a t io n s o f the b ishop a nd
n o r co u
ch a n cellor p r ev a il with this emi n e n t se r v a n t o f Chr ist ,t o
tic le s w
.
e
.
’
.
’
.
.
.
’
.
.
’
.
Fo x
’
s
B OOK o r
MA R T Y R S
409
.
.
b m it to the usurp a tio n of
d e ny his Lord a n d m a ster , a n d s u
c r uel ,ty r a n n i c a l m e n
All e n de a vo ur s p r ovi n g i n e ffe ctua l ,the b ishop pro ceeded
in p a ssi n g se n te n ce , wh ich bei n g e n ded , Ma rsh wa s deli
ve r ed up to the sheri ffs ,who co n veyed h im to No r th G a t e
p r iso n , whe r e he wa s co n fi n ed in a d un ge o n till the d ay
a ppoi n ted fo r his e x e c u
tio n
O n the 4 th o f Ap r il , 1 5 55 , thi s fi r m believer wa s led
to the pl a ce a ppoi n ted fo r his m a r tyrdo m , a m id a cro wd
o f l a m e n ti n g spect a to r s
It was n e a r a vill a ge , c a lled
Spi t tle -B o ughto n , a t a s m a ll dis t a n ce fr o m Cheste r As
soo n a s he a r rived at the pl a ce , t he C h a m be r l a i n o f th a t
ci ty sho wed him a b o x , co n ta i n i n g the quee n s p a rdo n , o n
co n ditio n th a t he wo uld re c a n t O ur m ar ty r coolly a n
s we r e d ,
th a t he wo uld gl a dly a ccept the s a m e , fo r he
loved the qu
ee n ; b ut a s it te n ded to pl uck him fro m God ,
ld no t
wh o wa s K i n g o f ki n gs , a n d L o r d o f lords , he co u
”
ece ive it o n s uch terms
The n t ur n i n g to the specta to r s , h e told them the c a use
el de a t h whi c h a wa ited h im , a n d e x h o r ted the m
o f the cru
to r e m a i n ste a d fa st in the fa ith o f Christ As soo n a s he
wa s ch a i n ed to the st a ke , he a g a i n a dd r essed h imsel f
e a r n estly in p r a yer to God ; a n d t h e fire b ei n g ki n d led , he
s uffe r ed for a co n sider a ble ti m e ,the m ost e x q uisite tort ur e ,
his flesh b ei n g so b r oiled a n d p uffed up , th a t those who
stood be fo r e h im co uld n o t see the ch a i n with whi ch he wa s
fa ste n ed
At le n g t h , w ith the utm ost fo r tit ude , b e sp r e a d
fo r th his a rm s , a n d s a id , with a voi ce to b e un ive r s a lly
h e a r d by the spect a to r s , F a ther o f He a ve n , h a ve m ercy
”
S oo n a ft er whi ch he yielded up hi s spi r it i n t o
upo n m e
the h a n ds o f Him wh o g a ve it
.
-
.
.
.
’
.
“
r
.
.
.
.
.
Th oma s Ha wkcs
.
This perso n wa s the so n o f rep ut a ble a n d p io us p a re n ts ,
wh o g a ve him a good ed u
c a t io n , a n d b r o ught h im up in
he re for m ed r eligio n He st r i ctly a dhered t o the religio us
p r in ci ples which ha d bee n i n s t illed i n to his yo uth ful m in d ;
so th a t fi n di n g the gospel , a fte r the de a th o f ki n g Ed wa r d ,
b eg a n to d ecli n e , ( especi a lly a m o n g g r e a t fa m ilies in o n e
r n ed home ,
of whi ch , th a t o f lord O x fo r d , h e live d ,)he r et u
.
.
35
4 10
F
o x s n o o n o r M A R T Y RS
’
.
o
e nj oy the wo r ship o f God , a c
co r di n g t e the di ct a tes o f his o wn co n scie n ce
In these e x pect a t io n s , ho weve r , he soo n fo u
n d hi m sel f
d i s a ppoi n ted
As the r e we r e n o w po p ish e m iss a r ies in
eve r y co r n e r , lyi n g in w a it to give i n fo r m a ti o n o f those
r ed the doc t r i n es o f the re fo r m a ti o n , H a wke s
wh o fa vo u
w a s a p pr ehe n ded , a n d b r o u
ght be fo r e the e a r l o f O x fo r d ,
The e a r l re fer r ed h im to bishop Bo n
h is fo r m er m a ste r
ner
sed to h a ve
t o who m h a vi n g writte n th a t he h a d re fu
n is child b a ptized a c co r di n g to the o r de r o f the ch u
rch n o w
in u
se , he le ft h im to his lo r dsh ip s disc r etio n
W he n H a wkes wa s bro ught be fo r e the b ishop , he wa s
a sked the c a u
se o f keepi n g the child un b a ptized s o lo n g
to w hich he ret ur n ed fo r a n s we r th a t he wa s b o un d to do
n othi n g co n t r a r y to the wo r d o f God
The bi sho p the n ur ged , t h a t b a ptis m b ei n g a s a cr a m e n t
co n t a i n ed in the wo r d o f God , a nd i n c um be n t o n eve r y
Ch r isti a n , he wa s , co n seq ue n tly , c r i m i n a l in de nyi n g , o r
no t co n fo r m i n g to the s a m e
To this he s a id th a t he by
n o m e a n s d e n ied God s i n stit u
tio n , b ut m e n s i n ve n tio n
the r e i n s uch a s the use o f oil , cre a m , spittle , s a lt ,
c a n dle , & c
A ft er m uch deb a te o n t he s ubj e ct ,the b ishop a sked him
if he wo u
ld h a ve his child b a p t ized a ccordi n g to the s e r
v i ce b ook , set o u
t in the r eig n o f Ed wa r d VI
To whi c h
he replied , t h a t it wa s the ve r y th i n g he desi r ed fr o m his
so ul Th is , ho wever , wa s b ut m e r e e q uivoc a t io n to le a r n
hi s se n ti me n ts ; fo r it a ppe a r ed , in the s e que l, t h a t Bo n
n e r s w ish wa s to co m pel h im to s u
b m i t to the s up e r stition s
o f the ch u
r ch o f Ro m e ; b u
t this , w i th a ll his a r t i fice , he
wa s u
n a ble t o e ffe ct
The b isho p ,wi t h seve r a l othe r s ,held v a r i o us co n fere n ces
with H a wkes , co n ce r n i n g his belie f o f t h e co r po r e a l pre
s e n ce in the s a cr a m e n t o f the a lt a r , t he m a ss , the holy
c r e ed , hol y wa te r , a n d oth e r ce r e m o n ies o f th e ch urch o f
Ro m e b ut these a lso he r ej e c t ed a s he h a d do n e th a t o f
b a p t is m At le n gt h B o n n e r , fi n di n g he co uld by n o m e a ns
p r ev a il with h im to r e c a n t his opi n i o n s a n d s ub m it to the
church o f Rome , se n t h im p r iso n e r to the G a teho u
se , in
West m i n iste r , co mm a n di n g the keepe r to co n fi n e him
llo se y , a n d n o t to pe r m i t a n y p e r so n to co n ve r se with h im
ietly to
where he o oped q u
.
.
.
.
’
.
.
.
’
.
-
.
.
’
.
.
.
’
.
.
4 12
Fox
’
s
no o n
or
MARI YRS
''
.
who c a me to v is it h im
esting,
a n d sever a l o f the m re qu
if it we r e possible , th a t he wo u
ld sho w t he m so m e toke n ,
by whi ch the p ossib ility o f b ur n i n g w i t ho ut repi n i n g might
a ppe a r , he p r o m ised
by the help o f God , to sho w the m
t h a t the m ost e x q u
isite to r m e n ts we r e to b e e n d ur ed in the
glo r io us c a use o f Ch r ist
Ac cordi n gly , it wa s a g r eed b e
t wee n them , t h a t if the r a ge o f p a i n were toler a ble , he
s ho uld li ft u
his
h
a n d s to wa r d he a ve n , be fore he g a ve u
p
p
.
the ghost
A short ti m e a fter this ag r ee m e n t , he wa s led to t he
pl a ce o f e x ec utio n , a nd a fter h a vi n g fe r ve n tly p r ayed to
Al m ighty God , the fl a m es were ki ndled a ro un d h im , a n d
he co n ti n ued in the m s o lo n g , th a t his speech wa s t a ke n
a wa y by the ir viole n ce
his ski n w a s co n t r a c t ed , a n d the
spe ct a to r s tho ught he wa s de a d , whe n ,o n a s ud d e n , a n d
co n tra ry to a ll e x pe ct a t i o n ,this e m i n e n t a n d ze a lo us s e r
v a n t o f Go d , mi n d ful o f the pro m ise he h a d m a de to his
fr ie n ds , held his h a n ds fl a m i n g over his he a d , a n d , a s if in
a n e cst a cy o f j oy , cl a pped the m th r i ce togethe r
The a sto n ished m ultit ude tes t i fied the ir a pp r ob a tio n 0
hi s fa ith a n d p a tie n ce , a n d his fr ie n ds , to who m he m a de
the promise , we r e e x ceedi n gly co n fi r med in thei r most
holy fa ith , by be in g eye wi t n esses t o the po we r o f divi n e
stre n gth , whi ch i s a ble to s uppo r t the se r v a n ts o f G o d ,
u
n der every tri a l th a t m a
y be fa ll t hem , fo r the s a ke o f t he
t h ,a s it is in o u
r B lessed Rede emer
tru
.
.
.
-
.
C
H A PT E R I V
.
Ma rg a r et P olley ,fi r s t F ema le Ma r ty r m E ng la n d
.
the fury o f b igoted ze a l d uri n g the r eig n o f
V
l a ry , th a t eve n the mo r e te n de r s e x did n o t esc a pe t he
to r s
These m o n ste r s
e se n t m e n t o f the Ro m ish perse c u
m a n form , e m b r a ced e v e r y op p o r t un ity o f e x e r cisi n g
n hu
the ir c r uelty ,tyr a n n y , a n d us ur p a t io n ; n o r co uld yo ut h ,
a e , or s e x , impress o n thei r m i n ds the le a st feeli n gs o f
g
h um a n ity
I n fo r m a ti o n b e i ng give n a g a i n st Ma r g ar et P olley , t o
Ma urice , bishop o f Ro ches t e r ,she wa s bro ught be fore him,
S UC H wa s
.
.
r ox
1n
s
B O OK o r
M An r m s
413
'
.
d wa s e x a mi n ed a s to her belie f o n the co n te sted po in ts
religio n He r doct r i n es bei n g co n t r a ry to those t a ught
by the ch ur ch o f Ro m e , a n d r e fusi n g to re c a n t , the bishop
p r o n o un ced se n te n ce o f co n de m n a tio n a g a i n s t he r ; a fter
which s h e wa s c a rr ied b a ck to priso n , whe r e she re m a i n ed
p wa r d o f a m o n th
fo r u
She wa s a wo m a n in the p r im e o f li fe , p io us ,ch a r it a b le ,
h um a n e , le a r n ed in the sc r i pt ures , a n d belove d by a ll who
a i n ted with her
we r e a cq u
D ur i n g h e r i m p r iso n m e n t she wa s r epe a tedly e x horted
to re c a n t ; b ut she r e fused a ll o ffe r s o f li fe o n s uch ter m s ,
choosi n g glo r y , ho n o ur , a n d i m m o r ta lity he r e a fter , r a ther
th a n a fe w sho r t ye a r s in thi s v a le o f g r ie f,a n d eve n those
p ur ch a sed a t the e x pe n se o f t rut h a n d co n s cie n ce
W he n the d ay a pp oi n ted fo r h e r e x e c ut io n a rrived ,
ly , 1 5 5 5 , she wa s co n d ucted fr o m the pri
which wa s in J u
n b r idge , where she wa s b u
r n ed ,
s o n a t Rocheste r to T u
se a li n g t he t r uth o f wh a t s he ha d te stified with her blood ,
a n d s ho win g th a t t he God o f a ll g r a ce , o u
t o f the we a kest
vessel ca n give st r e n gth ,a n d c a use the m e a n est in str u
me n t to m a g n i fy the glories o f his redeemi n g love
of
.
.
.
.
.
C hr is t op h er
Wad e
.
ffered , o n e
O n th e sa me d ay th a t Mar g a ret P olley s u
Ch r istopher W a de , a we a ve r o f D a r t ford , in K e n t , wh o
h a d like wise bee n co n de m n ed by the b ishop o f Rocheste r ,
sh a red the s a m e fa te , a n d a t the s a m e pl a ce ; b ut they
were e x e cu
ted sep a r a tely , he first s ubmitti n g to the dre a d
fu
l s e n t 3n ce
.
Oth er
Ma r ty rs
.
Ab o ut the s a me ti m e , Joh n B l a n d , Joh n F r a n k o sh , Ni
chol a s S he t er d e n ,a n d H um phrey Middleto n , were a ll b ur n t
togethe r a t C a n te r b ur y The first t wo we r e m i n isters a n d
pre a chers o f the gospel , the o n e bei ng re ctor o f Ad e s ha m ,
a n d the othe r vi c ar o f Ro lv in d o n , in K e n t
They a ll t e
sig n ed themselves to their fa te with Christi a n fo r titud e ,
ferv e n tly pr a yi n g t o God t o re ceiv e them in t o his h e a venly
kin gd om
'
.
.
.
41 4
r ox
’
s
B OOK
or
MA RT Y RS
.
Ma r ty rd om of J ohn D en ley , J o hn Newma n , a n d P a trick
P a cking h a m
S o perpet ua lly we r e the popish e m iss a rie s in se a rch
of their pr ey , in a ll p a r ts o f the ki n gdo m , th a t it wa s a l m ost
i m possible lo n g to esc a pe the m
As Mr De n ley a n d Mr
Ne wm a n we r e tr a velli n g togethe r in E sse x t hey we r e m et by
Mr T y r r el,j usti ce o f t h e pe a ce fo r t he co un t y ,wh o ,s us p e ct
in g the m o f heresy , c a u
sed the m t o be a pp r ehe n ded , a n d
a n d , a t the s a m e ti m e , took fr o m Mr
s e a r ched
D e n ley
a co n fessio n o f his fa i t h i n wr i t i n g , co n ce r n i n g the s a cr a me n t
o f t h e a lt a r , together w ith ce r t a i n n otes collected from the
h oly s cri p t ur es
The j usti ce i m m edi a tely se n t the m t o L o n do n ,a n d with
the m a lette r to b e p r ese n ted to t h e co un cil ,toge t her with
the pa p e r s he fo und o n the fo r m e r
O n t hei r b ei n g b r o u
ght b e fo r e the co un cil , they were
a d m o n ished to yield obedie n ce to the q u
ee n s l a ws ; b ut
this a dvice p r ovi n g i n e ffectua l ,thei r e x a m i na tio n wa s re fer
red to B o n n e r , bishop o f L o n do n
n e , 1 5 5 5 , D e n ley
and
O n the 2 8 th o f J u
Ne wm a n ,
togethe r wi t h P a t r ick P a cki n gh a m , wh o ha d bee n a ppr e
he n ded t wo d ays be fo r e ,were b r o ught be fo r e B o n n er ,a t his
p a l a ce in L o n d o n
ly the bishop p r oceeded , in t he usua l
O n the 5 t h o f J u
form , a g a i n st these th r ee perso n s , in his co n sistory co u
rt
a t St P a u
l s A fter the v a rio us a r ticles a n d thei r a n s wers
h a d bee n re a d ,they were e x ho r ted to re c a n t ,a n d both p r o
mises a n d th r e a ts we r e used by B o n n er ,in orde r to p r ev a il
wi t h the m b u
t o n thei r re m a i n i n g ste a d fa st in thei r fa ith ,
they we r e a ll co n de m n ed a s hereti cs ,a n d d elivered in to
the c u
stody o f the she r i ffs o f Lo n do n ,who co n d ucted them
0 Ne wg a te , where they were kept till writs were iss u
ed
fo r their e x e c u
tio n
D e n ley wa s o r dered to be b ur n ed a t Ux b r idge ,where ,
be i n g co n veyed o n the d ay a ppoi n te d , he wa s ch a i n ed to
the st a ke ,a n d e x p ired a m id the fl a m e s ,si n gi n g a P s a lm to
the p r a ise o f his Re d eeme r A popish p r iest wh o wa s pre
se n t ,wa s so in ce n sed a t his si ngi n g , th a t he ordered o n e o f
t he a tte n d a n ts to thro w a fa got a t h im , whi ch wa s a cco r d
in gly do n e ,a n d he re cei ved a viole n t fr a ct u
re in his s k ull ,
whi ch , w ith the fire ,soo n de p r ived him b o th o f s pee ch a nd
‘
.
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.
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’
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.
’
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41 6
’
r ox
s
B OOK o r M A RT Y RS
.
g a in st a pro cl a m a tio n , the n j ust p ublished , forb iddi n g the
use o f the b ible in E n gl ish , a nd other b ooks o n r eligio us
s ubj ects He h a d pre a ched be fore his m aj esty o n ce or twic e
a t W i n dso r ; a n d h a d b ee n t a ke n n o t ice o f b y h im in a
m o re a fla b le m a n n er , th a n th a t m o n a rch us ua lly i n d ulged
o wa r d his s ubj e cts But wh a t eve r hopes o f pre fe r m e n t
his sovereig n s fa vo ur m ight h a ve r a ised in him , he chose
to p ut all to the h a z a r d r a ther th an o m i t wh a t he tho ught
his d uty His le t ter is the pi ct ur e o f a si n cere he a rt , a n d
co n cl udes in these t e r m s ; Accept , gr a ci o us sove r eig n ,
t d isple a s ur e , wh a t I h a ve writte n : I tho ught it my
witho u
r
m aj esty
No pe r
du
t y to m e n ti o n these t hi n gs to yo u
so n a l q ua r r el , a s God sh a ll j udge m e , h a ve I with a ny
r
m aj esty to co n sider
m a n : I wa n ted o n ly to i n d uce yo u
t y o u, a n d the
well wh a t ki n d o f pe r so n s y o u h a ve a bo u
e n ds fo r whi ch they co un sel I n deed , g r e a t p r i n ce ,m a ny
ch sl a n dered , h a ve ve ry p r iv a te
o f t he m , o r they a r e m u
e n ds Go d g r a n t yo ur m aj esty m ay see th r o ugh a ll the
desig n s o f evil m e n , a n d be in a ll t hi n gs eq ua l to the high
o ffi ce ,wi th wh ich y o u a r e i n t r usted W he r e fo r e ,g r a ci o us
ki n g , r e m e m be r yo ur sel f ; h a ve pity upo n yo ur o wn so ul ,
a n d t hi n k t h a t the d ay is a t h a n d , whe n y o ush a ll give a c
co un t o f yo ur o ffi ce a n d the blood whi ch h a th bee n shed
by yo ur s wo r d : in t he whi ch d a y , t h a t yo ur g r a ce ma y
s t a n d ste a d fa s t ly a n d n ot b e a sh a m ed , b ut be cle a r a n d
r r e cko n i n g , a n d h a ve yo ur p a rdo n se a l ed
r e a dy in yo u
r S avi o u
r Ch r ist ,w hi ch a lo n e serveth
with t he blood o f o u
ffered d e a th
a t t h a t d a y , is m y d a ily p r a ye r to h im , wh o s u
”
r si n s
T he s p irit o f God prese r ve y o u
f r ou
L ord C r o m well ,who wa s n o w in po we r ,be in g a fa vo ur er
o f the r e for m a ti o n ,obt a i n ed a b e n e fi c e in W iltshi r e fo r
L a ti m er , wh o i mm edi a tely we n t thither a n d resided , dis
ch a rgi n g his d uty in a co n scie n tio us m a n n e r , tho ugh m uch
pe r sec uted by the Ro m ish clergy wh o a t le n gth obt a i n ed
a n a r chiepiscop a l cit a t io n fo r his a ppe a r a n ce in Lo n do n
His fr ie n ds wo uld h a ve h a d him q uit E ngl a n d ; b ut the ir
pe r s ua sio n s were in v a i n
He set o ut for L o n do n in the d epth o f win ter ,a nd under
t he wa s most d is
a seve r e fit o f the sto n e a n d cholic ; b u
tressed a t the th o ughts o f le a vi n g his p a r ish e x posed to the
n his a rr iv a l a t L o n do n ,h e fo u
r
O
n d a co u
o pish clergy
p
where ,in
of b is ho ps a nd c a n o n ists re ad y to re ce iv e h im
a
.
