F ox ’ M AR T Y R S OF s B O OK . HI ST O R Y OF T HE L I V E S , S UF F E R I N G S , ‘ T R I U M P HAN T D E A T HS , OF T HE PRIMITIVE AS WELL AS THE PROTESTA NT MARTYRS, F R O M T HE C OMMENCEMENT OF CHRIS T IANIT Y TO THE LAT ES T PERIOD S OF PAGAN AND POPISH PERS EC UT ION . TO WH I C H I S A D D ED AC CO UN T or THE I N Q UISI T I O N ; MASSA C RE I N F RA NC E , AND X IV ; T HE MASSA C R E S CRE TE] B AR TH O LOME W M GE N E R L PE R E C UT O N UN D ER LOUIE R EB ELL O N I N THE OF T H E 1 m m ASSA T HE A S I I YE A R 1 6 4 1 ; AND T HE R E C E N T PL R S E C UT IO NS O E PR OTE S T AN T S I N T HE S OUTH O F F R A NC E . . I I N A LLY C O MP O S ED B Y T HE OR G RE V J O H N F O X , A M . . ILL US TR ATE D . E D ITI ON . NEW Y O RK J O HN B . A L D E N, P UB L I S HER . LIS T OF ENGRAVINGS l FBO NT IS PIECB 2 Vi gne t t e 3 Ma r t y r d o m o f S t S teph en Ma r ty r d o m o f S y m plt orou t tt v c Ma r t r d o m 5 a 6 Ma r ty r d o m o f e n t a 7 Vl S l O Il o f C o n t an tin e 8 F e m a le Ma r ty r d o m 9 W a ld en so s m C a la b r t a [0 W a d e n e in th e va le y o f Pi ed mont H Ma r t r d o m Of Ma r u, Bt s h op o f Ar etl msa l s m on o f t h e In qu 12 C r u e t e I3 As s a s s m a n o n o f t h e Pn ue o f O ran g e 14 Bu t h e ry o f e ven t y p ro t e t an t 15 Ma r ty r d o m o f Fr a n c x s Gro 16 S u b m t s s ro n O f th e e m p ero r Henry IV to th e 17 Ma r ty r d o m o f J o hn Ba d b y 18 An n e Bo le y n 1 9 Ma r ty r d o m o f S IX p e r on s 20 D r e o f m a le r ec an t m g p en it ent 2 ! D re o f fe m a le r ec a n tt n g p emt ent 22 La d y J a n e G r e y 2 3 Ex a mm a t io n O l K id le a n d La tt mer 24 Bu m m g of t le y an La t im e r 25 Bu r n m g o f C r a nm e r 26 Ma r ty r d o m o f t h r ee wo m e n an d an inlant 2 7 Ro e Alle n 28 C u t h b e r t S im on t o r tu r ed 29 l ou r g e d t o d e a th lia m Fe t ty 30 Ma r ty r d o m o f fi ve e r s o n s a t C an t e rb u ry 3 1 Ma r ty r d o m o f Ad e l e r t ,b 1 s ho p o f Pr a gu e 32 D t s c o v e ry o f G u y Fa w k e 33 Ma a r e o f pr o t e t an t m Ir elan d 34 Mu r d e r o f S n Ed m u ry Go dfrey nd b u . s s ‘ 0 l s s l s c l c s c s s ss s . s ss ss s ss c s sc s s s HI S T O R Y C H R I S T I AN M AR T Y R D O M PAR T 1 . C H A P T E R I. tio n qf flz e Chr is tia ns a nd F zr st P er secu Ap os tles Ma r tyr d om . No p r edic ti o n o f o ur S a v io ur h as bee n m or e str ikin g ly l fille d , th a n th a t w hich r el a t ed t o th e p er sec ut io n an d fu s uffe r i n gs o f hi s peop le , by r e a so n o f t hei r fai t h ful n e ss The se t h i n gs he b e que a t hed t o t hem , a n d lo v e t o h im . p o r t io n o f t hei r i n he r it a n ce in t hi s w o r ld ; a n d lest ld b eco m e d ish e ar t e n ed a t t h e co m p lic a t e d sce n es t hey sho u o f hu m a n m i se r y th a t a w a i t e d t he m , he n o t o n ly a pp r ise ld h e h a t ed o f a ll me n fo r is n a m e s a ke , t he m , t h a t t hey sho u b ut p r o n o un ced a glo r i o us be n edic t io n up o n al l s uch a s sho uld b e fo un d w o r t hy t o s uffe r o n his a cco un t These s p r epe a t ed t o t he m , d u r o m ises h e o ft e n r in r a cio u g g th e d a ys o f his p ublic m i n is t r y , a n d r e n e w e d the m a g a i n a ft e r r r ec t io n fr o m t h e de a d , a cco m p a n ied w i t h his gl or io us r es u a ss u r a n ce o f th e a id an d s u pp o r t o f h is H oly S pi r i t , w hi ch sho uld d w ell w i t h the m a s a co m fo r t e r un t il th e e n d o f the w o r ld : n o r w as it lo n g a ft e r his i gn o m i n io us de a t h a n d lo r i o us a sce n sio n to he a v e n , t h a t t hey w e r e b r o ugh t to geel th e t r ut h o f w h a t he h a d so o ft e n t old t hem F o r n o t w it hs t a n di n h e pu rit y o f t h a t r eli io n th a t t hey t ro g g p fessed , w hich t a ugh t t he m t o li v e pe a ce a bly all m e n , a n d t o do u n t o o t he r s , a s t hey w o u ld t h a t o t he r s sho uld do un t o t hem s t ill , i n a s m uch a s it s s ubli m e doc t r i n e s an d p r ecep t s w e r e di r ec t ly a t w ar w it h t h e n a t u r al pr o pen si ties o f the h u m a n he a r t , a n d s e t fo r t h th e o n e Li v i n g a n d Tr ue Go d as the o nl y obj ec t o f a d o r a t i on , th r o ugh Je sus as a , - . . v 6 F MA RT Y RS OX S s o o n o r ’ . t h e e n m i t y a n d r a ge o f both his on ly be go t t e n s o n s e d a g a i n s t t he m l ew s an d he at he n s , w a s soo n a r o u r , t o th e r S a v io u F r om th e t i m e o f t h e c r ucifi x io n o f o u d a y o f Pen t ecos t , w hich occ ur r ed fi ft y d a ys a ft e r , it a p pe a r s th a t t h e Apos t les , t o ge the r w i t h th e o t he r disciple s s , e nj oyed a r espi t e fr o m pe r secut io n , a n d w e r e o f Jes u s uffe r ed t o a sse m ble t he m sel ves t o ge the r fo r w o r ship un bu t w he n o n t h a t m e m o r a ble d a y , t hey spok e m ole s t ed C h r ist . o b old l y in t h e n a n e o f Jes us , a n d t hei r co n v e r ts be g an t o be n um be r ed by t ho us a n ds , th e e n v y a n d bi go t r y o f t heir Je w ish fr ie n ds w e r e a t o n ce a w a ken ed , a n d a re gul ar sy s t io n a n d opposi t io n t o t h e p r o g r ess o f t he te m o f p e r sec u os el w a s co m m e n ced g p Thi s , ho w e v e r , w a s fo r a w hile c ar r ied o n by g e n t l e m e a n s , w hi ch p r o v i n g i n e ff ec t ua l , th e i n cr e a si n g e n mi t y . . t r a ge , an d f t h e p eople a t le n gt h b r oke o ut i n t o O pe n o u m o r e t h a n t w o t ho us an d C h r is t i a n s pe r ished wit h in th e ci ty Je r us a le m o . St . S tep hen Ma r ty r d o m of S t S tep hen . . Th i s e m in e n t s a i n t , w a s th e fi r s t w h o s uff e r e d de a th for m b r a c in g th e r eli gi o n o f Jes us Ch r is t , a n d t he r e fo r e w as c r o w n d w i t h th e i m m o r t a l ho n o ur o f bei n g th e m an w h o led th e v a n o f t h a t glo r io us b a n d o f C h r istian m ar ty rs t hat