'
t
.
’
.
“
.
.
.
.
>
.
.
\
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.
’
Fox s
B O OK o r
M A R T Y RS
417
.
t d o f be n g e x a m i n ed ,a s he e x pe cted ,a b o ut his sermo n s ,
a p a per wa s
i
n hi s h a n ds ,whi ch he wa s orde r ed to s u
u
t
b
p
s cribe , de cl a ri n g hi s be lie f in th e e ffi c a cy o f m a sses fo r
the so uls in p ur ga to r y , o f pr a ye r s t o de a d s a i n ts , o f p i l
gr i m a ges to the i r sep ulch r e s , the p ope s po we r to fo rgive
si n s , the do ct r i n e o f me r it ,t h e seve n s a c r a m e n ts , a n d t he
w o r ship o f i m a ges ; whi ch , whe n he re fu
se d to sig n , the
a r chbishop o r de r ed h im t o co n side r wh a t h e d id
We
”
i n te n d n o t , s a i d h e ,
Mr L a t i m e r ,to be h ar d upo n y o u,
we d is m i ss y o ufo r t h e p r ese n t ; t a k e a copy o f the a r ti
c les : e x a m i n e them c a r e fu
lly , a n d G od g r a n t th a t a t o ur
”
n e x t m ee t i n g we m a
y fin d e a ch othe r in be tte r te m pe r
At seve r a l s ucceedi n g m eeti n gs the s a m e s ce n e wa s a cted
ove r a g a i n H e wa s i n fle x i ble , a n d they co n t i n ued to dis
t r ess h im T h r ee ti m es eve r y week t hey se n t fo r him
wi t h a vi e w ei t he r to d r a w so m e t hi n g fr o m h im by ca p t io n s
que s ti o n s ,o r to te a se h im a t le n g t h i n t o co m pli a n ce T ir ed
ou
sa ge ,w he n he wa s a g a i n s u
t with this u
mm o n ed , i n st r a d
o f goi n g , he se n t a letter to the a r chbishop , in w hich , he
told h im , Th a t t h e t re a t m e n t he h a d l at ely met wi t h h a d
b r o ught h im i n to s uch a d iso r de r a s re n de r ed h im un fit t o
a t te n d th a t d a y ; th a t in the m e a n ti m e he co u
ld n o t help
t a ki n g this oppo r t un i t y t o e x post ul a te with hi s g r a ce fo r
det a i n i n g h im so lo n g fr o m hi s d uty th a t it se e m ed to him
most un a cco un t a b le , th a t they , wh o n eve r p r e a ched them
selves , sho uld hi n der o t he r s t h a t a s fo r thei r e x a m i n a tio n
ld n o t i m a gi n e wh a t they a i m e d a t ;
o f h im , he r e ally co u
they p r e t e n ded o n e t hi n g in the begi n n i n g , a n d a n o t her in
t h e p r og r ess ; th a t if his se r m o n s ga ve o fle n c e , a l t ho u
gh
he pe r s ua ded hi m sel f they were n ei t he r c on t r a r y to the
tr ut h , n o r to a ny c a n o n o f the ch ur ch ,he wa s r e a d y to a n
s we r wh a teve r m ight b e tho ught e x cep t io n a ble in them
th a t he wis hed a lit t le m o r e reg a rd m ight b e h a d to the
d g m e n t o f the people : a n d t h a t a disti n cti o n m ight be
ju
m a de bet wee n th e o r di n a n ces o f God a n d m a n ; th a t if
s o m e ab u
ses in religi o n did p r ev a il , he tho ught p r e a chi n g
wa s the best m e a n s to disco un t e n a n ce the m ; t h a t he w ished
a ll p a stors might be obliged to per for m thei r d u
ty ; b ut
th a t ,ho we v e r , liberty m ight J e give n t o those wh o wer e
willi n g ; th a t a s to the a r ti cles p r oposed to him , he begged
to b e e x c u
sed s ubscribi n g to the m ; while he lived , he
neve r wou
ld a b et superstitio n a n d th a t ,l as tly , he h o pe d
s ea
’
.
.
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’
41 8
B O OK o r
r ox s
'
A
M li r vn s
chb ish op wo uld e x c use w h a t he ha d writt e n he k ne w
his d u
ty to his s upe r i o r s ,a n d wo uld pr a ctise it b ut in th at
”
c a se h e tho ught a st r o n ge r o blig a tio n la y upo n him
The b ishops , ho weve r , co n ti n ued th eir perse c utio n s ,b ut
t hei r s che mes we r e fr u
str a ted in a n un e x p ected m an n er
L a ti m er bei n g r a ised to the s e e o f W orceste r , in the ye a r
r o f An n e B oley n , to who m he wa s r e
1 53 3 , by the fa vo u
c om m e n ded by lord C r o m well , he h a d n o w a m o r e e x te n
sive field to p r o m ote the pri n ciples o f the r e fo r m a tio n , in
r ed with the u
whi ch he l a bo u
t m ost a ssid uity All the his
t o r ia n s o f those ti m es m e n ti o n him a s a perso n r e m a r k a bly
ze a lo us in the d isch a rge o f his n e w o ffice In visiti n g , he
w as fr e q u
e n t a n d observ a n t in ord a i n i n g ,strict a n d wa ry ;
in pre a chi n g , i n de fa tig a ble ; a n d in reprovi n g a n d e x hort
a sive
in g, se v e r e a n d p e r s u
In 1 5 3 6 he re ce ived a s u
m mo n s to a tte n d the p a rli a
m e n t a n d co n vo c a ti o n , whi ch g a ve him a fu
rthe r o pp ort u
n ity o f pro m oti n g the work o f re fo r m a tio n , w he r eo n his
he a r t wa s so m uch set Ma ny a ltera tio n s we r e m a de in r e
ligio u
s m a tte r s , a n d the B ible w a s tr a n sl a ted i n to E n glish ,
a n d r e co m me n ded to a ge n e r a l pe r u
s al , in O ctobe r , 1 5 3 7
L a t i m er , highly s a tisfied wi t h the p r ospect o f the ti m es ,
n o w r ep a i r ed to his d io c e s s , h a vi n g m a de n o lo n ger st a y i n
Lo n do n t h a n wa s a bsol ut ely n ecess a r y He h a d n o ta le n ts ,
a n d he p r ete n de d to h a ve n o n e ,fo r st a te a ffa i r s
His whole
a m bi t io n wa s to disch a r ge t h e p a sto r a l fu
n ctio n s o f a b ishop ;
n either a i m i n g to displ a y the a b ilities o f a st a tes m a n , n o r
rtier Ho w very un q ua li fi ed he wa s t o s uppo r t the
o f a co u
l a tte r o f these ch a r a cters , the follo wi n g sto r y will prove
It wa s the c u
s to m in those d a ys fo r t he bi shops to m a ke
p r ese n ts to the ki n g o n N e w-Y e a r s d ay ,a n d m a n y o f them
prese n ted very liber a lly , propo r tio n i n g thei r gi ft s to their
hopes a n d e x pect a tio n s A mo n g the res t, L a ti me r , bei n g
t he n i n to wn , wa ited u
po n the ki n g ,with his o fferi n g b ut
i n ste a d of a p urse o f gold ,whi ch wa s the co m m o n obl a tio n ,
he prese n ted a Ne w Test a m e n t , with a le l f do ubled do wn
in a ve r y co n spic u
o us m a n n er , a t this p a s s a ge
W hore
”
m o n gers a n d a d u
lte r ers God will j udge
In 1 5 3 9 he wa s s u
m mo n ed a g a i n to a tte n d the p a rli a
m e n t : G a r di n e r , b ishop o f W i n cheste r , wa s his gre a t
e n e my
and , u
po n a p a r ti c ul a r o cc a si o n , whe n the b ish op s
were with t he ki n g , k n eeled do wn a n d s o le m n ly a c c u
se d
t he a r
.
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’
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420
r ox
’
s
B OOK o r MA RT Y RS
.
An ad
n d e r Ed wa rd , a n d L a timer wa s set a t libe r ty
u
dress wa s m a de to the p r ote ctor , to resto r e h im to his d io
cess : the prote ctor wa s w illi n g to g r a ti fy t he p a r li a m e n t
mp tio n of his bishop r i c to Mr L a ti
a n d p r oposed the res u
n e qu
a l to the weight o f it , r e
m e r ; wh o , thi n ki n g hi m sel f u
sed to res um e it , choosi n g r a ther to a ccept a n i n vita tio n
fu
fr o m a r chb ishop C r a n m er ,to t a ke u
p hi s reside n ce with
him a t L a m beth
where his chie f e m ploy m e n t wa s to
he a r the compl a i n ts a n d r ed r ess the griev a n ces o f the poor
people ; a n d his ch a r a cter for se r vices o f this ki nd , was
so un ivers a lly k n o wn , th a t stra n ge r s from eve r y p a rt o f
En gl a n d reso r ted to h im
In these e m p loy m e n t s he spe n t t wo ye a rs , d u
ri n g wh ic h
time b e a ssisted the a r chb ishop in co m posi n g the ho m ilies ,
whi ch were se t forth by a u
tho r ity , in the reig n o f Ed wa r d
he wa s a lso a ppoi n ted to pre a ch the Le n t sermo n s be fo r e
‘
his m aj esty , wh ich o fi i ce he p e r fo r me d d ur i n g the fi rs t
th r ee ye a rs o f his re ig n
Upo n t h e revol utio n , which h a ppe n ed a t co urt , a fter the
de a th o f the d uke o f S o m erset ,he reti r e d i n to the co un try
a ces ,whe r e he tho u
a n d p r e a ched in those
l
ght his l a b o urs
p
m ight b e most service a ble
He wa s th us e m ployed d uri n g the re m a i n der o f th a t
rei gn , a n d co n ti n ued the s a m e co urse , fo r a sho r t ti m e , in
the begi n n i n g o f the n e x t ; b ut whe n the rei n t r od uc t io n
o f pope r y w a s r esolved o n , the first step to wa rd i t wa s the
p r ohi bitio n o f a ll p r e a chi n g , a nd li c e n si n g o n ly s uch a s
w e r e k n o wn to b e popishly in cli n e d
The bishop o f
W i n cheste r , wh o wa s n o w pr im e m in ister , h a vi n g p r o
scribed Mr L a ti m e r ,se n t a mess a ge t o cite h im b e fore the
n cil
H e ha d n otice o f this des ig n so m e ho ur s be fo r e
co u
the messe n ger s a r ri va l , b ut he m a de n o us e o f t he in t elli
ge n ce The m esse n ger fo un d him e q uipped fo r his j o ur
r r 1 se ,Mr L a t im er told him
n e y ,a t whi ch e x p r essi n g hi s s u
p
th a t he wa s a s r e a dy to a t t e n d him to Lo n d o n , t hus c a lled
upo n to a n s we r fo r his fa i th , a s he e ve r wa s t o t a ke a n y
n ey in hi s li fe
a n d t h a t he do u
o
r
b
t th at G od ,
u
t ed n o t b u
j
who h a d a l r e a d y e n a bled h im to p r e a ch t he wo r d b e fo r e
t wo pri n ces , w o u
ld e n a ble him to witn ess the s a me be fo r e
a third
The m esse n ge r a cq ua i n ted hi m th a t he ha d n o
ord e rs to s eize his p e r so n ,delive r ed the letter a nd gd e p a r te d
Ho n ever, ope ni n g the lette r and find i ng it a c ita t io n fro m
.
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’
w
.
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r
o x s B OOK o r MAnr r i u
’
42 1
'
.
the co un cil ,he r esolved to obey it ,a n d set o ut immedi a tely
As he p a ssed t hro ugh S m it hfi eltl ,he s a i d c hee r fii lly , This
”
pl a ce o f b ur n i n g h a th lo n g gro a n ed for m e
The n e x t
mor n i n g he wa i ted upo n t he co un cil , wh o se n t him to the
to wer , fr o m wh e n ce , a fte r some time ,he wa s re m oved to
O x fo r d
N I C H O L A S RI DL E Y , b ishop o f Lo n do n , rece ived the
e a r lies t p a r t o f h is e d uc a ti o n a t Ne wc a stle -upo n -Ty n e ,
n ive r sity of C a m
from whe n ce he wa s re m oved to t he u
bridge , whe r e his le a r n i n g a n d a bilities so r e co mme n ded
him , th a t he wa s m a de m a st e r o f P e m b r o k e h a ll , in t h a t
un ive r s ity A ft e r be i n g so m e ye a rs i n this o ffi ce , he le ft
C a m bridge , a nd t r a velled for his a dv a n ceme n t in k n o w
le d ge O n his r et ur n to E n gl a n d he wa s m a de ch a pl a i n
to He n ry VIII a n d b ishop o f Rocheste r , fr om whi ch he
wa s tr a n sl a ted t o t h e see o f Lo n do n by Ed wa r d VI
s , h um a n e , a n d a ffa ble : in
In p r iv a te li fe he wa s pio u
p ublic he wa s le a r n ed , so un d , a nd eloque n t ; d ilige n t in
his d uty , a n d ve r y p op ul a r a s a pre a che r
He ha d bee n ed uc a t ed in the Ro m a n C a tholi c r el igio n ,
ght over to the re form ed fa i t h by re a di n g B er
bu
t wa s b r o u
tra m s b ook o n the S a cr a m e n t a n d he wa s co n firmed in
the s a me by freque n t co n fere n ces with Cr a n m er a n d P eter
Ma r tyr , so th a t he b e c a m e a ze a lo us p r omote r o f the r e
r i n g the reig n o f ki n g
form ed d o ctri n es a n d d iscipli n e d u
Ed wa rd
ee n Ma ry he sh a red the s a me fa te
O n the a ccessi o n o f qu
t h o f the gospel
wi t h m a n y others wh o pro fessed the tru
Bei n g a cc used o f heresy , he wa s rem oved fr om his bis ho p
ri c a nd se n t priso n er to the to we r o f L o n do n , a n d a fter
wa r d to B o c a r do p r iso n ,i n O x fo r d ; fr om whe n ce h e wa s
co m mitted to the c ustody o f Mr I r ish ,m a yor o f th a t city ,
se he rem a in ed till the d ay o f his e x ec utio n
in whose ho u
O n the 3 0th o f S eptembe r , 1 55 5 , these t wo emi n e n t
prel a tes were cited to a ppe a r in the divi n ity school a t C x
ford , w h ich they a c cord i n gly d id
D r Ridley wa s fi r st e x a m i n ed , a n d seve r ely reprim a n d
ed by the b ishop o f L i n col n , b ec ause ,whe n he he a rd the
”
”
c ardi na l s g r a ce a n d the pope s holi n ess me n t io n ed
The words o f the
in t he commissio n , he kept o n his c a p
b ishop we r e to this e fle ct : Mr Ri d ley ,if y o uwill n o t b e
ncove r ed , in re s pe ct to the pope a n d th e c a rd ina l his 10
u
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-
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’
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’
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»
36
’
422
r ox s B
O OK o r M A RT Y R S
th or ity we S i t
wn ose a u
”
s h a ll be t a ke n o ff
ga t e ,b y
in
.
c o mml ss io n ,
yo ur cap
.
E x a m i n a t i o n of R i d ley a n d L a t i me r
.
The b ishop o f L i n col n the n m a de a for m a l h a r a n g ue
m which he e n tre a ted Ridley to r et u
rn to the holy m other
ch urch , a n d i n sisted o n the a n ti q uity a nd a utho r ity o f t he
ccessor
se e o f Rome ,a n d o f the pope ,a s the i m medi a te s u
o f S t P eter
Dr Ridley , in ret ur n , stre n uo usly oppos e d the a rgu
me n ts o f the bishop , a n d vi n di c a ted the do ctri nes o f t he
re form a ti o n
A fter m uch deb a te t he fi ve follo wi n g a r ticles were p r o
posed to him ,a n d his im m edi a te a n d e x pli cit a n s wers r e
q ui re d
e n tly a fli r me d , a nd o pe n ly m a in
1 Th a t he h a d fr eq u
t a in e d a n d de fe n ded , th a t the t r u
e n a tur a l body o f Christ ,
a fter co n se c ra tio n o f the priest , i s n o t r e a lly prese n t in the
s a cra m e n t o f the a lta r
blicly a ffi rm ed a nd de fe n d e d ,
2 Th a t he h a d o fte n p u
b
t n a t in the s a cr a me n t o f the a lt a r rem a i n eth still the su
s t a n ce o f b r e a d a n d wi n e
3 Th at he ha d o fte n op e n ly a ffi rmed , a n d obst ina t ely
m a i n t a i n ed , th a t in the m a ss is no p r o piti a tory s a crifice fo r
ick a n d t he de a d
t he q u
.
.
.
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.
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42 4
r ox
’
s
B OOK o r mx a r v n s
.
t t he b ish op h avin g
his a nsw e r s to the a rt icl es proposed ; b u
pr iv a tely re vie wed it ,would n ot permit it to be re a d in
pe n co urt
W he n t he a rticles were a ga i n a dm in istered , he re fe rre d
the n ot a r y to his writ in g , wh o set the m do wn a ccord in g to
the s a m e
The b i shop o f Glo ucest er ,affecti n g m uch co n ce r n for D r
Ridley ,pers u
lge a n obsti n a te temper ,
a ded him n o t to i n d u
bu
t re c a n t his e r r o n eo u
s opi n io n s , a n d retur n to the un ity
o f the holy c a tholi c ch u
rch
Dr Ridley coolly repli e d , he wa s fu
lly pe r s ua ded th a t
t he r eligi o n he p r o fessed wa s fo u
n ded o n God s most holy
a n d i n fa llible ch u
ld n o t a b a n
r ch ; a n d , there fore , he co u
d o n o r de n y the s a m e , co n sis t e n tly with his r eg a rd fo r the
ho n o ur o f Go d , a n d the s a l v a tio n o f 1is so ul He desi r ed
to de cl a re hi s re a so n s , why he co uld n o t a d m it o f t he
popis h s up r e m a cy , b ut his r e q uest wa s de n ie d
The bishop fi n di n g h im i n fle x ible in the fa i th ,a ccord i ng
to the do ct r i n es o f t he re fo r m a tio n , th us a dd r essed him :
t m ost co n cer n th a t I observe
D r Ridley ,it i s wi t h t he u
yo ur st ub bo r n n ess a n d obsti n a cy ,in pe r si sti n g in d a m n a ble
e r r ors a n d he r es i es b ut un less y our e c a n t ,I m ust procee d
to the othe r p a r t o f m y co mm issio n , tho ugh ve r y m uch
”
Ridley n o t m a ki n g a ny reply ,
a g a i n st my will a n d desi r e
se n te n ce o f co n de m n a tio n was re a d ; a ft e r whi c h he wa s
c a r ri ed b a ck to co n fi n eme n t
W he n L a ti m er wa s b r o ught be fore the co urt ,the b ishop
gh they h a d a l r e a dy
o f L i n col n i n for m ed h im , th a t t h o u
t a ke n h is a n s wers to cert a i n a rti cles a lleged a g a i n st him ,
yet they ha d give n h im time to co n sider o n the s a m e , a n d
l d pe r m it h im to m a ke wh a t a lter a t io n s he sho uld deem
wo u
ch m e a n s , to re cl a i m h im fr o m his
fi t , hopi n g , by s u
e r r ors ,a n d bri n g h im over to the fa ith o f the holy C a tholi c
ch urch
The a rti cles were a g a i n re a d to him , b ut he devi a ted
n ot , in a si n gle poi n t , fro m the a n s we r s he h a d a lre a dy
g ive n
B ei n g a g a i n wa r n ed to re c a n t , a nd revok e his errors ,he
re fused , de cl a r i n g th a t he n ever wo uld de ny God s tr uth ,
Se n te n ce o f
whi ch he wa s re a dy to se a l w ith his blood
co n de m n a tio n was the n p r o n o un ced a g a i n st him , a nd he
was c o mm itted t o the c ustody o f the m a y o r
o
.