soo n f llo w ed a fte r e o . F ox ’ B O OK OF s M AR T YR S 7 . He wa s o n e o f th e se v e n t y disciples o f J esus, and w as chose n , w i t h s ix o t he s , t o o fii c ia t e a s de a co n in th e ch ur ch s a le m B ei n g a v e r y z ea lo us an d fa i t h ful w i tn ess a t Je r u se v e r a l o f t h e p r i n cip a l pe r so n s fo r his Lo r d a n d Ma s t e r belo n gi n g t o fi v e o f t he Je w i sh sy n a go gues , e n t e r ed i n t o m e n t w i t h h im , o n t h e p r i n cip le s o f t h e r eligi o n an a r gu t o w i t hs t a n d t he n a b le t h a t he p r o fessed , a n d bei n g u so un d n ess o f his doc t r i n es ,w e r e gr e at ly i rr i t a t ed a n d t o b o r n ed f a lse w i t n esses , w h o r a tify t hei r r e v e n ge , t hey s u g sed h im o f bl a sphe m i n g G o d , a n d t h e la w o f Moses a c cu H e w a s a cco r di n gly b r o ugh : be fo r e a Co un cil , w he n he r e o f t he m a de a n oble de fe n ce , p r o v i n g fr o m t h e sc r ip t u O ld Tes ta m e n t , t h a t Jes us o f N a z a r e t h ,w ho m t hey h a d c r u c ifi e d a n d sl a i n , w a s n o o t he r th an t h e t r u e Messi a h At t his t hey w e r e v e r y m u ch e n r a ged , an d w e r e a b o ut t o p a ss se n t e n ce up o n him , w he n he s a w a v isi on fr o m he a v e n , di scl osi n g t o his v ie w , t h e L o r d a n d S a v io ur in his glo r i H e e x cl a i m e d in r a p t ur e , B ehol d I see t h e fle d s ta t e he a v en s op e n , a n d t h e S o n o f Ma n s ta n di n g o n th e r i gh t ” ha n d o f G od S ti ll m o r e e n r a ged a t t his , t hey im m e d i a tely p a ssed se n t e n ce up o n him , a n d d r a g ged h im o ut H e died like his di v i n e Ma s t e r , an d s t o n ed hi m t o de a t h i m p lo r i n g m e r cy fo r his m ur d e r e r s s a yin g , L o r d , la y ” n o t th is s in t o t hei r ch a r ge On th e p l a ce w he r e h e w a s m a r tyr ed , the E m p r ess E udoci a a ft e r w a r d c a used a m a g ni fi ce n t ch u r ch t o b e e r ec t ed t o hi s m e m o r y B e in g p ut to de at h , o n th e 26 th d a y o f D ec e m be r , it i s c o n se que n t ly ob se r v ed in com me m o r a ti o n o f t his e v e n t r . , . . . . . . . S t J a mes th e Gr ea t . . This disc i ple w a s by bi r t h a G a lile a n , an d the s o n o f Z ebedee , a fishe r m an H e w a s a lso th e e lde r b r o t he r o f Joh n a n d r el a t ed t o t h e L o r d hi m sel f ; hi s m o t he r , S e lo m e , b e i n g co u si n gér rn a n t o th e Vi r gi n Ma r y B ei n g o n e d ay e n g a ged w i t h his fa t he r , fishi n g in th e s e a o f G a li lee he w a s c a lle d by t h e S a v io ur , w i t h his b r o t he r J oh n , t o b eco m e his disciple They chee r fully ob eyed t he m a n d a t e , a n d le a v i n g t hei r fa t he r iri th e v essel , b ec a me th e fo l~ lo w e r s o f Jesus It is t o b e ob se r v ed ,t ha t t he i r D i v i n e Ma st e r p la ce d r e a t e r c o n fi de n c e in th e m t o g e t he r w ith the a os t le P0 g p . , - . . . . . 8 Fo x ’ s no o n on M An T r R s . th an in the r es t o f h is disci ples ; a s he alw a ys t ook s i o n o f t h e r es t w he n h e w a s t he m w i t h him , t o t h e e x cl u li a r disclos ur e o f his po w e r H e a b ou t t o m a ke a ny pec u r n a m e d t he s e t w o b r o t h e r s B o a n e r ges ,w hich m e a n s , a lso s u so n s o f t h un de r ; by r e a so n o f th ei r v igo r o us m i n d s a nd Im pe t u o us t e m pe r W he n H e r od A gr i pp a w a s m a de G o v e r n o r o f J ud e a to bj ec t s , he r a i sed a m g r a tia t e m ysel f w i t h hi s Je w i sh s u pe r sec ut io n a g a i n s t t h e C h r ist i a n s J a m es w a s a cco r d in gly si n gled o ut a s t h e nr s t o bj ec t o f his v e n ge a n ce Bu w ho m he co n de m n ed t o be behe a ded t su ch w a s his co n s t a n cy a n d se r e n i t y o f m i n d , t h a t hi s a cc use r w a s st r uck w i t h a d m i r a t io n , a n d bec a m e a co n v e r t t o C h r is t i a n i t y This t r a n s i t io n so e n r a ged t h e m ult i t ud e w h o ha d a sse m b led t o w i t n ess th e e x e c ut io n , t h a t , wi t h o n e v oice t hey c r ied o ut , le t him die a lso : a n d t hey w e r e a cco r di n g ly Thi s e v e n t t ook pl a ce , A D 214 , b o t h behe a ded t o ge t he r w of Ju ly hi ch is obse r v ed in c o m a n d o n t h e 2 5 th d a ; y Ab o ut t his t i m e , Ti m o n a n d m e m o r a t io n o f t his s a i n t ffe r ed m a r t y r d om Pa r m o n a s , t w o o f t h e se v e n de a co n s , s u t h e fo r m e r a t C o r i n t h , a n d t h e l a t t e r a t P hillipi , in Ma cedo n i a te r , , . , . . . . . . . . . This a p o st le w a s bo r n a t B e t hs a id a in G a lilee , an d w a s t h e fi r st c a lle d by th e n a m e o f disci ple He W a s e m ployed in se v e r al i m po r t a n t m issio n s by Je sus , a n d , a ft e r his r esur r ec t io n , w a s dep ut ed t o p r e a ch t h e G osp el ir Uppe r A si a A ft e r l a bo ur i n g fo r so m e t i m e in t his pl a ce he t r a v elled i n t o Ph r ygia , w he r e h e fo un d th e i n h a b i t a n t s so sun k in idol atr y a s t o w o r s hi p a l a r ge se r pe n t He ho w e v e r , s uccee d ed in co n v e r t i n g m a n y o f t he m to Ch r is t ia n it Thi s so y a n d p r oc ur ed th e de a t h o f th e se r pe n t e n r a ged th e he a t he n p r iest s a n d m a g is t r a t es , t h a t t hey fi r s t co m m i t t ed h im t o p r iso n , a ft e r w hich he w a s t a ke n o ut a n d se v e r ely sco ur ged , a n d fi n a lly c r ucified H is fr ie n d Ba r n d a n o ppo r t u n i t y o f t a ki n g do w n his body t h o lo m e w fo u r yi n g it , fo r w hich he n a r r o w ly esc a ped t h e s a m e an d b u H is c r uci fi x i o n t ook pl a ce Ma y 1 , A D 5 2 w hich d a y , to ge t he r w i t h t h a t o f S t J a m es t h e Less , is ob se r v ed in c o m me mo r a t io n o f th e eve n t . , . . , . . . . . . , Fo x ’ BO O K s St MA RT YRS or . Ma t thew . . This a po stle a n d e v an gelist w as b o rn in N a z a r e t h o f G a lilee ,b ut r e si ded chie fly in C a pe r n a um w he r e he w as a collec t o r o f t oll , o r t r ib u t e , fr o m s uch a s h a d occ a sio n to p a ss t h e se a o f G a lilee On b ei n g c a lled as a disci p le , he i m m edi a tely obeyed ; le a v i n g e v e r y t hi n g besi de , t o be co m e a follo w e r o f C h r i st Aft e r t h e a sce n sio n o f his m a s t e r , he co n t i n ued p r e a chi n g t h e g ospel in J ude a , fo r n e a r ly n i n e ye a r s As he w a s a bo ut t o le a v e t he m , fo r th e p u r p ose o f p r e a chi n t o t h e Ge n ti les , he w r o t e his gos g se of p e l iri H eb r e w ; w hi ch he le ft b ehi n d , fo r t h e u i s Je wi sh co n v e r t s H e t he n t r a v elled i n t o E t hiopi a ; Jvh e r e he m a de m a n y co n v e r t s a n d es t a blished se v e r a l ch ur ches He a ft e r w a r ds v isi t ed P a r t hi a , an d m e t w i t h th e like su ccess ; b ut , o n r e t ur ni n g t o E th io p ia , he w a s sl a i n w i t h a h a lbe r t , in th e ci t y o f Ma d a b a r , A D 6 0 The 2 1 5 t d ay o f Sep t e m be r is obse r v ed in c o mm e m ora tio n o f his de a th . . . . . . . . . St Ma r k . . This E v an gelist a n d m a r t y r W as o f th e tr ib e o f L evi , a n d is s u p posed t o h a v e b ee n a co n v e r t o f S t P e t e r , w ho m he s e r v e d as a n a m an ue n sis B ei n g desir ed by th e c o n e r t s a t Ro m e t o co m m i t t o w r i t i n g th e a d m i r a ble dis co ur ses t h ey h a d he a r d fr o m S t P e t e r an d hi m sel f, he co m posed h l S gospel , w hich w a s fir s t w r i t t e n in t he G r eek lan g ua ge H e t he n w e n t t o E gyp t , a n d , a ft e r e s ta blishi n g t he ch u r ch a t Ale x a n d r i a , t r a v elled in t o Ly b ia , w he r e he a lso m a de m a n y co n v e r t s On r e t ur n i n g a g a i n to Ale x a n d r i a , so m e o f t h e E l a n s , e x a spe r a t ed a t his s u t ccess , p gy de t e r m i n ed t o p ut him t o de at h Th ey t he r e fo r e ti e d his fee t , a n d d r a g g ed him t h r o ugh th e s tr ee t s t ill he w as n e a r ly de a d w he n t hey c a s t his m a n gled b ody in t o p r iso n , w he r e he soo n a ft e r e x pi r e d H is body w as t a ke n o ut , o n t h o fo llo w in d ay ,a n d b urn ed This occ ur r ed o n t h e 2 5 th d a y o f Ap r i w hi ch is dedic a t ed t o his m e m o r y Aft e r th e r n in bu g o f his body , his bo n es w e r e ga th e r ed u p by the C hris tia n s , an d aft e r w ar d c ar r ied t o Ve n ice , o f w hi ch city he is cons id e r ed the p a tro n sain t . . v . . . . . . . . 10 F ox ’ s s oon or MAa T m S t J a m es th e L ess . . . Thi s Apost le w as so de n om i n at ed t o dis t in guish mm He w a s fr o m t h e o t he r J a m es w h o w a s c a lled h e G r e a t t ed fa t he r o f t h e Lo r d , by h i t h e s o n o f Joseph t h e r ep u fi r s t w i fe ,a n d i s t h e r e fo r e c a lled t h e Lo r d s b r o t he r Aft e r w a s elec t e d r r e c ti o n a n d a s ce n si o n o f C h r is t , he th e r es u bishop o f th e ch ur ch a t Je r us a le m ; an d a ft e r w a r ds w r o t e a d a n ge r o u n t er a ct s d o ct r m e his ge n e r a l e pis t le , t o co u v iz t h a t F a i t h in C h r ist w as t h a t w a s p r op a g a t i n g ” A fte r fli ic ie n t fo r s a l v a t io n w i t ho ut g ood w o r k s a lo n e s u l h ad t his t h e J e w s , bei n g g r e a t ly e x a spe r a t ed t h a t S t P a u esc a ped t hei r fur y , by a ppe a li n g t o Ro m e , de t e r m i n ed t o w r e a k t hei r v e n ge a n ce o n J a m es , w h o w a s n o w n i n e t y They a cco r di n gly c a s t h im do wn fr o m a fo ur ye a r s old pi n n a cle o f th e t e m ple , aft e r w hich t hey be a t o ut his b rai n s b H is fest i v a l , t o ge t her w i t h th a t o f S t w i t h a fulle r s cl u P hillip , i s kep t o n th e fi r s t d ay o f Ma y . s , ’ . , . . . ’ . . . St . Ma tthia s . Thi s Apost le w a s c a lled t o th a t o flic e , by th e o th er Apos t les , a ft e r t h e de a t h o f Ch r i s t t o supply t h e pl a ce o f J ud a s th e a pos t a t e H e h a d bee n o n e o f th e se v e n t y dis f H e su c i le s a n d his ch a r a c t e r w a s e m in e n t fo r p ie t y p s a le m , bei n g fi r s t s t o n ed a n d t hen a r t y r do m a t Je ru fe r e d m behe a ded The 2 4 th d ay o f F b r uar y i s dedi c a t ed t o h is m e m or y . . e . . St . An d r ew . This Apos t le w as th e b r o t he r o f S t P e t e r , a n d p r e a ched On a r r i v i n g th e gospel t o se v e r a l o f th e Asi a t ic n a t io n s E dess a th e g o v e r n o r o f th e co un t r y n am ed E ge a s , at t h r e a t e n ed h im fo r p r e a chi n g a g a i n s t t h e idols t he n w o r S t A n d r e w , pe r s i s t i n g in t h e p r op a g a t io n o f his s hip ed p doc t r i n es , w a s o r de r ed t o b e c r uci fi ed o n a c r o s s , t w o e n d s o f w hich w e r e l he boldly a ced t r a n s v e r sely in t h e g r o u nd p t old his pe r se c u ld n o t h a v e p r e a che d t h e t o r s t h a t he w o u An d g lo r y o f t he c r oss ha d he h a v e fe a r ed t o die upo n it a a i n , w he n he c a m e t o be c r u cified ,he s a id t h at h e co v e t e gth e c r oss , an d lo n ed t o di e u o n it , He w as a cco r d g p . . . . . r ox ’ s s MA R T YR S o on o r 11 . n it , n o t w i th n a ils b u p o fi x ed u t w i t h co r ds , t h a t h is e de a t h m igh t b e m o r e slo w In t his m a n n e r he co n t i n ued t h e g r e at e r p a r t o f th e t i m e , n e a r ly t W ) d a y s , p r e a chi n g t i ll his s t r e n g t h fi n a lly fa iled him , a n d he died o n th e 3 0t h w hich is co m m e m o r at ed a s his fes t i v al o f N ove m b e r 11 1 . . . St Peter . . This a p os t le w a s b or in B e t hs a i d a in G a li lee , bei n g th e s on o f Jo n a h , a fi she r m a n , w hich e m ploym e n t he H e w a s p e r s ua ded by his b r o t he r An a l so