.
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.
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’
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.
.
.
’
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Fox
’
s
s
o o n o r MA R T YRS
rm ng o
Bu
f d
ley
a nd
.
L a t i m er
O n the n orth side o f the to wn , in a d itch o v e r a g a i n s t
Ba liol- college , t he pl a ce o f e x ec u
tio n wa s a ppoi n t ed : a nd
fo r fe a r o f a n y t u
mu
lt th a t might a rise to hi n de r t h e b ur n
’
ing , the lord W illi a m s wa s co m m a n ded by the q u
ee n s let
ters , a nd the ho useholde r s o f the city to be the r e a ssist a n t
s uffi cie n t ly a p p oi n ted ; a n d whe n every th in g wa s in r e a
d in e s s , the p r iso n ers were bro u
ght fo rt h by the m ayor a n d
b a il i ffs
“
r red a n d fa ced wi t h
D r Ridley ha d o n a bl a ck go wn fu
foi n s , s u
ch a s he used to we a r whe n he wa s a b ishop ; a
ti p pet o f velvet , fur re d , like wise a b o ut his n e ck , a velve t
n ight - c a
po n his he a d ,with a cor n er c a p ,a n d sl ippers o n
pu
his feet He wa lked to the st a ke bet wee n the m a yor a n d
a n a lde r m a n , & c
A ft er h im c a m e Mr L a ti m er , in a poor B ristol fri e z e
fr o ck m u
ch wor n , w it h his b utto n ed c a p a nd kerchie f o n
his he a d , a ll r e a d y to the fire ,a n e w lo n g sh r o ud h a n gi n g
d o wn to the feet : whi ch a t the firs t sight e x cited sorro w in
.
.
.
.
.
the spect a tors , beholdi n g , o n the o n e side , the ho n o u
r they
o n ce h a d , a n d , o n the o t her , the c a l a m ity i n to w hi ch the
y
ha d fa lle n
D r Ridley looki n g b a ck ,s a w Mr L a ti m er c o m i n g a fte r
‘
r
a
d
e
o
u
r
t he e ?
Yea, sa i d
Unt o who m he s i , O h , a y
‘
M Lat i me r h av e afte r, as fast as I can So he fol
.
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’
’
’
r,
.
36
*
42 6
Fox
'
s
BO OK
M Aa r r n s
'
or
.
lo we d a t a d ist a n c e ,t ill they c a me to the st a ke
Dr Rid
ley fi rst e n teri n g t he pl a ce , e a r n estly held u
p both h is
h a n ds ,an d lo oked to wa rd he a ve n : the n sho r tly a fter s ee in g
Mr L a timer with a chee r ful look , he r a n to him ,a n d e m
b r a ced him , s ayi n g , B e o f good he a rt , b r other , fo r God
a ge the fu
ry o f the fl a m e , or else str e n gthe n
will eit her a ss u
.
.
.
us to a b ide it
’
.
He the n we n t to the st a ke , a n d k n eeli n g do wn ,pray e d
r , while Mr L a ti m er follo wi n g , k n eele d
with gre a t ferv o u
a lso ,a n d p r a yed a s e a r n estly a s he
A fter this they a rose
a n d co n ve r sed together , a n d wh ile
th us e m ployed , Dr
S m ith b eg a n his se r m o n to t h em upo n thi s te x t o f S t P a ul ,
in the 1 3 t h ch a pte r o f the epistle to the Co r i n thi a n s : I f I
yield my body to the fi r e to b e b ur n t ,a n d h a ve n ot ch a r ity ,
I sh a ll g a i n n othi n g the r eby
W he r ei n he a lleged , th a t
the good n ess o f the c a use , a n d n ot the ord e r o f de a th ,
m a keth the holi n ess o f the pe r so n : whi ch he co n fi r m ed by
the e x a mples o f Jud a s ,a n d o f a wo m a n in O x fo r d who o f
l a te h a n ged hersel f,fo r th a t they a n d s uch like a s he re cited ,
might the n be a d judged r ighte o us ,whi ch despe r a tely sepe
r a ted their l ives fr o m the i r bodies , a s he fe ar ed those m e n
th a t stood be fo r e him wo uld d o
Bu
t he cried still to the
pe o p le to b e wa r e o f them , for they were he r eti cs a n d died
r ch
He e n ded with a v ery short e x hort atio n
ou
t o f the ch u
rch , a n d
to the m to re c a n t a n d co m e hom e a g a i n to the ch u
s a ve their lives a n d so uls , whi ch else we r e co n de m n ed
His se r m o n s c ar cely l a sted a q ua r te r o f a n ho ur
At its co n cl usio n , Dr Ri d ley s a id to Mr L a ti m e r ,
W ill y o ua n s we r t he sermo n , or sh a ll I 1 Mr L a ti m e r
‘
‘
I will , s a id Dr
s a id , B egi n y o u fi r s t,I pr a y y o u
Ridley
He the n , with Mr L a ti m er , k n eeled to lord W illi a ms ,
t he vi ce - ch a n cellor o f O x ford ,a n d the other commissio n e r s
h
o sa t u
w
rpose
po n a form the r eby ,
a
i
h
t
e d fo r th a t p u
o
,
pp
I besee ch y o u, m y lord ,eve n for Christ s s a ke ,
a n d s a id ,
th a t I m ay spe a k b ut t wo o r three word s : a n d while my
lord be n t his he a d to the ma yo r a nd v ice -ch a n cellor , to
k n o w wheth e r he m ight h a ve le a ve to spe a k , the b a il i ff s ,
a n d Dr
Ma rsh a l , the v ice ch a n cellor r a n h a stily un to him ,
th ,s a i d , Mr Ridley
a n d w ith thei r h a n ds stoppi n g h is m o u
if y o uwill r evoke yo u
r er r o n eo us Opi n io n s ,y o u s ha ll n o t
‘
—
er
b
u
t
u
so
to
do
lso
yo
r
l
e
N
ot
ot
f
o nly h a ve libert
a
h
i
,
y
.
.
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’
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’
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’
—
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-
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’
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rox
’
B OOK o r
s
MA R T Y R S
.
‘
’
T hen s a id he , I will t a ke it to b e se n t o f God ,the r e for e
‘
I Will receive it
An d h a ve y o u an y , s a id he , fo r my
brothe r 2 ( m e a n i n g Mr L a ti m e r ) Ye a ,s ir , th a t I h a ve ,
‘
n
s a id he
The give it un to h im , s a id he , in ti m e , lest
S o h is brothe r we n t a n d c a r ried it to
y o uco m e too l a te
Mr L a ti m er
T hey the n bro ught a lighted fa go t , a n d l a id it a t D r
Ridley s feet ; up o n whi c h Mr L a timer s a id , B e o f good
com fo r t , Mr Ridley , a n d pl ay the m a n , we sh a ll thi s d ay
ligh t s uch a c a n dle by God s g r a ce in E n gl a n d , a s I t r ust
n eve r sh a ll b e p u
t ou
t
W he n D r Ridley s a w the fi re
fl a mi n g up to wa r d h im , he c r ied with a n a m a zi n g l o ud
voi ce : I n to thy h a n ds , 0 L o r d , I co m m e n d m y spi r i t ;
L ord , re ce ive my spi r it a n d co n ti n ued o fte n to repe a t ,
L ord , Lord , r e ce ive m y sp i r it
Mr L a ti m e r , o n the
o ther side , c r ied a s vehe m e n tly , O fa ther o f he a ve n , r e
c e ive m y so u
l A fte r whi ch he soo n died ,seemi n gly with
very little p a i n
Bu
t D r Ridley , fr o m the ill m a ki n g o f the fire , the
fa gots be i n g g r ee n , a n d piled too high , so th a t the fla m e s
b ei n g kept do wn by the g r ee n wood , b ur n ed fiercely b e
n e a t h , was
u
u
to
s
ch
e
q
isite
p
a i n , th a t he d esi r ed them
x
t
u
p
fo r God s s a ke , to let the fire co m e u
n to hi m ; whi ch hi s
brother in la w he a r i n g ,b ut n o t ve r y well un derst a n di n g ,to
rid him o ut o f his p a i n , he a ped fa gots upo n him ,so th a t he
q uite cove r ed him , whi c h m a de the fire so veheme n t b e
r n ed a ll his n ether p a r ts be fore it to u
ched
n e a th , th a t it b u
the uppe r , a n d m a de him str uggle un de r the fa gots , a n d
o fte n desi r e the m to let the fire come to h im , s a yi n g , I
c a n n ot b ur n
Y et , in a ll his torme n t he fo r got n ot to
c a ll up o n God , still h a vi n g in his m o uth , Lo r d h a ve
po n m e , i n termi n gli n g his cry , Let the fire co m e
m ercy u
In whi ch p a i n s he l a bo u
red till
un to m e , I c a n n ot b ur n
lled the fa gots fr om
o n e o f the byst a n de r s ,with his b ill , p u
a b ove , a n d w here he sa w the fi r e fl a me u
p , he wrestle d
hi ms e l f to th a t side An d whe n the fi r e to uc hed the gun
po wder , he wa s see n to stir n o m o r e , b ut b ur n ed o n t ht
his b o d y
o ther side , fa llin g do wn a t Mr La t im e r s feet
b e in g divided
The d r e a d ful sight fill e d a lmost every eye with te a rs
sly to see their de a ths whos e live s
S o m e took it grievo u
S o m e nit ie d the ir p ers o ns ,who
they ha d he ld s o de a r
’
.
’
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’
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’
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“
-
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’
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o
F x
’
s
n
42 9
o o n o r mx nr r ns
.
ou
ls had n o n eed thereo f But the so r r o w
ght their so u
o f his b r o t her , wu
e se e x tr eme a n x iety h a d led him to a t
t empt to
t a speedy e n d to his s u
fle r in gs , b u
t wh o , fr om
pu
er r or a n d co n fu
s io n , h a d so u
n h a ppily p r olo n ged them ,s c r
p a ssed th a t o f all ; a n d so viole n t wa s h is g r ie f, tha t the
spect a to r s p i t ied him a l m ost a s m uch as t hey did the
”
m a rt yr
Th us d id these t wo pio us divi n es a n d s te a d fa st believers ,
t esti fy , wi t h t hei r blood , t h e t r u
th o f t he eve r l a sti n g gospel ,
upo n whi ch depe n ds a ll the si n n e r s hopes o f s a lv a tio n t o
s uffer for which wa s the j oy , th e glory of m a n y e m i n e n t
Ch r isti a n s , who , h a vi n g follo wed the i r d e a r L ord a n d Ma s
t er ,t hro u
gh m uch tr i b ul a tio n in t his v a le o f te a rs ,will b e
glo r ified for ever with h im ,in the ki n gdom o f his fa ther a n d
ou
r fa the r , o f his G o d a n d o u
r God
th
.
.
’
.
C
H A P T E R VI
.
His tor y a nd Ma r ty r d om of Mr J ohn P h ilp ot
.
.
Mr P hil p ot wa s o f a fa m ily highly respect a ble , ( his
fa ther bei n g a k n ight ,)a n d wa s bo r n in H a m pshi r e
He
wa s bro u
ght up a t Ne w College , O x fo r d , whe r e he s t udied
civil la w a n d other bran ches o f a libe r a l ed uc a tio n , p ar t icu
la r ly the le a r n ed l a n gu
a ges , a n d bec a me a g r e a t proficie n t
in the Hebre w
He wa s a cco m plishe d , co ur a geo us , a n d
s ; ever c are ful to a do r n h is doctri n e by his p r a e
z e a lo u
tice ; a n d his le ar n i n g is fully evi n ced by wh a t he ha s le ft
o n re cord
Desi r o us to tr a vel ,he we n t over t o I t a ly ,a n d j o urn eyi ng
fr o m Ve n i ce to P a d u
gh a Fr a n
a , he wa s in d a n ger ,th r o u
cis e a ufri a r ,who a cco m p a n ied h im , a n d a t P a d ua , so ught
to a cc use him o f he r esy At le n gth he r etur ned to En g
l a n d , st r e n gthe n ed ia his fa i th , by beholdi n g the a bs ur d i t i e s
a n d i n iq u
i ties o f A n ti ch r ist in his s t r o n g hold , a n d fi n di n g
t h a t the ti m e pe r m itted m o r e bold n ess u
n to him , it b e in g
the r eign o f Ed wa r d , he ha d seve r a l co n flicts with b ishop
G a rdi n e r in the ci t y o f lVin c he s t e r
n
After t h a t , he wa s m a de a r chde a co n o f W i n che s ter ,u
der D r Po in et , wh o the n s ucceeded G a r d ine r in t ha t
.
.
.
.
.
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43 0
r
’
o x s B O O K o r MA RT YRS
.
bi shopric , a n d here he co n ti n u
ed d ur i n g the reig n o f
Ed wa r d ,to the gr e a t profit o f those who m his o ffi c e pl a ce d
un der his c a r e W he n th a t pio us p r i n ce wa s t a k e n a wa y,
a n d Ma ry s u
cceeded , her st udy wa s wholly to a lte r t he
st a te o f religio n in E n gl a n d : a nd she c a used a co n v oc a tio n
o f the p r el a t es a n d o t he r r et a i n e r s o f her fa i t h , to be a s
se m bled fo r the a cco m plishme n t o f he r desi r e
In t his co n vo c a t io n , Mr P hilpo t ,wit h a fe w others ,s u
s
ta in e d the c a u
se o f the gos p el a g a i n st the a dvers a ry , fo r
whi ch ,n o t withs t a n di n g the lib e r ty the ho u
se ha d p r omised ,
he wa s c a lled to a cco un t be fore t he ch a n cello r , by who m
.
.
.
he wa s fi r st e x a m i n ed
F r o m the n ce a g a i n he wa s r e
m oved to b isho p B o n n e r , a n d othe r co m missio n e r s , with
who m he h a d dive r s co n fli cts , the l a st o f whi ch we sh a ll
give verb a ti m a cco r di n g to his o wn st a teme n t
.
.
C onf er en ce b etween B is h op B on n er , JlI r
o t h er
P r is on er s
.
P hilp o t , a n d
.
r be fo r e it wa s light , the
T wo d a ys a ft er , a n ho u
bishop
se n t fo r me a g a i n by the keeper
st co m e to my lo r d
If eep er Mr P hil p ot a r ise , y o um u
P h ilp ot
I wo n de r wh a t my lo r d m e a n eth , th a t he
s e a r ly ; I fe a r he will us e so m e viole n ce
s e n deth fo r m e th u
to wa rd me , whe r e fore I p r a y y ou m a ke h im this a n s wer
Th a t if he do se n d fo r m e by a n o r de r o f la w, I will co m e
other wise , si n ce I a m n o t o f his d io ce ss ,
a n d a n s wer ;
vio
o
di
t
I
b
e
n either is b e m
n a ry , I will n o t , wi t ho u
r
y
e n tly co n st r a i n ed , co m e un to him
W ith th a t , o ne o f the m took me by force by t he ar m ,
a n d led m e u i n to the b ishop s g a lle r y
p
B onn er W h a t , t ho ua r t a fool ish k n a ve in deed ; tho u
wilt n ot co m e wi t ho u
t tho ube fetched
P h ilp o t
I a m b r o ught i n deed , m y lord , by viole n c e
un to y o u, a n d yo ur cr uelty i s s uch , th a t I a m a fr a id to
come be fore y o u; 1 wo uld yo ur lo r dship wo uld ge n tly
proceed a g a i n s t me by the la w
B on n er I a m bl a m ed by the bishops th a t I h a v e n ot
desp a tched thee ere this ; a n d a m com m a n ded to ta k e a
r ther o r der with t hee , a n d in good fa i th , if tho uwilt n o t
fu
rele n t , I wi ll m a ke n o fur ther del a y Ma rry , if tho uwilt
Ve t be co n fo r m a ble ,I will forgive thee a ll th a t is p a st ,a nd
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43 9
F
’
o x s n o o n: o r MARTYRS
.
ver a m a n d id b eside , a n d I m a i n t a i n ed G od to b e the
au
thor of a ll s in a n d wi cked n ess
P h ilp o t Ah , my lo r d , h a ve y o u n othi n g o f tr u
t h to
ch a rge me with a l , b ut y o um ust b e fa i n to i m a gi n e these
bl a sphemo us lies a g a i n st me ? Yo um ight a s well h a ve
s a id I ha d killed yo ur fa the r The scri pt ur es s ay , Th a t
”
God will destroy a ll me n th a t spe a k lies
And is n o t
y o ur lo r dship a sh a m ed to s ay be fore this ge n t lem a n , ( who
is un k n o wn to m e ,) th a t I m a i n t a i n wh a t y o uh a ve r e
he a r sed ? whi ch if I did I we r e we ll wo r thy to be co un ted
a he r eti c ,a n d to be b u
rnt
B on n er W ilt tho ua n s w er to t hem ?
P h ilp o t I w ill fi r st k n o w y o uto b e m y o r di n a r y , a n d
th a t y o um ay l a wfully ch a rge m e with s uch thi n gs
‘
B on n er W ell , the n I will m a ke thy fello ws to e wit
n esses a g a i n st t hee : whe r e a r e they ? a r e t hey c o r a l
K eep er They a re here , my lo r d
B onn er C o m e hithe r , si r s ; ( hold them a b o o k ) y o u
sh a ll s we a r by the co n t e n t s o f th a t b o ok , th a t ,w sh a ll
s a y the t r u
t h o f a ll s u
ch a rti cles a s sh a ll b e d e m nd ed o f
y o uco n cern i n g this m a n here p r ese n t , a n d t a ke y o u hee d
o f h im th a t he do t h n o t dece ive
ou
a s I a m a f a i d he
,
y
do t h , a n d s tr e n gthe n e th y o uin yo ur e r z o r s
P r is on er s My l o r d , we will n o t s we a r ,e x cep t we k n o w
whe r eto ; we c a n a cc u
se him o f n o evil ; we h a ve bee n
bu
t a while a c q u
a i n ted with h im
r lor d shi p , k n o wi n g the la w, will
P h ilp o t I wo n der yo u
go a b o ut , co n t r a ry to the s a me ; for yo ur lor d ship d o t h
ta ke the m to b e he r eti cs , a n d by the la w a he r eti c c a n n ot
be a w i t n ess
B onn er Y es , o n e hereti c a g a i n st a n othe r may b e we l
e n o ugh And , Mr She r i ff, I will m a ke o n e o f the m to
b e a witn ess a g a i n st a n othe r
P r i s on er s No ,m y lo r d
B o n n er No ! will y o u n o t ? I will m a ke y o u s we a r ,
I thi n k they be a na b a ptists , Mr
whether y o uwill or n o
S he r i ff, t hey t hi n k it n o t l a wful to s we a r be fore a j udge
l to s we a r fo r a m a n j ud i
P h ilp o t W e thi n k it l a w fu
i
n a bli n d cor n er
c ia ll
c
lled
t
a s we a r e n o t n o w, b u
a
,
y
B on n er
W hy t h e n , se e in g y o uwill n o t s we a r a g a i n s t
o
u
r fello w , o ush a ll s we a r fo r yo u
r selves , a n d I do he re
y
y
She r i ff, obj e ct the s a me a rt i cl e!