follo w ed d r e w , t o b eco m e a follo w e r o f C h r is t , w h o g a v e h im t h e w hich i m plies ,in t h e Sy r i a c l a n gu a ge , a na m e o f Ceph a s r ock H e w a s c a lled t o be a n a pos t le , a t th e s a m e t im e w i t h his b r o t he r A n d r e w , a n d ga v e un co m m o n p r oo f o f hi s ze a l a n d fa i t h ful n ess t o C h r is t , n o t w i t hs t a n di n g hi s fe ar s , o n o n e occ a sio n ,so fa r o v e r c a m e h im t h a t he de n i ed h im A ft e r th e de a t h o f C h r is t , t h e Je w s , s t ill co n t i n ui n g t o pe r s ecut e hi s fo llo w e r s , o r de r ed P e t e r , w i th se v e r a l o f th e o t he r a po st les , t o b e sco ur ged Thi s th ey b o r e wit h pa t ie n ee , r ej oici n g t h a t t hey w e r e fo u n d w o r t hy t o s u ffe r fo r th e s a ke o f t hei r Re dee m e r W he n H e r od Ag r ip pi h a d c a used J a m e s th e G r e a t t o be p ut t o de a t h , bec a use it ple a se d th e J e w s , h e p r oceeded n e x t a g a i n s t P e t e r , a n d c a s t him i n t o p r iso n ; i n t e n di n g , a ft e r the fest i v a l o f E a s t e r , t o b r i n g him o ut t o s uffe r a p ubli c e x ecutio n An d th e be t t e r t o se cur e him , h a d a pp oi n t ed si x t ee n sol die r s t o keep co n s t an t w a t ch a t th e doo r o f th e r iso n B u t a n a n gel a ppe a r ed t o P e t e r o n t h e e v e n i n g p ti o n , an d d e p r e cedi n g t he d a y a pp oi n t ed fo r his e x e c u li v e r ed him o ut o f p r iso n ; a t w hich H e r od w a s so m uch e n r a ged , th a t he c aused t h e so ldie r s t o b e put t o de a t h S t P e t e r a ft e r v a rio us o t he r m i r a cles , r eti r ed t o R o m e , w he r e he de fe a t ed a ll th e co n fo un ded a r t i fi ces , a n d th e m a gic o f Si m o n Ma g u s , a gr e a t fa v o ur ite o f th e E m o r o r N e r o H e a lso co n v e r t ed t o Ch r is t i a n i t y o n e o f t h e v ou r i t e co n c u bi n e s o f t h a t m o n a r ch w hi ch so e x a spe r fa sed b o t h him a n d P a ul t o b e a p p r e a t ed him , t h a t he c a u he n de d D ur i n g th e t i m e o f t hei r co n fi n e m e n t , t hey c o n ve rt ed t w o o f t h e C a p t a i n s o f th e r i st i a n i ty a r d to Ch u g wit h fo r t y se v e n o t he r s H a v i n g b ee n n in e m o n t h s in r iso n , Pete r w as bro u ht o u f r om t he n ce an d af t e r b ei n g t g p n . . . . . . . . . . , . . - . ’ 12 9 0 11 s B OOK o r MA RT YR S . se v e r ely scour ged ,w a s c r ucified w i t h his he a d d ow n w a rds Thi s p osi t io n w as , ho w e v er , o f hi s o w n ch m c e , a s h e ffe r in th e s a m e m a n n er a s n w o r t hy t o s u n t ed hi m sel f u c ou H is fes t i v a l i s obse r v ed o n t h e 29 th d a y d id his m a s t e r l s uffe r ed H is n e , o n w hich d a y he a s w ell a s S t P a u of J u b o dy w as t ake n do w n , e mb a l m ed , a n d b ur ied in t he Va t i r ch w a s e r ec t ed This c a n , o v e r w hi ch a sple n did ch u w a s , ho w e v e r ,des tr oyed by t h e E m pe r o r H elio g a b a l us ,a n d s th e t w e n t ie t h B ishop o f t h e b ody r e m o v ed , t ill Co r n eli u Rome , h a d it a g a i n r e t ur n ed , an d C o n st a n t i n e th e G r e a t e r ected o n e o f t he m os t m a gn ifice n t ch ur ches in t he w o r ld o v e r th e pl a ce Pr e v io us t o th e de a t h o f S t P e t e r his w i fe s u ffe r ed m a r ty r do m fo r h e r fa i t h in C h r ist , a n d b e h a v e d w ith gr e a t c a l m n ess an d co n stan cy . . . . . , . . . . . l S t Pa u . . Th i s a pos t le w a s a J e w , o f the t r ibe o f Be nj am i n , b orn a t T a r sus , in C ilici a , a n d b e fo r e his co n v e r sio n , w a s c a lled S aul H e w a s a t fi r st a gr e a t e n e m y a n d pe r secut o r o f th e C h r is t i a n s ,a n d a p r i n cip a l p r o m o t e r o f th e de a t h o f S t S t ephe n Goi n g t o D am a sc us , soo n a ft e r fo r th e p ur pos e ch a s he sho uld fin d c a lli n g upo n th e o f ar r es t i n g all s u n a m e o f th e Lo r d , s u dde n ly a li gh t fr o m he a v e n sho n e r ou nd a bo u t h im , a cco m p a n ied w ith a v 01 c e , s a yi n , g S a ul , S aul , w hy pe r sec ut es t tho u m e At t hi s he w as s t r uck t o th e gr o u n d , a n d s m i t t e n w it h bli n d n ess d u r in g t h r ee d a ys I m m e di a t ely af t e r his r eco v e r y , h e bec a me p r o fesso r a n d a n a po s t le a D ur i n g his l a b o ur s in r e a di n g th e go s pel , h e co n v e rt ed t o th e fa i t h , S e r gi u s saulus ,the p r oco n sul o f Cyp rus o n w hich a ccoun t he t ook his n a m e ,a n d , a s so m e suppose , w a s fr o m t hen ce c a lled P a ul us i n s t e a d o f S a ul us A ft e r hi s m a n y l a bo ur s he t ook w i t h him B a r n ab a s an d w e n t u t o Je r u s a le m ,t o Pe t e r , p J a m es ,a n d Joh n , w he r e he w a s o r d a i n ed a n d sen t o ut t o p r e a ch t o th e Ge n t iles At Ico n i um , he a n d Ba r n a b us w e r e n e a r bei n g s t o n ed t o de a t h by t h e e nr a g ed Je w s , an d fled fr o m t he n ce t o Lys t r a H e r e t hey w e r e s t o n ed , d r a gged o ut o f th e ci t y , a n d le ft fo r de a d They ho w e v e r r e v i v ed a n d esc a p ed t o D e r be At P hillipi , t h ey w e r e i m p r iso n ed a n d w hi ped a n d a ft e r w a r d e d r e at ly pe r sec u t , p g at Thess a lo n ic a B ei n g a ft e r w ar d ta ke n a t J e r us ale m, . . . “ . . . . . . . . B OOK o r mum ’ r ox s 13 s. t a ppe a li n g t o Ces a r , he wa s Pa 1 wa s s e n t to Ces a re a , bu se n t to Ro m e He r e he wa s det a i n ed fo r a while a s a . priso n er a t l a r ge , b ut bei n g a t le ngt h rele a sed , he visited the ch urches i n Rome , a n d i n Gr ee ce , a n d t r a velled i n to Fr a n ce a nd S p a i n r n i n g a g a i n to Ro m e , he wa s a Ret u seco n d ti m e a pprehe n ded , a nd by the order o f Ne r o , wa s b ehe a ded with a s wo r d T wo d a ys a r e dedi c a ted to th is a