11 the p r es e n ce o f Mr
e
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r
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r
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‘
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Fo x
’
s
BOOK
or
M A RT Y RS
4 33
.
n to h im ,a md req u
ire y o u, un de r
u
nt o y o u
, a s I h a ve do n e u
p a i n o f e x co m m un i c a tio n , to a n s wer p a rti c ul a rly un t o
every o n e o f the m whe n y o u sh a ll b e e x a m i n ed , a s y o u
sh a ll b e soo n , by my r egis t er a n d so m e o f m y ch a p l a i n s
se o ur selves If
P r i s o n er s My lord , we will n o t a cc u
s , we a r e he r e r e a dy
a n y m a n c a n la y a n y t hi n g a g a i n st u
o t he r wise we pr a y yo ur lo r dship n ot
t o a n s wer the r e t o
r de n u
fo r some o f u
s ar e he r e b e fo r e y o u
to b u
s
, we k n o w
st c a use why
no j u
ble y o u n o lo n ger with
B o n n er Mr S heri ff, I will tro u
t hese fr o wa r d m e n
An d so he rose up , a n d wa s goi n g
a wa y , t a lki n g w i t h Mr She r i ff
P hi lp o t Mr S heri ff, I p r a y y o u re co r d h o w my lord
t a ll o r de r o f la w,
s in cor n ers , w i t ho u
pr o c e e d th a g a i n st u
h a vi n g n o j ust c a use to lay a g a i n st us An d a fte r this , we
w ere a ll co m m a n d ed to b e pu
t in the sto cks , whe r e I s a t
fr o m m o r n i n g u
n t il n ight ;
a n d the keeper a t n ight u
po n
r let m e o u
fa vo u
t
T he S u
n d a y a fter , the b ishop c a me i n to the co a l - ho u
se
a t n ig ht , with the keepe r , a n d vie wed the ho u
se , s ayi n g ,
t h a t he wa s n eve r the r e be fo r e : whe r eby a m a n m ay gu
ess
ho w he ke pt God s eo m m a n d m e n t in vi siti n g the p r i s o n e r s
Bet wee n e ight a n d n i n e , he se n t fo r m e , s a yi n g :
B on n er S ir , I h a ve gre a t disple a s u
ee n a n d
r e o f the q u
n c il fo r kee i n g
t ou
p
y o uso lo n g , a n d le tt i n g y o u h a ve so
m uch liberty ; a n d bes ides t h a t , y o ust r e n gthe n t h e other
p r i so n e r s in the i r e r r o r s , a s I h a ve l a i d wa it fo r y o ur
doi n gs , a nd a m certified o f y o uwell e n o ugh ; I will s e
q ueste r y o uthe r e fo r e fr o m the m , a n d y o ush a ll h urt the m
n o m or e a s y o uh a ve d o n e ,a n d I will o u
t o f h a n d desp a t ch
ill
b
e
n less
u
w
a co n fo r m a ble
o
y o ua s I a m co m m a n ded , u
y
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’
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ma n
P hi lp o t My o r d ,y o uh a ve m y b ody in yo u
r cu
stody ,
y oum a y t r a n s p o r t it whi t her y o u ple a se ; I a m co n t e n t
An d I w ish y o uwo uld m a ke a s q ui ck e x peditio n in m y
j udg m e n t a s y o u s ay ; I lo n g fo r it : a n d a s fo r co n
fo rmi ty , I a m re ady to yield to a ll tru
th , if a ny c a n bri ng
b et t e r th a n I
B o n n er W hy , will y o u b el ie ve n o m a n b u
t yo u
rsel f,
wh a tsoever they s a y ?
’
P h i lp o t My belie f m u
st n ot h a n g upo n m e n s s ay ings ,
’
witho u
t sur e a uthority o f G od s wo r d , whi ch if they ca n
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43 4
r
o x s BOO K o r MARr r a s
’
'
.
s h ow me I will be p li a n t to the sa me other w i se I c a n n ot
go fro m my cert ai n fa i th to th a t w h ich 1 s un cert a i n
B o n n er H a ve y o ut h e n the tru
th o n ly ?
n to
Ph ilp t My lord , I w ill spe a k my m i n d freel u
y ou
po n n o m a lice th a t I hea r to y ou,be fore o d Y ou
and u
h a ve n ot the tr uth ,n eith er a r e y ouo f the ch urch o f Go d ;
bu
t y oup ersec u
te both th e tr uth a n d the tr ue ch urch o f
Go d , for w h ic h c a u
s e y o uc a n n ot pros p er lo n g
Y ousee
Go d doth n ot prosper yo ur d oi n gs a ccordi n g to y o ur ex ec
p
t a t io n s : h e b a th o f la te sho w e d h i s j u
st j udg m n t a ga i n s t
on e o f
u
o
r
gre
a test d oers , w h o , by reports , d ie d m i ser a
y
I en v n ot the a uthority y oua r e i n Y o uth a t h a ve
le a r n i n g , s o uld k n o w best h ow to r ule An d seei n g Go d
h a th r estore d y o uto yo ur di gn ity a n d livi n g a g a i n ,use th e
s a m e to Go d s glory , a n d to th e s etti n g forth o f h is true
reli gi on ; ot ht wi se it will n ot co n ti n ue ,do w h a t y ouca n
W it h th is s a y 1 h e p a used , a n d a t le n g th s a i d
B o n n er Th a goo d m a n w a s p u
c h a s th o u
n i shed for s u
a rt
Wh ere 1 5 th e keeper ? Com e , let h im h a ve h i m to
the pl a ce th a t 1s provide d for h im Go y o ur way be fore
He th e n follow ed me , c a ll i n g the keeper a si d e , co m
m a n d i n g hi m to keep a ll m e n fro m m e , a n d n a r ro w l y to
se a r ch me , comm an d i n g t wo o f h i s m e n to a ccom pa n y the
keeper to see me pl a ce d
I a fterwa r d p a sse d thro ug h St Pa ul s , up to Loll a rds
To wer , a n d a fter th a t tur n e d a lo n g th e w est si de o f St
Pa ul s thro ugh t h e w a ll ,a n d pa ss i n g through s ix or seve n
d oor s , c a m e to m y lo d gi n g thro u
gh m a n y s tr a its w here I
c a lled to re m e m br a n ce , th a t st r a it is the w a y to he a ve n
An d i t i s in a to w er , right o n the other si de o f Loll a r ds
To w er , a s h i gh a lmost a s the b a ttleme n ts o f S t P a ul s ,
ei ght feet in bre a dth , a n d th i r tee n in le n gth , a n d a l m ost
over th e p r i so n w here I wa s be fore , h a vi n g a w i n d ow
op e n i n g towa r d th e e a st , b y w h ic h I co ul d look over the
t ps o f a gre a t m a n y h o uses ,b u
t s a w n o m a n p a s s ing i n to
ta
em
An d a s I c a m e to my pl a ce , th e keep er t ook o ff my
gow n , se a rc h ed m e ve r y n a rro w ly , a n d took a wa y a pen
c a se ,in k hor n ,g i r dle ,a n d k n i fe , b ut ( a s Go d w oul d h a ve
it ) I h a d a n i n kli n g a l ittle be fore I w a s c a lle d , o f m y r e
m o va l ,a n d there upo n m a d e a n e r r a n d to the stool , w here
ll s ore a ga i n st m y w il l I c a st a wa y m a n y a fri e n dly
fu
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o
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e
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’
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t
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’
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‘
F o x s B OO K O F M
a a r r it s
43 6
‘
'
.
bj ected a g a i ns t y o u, these t hre e y o u were pr incipally
ch a rged wi t h
The fi r st is , th a t y o u bei n g fa lle n fr o m the un ity of
Ch r ist s C a tholic ch ur ch , d o re fuse to b e re co n c il ed
the r e un to
The se co n d is , Th a t y ouh a ve bl a sp he m o usly spo ken
a g a i n st the s a c r ifice o f t he m a ss , c a lli n g it idol a t r y
An d the t hi r d is , Th a t y o u h a ve spoke n a g a i n st t he
s a cra m e n t o f t he a lt a r ,de n yi n g t he r e a l p r ese n ce o f Christ s
body a n d blood to be in t he s a m e
An d a cco r di n g to the will a n d ple a s ure o f the sy n od
legisl a tive ,y o uh a ve bee n o fte n by m e i n vited a n d req ui r ed
to go fr o m yo ur s a id e r rors a n d heresies , a nd to re tur n to
n i ty o f the C a tholi c ch u
the u
r ch , whi ch ,if
y o u will n o w
willi n gly do , y o ush a ll be m e r ci fu
lly a n d g la dly re cei ved ,
ch a r it a b ly used , a n d h a ve a ll t he fa v o ur I c a n sho w y o u
An d n o w, to tell y o ut r ue , it is a ssig n ed a n d a ppoi n ted m e
to gi ve se n t e n ce a g a i n st y o u, if y o ust a n d he r ei n a n d will
n o t ret u
rn W he r e fo r e if y o uso r e fuse , I do a s k o f y o u
whether y o uh a ve a n y c a u
se t h a t y o uca n sho w why 1 n o w
sho uld n o t give se n t e n ce a g a i n st y o u
P h i lp o t
U n de r p r otes t a tio n , n o t to go fr o m my a p pe a l
t h a t 1 h a ve m a de , a n d a lso n o t to co n se n t to y o ua s my
co m p ete n t j udge , I s a y , respe cti n g yo ur fi r st obj e ctio n
co n ce r n i n g t he C a tholi c ch ur ch , I n ei t he r wa s n o r a m o ut
o f the s a m e
An d a s to t he s a c r ifice o f the m a ss , a nd t he
s a c r a me n t o f the a lta r , I n eve r spoke a g a i n st th e s a m e
An d a s co n ce r n i n g the ple a s ur e o f t he sy n od , I s ay , th a t
these t we n ty ye a r s I h a ve bee n b r o ught up in the fa i th o f
the t r ue C a tholi c ch urch ,whi c h is co n t r a ry to yo ur ch ur ch ,
a n d in th a t ti m e I
o
ld
h
w
u
a ve me to co m e
whe r e u
n to
u
o
y
ha v e bee n m a n y ti m es s wo r n , both in the r eig n o f He n ry
VIII a n d o f Ed wa r d VI his s o n , a g a i n s t t he us ur ped
po wer o f the b ishop o f Ro m e ,whi ch o a th I t h in k I a m
se I m ust o e r fo r m
bo u
n d in m y co n scie n ce to kee p , be c a u
Bu
t if y o u
u
n t o the Lo r d m in e o a th
, o r an y o f the sy n od,
a d e m e tha t m
a t h was u
o
aw
n
l
can , by God s wo r d , per s u
y
n d by Go d s la w to co m e to yo u
r
fu
l, an d t h at I am bo u
r eli
n to
r ch , fa i t h , a nd
chu
g o n , I wil l gl adl y yield u
,
y ou
o t her wi se n o t
Bo nn e r ,t hen, n ot a ble wi th all his lear n ed d o cto rs to so
o
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F ox
’
B OOK o r
s
MA R T YRS
43 7
.
th is o ffered co n ditio n , h a d r e co urse , a s us ua l ,
to p r o m i s es a n d t h r e a ts ; to whi ch Mr P hilp o t a n s we r ed
r so r t , a r e hy p o c r ites , a n d I
Yo u, a n d a ll o the r o f yo u
r hyp ocrisy , yo u
r ty r a n n y , 1g
wish a ll the wo r ld k n e w yo u
”
n o r a n c e , a n d idol a t r y
U p o n t hese w o r ds the b isho p dis m issed him , co m
m a n di n g th a t o n Mo n d a y , t he 1 6 th o f the s a m e m o n th
he sho uld a g a i n b e b r o ught thithe r , the r e to h a ve the de
n ced a g a i n st him ,
fi n it ive se n te n ce o f co n de m n a tio n p r o n o u
if he the n re m a i n ed resol v ed
The d ay bei n g co m e , Mr P hil p ot wa s p r ese n ted b e
fore t h e b ishops o f L o n do n , B a th , W o r cester , a n d L i ch
fi eld whe n the fo r m e r th us b e gan
B on n er
My lords , S t o k e sly , my p r ede cesso r , whe n he
sed to m a ke this
we n t to give se n te n ce a g a i n st a h e r eti c , u
pr a yer
s ti t ia:
s
u
i
er r a n ti b u
s , a t in via m
o s s in t r ed ir e ,j u
D eu
q
p
co mplis ln
.
.
.
.
.
u uce lumen os ten d is , d e cun ct is gui C hr is t ia n a
r o es s i o n e cen s en tu
r , et i lla
r es u
er e
u
u
i
c i n im i ca
m
k
p
g
p f
u
a; s in t a t a s ec t a r i
er C h r is tu
m
D
o
s in t n o min i , e t ea
q
p
p
m Am en
m in u
m n os t r u
W hi ch I will follo w An d so he
re a d it with a l oud voi ce in L a ti n
I w ish y o uwo uld spe a k in E n gl ish , th a t a ll
P h i lp o t
n de r st a n d
l willeth , th a t a ll
m e n m ight u
y o u; fo r S t P a u
thi n gs spoke n in the co n g r eg a t i o n to edi fy , sho uld be s po
e th a t a ll m e n m ight un de r st a n d
k e n in a to n g u
VVhe r e up o n the b ishop r e a d it in E n gl ish
th a n d righteo us
O G o d ,wh o sh e w es t t h e light o f thy t r u
n ess to those th a t st r a y , th a t they m a
y r et urn i n t o t hy wa y ,
give to a ll who p r o fess the m selves Ch r isti a n s , to r e fuse
ver it a t i s g e t
.
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those thi n gs whi ch a r e foes to thy n a m e ,a n d to follo w
”
those thi n gs which a r e fit , by C hr ist o ur Lo r d Ame n
An d whe n he c a m e to these w ords , To re fuse those
”
thi n gs whi ch a r e fe e s to thy n a m e , Mr P hilpot s a id ,
The n they a ll must t ur n a wa y fro m y o u; fo r y ouar e
”
e n e m ies to th a t n a m e
B o n n er
W ho m do y o um e a n ?
Yo u, a n d a ll o f yo u
r ge n er a tio n a n d s ec t
P h i lp o t
An d I a m so r ry to see y o usit in the pl a ce th a t y o un ow
sit in , p r ete n di n g to e x e c ute j usti ce , a n d to do n othi n g less
An d the n t ur n i n g hi m s e l f
bu
t de ceive all in this r e a l m
0 a ll y o u ge n tleme n , be wa r e
u
n to t he people ,h e s a id ,
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“
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43 8
r ox
’
s
B O OK o r MA RT Y RS
.
th ese me n ,a nd their doi n gs , whi ch a r e co n tr a ry to tne
pri m itive ch urch
An d I wo uld k n o w o f y o u, my lo rd ,
by wh a t a ut ho r i ty y o uproceed a g a i n st me
B ec a use I a m bishop o f Lon d o n
B on n er
P h i lp o t
W ell , the n y o ua r e n o t my b ishop , n o r h a ve
I offe n d ed in yo ur d io c e ss a n d ,m oreover , I h a ve a ppe a led
r o wn la w y o uo ught n o t to
fro m y o u
, a n d , t he r e fo r e ,b y yo u
p r o ceed a g a i n st m e , espe ci a l ly bei n g bro ught h ither from
a n other pl a ce by viole n ce
B on n er
W hy , wh o se n t y o uhithe r to me ?
P h i lp o t
D r S to r y a n d D r C ook , wi th o ther com
missi o n e r s o f the ki n g a nd q uee n : a n d , my lord , is it n o t
e n o ugh fo r y o u to wo r r y yo ur o wn sheep , b ut y o u m ust
a lso m e d dle w ith othe r m e n s ?
The bishop the n delive r ed t wo books to Mr P hilpot ,o n e
o f the c ivil , a n d t h e o t her o f t he c a n o n la w,fr o m which he
ld h a ve p r o v ed th a t he ha d a utho r i ty to p r o ceed a g a i n st
wo u
Mr P hilpot pe r usi n g the m , a n d see i n g the sle n der
him
I
pe
r ceive
r o o f t ha t wa s the r e a lleged ,s a id to the b ishop :
p
yo ur la w a n d divi n i ty a r e a ll o ne fo r y o uh a ve k n o wledge
r o wn i n o
a n d I w is h
o uk n e w y ou
i n n either o f the m
g
y
r a n ce
bu
t y o ud a n ce in a n e t a n d thi n k th a t n o m a n d oth
”
see y o u He r e upo n they h a d m uch t a lk At l a st Bo n
n to h im
n e r s a id u
P hilpot , a s co n ce r n i n g yo ur obj e ctio n s a g a i n st my ju
n de r st a n d th a t
both the civil a nd
r is d ic t io n , y o u sh a ll u
c a n o n l a ws m a ke a g a i n st y o u a n d a s fo r yo ur a ppe a l , i t
is n ot a llo we d in this c a se : for it is writte n in the la w,
There is n o a ppe a l fro m a j udge e x e c uti n g th e se n te n ce
”
o f the la w
My lo r d , it a ppe a r eth by yo ur in te r pret a tion
P h i lp o t
n de r st a n d it : for if y o udid ,
o f the la w, th a t y o u do n o t u
o
ld
u
n o t b r i n g in th a t te x t
u
w
o
y
He r e upo n the bishop r e ci t ed a la w o f the Rom a n s , Th a t
l for a J e w to keep a Chri sti a n in c a ptivity
it wa s n o t l a wfu
s e him a s a sl a ve , l a yi n g to Philpot s ch a r ge th a t
a n d to u
he did no t un derst a n d the la w, b ut did like uJ e W W here
u
n to P hil p ot a n s we r e d
No , I a m n o J ew , b ut y o u, my lo rd , a r e a J e w Fo r
r o fe ss
o
ess
Ch
r is t , a n d m a i n t a i n A n ti ch r ist ;
p
ou
r
f
o
u
p
y
y
the go s pel , a n d m a i n t a i n s upe r s t i t io n ,a n d y o uar e a bl e t o
”
c ha rge me wi t h n othi n
g
of
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,
440
F
o x s 11 0 0 ; o r M A RT Y R S
’
.
o ffer m a de from the sy n od , wh i ch is g a the r ed together 1 11
A n ti christ s n a me ; prove to m e th a t y o ube o f the C a tho lic
rch , whi ch y o u n ever c a n , a n d I will follo w y o u
ch u
Bu
ld h a ve me
t y o u a r e idol a te r s
a n d do a s y o u wo u
fo r in yo u
r pu
lpits ye r a i l a g a i n st good thi n gs ,
a n d tr a itors
Ed ward his s o n , wh o h a ve stood the
a s ki n g He nr y a n d
us ur ped po we r o f t he pope o f Ro m e : a g a i n st who m I
ha ve a lso t a ke n a n o a th , whi ch if y o uc a n sho w m e by
G od s la w th a t I h a ve t a ke n unj ustly ,I will the n yield un to
r n the ki n g a n d q uee n s he a rt from
t I pr a y God t u
y o u: b u
yo ur sy n gog ue a n d ch urch
In o u
r C a tholi c ch u
rch a r e the a postles ,
C o ven tr y
ev a n gelists , a n d m a r ty r s ; b ut be fore Ma rti n L ut her the r e
r ch ur ch
wa s n o a postle , ev a n geli s t , o r m a rtyr o f yo u
W ill y o u k n o w the c a use why ? Christ did
P h i lp o t
p r op hesy th a t in the l a tte r d a ys there sho uld co m e fa lse
p r o phets a n d hy p oc r ites , a s y o ua re
Y o ur ch ur ch o f Ge n ev a , wh ich y o uc a ll t he
C o ven tr y
C a tholi c ch ur ch , i s th a t which Ch r is t prophesied o f
I allo w the ch ur ch o f Ge n ev a , a n d the doc
P h i lp o t
t r i n e o f the s a me , fo r it i s C a tholi c a n d a pos t oli c , a n d doth
fb llo w the do ctri n e whi ch the a postles p r e a che d
My lord , th is m a n h a d a r o a sted pig bro ught
B on n er
un to him ,a n d this k n i fe wa s put secretly bet wee n the ski n
An d a lso this po wde r , un der prete n ce
a n d flesh thereo f
t h a t it wa s good a n d co m fort a ble fo r him to e a t a n d d r i n k
F 01
whi ch po wder wa s o n ly t o ma ke in k to wr ite wit ha l
ght i t
whe n his keeper pe r ceived it , he took i t a n d b r o u
un t o m e : whi ch whe n I s a w I tho ught it h a d bee n gun
po wd er , a n d the r e upo n put fir e to it ,b ut it wo uld n o t b ur n
The n I took it fo r poiso n ,a n d so g a ve i t t o a dog , b ut it
wa s n o t so
I the n t ook a little wa te r , a n d m a de a s good
The r e fore , my lord ,y o u
in k as ever I did wr ite with a l
ghty fello w thi s is
n derst a n d wh a t a n a u
m ay u
Ah , m y lo r d ,h a ve y o un othi n g else to ch a rge
P h ilp o t
me wi t h a l , b ut t i ese tr i fles , seei n g I st a n d upo n li fe a n d
rch o f
B o t h the k n i fe in the pig prove the ch u
d e a th
rch 1
Ro m e to b e the C a tholic ch u
The n the b ishop bro ught fo r th a ce r t a i n in strume n t ,c o n
estio n s , a greed upo n both in Ox
e i n i n g a rti cles a n d q u
Als o he e x hib ited t wo boo k s in
ford a n d C a m bridg e
t he o ne wa s the c a techis m co m osed in k ing
Dr in t ;
p
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Fo x s
B OO K o r MA RT YRS
44 ]
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’
Ed wa rd s d a ys in the ye a r 1 552 ,th e o th er co n cer n i n g th e
port o f the disp ut a tio n in the co n vo c a tio n ho use , m e n tio n
Mo r eover , he b r o ught fo r th
whereo f is a bove e x p r essed
the o n e
two le t t ers ,a n d l a id them to Mr P hilpot s ch a r ge
wa s a dd r essed to him by a fr ie n d , com p l a i n i n g o f the
bishop s ill us age o f a yo un g m a n n a m ed B a r tlet Gree n
the o t her wa s a co n sol a to r y letter from L a dy V a n e Be
si d e t hese , wa s i n trod uced a me m o r i a l d r a wn up by Mr
P hilpot , to the q uee n a n d p a r li a me n t , st a ti n g t he ir e gula
rity o f his bei n g b ro ught to bishop B o n n er , he not bei n g o f
his d io c e s s ; a lso compl a i n i n g o f the severity o f his tre a t
me n t
These books letters , s uppli c a tio n s , 65 0 h a vi n g b ee n
c a d , the bishop dem a n ded o f h im , if the book e ntitled ,
”
‘
The tr ue r epo r t o f the disp ut a tio n , & c , were o f his
pe n n i n g , or n ot ? To t his Mr P hilpot a n s wered in the a f
re
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’
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‘
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"
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fi r m at iv e
.