pos t le , o n e in com m e m o r a tio n o f his co n versio n , a n d the other o f his de a th the first be i n g the 2 5 t h o f J a n ua ry ,an d the other 29 th of J un e . ' . . St Ju de . . This a postle wa s the brother o f J a mes the L e s s, a n d 13 s B ei n g se n t to Edess a , he wro ught a lso c a lled Th a dde u m a n y mir a cles , a n d m a d e m a n y co n verts ,whi ch , st i rr in g n tme n t o f the people he wa s cr u the rese ci fi ed , A D u p 72 , o n the 2 8 md ay o f O ctober , whi ch 18 dedic a ted to his memory . . . . S t B a r th olomew . . Thi s a pos t le pre a ched in m a ny co un tries , he a le d m any di se a ses , a n d per form ed o ther m i r a cles He fi n a lly tr a ve lle d i n to I n d i a , whe n he t r a n sl a ted the gospel i n to the I n d i a n l a n g ua ge ,a n d m a de m a n y co n verts in th a t co un try Bu t the idol a ters be co m i n g we a ry o f his pre a chi n g , fi rst s co urged , the n cr uci fied him , a n d the n cut o ff his h e a d The a n n iversa ry o f his m artyrdom , is o n the 2 4 th o f Au g ust . . . . St . Th omas . Th is a pos t le wa s c a lled , in his n a t ive l a n gua ge , Tho m a s ,b ut in the Sy r i a c , D idym us He pre a ched i n P a r thi a a n d I n d i a ; where , d isple a si n g the P a g a n p r ie s ts , he was thru st thro ugh with a spe a r H is m a rtyrdom is co m memor a t e d o n the 2 1 5 t o f D e cemb er . . . S t Lu ke th e E va ng elist . . t h or o f th e Gospel that This emin ent sain t wa s th e a u s ’ I4 Fox s B OOK o r MA RT Y RS . He b e a rs his na me , a s a lso o f the A cts o f the A postle s tr a velled wi t h S t P a ul ,to Ro m e ,a n d p r e a ched to sever al b a r b a ro us n a tio n s He wa s , ho wever , fi n a lly h a nged , o n a n olive tree , by o r de r o f t he he a the n pries t s o f Gree ce The a n n ivers a ry o f his m a rtyrdom ,is o n the 1 8th o f C c . . . . tob e r . St . S imon . Th is a postle was disti n g uished for his z e al,by t he n a m e He pre a ched w ith gre a t s uccess in Ma urit a n i a , o f Z elotes eve n in B r it a i n ; whe r e , a n d other p a r ts o f A fr i c a , a n d tho ugh he m a de m a n y co n verts , he wa s fi n a lly crucified , A D 74 The a n n ivers a ry o f his de a th , together with th a t o f S t J ud e , is commemora ted o n the 2 8th d ay o f O ctob e r . . . . . . S t J o hn . . Th is e min e n t s a i n t was d isti n g uished fo r b e ing a prophet , a postle , e va n gelist , divi n e , a n d m a rtyr He is c a lled the beloved disciple ,a n d wa s b r other to Ja me s the Gre a t He wa s fi r st a disciple o f Joh n the B a ptist , a n d wa s n o t o n ly a fte r wa rd o n e o f the t welve a pos t les , b u t o n e o f the th r ee to who m Ch r i st co m m un i c a ted t he most se cret p a ss a ges o f his li fe H e fo un ded the ch ur ches o f S myr n a , P e r g a m os , S a r d ia , P hil a delphi a , La o d icia , a n d Thy a ti r a , to who m he di r e cted his book o f Revel a ti o n s B e i n g a t Ephes us , he wa s o r dered by the E m p eror Do m i t i a n , to be se n t bo u n d to Ro m e , w he r e he wa s co n de m n ed t e be c a st i n to a c a ldro n o f b oili n g oil But he r e a mi r a cle wa s wr o ught in his fa vo ur , a s he s ust a i n ed n o in jury fr o m the o il ; upo n whi ch he wa s se n t t o the isl a n d o f P a t m os , to wo r k in the m i n es H e wa s a fter wa rds r e c a lled by Nerva wh o s ucceeded Domiti a n , b ut wa s d ee m e d a m a r tyr o n a cco u n t o f h a vi n g u tio n n de r go n e a n e x ec u tho ugh it did n o t t a ke e ffe ct H e wrote his Gospel , Epistle ,a n d Revel a tio n s a ll in a di ffe r e n t style ,b u t they a r e a lly a d m ired al l eq u He wa s t he o n ly a postle who esc a ped a viole n t de a th ,a n d lived t h e lo n gest o f a n y o f them ; bei n g n dred ye a rs old a t h is de a th The 2 7 t h d ay n e a rly a h u of D e c em b e r ,is kep t in c o mm e mora tio n o f his d ea th . . . . . . . . . B OOK o r ’ F OX S MAR T YB I S t B a rn a bas . 15 . . This s a int was a n a t ive o f the isl an d o f Cy pru s ,b u t wa s T he time o f his de a th is u b orn o f J e wish p a re n ts n cer tai n ; b u t is s u pposed to ha ve o cc urre d A D 7 3 His fes ival is o b s er ve d o n the 1 1 th o f J u ne . . . . ‘ . C HA P T E R 1 ! tion: u nd er the Roman r P r imitive P er secu The fi r st fou E mp er or s . tion u nd er Ner o P ersecu . fi rs t p e rs e cut ion in the prim itive ages o f t he ch u rch was bega n by the c r uel a n d tyr a n n i c a l N er o ,the si x th e mperor o f Rome ,in A D 6 7 This emperor reig n ed for five ye a rs with t oler ab e credit to himsel f, a fter which he g a ve way to the gre a test e x tr a v a g a n ce o f temper , a n d to the most a tro cio us b a rb a rities Amo n g m a n y other di a bol ic a l o utr a ges , he orde r ed th a t the city o f Rome sho uld be set o n fire ; which wa s d o n e by h is o ffice r s , g ua rds , a n d serva n ts W hile the ci ty wa s in fl a m es , he w o f Me c e n a s pl a yed u to the to er po n hi s h ar p , we n t u p rn i n g o f Troy ; a n d decl a red a n d s a n g the so n g o f the b u Th a t he wis hed the r uin o f all thi n gs be fore his de a th A mo n g the n oble b uildi n gs b urn ed ,wa s the cir cus ,or pl a ce It wa s h a l f a mile in le n gth , a ppropri a ted to horse r a ces o f a n ov a l form ,with risi n g se a t s o n either side , a n d c a p ah le o f co n t a i n i n g up wa rd o f o n e hun d r ed tho us a n d spe c ses an d p a l a ces we r e co n s umed ,a n d t a t o r s Ma n y other ho u sever a l tho us a n d o f the i n h a bit an t s perished in t he fl a mes This terrible co n fla gr a t io n co n ti n ued n in e d ays wi tho ut ct in termissi o n ; a n d whe n the tyr a n t s a w th a t his co n d u was gre a tly bl am ed by the people , he so m a n a ged a s to m upo n the Ch r isti a n s ; which g a ve him a n fix the odi u elties A furio us perse n i ty o f w it n essi n g n e w cr u opp o r tu ile rin gs o f cu t io n wa s a ccor di n gly comme n ced , a n d the s u c h as to e x cite the comp as sio n o f the Chr is t ia n s wer e su Ta n . . . . . . . . . . ' 16 ’ Fo x s s o on MA RT Y RS or . h ea th e n s the m selves S o m e were s e wed up in the others s k i n s o f wild be a sts , a n d wo r r ied to d e a th by d ogs spe n d ed were dresse d i n shi r ts m a de sti ff with wa x ,the n s u o n poles a n d set o n fi r e , i n the g a r de n s o f the p a l a ce This persec utio n wa s ge n er a l t hr o ugho w t h e whole Ro m a n E m pi r e ; b ut it r a the r i n cre a sed th a n d i m i n ished the sp iri t B eside S t P eter a n d S t P a ul , m a n y 0 o f Ch r isti a n ity ished co nve r ts , whose n a m es h a ve n o t t heir most d isti n g u bee n h a n ded do wn to posteri ty , were a m o n g the s ufferers ‘ We sh all there fore n oti ce o n ly those whose history is we l t he n ti c a ted au E r a stus , the C h a mberl a i n o f Cori n th , wa s co n verted by S t P a ul , a n d de t ermi n ed to follo w the fort un es o f th a t For this p ur pose he resig n ed his o ffi ce , a n d a o a postle co m p a n ied h im in his voy a ges a n d tra vels , till he wa s le ft by the a postle in Ma cedo n i a ; whe r e he wa s fi r st m a d e b ishop o f th a t provi n ce ,a n d a fte r wa r d s uffered m a r ty r dom , bei n g to r t ur ed to de a t h by the p a g a ns a t P hilippi Arist a rch us ,the Ma cedo n i a n , wa s bor n in Thess a lo n ic a , l , be c a m e his co n st a n t com a n d bei n g co n verted by P a u p a n i o n H e wa s with t h a t a postle a t Ephes us , d ur i n g t he co m motio n r a ised by D e m et r i us , t he silvers m ith He a lso a cco m p a n ied him i n to Greece , where they we r e ver y s uccess ful in prop a g a ti n g t he gospel , a n d bri n gi n g ove r m a n y to Christi a n ity H a vi n g le ft G r ee ce ,they t r a versed a gre a t po r tio n o f Asi a Mi n o r a n d J u de a A fter t his b e a ccomp a n ied S t P a ul to Rome , where he s uffered the s a m e fa te a s th a t a p os tle , bei n g behe a ded wi t h a s wo r d T r o ph in u by s , a n Ephesi a n by b i r th , a n d a Ge n tile l to C hristi a n ity , a n d r eligio n , wa s co n verted by S t P a u a ccomp a n ied h im in his t r a ve ls O n his a cco u n t ,the Je ws r a ised a gre a t d ist ur b a n ce in the temple a t J a r us a le m , the l a st ti m e he wa s in th a t city , b e c a u se t he a postle in trod u ced h im i n to the te m ple But bei n g r e s c ued by the ce n t ur io n ,b e a c co m p a n ied his m a ster to R ome , l ; wh er e he wa s m a de b ishop , a n d a fte r wa r ds i n to G a u 0 11 the follo wi n g y e a r he a n d le ft in the city o f Air n s visited S t P a ul , a t Rome , a n d a cco m p an ied h im i n to Asi a , b ut o n his r et ur n to th a t city he wa s behe a ded , a fe w d ays a fter the de a th o f hi s m a ste Jo seph co m m o n ly c a lled B a rs a b a s was a pri m it ive d is c i le , a n d by so m e is s u pp o sed to h a ve b ee n o n e o f the p t he . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r I8 ’ B OO K Fo x s or M A RT Y R S . m a gistr a te o n the ch a rge o f b ei n g s uch , t hey we r e com ma n d e d to t a k e the a ttes t o a th , which if t hey re fu sed , s e n te n ce o f d e a t a wa s i m m edi a t ely p a ssed o n them , a n d if they co n fessed the m selves to be C hr isti a n s ,the re s ult wa s t he s a me The v a rio us ki n ds o f p un ish m e n t i n fli cted were im priso n m e n t , co n fi sc a t io n o f p r o p e r ty , b a n ishme n t , b r oili n g po n slo w fi r es , r a cki n g ,b ur n i n g , s co ur gi n g ,sto n i n g , t he m u h a ngi n g , a n d wo r ryi n g with dogs a n d wild b e a sts Ma ny were to r n pie ce m e a l with r e d hot pi n cers , a n d others po n the horn s o f furio us b ulls wer e thro wn u A fter h a vi n g s uffered these cr uel t ies , the fr ie n ds o f t he de ce a sed were eve n forb id d e n to b urn o r b ur y t hei r r e m a i n s Th e follo wi n g ar e the most rem a r k a ble o f t he nu me r o us m a rty r s wh o s uffered d ur i n g t his perse c utio n s the A r eop a gite , wa s a n Athe n i a n by b i r th D io n ysi u a nd ed u c a ted in a ll the use ful a n d o r n a m e n t a l b r a n ches o f Gre ci a n li t e r a t ure He tr a velled i n to Egypt , to st udy l a r observ a tio n s o n t he a st r o n o m y , a n d m a de v e r y p a r tic u s upe r n a t ur a l e clipse th a t o cc ur r ed a t the ti m e o f o ur r n to Athe n s he wa s S a vio ur s cr uci fi x i o n O n his ret u r ed by the people , a n d a t le n gth p r omoted to highly ho n o u the di gn i ty o f se n a tor in th a t celeb r a ted city B e comi n g a co n vert to the gospel , he ch a n ged fr om a worthy P a g a n m a gistr a te to a fa i t h ful C h r is t i a n p a sto r ,fo r eve n while ia volved in the d a r k n ess o f idol a try , he wa s highly ho n o ur ed st a n d be n evole n t p r i n ciples A ft e r his co n v e r fo r hi s j u sio n ,the s a n ctity o f hi s li fe wa s s uch a s reco m m e n ded h im st r o n gly to the love a n d ho n o ur o f the Chris t i a n b r eth r e n , a n d he wa s a cco r di n gly a ppoi n ted b ishop o f Athe n s He disch a r ged his d uty with t he ut m ost d ilige n ce , till the tio n , viz : A D 6 9 , whe n he s eco n d ye a r o f t his pe r se c u r e ceive d the c r o wn o f m a rty r do m by bei n g behe a ded Nico m e d e o , a Ch r is t i a n o f some disti n ctio n a t Ro m e , d uri n g the re ig n o f D o m i t i a n , m a de g r e a t e ffo r ts to ser v e the a ffli c t ed , by com fo r ti n g the p oo r , v isiti n g those c o n l fi n e d , e x ho r ti n g t h e wa ve r i n g , a n d co n fi r m i n g the fa ith fu s a ctio n s , he wa s seized a s a Fo r those a n d othe r pio u Chri ti a n , a n d bei n g se n t e n ced w a s s co ur ged t o de a th t Pr o t a t iu s a nd Gr ev u s iu s we r e m a r ty r ed a t Mil a n , b u l ar irc um s t a n ces atte n d i n g th ei r