The bishops gro wi n g we a r y , a n d n ot bei n g a ble to co n
v i n ce a n d ove r co m e
him ,beg a n with fl a tte r i n g spee ch to
pe r s ua de him p r o m isi n g , if h e wo uld revoke his op i n io n s ,
a n d ret u
r n to thei r Ro m ish ch u
r ch , he w o u
ld n ot o n ly be
p a rdo n ed th a t whi ch wa s p a st , b ut they wo uld , a lso ,t e
c e ive h im a g a i n a s a t r u
e m e m ber the r eo f But whe n
B o n n e r fo un d th a t it wo uld t a ke n o e ffect ,he de m a n ded o f
Mr P hil p ot , whether he ha d a n y j ust c ause to a llege why
”
he sho uld n o t co n de m n him a s a h ereti c
W el l, q uo t h
Mr P hilpo t , yo ur idol a t r o us s a c r a me n t , which y o uh a ve
fo u
nd ou
t , y o u wo u
ld fa i n d e fe n d ,b ut y o u c a n n ot , n o r
”
ever sh a ll
In the e n d the bishop , see i n g hi s ste a d fa st n ess in t he
truth , ope n ly p r o n o un ced the se n te n ce o f co n dem n a tio n
a g a i n st him
In the r e a d i n g wh e r eo f,whe n he c a me to
t hes e wo r ds ,
s , a n d im
and y ou
, a n obsti n a te , pe r n icio u
”
n ite n t hereti c ,
a id ,
r
c
P
hilpot
s
I
th
a n k God
e
&
M
p
th a t I a m a he r e t i c o ut o f yo ur c ur sed ch ur ch ; I a m n
he reti c be fore G od But God b less y o u, a n d give yo
”
r w icked doi n gs
gr a ce to repe n t yo u
W he n B o n n e r wa s a b o ut the midst o f the se n t e n c e , the
b ishop o f B a th p u
lled him by the sleeve , a n d s a id , My
ord , my lo r d , k n o w o f him fi r st whether he will re c an t or
”
no t
0 , let him a lo n e
s a id he ; a n d so r e a d forth the
s e n t e n ce
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442
’
r ox s Bo on
or
MA R T Y RS
.
Wh e n he had co n cl uded , he delivered hi m t o the she
ri ffs a n d so t wo o fii cer s bro ught him thro ugh the b ish o p s
ho u
s e i n to P a ter n oster r o w, whe r e hi s serv a n t met h im ,
a n d whe n he s a w him ,he s a id ,
Ah , de ar m a ster
”
Co n te n t thysel f, s a id Mr P hilpot , [ sh a ll d o well
”
n ou
gh fo r tho ush a lt see me a g a i n
The o ffi cers the n took him to Ne wg a te , where they d e
livered him to the keep er
The n his m a n st r ove to go in
after his m a ste r ,a n d o n e o f the o ffi ce r s s a id u
n to h im ,
”
He n ce ,fello w wh a t wo uldst t ho uh a ve ?
An d he s a id ,
”
I wo uld spe a k with my m a ste r Mr P hilp ot the n turn ed
a bo u
t , a nd s a id to him , To -m orro w tho u sh a lt s pe a k
”
with me
W he n the ke eper un derstood it to b e hi s serv a n t , he
g a ve hi m le a ve to go in w ith hi m An d Mr P hi lp ot a n d
his m a n were t ur n ed i n to a ch a m b er o n the right h a n d ,
a n d there re m a i n ed a sho r t ti me , whe n the chie f ke eper
c a m e un to h im ; wh o s a id , Ah , h a st tho u n ot do n e
”
”
well to b r i n g thysel f hither l
W ell , s a id Mr Philpot ,
I m ust b e co n te n t , fo r i t is God s a ppoi n t m e n t ; a n d I
r , fo r
sh a ll desire
r ge n tle fa vo u
y o uto let m e h a ve yo u
y ou
a n d I h a ve bee n o f old a cq u
a i n t a n ce
”
If y o uwill rec a n t , s a id the kee p er , I will sho w y o u
”
”
an
re I ca n
Na y , s a id Mr P hilpo t , I w il l
y ple a s u
n e t er r e c a n t t h a t which I h a ve spoke n , while I h a ve li fe ,
th , a n d in wit n ess the r eo f, I will
for it i s m ost ce r t a i n t r u
”
se a l it with m y blood
The n the keeper s a id , This is
”
the s ayi n g o f the whole p a ck o f y o u he r eti cs
W here
upo n he com m a n ded h im to be se t upo n the blo ck , a n d a s
m a n y i r o n s to b e p u
po n his legs a s he co uld be a r
t u
Upo n T uesd a y ,the 1 7 t h o f De ce m be r ,while he was at
pper , there c a m e a messe n ger fr om the she r i ffs , a n d b a de
su
Mr P hilpot m a ke re a dy , fo r the n e x t d ay he sho uld s uffer ,
a n d be b u
r n ed a t a st a ke
Mr P hil pot a n s we r ed , I a m
”
re a dy ; God g r a n t m e str e n gth a n d a j oy ful r es ur re c t i o n
t hi s sp ir it
r ed o u
An d so he we n t i n to his ch a m ber , a n d po u
un to the L o r d God ,givi n g him m os t he a r ty th a n ks , th a t he
ffe r for his tr u
th
ha d m a de hi m wo rthy to s u
In the mo r n i n g the she r i ffs c a m e a cco r di n g to ord e r
ab o u
t eight o clo ck , a n d c a lli n g for him , he most j oy fully
c a m e d o wn
to t hem An d the r e his m a n m e t h im , a nd
”
s a id ,
His m a s ter a ns wered,
Ah ,d ea r m as te r , fa re well
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44 4
B OOK o r ma mmal s
’
Fo x s
.
in
gr e a t este e m fo r theologi c a l le a r n i n g , he wa s c hose n
divi n ity lecturer in his o wn college , a n d a ppoi n ted , by the
un iversi t y , o n e o f the e x a m i n e r s i n th a t scie n ce In t his
o ffi ce he i n c ulc a ted the study o f the script ur es , the n
g r e a tly n egle cted , a s bei n g i n dispe n s a ble for the p r o fessors
o f th a t d ivi n e k n o wle d ge
The pl a g ue b r e a ki n g o ut a t C a m b r idge , Mr C r a n mer ,
wi t h so m e o f his p u
r e m oved to W a lth a m a bbey ,w here ,
ils
,
p
meeti n g with G a rdi n e r an d F o x , o n e the sec r et a ry , t he
o ther a l m o n e r o f He n r y VIII th a t m o n a rch s i n te n de d
divorce o f C a th a ri n e , the co m m o n s ubj e ct o f disco urse in
t hose d a ys , wa s m e n tio n ed : whe n C r a n mer a dvisi n g a n
a ppli c a tio n to the u
n iversities ,fo r t heir o i n i o n i n the c a se ,
p
they m t r o d uce d him to the ki n g , wh o wa s so ple a sed with
h im , th a t he ordered him to wri t e his tho u
gh ts o n the s ub
e c t , m a de h im his ch a pl a i n , a n d a d m itted him i n to th a t
j
r a n d estee m , whi ch he n eve r a ft e r wa rd for feited
fa vo u
1 11 1 53 0 he wa s se n t by t he ki n g to disp u
b
te o n the s u
je ct o f the divo r ce , a t P a r is ,Ro m e ,a n d other fore ig n p a rts
At Ho m e he deli ve r ed his b ook , whi ch he ha d wr itte n in
de fe n ce o f the d ivorce , to the pope , a n d o ffe r ed to j usti fy
I t in a p ubl ic disp ut a tio n : b ut a ft er v a rio us a p poi n t m e n ts
n o n e a ppe a r e d to op p ose h im ; while ,in p r iv a te co n fe r e n ces ,
he fo r ced t he m to co n fess th a t the m a r r i a ge wa s co n t ra ry
to the la w o f God The po p e co n sti tuted h im pe n ite n ti a ry
ge n er a l o f E n gl a n d , a n d d is m issed him
D ur i n g the ti m e he wa s a b r o a d , a r chbishop Wa rh a m
died : He n r y , co n vi n ced o f C r a n m e r s m e r it , dete r m i n ed
th a t he sho uld s ucceed h im a n d co mm a n ded him to r et ur n
fo r t h a t p u
r po se
He wa s desi r o us ,by a ll m e a n s ,to decli n e
thi s high st a tio n , fo r he ha d a tr ue a n d p r i m i t ive se n se o f
the o ffi ce , b ut a spi r i t so d 1ffe r e n t fr o m th a t o f the ch urch
l a ted t he ki n g s r esol utio n a n d the
me n o f his ti m es , s t i m u
mo r e r el uct a n ce C r a n m e r sho we d , the gr e a te r resol ut io n
He n r y e x e r ted He wa s co n se c r a ted o n Ma r ch 3 0t h , 1 53 3 ,
to the o ffi ce ; a n d tho ugh he re ceived the us ua l b ulls fr om
the pope , he p r otested , a t his co n sec r a tio n , a g a i n st t he
o a th o f a lle gi a n ce , & c to him
The fi r st se r vice he did the ki n g in his a rchiepi s cop al
ch a r a cter , wa s pro n o un ci n g the se n te n ce o f his d ivor ce
fro m C a th a ri n e : a n d the n e x t wa s j oi n i n g his h a n d wit h
An n e B oley n , the co n se q ue nce o f which ma rri a ge was the
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r
o x s B OOK o r M A RT YRS
’
44 5
.
rth o f t he glor io us El iz a beth , to whom he s to od god
fa ther
As the q uee n wa s gre a tly in terested in the re for m a t io n ,the
frie n ds to th a t good work beg a n t o co n ceive high hopes ;
a n d , in deed , it we n t o n with desir a ble
s uccess
Bu
t
the fickle dispositio n o f the k in g , a n d t he fa t a l e n d o f
n ha
th e u
gh ,
ppy An n e ,fo r a while a l a rmed their fe a rs ; tho u
b y Go d s provide n ce , witho u
t a ny ill e ffe cts The pope s
s up r em a cy wa s un ivers a lly e x ploded ; mo n a steries , & c
destroyed ,upo n the fullest dete ctio n o f the m ost a bomi n a ble
v i ces e x isti n g in t he m ; th a t v a l u
a ble b ook o f the
Er udi
”
t io n o f a Ch r isti a n Ma n , was set fo r th by o u
r g r e a t a rch
bishop , with p ublic a uthority ; a nd the s a cred s cr 1p t ur e s ,
a t le n th ,to the in fi n ite j oy o f C r a n m er ,a n d o f lord Cro m
g
well ,his co n st a n t fr ie n d a n d a sso ci a t e ,were n o t o n ly t r a n s
l a ted ,b ut in trod uced i n to eve r y p a r ish The tr a n sl a tio n wa s
rece ived with i n e x p r essible j oy : every o n e th a t wa s a ble ,
p ur ch a se d it , a n d the poor flo cked gr eedily to he a r it re ad ,
some perso n s in ye a r s le a r n ed to re ad o n p urpose th a t they
might pe r use it , a n d eve n little ch ild r e n c r o wded wi t h
e ager n e s s to he a r it !
A short time a fter this , he g a ve a shi n i n g proo f o f his
disi n tereste d co n st a n cy , by his oppos itio n to He n r y s S ix
”
Arti cles , desc r ibed in a former p a rt o f t h is vol um e Ho w
eve r , he we a thered the storm ,a n d p ublished , wi t h a n ia
comp a ra ble pre fa ce , wr itte n by hi m sel f, the l a rger B ible ;
s ix o f which , eve n B o n n er , the n n e wly co n sec r a t ed b ishop
o f L o n do n ,c a u
sed to b e fi x ed ,fo r the pe r us a l o f the people ,
in his c a thedr a l o f St P a u
ls
The e n emies o f the re for m a tio n ,ho wever ,we r e restless ,
a n d He n ry , a l a s
wa s n o p r otest a n t in his he a r t Crom well
fell a s a cri fice to the m ; a n d they a i m ed their m a lig n a n t
G a rdi n er , in p a rti c ul a r , wa s ind efa t i
s h a fts a t Cr a n mer
g a ble : he c a used h im to b e a cc used in p a r li a m e n t , a n d
n cil moved the ki n g to c o m
s ever a l lords o f the p r ivy co u
mit the a rchbishop to the to wer
The ki n g pe r ceived
their m a li ce ; a n d o n e eve n i n g , on prete n ce o f d ivertin g
himsel f o n the wa ter ,o r dered his b a rge to b e ro wed t o La m
T he a rchb ishop , b ei n g in formed o f it , c a me do wn
b eth
t o p a y his respe cts ,a n d wa s o r dered , by the ki n g , to co m e
He n ry m a de h im
i n t o t he b a rge , a n d s it close by h im
s
a t io n s which were l a id a g a in st
ac u
a in te d wi th the a cc u
q
bi
.
.
,
'
’
’
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’
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’
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38
446
him ;
r ox
’
s BO OK
or
ma
m ms
-
.
d s p oke o f his Opp o s it io n to the s1x
t icle s ; the
a rchb ishop a ck n o wledged h imsel f to b e o f the s a m e opi n io n ,
The ki n g the n , p utti n g o n a n a ir
with respe ct to the m
ld st a n d
o f ple a s a n t r y , a sked him , if h is bed ch a m b er co u
the test o f these a r ti cles ! The a r chbisho p co n fessed th a t
he wa s m a rried in Ge r m a n y , b e fore his p r o motio n ; b ut
r ed the ki n g , th a t , o n the p a ssi n g o f th a t a c t , he h a d
a ss u
a
r ted w ith hi s wi fe , a n d se n t h e r a b r o a d to her fr ie n ds
p
His m aj es ty wa s so ch a r m ed wi t h his ope n n ess a nd i n tegr ity
th a t he discove r ed the whole plot th a t wa s l a id a g a i n st
h im
e to prod uce upo n
a n d g a ve him a ri n g o f g r e a t v a l u
a ny fu
tur e e m erge n cy
A few d ays a fter th is , C r a n m e r s e n e m ies s ummo n ed
n cil
He a cco r di n gly a tte n d
h im to a ppe a r be fore the co u
ed , whe n they s uffe r ed h im to wa it in the lobby , a mo n g
t he se rv a n ts ,t r e a t e d h im o n his a d m issio n w ith h a u
ghty c o n
te m pt , a n d wo uld h a ve se n t h im to the To wer But
he p r od uced the ri n g , which ch a n ged t hei r to n e a n d ,
while h is e n e m ies re ceived a severe repri m a n d fr o m He n ry ,
Cr a n m er hi m sel f g a i n ed the h ighest degree o f fa vo ur
O n this o cc a sio n he sho wed th a t le n i ty a n d mild n ess fo r
ch disti ng uished : he n ever pe r se
w hi ch he wa s a l wa ys so m u
ted a ny o f his e n emies b ut ,o n the co n tra ry ,fr eely forg a ve
ou
eve n the i n vete r a te G a r di n er , o n hi s wr iti n g a s uppli c a
to r y letter to him The s a m e le n ity he s ho wed to wa rd
ffr a g a n o f D over , a n d D r B a rber ,
D r Thor n to n , the s u
g h e n te r t a i n ed in his fa m ily , i n tr usted with h is
wh o , tho u
sec r ets , a n d i n debted to h im fo r m a n y fa vo ur s ,h a d un gr a te
fu
l ly co n spi r ed wi t h G a rdi n er to t a ke a wa y hi s li fe
W he n Cr a n mer fi r st discove r ed their t r e a che r y , he too k
the m a side i n to h is st udy , a n d telli n g the m , th a t he h ad
se d by some in who m he h a d a l ways
een
fa l sely a cc u
posed the gre a test co n fide n ce , desired the m to a dvise
ld beh a ve hi m sel f to wa rd the m 1 They
ho w he sho u
lied , th a t s uch a b a n do n ed vill a i n s o ught t o be prose
r : n a y , dese r ved to die with
cu
t e d wi t h the g r e a test r igo u
”
At this the a rchb ishop , l i fti n g up his h a n d s
t m ercy
ou
to he a ve n , cried o ut , Me r ci ful G od ! who m m ay a m a n
”
t o f his boso m the letters by
An d the n t a ki n g o u
tru
st 1
wn ich he ha d discovered their t r e a chery ,a sked the m ,if they
Kn e w those p a pers ? W he n they s a w thei r o wn lette rs
ced a g a i n st the m ,t he v wer e in the utmost co nfusio n;
prod u
an
ar
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’
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.