de a ths ar e n o t the p a rti c u a . . . . . . . ’ . . . . . . . . . s . c F O X S B OO K o r ’ MA R T Y R S 19 . P a ul , a n d b ishop s , wa s b o r n a t Lystr a , in the provi n ce o f o f Ephes u His fa ther wa s a G e n tile , a nd his mother a Ly c a o n i a t both his p a re n ts a n d his gr a n d mo t her embr a J e wess ,b u ght fr om his ced Christi a n i ty , by whi ch me a n s h e wa s t a u i n fa n cy the p r e ce pts o f the gospel W he n S t P a ul a r rived a t Ly c a o n i a , he ord a i n ed T i m othy , a n d m a de him the co m p a n io n o f his l a b o urs He me n t io n s him wi t h pe ld fi n d n o o n e so cu lia r r espect , a n d de cl a res th a t he co u truly un i t ed to him , b oth in he a rt a n d m i n d T i m othy l to Ma cedo n i a , where , wi t h t h a t a postle a t te n ded S t P a u S t P au r ed in p r op a g a ti n g the gospel l a n d S il a s , he la b o u t he wa s le ft behi n d to we n t fr om the n ce to A ch a i a ,b u str e n g t he n t h e fa i t h o f t hose a lre a dy co n ver t ed S t P a ul a t le n gth se n t fo r h im to A t he n s ,a nd the n ce d esp a t ched him to Thess a lo n i c a , to pre a ch to the s ufferi n g C h r is t i a n s the r e , tio n th a t the n prev a iled a g a i n st the t err o r s o f the pe r se c u H a vi n g pe r fo r m ed his m issio n ,he ret ur n ed to Athe n s , a n d , l a n d S il a s in co m p os i n g t he t wo t he r e a ssisted S t P a u E pistles to t he Thess a lo n i a n s He t he n a c co m p a n ied S t P a ul to C ori n th , Je r us a le m , a n d E p hesus A ft e r per for m i n g seve r a l o t he r co m m issi o n s fo r S t P a u l , a n d at t e n di n g him o n v ario u s j o ur n eys , the a p os t le co n s t i t uted h im b isho p o f E phes u s , t ho ugh he wa s o n ly t hirty ye a r s o f a ge , a n d in t wo a d m i r a b le ep istles g a ve him p r ope r in s tr u c t i o n s fo r his co n d u ct He wa s so ve r y te m pe r a t e in his li v i n g , t h a t S t P a ul bl a m ed h im fo r be i n g t o o a bste m io n s , a n d re co m m e n ded t o him the mo d er a te u se o f wi n e , to r e c r ui t his stre n gth a n d sp i r its W hile th a t gre a t a pos t le wa s in his l a st co n fi n e m e n t a t Rome , he desi r ed Ti m othy to come t o him H e a fter wa r d r et u r n ed t o E phes u s , whe r e he ze a lo usly gove r n e d the ch ur ch , t ill A D 9 7 A t t his pe r iod the P a g a n s w ere a b o u t to celebr a t e a fe a st c a lled C a ta go gio n , the pri n ci p a l ce r e m o n ies o f wh i ch w ere , t h a t t he people sho uld c a r r y s t icks in t heir h a n ds , go m a sked , a n d b e a r a bo u t the s t r ee t s , t h e i m a ges o f t hei r Gods T imothy m e t t he pro cessio n ,a n d se ve r ely r ep r o v ed t he m fo r their rid ic ulo us id ol a t ry , wh i ch so e x a sper a ted them , t h a t t hey fell u po n h im with t heir cl ubs , a n d be a t him in so d r e a d fu l a m a n ner , th a t he e x pi re d o f t he b r u i s es two d ay s T i m o t hy th e celebr a ted d is cip le o f S t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . afte r. n d er Tr aj a n P er secu tion u . p e rse cu t ions was cceedi n g D o miti a n ,he sho we d bu t o n e ye a r Upo n Nerv a s u respe ct to the Chris t i a n s , b ut r e ig n ed o n ly t e n m o n ths His s uccesso r , T r aj an ,in the te n th ye a r o f his reig n , a n d r L o r d 1 08 ,beg a n t he thi r d pe r sec u tio n in the ye a r o f o u a g a i n st the m ile this perse c utio n r a ge d , Pli n i us S e t he a the n philosophe r , wrote to t he E m peror in cu nd u s a r o f the Ch r is t i a n s ,st a ti n g th a t he fo un d n othi n g o b fa vo u a n d t h a t the whole s u ct m e c tio n a b le in their co n d u o f their , j errors co n sisted in this ,th a t they we r e wo n t a t cert a i n ti m es o m t e d to m eet b e fo r e d a y , in the m or ni n g , t o wo r ship a pp o n e Ch r ist , their God , a n d to co n fede r a te a m o n g themselves to a bst a i n fro m a ll the ft ,m ur de r ,a n d a d ul tery ,to keep thei r d n o m a n , whi ch do n e ,they de pa r t ed fa i t h ,a n d to d e fr a u fo r th a t ti m e , a n d h a vi n g a g r eed to co m e togethe r a g a i n to comm un e o n e with a n other , a n d yet witho ut a ny a ct To this ep istle , Tr aj an ret ur n ed the follo w o f evil Th a t Christi a n s o ught n o t in g i n de cisive a n s we r : ght a fter , b ut whe n b r o ught be fo r e the m agis t o be so u ” t r a cy they sho uld b e p un ished P r ovoked by this a n s we r , Tert ulli an e x cl a i m ed , O h ! co n fu sed se n te n ce , he wo uld n o t h a ve the m so ught fo r , a s i n n oce n t m e n , ” ld h a ve the m p un ished a s gui lty The Em a n d yet w o u i n cohere n t a n s wer ,ho weve r ,o cc a si o n ed the e r r s o p pe r s e c u re ,to a b a te a s his o ffi ce r s we r e un ce r t io n ,in so m e m e a s u ta i n ,if they c a rr ied it o n wi t h severi ty ,h o w he m ight choose to e x pl a i n his o wn m e a ni n g Traj a n , ho we v e r , soo n s a lem , a n d g a ve o r de r s to e x te r mi n a te the wrote t o Je r u sto ck o f D a vid ; in co n seq ue n ce o f whi ch , a ll th a t co uld be n d o f th a t r a ce were fo u t to de a th pu Abo ut this period , the E m pe r o r T r aj a n ,wa s s ucceeded by Adri a n , wh o co n ti n ued the persec utio n with the gre a test r igo u r P ho ca s , b i shop o f P o n t us , re fusi n g to s a cri fi ce to Nep t un e , wa s , by the i mm edi a te order o f T r aj a n , c a st fi r st in t o a hot li m e k il n , a n d b ei n g d ra wn fr o m the n ce , wa s thro wn i n to a sc a ldi n g b a th , till he e x pi r ed T r aj a n l ike wi se co m m a n de d the m a rt y r do m o f Ig n a ti us , bishop o f A n tioch T his holy m a n wa s the perso n who m , whe n a n in fa n t , Chri s t took i n to his a rms , a n d sho we d Bet we e n Li e se co n d a n d third Rom a n . . . . . . ’ . ' . . . . Fox ’ s B O O K o r MA RT Y RS 21 . his d isc iples ,a s o