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’
448
rox s
B O OK o r MA RT Y RS
.
th a t the j udges , who , bei n g best skilled in the c o n s tit u
tio n , o ught to be reg a r ded o n this poi n t , ha d a ss ured h im ,
th a t n o t withst a n di n g th a t e n t a il ,he might l a wfully be que a th
”
the cro wn t o L a dy J a n e
The ar chb ishop desi r ed to d is
co urse with the m hi m sel f a b o ut it ; a nd they a ll a gree i n g
th a t he m ight l a wfully s ub sc r ibe t he ki n g s will , he wa s at
ple s to
ast p rev a iled with to resig n his o wn priv a te scr u
the ir a utho r ity , a n d set his h a n d to it
H a vi n g do n e this , he tho ught hi m sel f obliged in co n
s cie n ce to j o i n the l a dy J a n e :
bu
t he r short lived po we r
soo n e x p i r ed ; whe n Ma r y a n d pe r sec utio n m o un ted t he
th r o n e , a n d Cr a n m er co uld e x pect n othi n g less th a n wh a t
e n s ued a tt a i n der , i m priso n m e n t , dep r iv a tio n , a n d de a t h
He wa s co n de m n ed fo r tre a so n , a n d , with p r e t e n de d
cle m e n cy , p a r do n ed ; b ut , to g r a t i fy G a rdi n e r s m a li ce ,
a n d her o wn i m pl a c a ble rese n t m e n t a g a i n st h im fo r he r
m o t he r s d ivo r ce , Ma r y g a ve o r de r s to p r o ceed a g a i n st
him fo r he r esy
His fr ie n ds , who fo r es a w the storm , ha d
a d v ised h im to co n s u
lt his s a fe ty by reti r i n g beyo n d s e a ;
bu
t he chose r a t h e r to co n ti n u
e ste a dy to the c a use , whi ch
he h a d hithe r to so n ob ly s uppo r ted ; a n d p r e fe r red the
r ob a b ility o f se a li n g his testi m o n y with his blood , to a n
p
s flight
ign o m i n io u
The to we r wa s c r o wded wi th p r iso n ers i n so m uch th a t
C r a n m er , Ridley , L a ti m e r , a n d B r a d fo r d , we r e a ll put i n to
o n e ch a m ber ;
whi ch they we r e so far fr o m thi n ki n g a n
i n co n ve n ie n ce ,th a t , o n the co n tr a r y , they blessed God fo r
th e oppo r t u
n ity o f co n ve r si n g togethe r : r e a di n g a n d co m
p a r i n g the sc r ipt u
r es , co n fi r m i n g the m selves in the tru
e
fa i t h , a n d m u
t ua lly e x ho r ti n g e a ch othe r to c o n sta n cy in
p r o fessi n g it , a n d p a tie n ce in s uffe r i n g fo r it
In Ap r il , 1 55 4 , the a r chb isho p ,wi t h bishops Ridley a n d
L a ti me r , wa s r e m oved fr o m the to we r to W i n dso r , a n d
te w ith so m e sele ct pe r so n s
fr o m the n ce to O x fo r d , to d isp u
of
both un ive r sities
Bu
t ho w v a i n a re disp u
t a tio n s ,
where the fa te o f m e n is fi x e d , a n d e v e r y wo r d i s m isco n
s tr u
ed !
An d s uch wa s the c a se he r e ; fo r , o n April the
ght to S t Ma ry s , be fore the
2 0t h , Cr a n m e r wa s bro u
quee n s co m m issio n ers , a n d re fusi n g to s ubscribe to the
pop ish a rticles , he wa s pro n o un ced a he r eti c , a n d se n te n c e
po n h im Upo n whi ch he
o f co n dem n a ti o n wa s p a ssed u
nj u
st se n te n ce to
t o l d them , th a t b e a ppe a led from thei r u
.
’
.
‘
-
—
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’
’
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’
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’
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F ox
’
s
n
o o n o n ma n r r a s
4 49
.
t o f the Al m ighty a n d th a t b e trusted to be rece ived
i n t o his p r ese n ce in he a ve n fo r m a i n t a i n i n g the tr uth , a s
set fo r t h in his most holy gospel
A fte r thi s his s er v a n ts were dis m issed fr o m the i r a tte n d
a n ce , a n d hi m se lf c losely co n fi n ed in B o c a r do , the p r iso n
Bu
t thi s se n te n ce b ei n g void in
o f t he city o f O x fo r d
la w , a s the p ope s a u
t ho r ity wa s wa n ti n g , a n e w com m is
sio n wa s s e n t fr o m Ro m e in 1 5 55 ; a n d in St Ma ry s
rch , a t the h igh a l t a r , the co ur t s a t a n d t r ied the
ch u
He wa s he r e well n igh to o
a l r e a dy co n de m n ed Cr a n m e r
dges a n d if re a so n a n d t r uth co uld h a ve
s t r o n g fo r his j u
prev a iled , there w o uld h a ve bee n n o do ubt who sho uld
h a ve bee n a cquitted , a n d wh o co n dem n ed
The Feb r ua ry follo wi n g , a n e w co m missio n wa s give n
to b ishop B o n n e r a n d bishop Thirlby , fo r the deg r a d a tio n
o f the a r chb ishop
W he n they c a m e do wn to O x fo r d he
wa s bro u
ght be fo r e the m ; a n d a fte r they ha d re a d their
co mm issio n fr o m the p ope , ( fo r n o t a ppe a r i n g b e fo r e whom
in pe r so n , a s they h a d cited him , he wa s d ecl a r ed co u
tu
s , th o u
gh they t he m selves ha d kept h im a close
ma c io u
p r i so n e r ) B o n n er , in a sc urrilo us or a tio n , i n s ulted over
h im in the m ost u
n ch r isti a n
m a n n er , fo r whic h he wa s
o ft e n r eb uked by b ishop Thi r lby , wh o wept , a n d de cl a red
it the most so rr o wful sce n e he h a d eve r beheld in his whole
li fe In the co m m issio n it wa s de cl a r ed , t h a t the c a use
ha d bee n i m p a r ti a lly he a r d a t Ro m e , t he w i t n esses o n
both sides e x a m i n ed , a n d the a r chbishop s co un sel a llo wed
to m a ke the bes t de fe n ce fo r h im they co uld
A t the r e a d i n g th is , the a r chbishop co uld no t help cry
in g o u
t,
Good God wh a t lies a r e these ; th a t I , bei n g
co n ti n ua lly in p r iso n , a n d n o t s ufi e r e d to h a ve co un sel or
a dvo c a te a t ho m e , sho u
ld prod uce wit n esses , a n d a ppoi n t
my co u
n sel a t Ro m e
st n eeds p un ish th is sh a m e
Go d m u
”
less a n d o p e n lyi n g l
W he n B o n n er h a d fi n ished hi s i n ve c t ive , they pro ce eded
to d eg r a de h im a n d th a t they m ight m ak e h im a s r id icu
lo us a s they co uld , the episcop a l h a bit wh i ch they put o n
hi m wa s m a de o f c a n v a s a n d old r a gs B o n n e r , in the
m e a n ti m e , by way o f t r i u
m ph a n d m o ckery , c a lli n g him
Mr C a n terb ury , a n d the l ike
He bore all this t r e a tm e n t w ith hi s wo n ted fortit ude a nd
p a tie n ce ; t old the m , the deg r a d a tio n g a ve him n o co n
tha
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’
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’
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“
’
4 50
Fo x s
B O OK or ma n r vn s
'
.
bu
r
he h a d lo n g desp ised thos e orn a me n ts
t
whe n they c a m e to t a k e a wa y his c r osier , he held it fa st ,
I a pp e a l to
a n d delive r ed hi s a pp e a l to Thi r lby s a yi n g ,
”
the n e x t ge n e r a l co un cil
t
W he n t hey ha d s t r ipped h im o f a ll his h a b its , they pu
o n h im a poor ye o m a n be a dle s go wn , th r e a d b a r e a n d ill
a n d i n this m a n n er deli
s h a ped , a n d a to wn s m a n s c a p ;
l a r po we r to b e c a r r ied b a ck t o
ve r ed him to the sec u
priso n , whe r e he wa s kept e n t i r ely destit ute o f mo n ey , a n d
tot a lly se cl uded fr o m his fr ie n ds Na y , s uch was t h e fury
stody
o f hi s e n e m ies , th a t a ge n tle m a n wa s t a ke n i n to c u
by B o n n e r , a n d n a rr o wly esc a ped a tri a l , fo r givi n g the
h
i
n n er
D oo r a rchbishop m o n ey to b u
di
m
a
y
C r a n me r ha d n o w bee n i m p r iso n ed a l m ost th r ee ye a rs ,
ld h a v e soo n follo wed his se n te n ce a n d d e
a n d d e a th sho u
g r ad a ti o n ; b ut his c r uel e n e m ies r ese r ved him fo r gre a ter
m i se r y a n d i n s u
lt Eve r y e n gi n e th a t co uld be tho ught o f
w a s e m ployed to sh a ke his co n st a n cy
t he held fa st t o
bu
the p r o fessio n o f his fa ith Nay , eve n whe n he s a w the
b a r b a ro us m a rty r do m o f his de a r co m p a n io n s Ridley a n d
L a ti m e r , he wa s so fa r fr o m sh r i nk i n g , th a t he n o t o n ly
p r a yed to God to st r e n gthe n the m , b ut a lso , by th e ir e x
a m ple , t o a n i m a te h im to a p a tie n t e x pe ct a tio n a n d e n d u
r a n ce o f the s a m e fie r y t r i a l
The p a p ists , a fte r t r yi n g v a r i o us se v ere wa ys to bri n g
C r a n m e r over , witho ut e ffe ct , a t le n g t h deter m i n ed to tr y
wh a t ge n tle m ethods wo u
ld do They a cco r di n gly r e
m oved h im fr o m priso n to the lodgi n gs o f the de a n o f
C h r ist c h ur ch , wh ere they ur ged every pers ua sive a nd
a ffe cti n g a rg u
m e n t to m a ke h i m devi a te fro m hi s fa it h ;
a n d , i n deed , to o m u
ch m el t ed hi s ge n tle n a t ur e , by the
fa lse sun shi n e o f p r ete n ded civility a n d r espe ct
The un fo r tun a te p r el a te ,ho we ver ,withstood every temp
t a t io n , a t which his e n e m ies were so ir r it a ted , th a t the
y
removed him fr o m t he de a n s lo d gi n gs to the m ost lo a th
e p a r t o f the
so m
p riso n in which he ha d bee n co n fi n e d ,
a n d th en tre a ted h im with u
This wa s
n p a r a lleled severity
mo r e th a n the in fi r m it ie s o f so old a m a n co uld s upport
the fr a ilty o f h um a n n a t ure p r ev a ile d a n d he wa s i n d uce d
to sign the follo wi n g re c a n t a tio n , d r a wn fr o m him by the
ma lic e s a n d a r ti fi ce s o f his e n e m ies
I, T HO MAS C RA N ME R , l a te a rchbishop o f C a nt erb u
ry
c e n , fo r
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45 2
F
’
o x s B O O K o r MA R T Y R S
.
Th is re c a n t a tio n wa s i m m edi a tely p r i n t ed , a n d d i s tr i
b uted thro ugho ut th e co un tr y , a n d to est a b lish it s a ut he n
t ic ity , fi r st w a s a dded t he n a m e o f Tho m a s C r a n m e r , w i th
bsc r ip t io n , the n follo wed t he w it n e sses o f his
a sole m n s u
re c a n t a tio n , H e n r y S y d a l a n d fr i a r Joh n d e Vill a G a r ctlr
All this t i m e Cr a n m e r h a d n o ce r t a i n a ss ur a n ce o f
na
h
it
w
a s p r o m ised to h im by the d o c t o r s
h is li fe , a l t ho u
g
r pose , the rest t hey c o m
ou
t a ft e r they h a d g a i n ed t hei r p u
a l w ith m e n o f thei r r eligio n
The
m it t e d t o ch a n ce , a s us u
q uee n , h a vi n g n o w fo un d a ti m e to reve n ge he r old g r udge
his re c a n t a tio n ve r y gl a dly , b ut
a g a i n st h im , re cei v ed
t t i n g him to de a t h , t a ki n g
wo uld n o t a lte r her i n te n tio n o f p u
n sel h o w to desp a tch h im o u
S he
t o f the wa y
s e c r et co u
Cole t o p r ep a r e a fun e r a l se r m o n for Cr a n
a ppoi n ted D r
me r s b ur n i n g , a g a i n st the 2 1 s t o f Ma r ch e n s ui n g
S o o n a fte r , lo r d W illi a m s , o f T a m e , lo r d S ha n d o is , s ir
Tho m a s B r idges , a n d s ir Joh n B r o wn , we r e se n t fo r , a n d
c o mm a n ded in the q uee n s n a m e to b e a t O x fo r d o n the
e , lest C r a n me r s
s a me d a y , with t hei r se r v a n ts a n d r e ti n u
de a th sho uld r a ise the r e a n y t um ul t
Dr C ole the d a y be fo r e the e x e c utio n took pl a ce , c a m e
i n to the p r iso n to D r C r a n m e r , to t ry whethe r he a bode
in t h e C a t holi c fa ith ,to who m C r a n m e r a n s w e r ed , th a t by
God s gr a ce he wo uld be d a ily m o r e co n fi r m ed in the
C a t hol ic fa it h ; Cole dep a r t i n g fo r th a t ti m e , t he n e x t d a y
follo wi n g r ep a i r ed to t he a r chb isho p a g a i n , gi v i n g n o sig
n ifi c a tio n a s yet o f his d e a th th a t wa s p r ep a r ed
An d
the r e fo r e in the m or n i n g ,whi ch wa s the 2 1 5 t d a y o f Mar ch ,
a ppo i n ted fo r C r a n m e r s e x ec u
ti o n , C ol e co m i n g to him ,
n ey , to who m , whe n he
a sked h im if h e h a d a n
mo
had
y
a n s wered th a t he h a d n o n e , he delive r ed fi ftee n c r o wn s to
gi ve to t he poo r , to who m he wo uld a n d so e x ho r t in g him
ch a s he co uld to co n s t a n cy in fa ith , d ep a rted the n ce
as m u
t his b usi n ess , a s to his se r m o n a ppe r ta i n ed
a bo u
By this , a n d othe r like a r g um e n ts ,t h e a r chb ishop beg a n
more a n d m o r e to s ur m ise wh a t they we r e a b o ut The n
bec a use the d a y wa s n o t fa r spe n t , a n d the lo r ds a n d
k n ights th a t we r e looked fo r were n o t yet co m e ,t he r e c a m e
t o h im the S p a n ish fr i a r , w i t n ess o f his re c a n t a t io n , b r i n g
ld ope n ly p r o fess in his
in g a r ti cles , wh ich C r a n m e r sho u
r e c a n t a tio n b e fore the people , e a r n estly desi r i n g him th a t
l d write the s a i d i n s tr um e n t a nd a rt icl es wit h his
he wo u
.
.
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’
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’
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’
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Fo x
’
Bo ok
s
or
M
A R T YRS
453
.
own
h a n d , a n d sig n it wi th his n a m e whi ch , whe n he h a d
do n e , the s a i d fr i a r desi r ed th a t he wo uld wr ite a n o t her
copy the r eo f, which sho uld r e m a i n wi t h him , a n d t h a t he
did a lso But y e t the a r c h b ishop , bei n g n o t ig n ora r
where u
n t o t hei r se c r et d e v i ces t e n ded , a n d t hi n ki n
g th a t
t he ti m e wa s a t h a n d in whi ch he co u
ld n o lo n ger d iss e m
ble the p r o fessio n o f his fa i t h with Ch r is t s people , he p ut
his pra yer a n d his e x ho r t a tio n , wr i tt e n in a n othe r p a pe r ,
se cretly i n t o his boso m , whi ch he i n t e n ded t o r e ci te t o th e
people be fo r e he sho uld m a ke t h e l a st p r o fessi o n o f h is
fa ith , fe a r i n g lest , if t hey he a r d the co n fessio n o f his fa ith
fi r st , t hey wo uld n o t a ft e r wa r d h a ve s uffered him to ex
hort t h e p eople
S oo n a ft er lo r d W illi a m s , sir Thom a s Bridges ,s ir Joh n
Br o wn , a n d t h e othe r j u
sti ces , c a m e to O x fo r d with a gre a t
m en
mu
a lso g a the r ed o n
t r a i n o f wa i t i n
The
ltit
de
u
g
every side , a s 1 5 we n t in s uch a m a tt e r ,a n d g r e a t e x pec t a
tio n s we r e e x cited , fo r fi r st o f a ll, t hey th a t were o f the
pope s side we r e in gr e a t hope t h a t d ay to he a r somethi n g
o f C r a n m er th a t sho u
ld es t a blish the v a n i t y o f their e p i
n io n
the o t he r p a r t , who we r e e n d ued wit h a bette r mi n d ,
co uld n o t thi n k th a t he wh o , by co n t i n ued st udy a n d
l a bo ur fo r so m a n y ye a r s , h a d s e t fo r th the doctri n e o f t h e
gospel , either wo uld or co uld , in t h e l a st a ct o f his li fe ,
fo r s a ke the good p ar t
D ur i n g thi s gre a t e x pect a t io n , the p r ocess io n a t le n gth
c a m e fo r th in the follo wi n g order : The m ayor we n t be fore ,
n e x t him t he a lde r m e n in the ir pl a ce a n d deg r ee ; a fte r
t he m wa s C r a n m er b r o u
g ht b et wee n t wo fr i a rs , which
m um bli n g to a n d fr o cert a i n ps a l m s in th e streets , a n
n til they c a m e to t h e ch u
r ch door
s we r e d o n e a n othe r u
Nun c d amit
a n d the r e they beg a n the so n g o f S i m eo n ,
( is
i n t o t he ch ur ch , the ps a l m si n gi n g
a n d e n te r i n g
fr i a rs bro u
gh t him to his st a n di n g , a n d the r e le ft h im
There wa s a st a ge set over a g a i n st t he p ulpit , o f a me a n
height fr o m the g r o un d , where Cr a n m er h a d his st a n di n g ,
n til D r Cole m a de r e a dy fo r his ser m o n
wa i t i n g u
The l a m e n t a ble c a se a n d sigh t o f t h a t m a n wa s a sor~
l s pe c t a cle t o a ll Ch r is t i a n eyes t h a t beheld him
r o wfu
He th a t l a tely wa s a r chb ishop , m e t r o p oli t a n , a n d p r i m a te
n s e llm , be i n g n e w
o f a ll E n gl a n d , a n d t h e ki n g s p r ivy c o u
r edly cloth e d , wi th
in a b a re a n d r a gged go wn , a n d ill fa vo u
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or
F o x s Bo o t:
MARTY RS
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old s qua r e c a p , e x posed t o t h e co n t e m pt o f a ll m e n , d i e
a d m o n ish m e n n o t o n ly o f his o wn c a l a m ity
t a lso o f
, bu
t heir sta te a n d fo r tun e F or wh o wo uld n o t pi ty his c a se ,
ch a p r el a te ,
a n d m igh t n o t fe a r his o wn ch a n ce , to see s u
so g r a ve a co un sello r , a n d o f so lo n g co n ti n ued ho n o ur ,
a fte r so m an y dig n i t ies , in his old ye a rs to be dep r ive d o f
h is est a te ,a dj u
dged to die , a n d in S p a i n ful a de a th to e n d
his li fe , a n d n o w prese n tly fr o m s uch fresh o r n a me n ts , to
des ce n d to s uch vile a n d r a gged a p p a r el ?
I n t his h a b i t , whe n he h a d stood a good s p a ce u
po n the
s t a ge , t u
r n i n g to a
n to , h e li ft ed
p ill a r n e a r a dj oi n i n g the r e u
up his h a n ds to he a ve n , a nd p r a yed un to God o n ce or
t wice , till a t le n gth D r Cole co m i ng i n to the p u
l pi t , a n d
begi n n i n g his se r m o n , e n te r ed fi r st i n t o m e n tio n o f Tob i a s
a n d Z a ch a r y
who m a ft e r he h a d p r a ised in the begi n n i n g
o f his se r m o n fo r thei r
e wo r ship
p e r seve r a n ce in the t r u
pi n g o f God , he the n di vided his whole s ermo n i n to th r ee
p a r t s , a cco r di n g t o t he sole m n c ustom o f t he schools ,
i n te n di n g to spe a k fi r s t o f the m e r cy o f God : seco n dly , o f
h is j u
s t ice to h e sho wed : a n d l a st o f a ll, h o w the
p r i n ce s
sec r e t s a r e n o t to b e ope n ed An d p r oceed i n g a li tt le fr o m
the begi n n i n g , he t ook o cc a sio n by a n d by t o t ur n his t a l e
to C r a n m e r , a n d wi t h m a n y ho t wo r ds rep r o ved hi m , th a t
he , bei n g o n e e n d ued wi t h the fa vo ur a n d fe eli n g o f whole
so m e a n d C a t holi c doct r i n e ,fell i n to a co n t r a r y opi n i o n o f
pe r n icio us e r r o r ; whi ch he ha d n o t o n ly de fe n ded by his
t a lso a ll u
r ed o t he r m e n to do
w r i t i n gs a n d a ll his po we r , b u
t h e like , with g r e a t libe r a lity o f gi ft s , a s it we r e a ppoi n ti n g
r e wa r d s fo r e r r o r ;
r ed t hem , b
a n d a fte r he h a d a ll u
y all
m e a n s d id che r ish the m
It we r e to o lo n g r e repe a t a ll thi n gs , th a t in lo n g order
n ced
The s um o f his tr i p a r t ite de cl a m a tio n
we r e pro n o u
wa s , th a t he s a id God s mercy wa s so te m pe r ed wi t h h is
j usti ce , th a t he di d n o t a ltoge the r r e q uire p un ish m e n t a o
cordi n g to the merits o f o ffe n d ers , n or yet s uffe r ed the
gh they h a d r epe n ted
s a m e to go u
n pu
n ishe d , y e a , t ho u
As in D a vid , wh o whe n he wa s h id d e n to choose o f thre e
k i n ds o f p u
ld , a nd he h ad chosen
n ish m e n t whi ch he wo u
pes t ile n ce fo r th r ee d a ys , t he Lo r d fo rg a ve h im ha l f t he
ti m e , b ut did n o t r ele a se a ll : a n d th a t the s a m e thi n g
c a me to p a ss in h im a lso , to who m a ltho ugh p a r do n a nd
re c o n cili a tio n wa s d u
e a ccordi n g to the c a n o n s , seei n g he
an
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o
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rox s
456
B OO K o r mx ar r ns
.
e x t the k in g , wa s fa lle n in to such gre a t mise r y , th a t t he
poo r est wretch wo uld n o t ch a n ge co n ditio n with him ; a n d
rr ou
n ded w it h m ise r y o n a ll sides , th a t
ha d become so s u
n e , n or
n e i t her wa s le ft in h im a n
y hope o f bette r fo r t u
p la ce fo r wo rs e
Th e l a t ter p a r t o f his se r m o n he co n ve r ted to the a r ch
b ish p who m he co m fo r t ed a n d e n co ur a ged to t a ke h is
r e , biddi n g h im n o t
d e a t h well , by m a n y pl a ces o f sc r i p t u
st , b ut he sho uld i n co n ti n e n tl y r eceive wh a t the
0 m i st r u
t hie f d id , to who m Ch r ist s a id , Th is d a y tho u sh a lt be
l he a r m ed h im
a nd o u
with m e in p a r a dise
t of St Pau
a g a i n st the te rr o r o f fi r e by this ,
The L o r d is fa ithful ,
ffer y o u t o b e te m pted a bove yo u
r
whi ch w ill n o t s u
st r e n gth
by the e x a m ple o f the t h r ee child r e n , to who m
G od m a de the fl a m e to see m like a ple a s a n t d e w ; a ddi n g
a lso t h e r ej o ici n g o f S t A n d r e w o n his c r oss , the p a tie n ce
r e n ce in t h e fi r e , a ss u
r i n g h im , th a t God , if he
o f St L a u
c a lled o n h im ,e i t he r wo uld a b a t e the fur y o f the fl a m e , or
ive
hi
m
st
r e n g t h t o a bide it
g
He glo r ified God m uch in h is ( C r a n m e r s )co n v ersio n ,
b ec a u
s e it a ppe a red to be o n ly H is ( the Al m ighty s )wo r k
d e cl a r i n g wh a t t r a va il a n d co n fe r e n ce h a d bee n wi t h h im
t o co n v e r t h im , a n d a ll p r ev a iled n o t , t ill t h a t it ple a sed
God o f his m e r cy t o r e cl a i m h im , a n d c a ll h im ho m e In
d isco u
r si n g o f whi ch pl a ce ,b e m u
ch co mm e n ded C r a n m e r ,
s ayi n g ,th a t a ll the ti m e he flo wed in ri ches a n d ho n o ur ,he
wa s u
n wo r thy o f h is li fe ; a n d n o w th a t he m igh t n o t live ,
he wa s unwo r thy o f de a t h But les t he sho uld c a r r y wi t h
h im n o co m fo r t , he p r o m ised , in the n a m e o f a ll t he p r i es t s
t h a t we r e p r ese n t , th a t i m m edi a t ely a fte r his de a th the r e
sho uld be di r ges , m a sses ,a n d fun e r a ls ,e x ec uted fo r him in
r ches o f O x fo r d , fo r t h e s u
c co ur o f his so ul
a ll the ch u
All this ti m e w i th wh a t g r i e f o f m i n d C r a n m er stood
he a r i n g t his se r m o n , the o ut wa r d sho ws o f co un t e n a n ce d id
be t t e r e x p r ess , t h a n a ny m a n c a n de cl a r e n o w li fti n g up
n t o he a ve n , a n d t he n a g a i n fo r sh a m e
h is h a n ds a n d eyes u
They t h a t we r e prese n t
le t t i n g t he m do w n to t he e a r th
test ified th a t they n eve r s a w in a n y child m o r e te a r s th a n
c a me fr o m h im a t th a t t i m e , d ur i n g t he whole se r m o n ; b u
t
e s pe ci a lly w he n he re ci t ed his pr a ye r be fo r e t h e p eople
A ft e r C ole h a d e n ded his se r m o n , he c a lled b a ck t he
e t h re n ,
eople
to
pr
Br
a ye r s th a t were re a dy to dep a rt
p
n
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r
o
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o x s B o o t: o r MAtt r r tts
’
4 57
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»
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d he , lest a ny m a n sho uld do ubt o f this ma n s e a rne st
co n ve r sio n a n d repe n t a n ce , y o ush a ll he a r him spe a k li e
fore y o u; a n d there fo r e I p r a y y o u
, Mr C r a n m e r , t o per
form t h a t n o w,whi ch y o up r o m ised n o t lo n g a go ; n a m e ly ,
th a t y o uwo uld ope n ly e x p r ess the true a n d un do ubted pro
r fa i th , t h a t y o um ay t a ke a wa y a ll s u
spi c io n
fe ss io n o f yo u
n de r st a n d th a t
fro m m e n ,a n d th a t a ll m e n m a y u
y o ua re a
”
”
c a t holi c i n deed
I will do it , s a id t he a r chb ishop ,
h
ood
w
ill
w
o , risi n g u
a nd p u
t
a n d th a t with a
t
in
;
p
g
g
s un to the p eople
o ff his ca p , spoke th u
G ood Chr isti a n people ,m y d e a rly belo v ed breth r e n an d
s isters in Chri st ,I beseech y o um ost he a r tily to p r a y fo r m e
to Alm ighty G o d , th a t he will fo r gi v e m e a ll m y si n s a nd
t n um ber , a n d gre a t a b ove
o ffe n ces , which be m a n y witho u
re But yet o n e thi n g g r ieve t h my co n sci e n ce mo re
m ea su
th a n a ll the rest , whe r eo f, God wi lli n g , I i n te n d to spe a k
m ore here a ft er
Bu
t ho w g r e a t a n d h o w m a n y soever m y
si n s b e , I besee ch y o uto p r ay to God o f his m ercy to p a r
”
d o n a n d forgi v e t he m a ll
An d here k n eeli n g do wn , he
s a id the follo wi n g pr a ye r
O F a t her o f he a v e n ,0 S o n o f God , Redeemer o f the
world , 0 Holy G host ,th r ee perso n s a n d a n d o n e God ,h a ve
mercy upo n m e , m ost wretched c a i ti ff a n d mi ser a ble s in
n er
I h a ve o ffe n ded b oth a g a i n st he a ve n a n d e a rth , more
th a n m y to n g ue ca n e x p r ess t i the r the n may I go , or
whithe r sh a ll I flee ? To he a ve n I m a y b e a sh a m ed t o li ft
up m i n e eyes , a n d in e a r th I fi n d n o pl a ce o f r e fuge or
s ucco ur To thee ,the r e fo r e , O Lo r d ,do I h um ble m y s el f ;
s a yi n g 0 L o r d my God ,m y si n s b e gr e a t ,b ut y e t h ave m ercy
upo n m e , fo r thy g r e a t m e r cy The g r e a t myste r y th a t
God bec a m e m a n , wa s n o t wro ught fo r li t tle or fe w o ffe n
ces Tho ud idst n ot give thy S o n , 0 he a ve n ly F a ther ,
un t o d e a th fo r s m a ll si n s o n ly ,b ut fo r a ll t he gr e a test si n s
r n to thee with his
o f the w o r ld , so t h a t the si n n er r et u
whole he a r t , a s I do a t this p r ese n t
W here fore h a ve
me r cy o n m e , O God , whose p r ope r ty is a l ways to h a ve
me r cy ; h a ve me r cy U po n m e , O L o r d , fo r t hy g r e a t me r
cy
I c r a ve n o t hi n g fo r m i n e o wn m e r i ts , b ut fo r thy
n a m e s s a k e , t h a t it m a
y be h a llo wed t hereby , a n d fo r
thy S o n Jes us Chris t s s a ke An d n o w, there fore , 0
”
F a ther o f he a ve n , h a llo wed be thy n a m e , & c And the n
r isi n g , he s a id :
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sa i
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458
F
o x s B O OK o r M A R T YR S
’
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people desireth a t the tim e o f l is
de a th to give so m e good e x ho r t a tio n , t h a t o t he 1 s m ay r e
me m ber the s a m e be fo r e thei r de a t h , a n d b e the better
the r eby s o I besee ch God g r a n t m e g r a ce ,t h a t I m ay spe a k
so m ethi n g a t t his my dep a r t i n g , whe r eby Go d m ay b e
glo r ified , a n d y o ue d ifi e d
Fi r st it is a he a vy c a use to see th a t so m a n y folk s o
mu
ch do a t up o n the lo v e o f t his fa lse wo r ld , a n d be so
c a r e ful fo r it , th a t o f the lo v e o f God , o r t he wo r ld
t o c o m e they see m to c a r e ve r y l it tle o r n o t h in
There
fo r e , t hi s sh a ll b e m y fi r st e x ho r t a t i o n
Th a t y o uset n o t
yo ur m i n ds ove r m uc h upo n t his decei t ful wo r ld , b ut upo n
God , a n d upo n th e wo r ld to co m e ,a n d to le a r n t o k n o w
wh a t t his lesso n m e a n e t h whi ch S t Joh n te a cheth , Th a t
the lov e o f this wo r ld is h a t r ed a g a i n st G o d ,
The se co n d e x ho r t a t io n is , Th a t n e x t under God
u
r ki n g a n d q u
n w illi n gly a n d gl a d ly , witho u
obey
yo
ee
t
o
u
y
m ur m ur i n g o r g r udgi n g ; n o t fo r fe a r o f t he m o n ly , b ut
m uch m o r e n o w fo r t he fe ar o f God k n o wi n g t h a t t hey be
God s m i n iste r s ,a ppo i n t ed by God to r ule a n d gove r n y o u
a n d ,the r e fo r e , whosoeve r resisteth the m r esi steth the ord i
n a n ce o f God
The thi r d e x h o r t a ti o n 15 , Th a t y o ulove a ltoge t her
like b r ethre n a n d siste r s F o r ,a l a s pity it is to see wh a t
co n te n t io n a n d h a tr ed o n e Ch r i s t i a n m a n be a r eth to a n o
the r ,n o t t a ki n g e a ch othe r a s b r o t he r a n d siste r , b ut r a the r
Bu
t I p r a y y o u le a r n
a s s t r a n ge r s a n d m o r t a l e n e m ies
a n d b e a r w ell a wa y t his o n e lesso n , To do good u
n to al l
men , as m u
ch a s in y o uli e t h ,a n d to h ur t n o m a n , n o m ore
th a n y o uwo uld h ur t yo ur o wn n a t ur a l lovi n g b r o the r o r
r e o f, t h a t w hosoe v e r h a teth
s i st e r
F or t h is y o um ay b e s u
an
t m a licio usly to hi n de r or h urt
y pe r so n , a n d goe t h a b o u
him ,s u
r ely a n d wi t ho u
t a ll do u
b t , God is n o t wi t h t h a t m a n ,
gh he thi n k hi m sel f eve r so m uch in God s fa vour
a ltho u
The fo ur th e x ho r t a t io n sh a ll b e t o t he m th a t h a ve
re a t s ubs t a n ce an d r i ches o f this wo r ld ; Th a t they wil
y e ll co n side r a n d weigh t h r ee s a yi n gs o f t h e S c r i t u
re
p
r hi m sel f, wh o s a i t h ,
r S a vio u
It is h a r d fo r a
o n e is o f o u
ri ch m a n t o e n t e r i n t o t h e ki n gd o m o f he a v e n
A sore
th
s a y in g ,a n d yet s p oke n by h im wh o k n o weth the tr u
The seco n d i s o f S t Joh n , whose s a yi n g is this , He
th a t h a th the s ubs ta n ce o f thi s wo r ld ,a nd s e eth his b r oth en
Every m a n , good
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cr .
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r
’
o x s n o o n o r ri s izr r i s
'
z
.
An d a s fo r the s a cr a me n t , I b elieve a s I h a ve t a ught
it my book a g a i n s t the bi shop o f W i n chester , which , m
y
b ook , te a cheth so tr u
e a doct r i n e o f t he s a cr a m e n t , th a t it
sh a ll s t a n d a t the l a st d ay be fo r e the j udg m e n t o f G o d ,
whe r e the p a pisti c a l doc t r i n e co n tr a r y thereto sh a ll b e
”
a sh a m ed to sho w h e r fa ce
He r e the byst a n de r s were a ll a sto n ished , an d l ooke d
upo n o n e a n o ther , whose e x p ect a t io n he ha d so n ot a bly
deceived S o m e beg a n to a d m o n ish him o f his r ec a n t a t io n ,
a n d to a cc u
se h im o f fa lsehood
Briefly , it wa s s t r a n ge to see the docto r s beg uiled o f so
gre a t a hope I thi n k the 1 e wa s n ever c r uel ty m ore no
t a bly o r be t ter in t i m e d el uded a n d decei ve d F o r it is
n ot to b e d o u
bted , b ut they looked fo r a glo r io us victory ,
a n d a perpet u
a l tr i u
m ph by this m a n s r et r a ctio n
As soo n a s they he a r d these thi n gs , they beg a n to r a ge ,
fr et , a n d fu
m e ; a n d so m u
ch the m o r e , b ec a use t hey co uld
n o t r eve n ge t hei r g r ie f :
fo r they co u
ld n o w n o lo n ger
t h r e a te n o r h u
r t h im
F o r t he m ost m ise r a ble m a n in t he
t o n ce ; a n d whe r e a s o f n ecessi ty he
world c a n die b u
st n ee d s die t h a t d ay , t ho ugh t he p a pis t s h a d bee n eve r
mu
so well ple a s ed , b ei n g eve r so m uch o ffe n ded w ith him ,
yet co uld he n o t b e t wi ce killed by the m An d so whe n
they co uld do n othi n g else un t o h im , yet les t they sho uld
n to him his fa lse
s ay n o t hi n g , t hey ce a sed n o t to obj ect u
hood a n d dissi mul atio n
U n to which a cc us a tio n he a n s we r ed , Ah , my m a sters
d o y o u n o t t a ke it so ? Al wa ys si n ce I lived hi t he r t o , l
h a ve bee n a h a te r o f fa lsehoo d , a n d a lo v e r o f si m plicity
”
a n d in
a n d n e ver b e fo r e this t i m e h a ve I d isse m bled ;
s a yi n g this , a ll t he te a r s t h a t r em a i n ed in his b ody a p
e a r e d in his e es
n d whe n he b eg a n t o spe a k m o r e o f
A
p
y
the s a c r a m e n t a n d o f t he p a p a cy , so m e o f t he m beg a n to
cr
p on
t u
t , yelp , a n d b a wl , a n d especi a lly Cole c r ied o u
y ou
”
S to p the he r eti c s m o ut h a n d t ake h im a wa y
him ,
An d the n C r a n m e r bei n g p ulled do wn fr o m t he st a ge , wa s
led to the fi re , a cco m p a n ied with t hose fr i a r s , ve x i n g ,
W h a t m ad
tr o ubli n g ,a n d th r e a t e n i n g him m ost c r uelly
”
h a t h b r o ugh t thee a g a i n in t o th is e r r or ,
n ess , s a y t hey ,
by wh i ch tho uwil t d r a w i n n um e r a ble so uls wi th thee i n to
”
To who m he a n s we r ed n o t hi n g , b ut d i r ected a ll
hell 1
bli n g hi m in
his talk t o t he p e ople , s a vi n g t h a t to o n e t r o u
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B OOK o r
MARTYBS
46 1
.
the way , he sp a ke , a nd e x hort ed him to get h om e to his
st udy , a n d a pply to his b ook d ilige n tly ; s ayi n g , if he d id
dilige n t ly c a ll upo n God , by re a di n g mo r e he sho uld ge t
k n o wledge
Bu
t whe n he c a me to t h e pl a ce where th e holy b ishop s
a n d m a r ty r s o f God , b ishop L a t i m er a n d bishop Ridley
r n t b e fore h im , fo r t h e co n fessio n o f the t r u
th ,
we r e b u
k n eeli n g do wn he p r a yed t o God , a n d n ot lo n g t a rryi n g in
t t i n g o ff his g a r m e n t to his shi r t , b e pr e
h is pr a ye r s , p u
p a r ed hi m se lf fo r de a th His shirt wa s m a de lo n g do wn
to his feet His feet we r e b a r e ; like wise his he a d , whe n
both his c a p s we r e o ff, wa s so b a r e th a t on e h a i r co uld n ot
be see n upo n i t His he a r d wa s s o lo n g a n d thi ck ,th a t it
covered his fa c e w ith m a r vello us g r a vi ty ; a n d his reve
re nd co un te n a n ce m oved the he a t bot h o f his ea d s a n d
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r
"
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n
e -
n e m ie s .
B ur n t / 4g qf C i un m e t
The Sp an ish fr i a r s , Joh n a n d Ri ch a r d , o f who m m e n
t io n was m a de be fo r e , n o w beg a n to e x ho r t him , a n d pl ay
the ir p a r ts with him a fr esh , b ut with v a i n a nd lost l a bo ur
C ra n m e r , with ste a d fa st p ur pose a b idi n g in th e pro fe ssio n
o f his do ct r i n e , g a ve his h a n d to ce r t a i n old m en , a n d
An i ro n ch a i n
others th a t s tood by , bidd i n g the m fa r e well
t hi m , a n d t hey co m m an ded the fi r e t o
was n o w tied a bo u
po n him W h e n the wood wa s ki nd l ed , an d the
b e set u
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39 0
16 2
Fox
’
s
B
O O K o r MARI YRS
' ’
.
b e g a n to b urn n e a r him , he st r etched forth hi lgbt
h a n d , whi ch h a d sig n ed h is r e c a n ta t i o n , i n to the ti m es ,
a n d there h eld it so ste a d fa s t th a t a ll the people m ight s ee
che d In short ,
it b u
r n t to a c o a l be fo r e his b ody wa s to u
he wa s so p a tie n t a n d co n st a n t in the m idst o f th e e e x
t r e m e t o r t ur es , th a t he see m ed to mo v e n o m o r e t ha n t he
s t a ke to w hi ch he wa s bo un d h is eyes we r e li fte d up to
”
he a ve n ,a n d he o ft e n r e p e a t ed , t his un wo r t hy right I a n d ,
so lo n g a s his voi ce w o uld s uffe r h im a n d a s o fte n usi n g
t h e w o r ds o f the ble s sed m a r ty r S t Stephe n ,
Lo r d J E S U S ,
”
re ce ive m y sp i r i t , till the fury o f the fla m es putti n g him
t o sile n ce , he g a ve u
p the ghost
Th us died Tho m a s Cr a n m e r , in th e 6 7 th y e a r o f his
a e
He wa s a m a n o f gre a t c a n do ur , a n d a fi rm fr ie n d ,
g
n es o f An n e Bo
w hi ch a pp e a r ed sig n a lly in t he m i s fo r t u
ley u, C r o m well , a n d t he d uke o f S o m e r set I n his
wr iti n gs he r a the r e x celled in g r e a t i n d u
st r y a nd go o d
j udg m e n t , th a n in q ui ck n ess o f a pp r ehe n sio n , or a close
n ess o f s tyle
He e m p loyed his r eve n ues o n pio us a n d
ch a r i t a ble uses ; a n d in his t a ble he wa s t r uly hos p it a b le ,
fo r he e n te r t a i n ed g r e a t n u
m be r s o f his poo r n eighbo u
rs
o fte n a t it The ge n t le n ess a n d h um ili ty o f hi s d epo r t
me n t we r e ve r y r e m a r k a ble His l a st ta ll wa s the g r e a test
ble mish o f his li fe , ye t th a t wa s e x pi a ted by a si n cere
r epe n t a n ce ;
a n d while we drop a te a r over t hi s m el a n
c h o ly
i n sta n ce of h um a n fr a il ty , we m ust a ck n o wledge
with p r a ise the i n te r posi t io n o f D i v i n e P r ovide n ce in his
ret urn to the t r uth An d i t see m ed n ecess a ry t h a t the
re fo r m a tio n o f the ch ur ch , b e i n g the resto r i n g o f the pr i
m it ive a n d a postoli c a l doct r i n e , s h o u
ld h a ve bee n ch iefly
c a rried o n by a m an t h us em i n e m h r primitive a n d a p os
to lical v irt u
es
lire
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46 4
Fox s
B O O K o r MART YRR
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m e ffe c t w1t n t ne other , co n fessi n g th a t he a b se n ted
r ch
bec a use t he w o r d o f God wa s n o t
h i m sel f fr o m ch u
ly t a ught , 11 0 1 t he a c r a m e n t s o f Ch r ist d uly a d
t he r e t r u
rt he r
m in istered , a s p r esc r i bed by t h e s a m e wo r d B ei n g fu
e x a mi n ed , t o uc h i n g his fa ith in the s a c r a m e n t o f the a lta r ,
he s a id t h a t if h e stood a cc used in th a t p a r ti c ul a r , he
ld a n s wer a s God h a d give n hi m k n o wledge ,whi ch he
wo u
ld do a t a n othe r opport un ity
sho u
J O H N C A V I L L like wise a g r eed in the chie f p a rti c ul a rs
r ther s a id , the c a u
t fu
se o f his a b
wi th his brethre n : b u
se n ti n g hi m sel f fro m ch ur ch wa s , th a t the m i n ister t here
ha d a dv a n ced t wo do ct r i n es co n tr a ry to e a ch other ; fo r
first , in a sermo n whi ch he delivered whe n t he q uee n
c a m e to the cro wn , he e x ho r ted the people to believe the
gospel ,decl a ri n g it to b e tr uth ,a n d th a t ,if they beli eved
it n o t , they wo uld be d a m n ed a nd seco n dly ,in a future
disco ur se , he de cl a r ed th a t the Ne w Test a m e n t wa s fa lse
ch dis
in fo r ty pl a ces ; wh ich co n t r a r i ety g a ve C a vill m u
g ust , a nd wa s , a m o n g other thi n gs , the c a use o f his a b
se n ti n g hi m sel f fr o m ch ur ch
G E O RG E A MB R O S E a n s we r ed to the s a m e e ffect , a dd ing ,
th a t a fter he h a d re a d the l a te bishop o f W i n chester s
b ook , e n t i tled D e ver a O b ed ien tia , with B o n n e r s pre fa ce
i n ve ighi ng a g a i n st t h e a utho r ity o f the
a n n e x ed , b o t h
bishop o f Ro m e , he esteemed their p r i n ciples more lightly
th a n he h a d do n e be fo r e
n d er s l , in Esse x ,
RO B E R T D RA K E wa s m i n ister o f T hu
y
t o which l ivi n g he ha d bee n prese n ted by lo r d Ri ch in the
re ig n o f Ed wa rd VI whe n he wa s o r d a i n ed p r iest by D r
Ridley , the n b ishop o f L o n do n , a cco r di n g t o t h e re fo r m ed
E n glish se r vi ce fo r ordi na ti o n 0 11 the a ccessio n o f quee n
Ma ry to t he th r o n e o f E n gl a nd , he wa s se n t fo r by G ar
di n er , who de m a nded o f h im whether he wo uld co n form
t o the l aws o f the re a l m the n in fo r ce ? He a n s we r e d , th a t
he wo uld a bide by those l a ws th a t were a gree a ble to the
po n whi ch he wa s i m m e d i a tely committed
la w o f God ; u
to priso n
W I L L IA M T I M S was a de a co n a n d c ura te o f Hockley ,
t be i n g dep r ived
tn Esse x , i n the r eig n o f Ed wa rd VI: b u
of hi s l ivi n g soo n a ft e r the de a th o f th a t mo n a r ch , he a b
ri n g wood ,
s co n d e d , a n d priv a tely pre a ched in a n e ighbo u
wh ither m a ny o f his fl ock a tt e n ded to he a r t he word o f
sa
e
,
s
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r ox
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B O OK o r MA RT Y RS
46 5
.
co n se que n ce of these p r o ceedi n gs , he was a p
prehe nded by o n e o f the co n st a bles , a n d se n t up to t he
bishop o f L o n do n , by whom he wa s re ferr ed to G a rdi n er ,
wh o co mm itted him to the K i n g s B e n ch p r i so n
A sho r t t i m e a ft er h is co n fi n e m e n t , he , w i t h the others
be foreme n tio n ed , wa s o r dered to a ppe a r be fo r e the bishop
estio n ed h im co n ce r n i n g hi s fa i t h in t h
o f Lo n d o n ,who q u
s a cr a me n t o f t he a l ta r
Mr Ti m s a n s we r ed , th a t t he
b ody o f C h r ist wa s n o t in the s a cr a me n t o f t he a l t a r ,r e a lly
a n d co r po r e a lly , a ft e r the wo r ds o f co n sec r a ti o n spoke n
by the p r iest a n d th a t he h a d b ee n o f th a t opi n io n , eve r
si n ce it h a d ple a sed God to c a ll h im to the tr ue gospel of
his gra ce
O n the 28 t h o f Ma rch , 1 55 6 , these pe r so n s we re a ll
b r o ught i n to t he co n sistory co ur t b e fore the b ishop o f
Lo n do n , in order to b e e x a m i n ed , fo r th e l a st ti m e whe n
he a ss ur ed the m , th a t if they did n o t s ub m it to the ch urch
ld h e C o n d e m n ed fo r he r esy
o f Ro m e ,they sho u
The bishop beg a n h is e x a m i n a tio n with Tims , whom
he c a lled the r i n gle a der o f the othe r s : he tol d him , th a t
he h a d t a ught the m h er esies , a n d e n de a vo ur ed , a s fa r a s in
him la y , to r e n der the m a s a b o m i n a ble a s hi m sel f ; with
s a t i o n s e q ua lly fa l se a n d o p p r o b ious He
m a n y o t her a cc u
wa s the n a sked by the b ishop wh a t he ha d to s ay in his
o wn vi n dic a ti o n , in order t o p r eve n t h im fr o m p r o ceedi n g
To whi ch he rep lied a s
a g a i n st him a s his ordi n a ry
follo ws
My lo r d , I a m a sto n ished th a t y o usho uld begi n yo ur
ch a r ge w1t h a fa lsehoo d ; y o ua ver th a t I a m the r i n gle a der
ght be fo r e y ou, a n d h a v e t a ugh
o f the co m p a n y n o w b r o u
the m pri n ciples co n t r a ry to the Ro m ish ch urch , si n ce we
h a ve bee n in co n fi n e me n t b ut t h e i nj usti ce o f thi s de cl a r a
tio n will soo n a ppe a r ,if y o uw ill i n q ui r e o f these my breth r e n ,
t o f p r iso n ,they d isse n t e d
whethe r , whe n a t liberty ,a n d o u
ch a s they do a t p r ese n t
n o t from popish pri n ci pl e s a s m u
s uch i n q uiry , I pres um e , uill r e n der it evide n t , th a t they
l e a r n ed n o t t hei r religio n in p r i so n
For my o wn p a r t , I d e cl a re I n ever k n e w the m , til
ch ti me a s I be c a m e thei r fello w p r iso n er ; h o w t he n
su
co uld I b e thei r r in g e a d e r a n d te a cher ? W ith respe ct t o
the ch a rge a lleged a ga i n st m e , wh a tever op i n io n y o um a in
red I hold n o othe r reli
ta in co n cer n i n g me ,I a m well a ss u
Go d
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In
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46 6
r ox
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B OOK o r MA RT Y R S
s
.
g i o n th a n wha t Christ pre a ched , the a postles wit n essed ,
the pri m itive ch urch r e c e ived , a n d o f l a te th e a postolic a l
ev a n gelic a l p r e a che r s o f this re a l m h a ve fa ith fully
a nd
t a ught , a n d fo r whi ch y o uh a ve c r uelly c a used them to b e
b ur n t , a nd n o w s e e k to t r e a t us wi t h the like i n h um a n
”
severity I a ck n o wledge y o uto b e my o r di n a ry
The b ishop de m a n ded if he wo uld s ub m i t hi m sel f to tl
holy m other ch urch ,p r omisi n g th a t ,if he did ,he sho uld b e
ki n dly rece ived a n d th r e a te n i n g , a t the s a m e t i m e , th a t ,
dgme n t sho uld b e pro n o un ced a g a i n st him
if he did n o t ,j u
a s a hereti c
In a n s wer to this , Tims told hi s lordship , he wa s well
persua ded th a t he wa s with i n the p a le o f the C a tholi c
c h urch ; a n d re m i n de d him , th a t he h a d most sole m n ly
r ed th a t very ch u
rch to whi ch he si n ce p r o fesse d s uch
a bj u
stre nuo us a llegi a n ce ; a n d th a t , co n t r a ry to his o a th , he
tho r ity o f the pope ,
a g a i n a d m itted , in this re a l m , the a u
r ed a n d fors wor n in the highest
a n d wa s , the r e fore , perj u
deg r ee He a lso rec a lled to his me m o r y ,th a t he ha d spoke n
ity a g a i n st the us ur ped po wer
with g r e a t fo r ce a n d pe r spi c u
gh he a ft erwa r d se n te n ced perso n s to b e
o f the pop e , tho u
b ur n t ,bec a use they wo ul d n o t a ck n o wledge the pope to he
the s up r e m e he a d o f the ch ur ch
O n this , B o n n e r ster n ly de m a n ded , wh a t h e ha d writte n
rch o f Rome ?
a g a i n st the ch u
Mr Tims perti n e n tly a n s wered , My lo r d , the l a te
b ishop o f W i n cheste r wrote a very le a rn ed tre a tise ,e n titled
m e n ts
D e ver a O b ed ien tia ,which co n t a i n s m an y sol id a rg u
p r e m a cy : to thi s b ook y ou wrote a
a g a i n st the p a p a l s u
pre fa ce , stro n gly , i n veighi n g a g a i n st t h e bishop o f Rome ,
reprovi n g his tyr a n ny a n d us ur p a tio n ,a n d sho wi n g th a t his
po wer wa s ill fo un de d ,a n d co n tr a r y b oth to the will of God
”
a n d the re a l i n terest o f m a n ki n d
The b ishop , str uck with the poig n a n cy o f this reproo f,
ev a sively told h im , th a t the b ishop o f W i n chester wrote a
b ook a g a i n st the s u
prem a cy o f th e pope s holi n ess , a nd he
wrote a p r e fa ce to the s a m e book , te n d i n g to the s a m e
p ur pose : b ut th a t the c a use o f this a r ose not fro m thei r
d is r eg a rd to his holi n ess , b u
se it wa s the n d eem e d
t be c a u
tr e a so n , by t h e l a ws o f the re a lm , to m a i nt a i n the pope s
thority in E n gl a n d
au
He a ls o Observed , th a t a t s uch a t im e it wa s d a nge rou
s
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468
F ox
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B OOK O F MA RT YRS
.
Ma r ty r d o ms of Hu
g h L a ver o ck, a d ecr ep id o ld man
a n d J o hn A
r ice , a blin d ma n
pp
.
The former o f these m a r ty r s wa s by tr a de a p ain t e r ,
At the ti me
a n d lived in the p a r ish o f Bar ki n g , in Esse x
o f his a pprehe n sio n he wa s in th e 6 8t h ye a r o f his a e
g ,
an d very helpless
ral
in fi r m it ie s o f li fe
fr o m the n a t u
Be i n g a cc u
sed o f he r esy by so m e o f the popish e m iss a rie s
in his n eighb o u
r hood , he , with his
fello w s u
fferer , wa s
ta ke n b e fore B o n n e r to be e x a m i n ed with r espe ct to his
fa i t h
The bishop l a id be fo r e the m t he s a m e a r ticles as
h a ve bee n me n tio n ed in for m e r i n st a n ces ; a n d they r e
t ur n ed a n s we r s to the s a m e e ffect a s those o f other a d vo
c a tes for the t r uth o f the gospel
O n t h e 9 th o f Ma y , 1 55 6 , they we r e bo t h bro u
ght in to
t he co n sistory co u
r t , whe r e the i r a r ticles a n d a n s wers wer e
p ublicly r e a d ; a fte r whi ch the b ish op e n de a vo ur ed to per
s ua de them to rec a n t thei r opi n io n s co n cer n i ng the s a cra
m e n t o f the a lt a r
H ugh L a vero ck de cl a red , th a t by the g r a ce o f Go d he
wo u
ld co n ti n ue i n the pro fessio n he h a d a l r e a dy m a de , for
he co uld n o t fi n d the le a st a uthority in the word o f Go d
for a pp r ovi n g the do ct r i n e o f the corpore a l p r ese n ce in
the s a cr a m e n t
The bisho p t he n a dd r essed hi m sel f to Joh n Ap pr ice , a nd
d e m a n ded wh a t he h a d to s ay in his de fe n ce l The ho n est
bli nd m a n a n s we r ed the h a ughty p r el a te , th a t the doc
tri n e he s et forth a n d t a ugh t wa s so co n fo r m a ble t o the
ld n o t b e a gree a ble to th e s c r ipt ur e o f
world , th a t it co u
God ; a n d th a t he wa s n o m e m be r o f the C a thol i c ch ur ch
o f Ch r ist , see i n g he m a de l a w s to kill m e n , a n d m a de the
”
q uee n his e x ec utio n e r
The fi rst e x a m i n a tio n be i n g over , t hey we r e dis missed ,
bu
t o r de r ed t o a pp e a r the n e x t d ay a t the b ishop s p a l a ce
lh a m Bei n g a cco r di n gly c o nd ucted the r e , t he b i
at F u
r se w ith the m , a n d fi n di n g them
s hop , a ft er so m e disco u
ste a d fa st , pro n o un ced the de fi n itive se n t e n ce whe n ,bei n g
l a r po we r , they we r e co m m itted
d el i v ered over to the se c u
to Ne wg a te O n the 1 5 th o f May , they we r e co n veyed
to S tra t ford le Bo w, the pl a ce a ppoi nted fo r the ir e x e cu
As soo n a s they a r r ived a t the st a ke , L a veroc k
t io n
t h r e w a way his cr u
tch , a nd thus ad d r es se d his fello w-suf
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o x s B O OK o r ma a r y a s
‘
r
9
’
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B e o f go od com fo r t , brother , fo r my lord o f Lo nd o n
he will c ure a s both shortly , thee
is o u
r good physi ci a n :
”
o f thy bli n d n ess , a n d me o f my l a m e n ess
These t wo un d a un ted b eli evers in Christ were b o t h
ch a i n ed to o ne st a ke They e n d ur ed their s uffe r i ngs with
gr e a t fortit ude , a n d cheer fully yielded up their lives in tes
th o f their blessed Redee m er
tim o n y o f the t r u
.
.
.
Ma r ty r d om of
Th oma s D r o wr y , a b lin d b oy , a nd Th o
ma s C r oker
.
We h a v e j ust be fore rel a ted the s ufferi n gs o f t wo men ,
the o n e bli n d a n d the other l a me ; a n d we h a ve n o w a n o
ther i nst a n c e o f n a t ur a l bli n d n ess co nj oi n ed wi t h m e n t al
ill umi n a ti o n , le adi n g the possessor to a glori o us de a th ,a n d
a n ever e n di n g felic i t y in he a ve n
Tho m a s D r e wry , a bli n d boy , wa s bro ught be fore D r
W illi a ms , ch a n cello r o f Glo ucester , a n d e x a m i n ed a s to
his belie f in reg a r d to the re a l prese n ce in the s a cra me n t
H is a n s wers we r e s uch a s to d r a w d o wn
o f the a lt a r
upo n him the a n ger o f t he h a ughty prel a te , a n d he wa s
co n de m n ed to be e x ec uted fo r heresy Re fusi n g a ll per
s ua sio n s to re c a n t , he wa s b ur n t a t Glo ucester , o n the 1 5 th
o f May , 1 5 5 6 , together with Tho m a s Croker , a br i ck
la yer, c on dem ne d a l s o for h is testi m o n y to t he tr u
th
-
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.
.
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.
C H A P T E R lx
.
een Mar
P r ocla ma tion of Q u
y
.
WHE N th is horrid pers e c utio n ha d co n t inued for two
yea rs , a n d ma n y h un dreds h a d fa lle n vi ctims to the r a ge o f
ee n
those popish mo n s t ers , t h e blood t hi r sty c r a vi n gs o f Q u
Ma ry were no t yet s a tisfied ; a s w ill a p pe a r by the follo w
a ry , 1 5 5 7
in g pro cl a ma tio n ,d a ted Febr u
P hil ip a n d Ma ry , by the g r a ce o f God , ki n g a n d
ee
To
the
right
revere
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n o f En gl a n d , &c
u
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s ty a nd well beloved co un sello r Thom a s,
r right t r u
Go d , o u
sty a n d well belove d
r r ight t r u
b isho p o f Ely , a n d to o u
Willi a m W in d s or e ,k n ight ,lord W in d s or e Ed wa rd North,
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N o r th ; a n d to o ur trusty a nd well-b el oved
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co un sel or J B o ur n , k n ight , o n e o f o ur chie f se cret a ries ,
J Mord a un t , k n ight , F r a n ci s E n gle fi eld , k n ight , m a ste r o f
a l r a ve , k n ight , m a ster
r wa r ds a n d l ive r ies , Ed wa r d \V
ou
g
r gre a t wa r d rob e , Nichol a s H a r e , k n ight , m a ster o f
o f ou
the r olls , Tho m a s P ope , k n ight , Roger C ho lm ley , k n ight ,
Ri ch a rd Rede , k n ight , Ro wl a n d H ill , k n ight , W illi a m
l s,
B a st a l , se r ge a n t a t la w, He n r y C ole , clerk , de a n o f P a u
W illi a m Roper , a n d Ra lph C h o lmey , esq uires , W i lli a m
C ook , Thom a s Ma r ti n , Joh n S tory , a n d Joh n V a ughe n ,
docto r s o f the law , g r eeti n g
F o r a s m uch a s divers devilish a n d sl a n de r o us perso n s
h a ve n ot o n ly i n ve n t e d , br uited , a n d set forth divers fa ls e
r um o urs , t a les , a n d seditio us sl a n de r s a g a i n st us , b ut a ls o
h a ve so wn dive r s heresies , a n d he r etic a l opi n io n s , a n d set
s books withi n t his o ur r e a l m o f En g
forth d ive r s sedi t io u
l a n d , m e a n i n g thereby