n e th a t wo uld be a p a tte r n o f h umility H e re ce ived the gospel a ft erwa r d s by S t a n d i n n o ce n ce P a ul the E va ngelist ,a n d wa s e x ceedi n gly ze a l o us in his missi o n He b oldly vi n di c a ted t he fa ith o f C h r ist b e fore t h e E mpe r or , fo r whi c h he wa s c a st i n to p r iso n , a n d wa s el m a n n er , a n d a ft er bei n g d r e a d fully to r m e n te d in a c r u sco ur ged , he wa s compelled to h old fi r e in his h a n ds , a n d t to hi s sides a t t h e s a m e ti m e ,p a pers d i pped i n o il we r e p u H is fle s h wa s the n to r n wi t h r e d ho t p in a n d set o n fire ce r s , a n d a t l a st he wa s desp a tched by wild be a sts Ig n a ti us ha d a ti m ely i n form a ti o n o r p r ese n ti m e n t of his fa te fo r writi n g to P oly c a r p a t S myr n a , h e s a ys , W o uld t o G od ,I were o n ce com e to the be a sts which a r e prep a r ed fo r m e , which , a lso , I wish th a t they with g a pi n g m o u ths we r e r e a dy , whom a ls o I w ill seek , t h a t they w itho ut d el a y , r me m a y devo u An d if t hey will n o t , un less t h ey b e ” p r ovo ke d , I will the n e n force t he m ag a i n st mysel f to . . . - . . . . Ma r ty r d o m of S y m p no r a s a . S y m ph o r a s a , a wido w, a n d her seve n so n s we r e co m m a n d ed by Tr aj an to s a c r i fice to the he a the n D e ities ; t o n re fu si n g to co m ply ,he o r dered he r to b e h un g up bu by the h a ir o f he r he a d ,a fter which a weight wa s a tt a ched to her n e ck , a n d she wa s c a st i n to the river Her so n s we r e the n p u t u po n th e r a ck , a n d the ir limb s d isloc a te d bu res d id n o t a ffect th eir re s ol utio n , th ey t a s these to r t u t t o d ea t h were p u . . . t ox ’ s no o n or nt t n r r ' us . Abo ut th is ti m e Ale x a n de r , b ishop o f Ro m e , a fter fi ll ing th a t o ffi ce fo r a bo ut t e n ye a r s , Wa s p ut to de a th , wi t h t wo ir in u Z e n on, a lso H e r mes G u s , a nd o f his d e a co n s , a n d t t e n tho us a n d o t hers a Rom a n n oble m e n , w ith a bo u Ma n y were c r uci fied o n Mo un t A r a r a t , cr o wn ed with tho r n s in i m i ta tio n o f the c r uci fi x i o n o f the S a vio ur A m o n g these wa s a d isti n g uished m ilit a ry com m a n der , r o f v ic who wa s co m m a n de d to s a c r i fice , in ho n o u tor ie s g a i n ed by himse lf, b ut re fusi n g t o comply , he wa s m a r ty r ed wi t h his whole fa m ily D uri n g thi s pe r se c uti o n o cc urred the m a r tyrdo m o f F a s t in e s , a n d Jovi t a , t wo b r o t he r s o f the city o f B r esci a , their p a tie n ce wa s s uch un d e r t heir co m pl i c a t ed s ufferi n gs , th a t C a lc o n is a P a g a n ,wa s str uck w i t h a d m i r a tio n ,a n d c a ll ” t, g r e a t is t he God o f t he Chris t i a n s , fo r whi ch ,he ed o u t to de a th wi t h them wa s i mm edi a tely a pp r ehe n ded , a n d pu This persec utio n co n ti nued till G ua d r a tus , b ishop of Athe n s , a n d A r istides , a disti n g uished philosophe r o f the s a m e city , a dd r essed e a ch a very le a r n ed a pology t o Ad r i a n in fa vo ur o f t he Ch r isti a n s , wh o i mm e d i a tely t here a ft e r r el a x ed his seve r ities , so fa r a s to co m m a n d t h a t n o C h r isti a n s sho uld b e p un ished m erely fo r t hei r o pi n io n s Bu t t h e e n e m ies o f Ch r is t i a n i ty , a m o n g whi ch we r e a g r e a t m a n y Je ws , so u ght o t he r me a n s o f gr a ti fyi n g their m a lig n ity , by s u born i n g wit n esses , a n d a cc usi n g t he m o f othe r c r i m es Ad r i a n died A D 1 3 8 or 1 3 9 ,whi ch wa s sever a l ye a r s a ft er he h a d d isco n ti n u ed his pe r se c utio n s a g a i n st t he C h r i sti a n s He wa s s ucceede d by A n to n i n us P i us This E m pe r or possessed by n a t ur e s o a mi a ble a dispositio n , ” th a t he wa s te r med by his s ubj ects , the fa ther o f vi r t ues I m m edi a tely a fte r a sce n di n g t he th r o n e , he p ublishe d a n edi ct with t hese words , I f a n y sho uld he r e a ft e r ve x or a cc u se the Ch r i s ti a n s , h a vi n g n o o t he r c a use b ut t h a t they a r e s uch ,let t he a cc used be r ele a se d , a n d the a cc user ” be p un ished This p ut a fi n a l stop to the p e r sec ut io n , which u n til this ti m e wa s co n t i n u ed in m a n y p a rts o f the E m pi r e , a n d the Ch r isti a n s e nj oyed a r espite fr om their s uffe r i n gs d ur i n g this E m pero r s r eig n S uch wa s the goo d n ess o f t his E m pe r o r s he a rt , th a t he o fte n d ecl a red th a t the prese r v a t io n o f o n e s ubje ct g a ve him m o re r e th a n the dest r u c t io n o f a tho us a n d e n em ie s olea s u . . . . . . . . . . - . . ’ . ’ . Fo x 5 o o k o r MA RT YR S B . 23 m s Au er o r s Ma r cu r eliu s n d er t h e E ti o n u P er s ecu p s a n d C o mmod u . P r i m it i ve llI a r ty r d om . A n to n i n us P i us wa s s ucceeded by Ma rc us A ureli us under who m wa s co m m e n ce d , wh a t i s us ua lly te r m ed the r th perse c u t io n , whi ch r a ged with the g r e a test viole n ce fo u in t he A si a ti c ch u rches ,a n d in Fr a n ce S uch we r e t he c r uelties with which t his perse c utio n wa s ch a r a cte r ized , th a t m a n y o f the spe ct a tors sh u dde r ed a t t h e sigh t , a n d w e r e a sto n ished a t the i n trep idity o f the s ufferers S o m e o f t he m a r ty r s we r e co m pelled to p a ss wi t h n a ked feet ove r tho r n s a n d n a ils , othe r s we r e s co ur ged till the ve i n s a n d si n e ws we r e l a id b a re ,a n d a fter s uff e r i g the most e x cr uci a ti n g tort ur es ,were fi n a lly p ut to de a t h by the most ho r rid c r uelty Germ a n i c us , a yo un g m a n o f S myr n a , wh o h a d em br a ced the Ch r is t i a n fa ith , wa s gi ve n to b e devo ur ed by wild b e a s t s ,b u r a ge a n d fo r tit ude , t b eh a vi n g wi t h gre a t co u sever a l were str uck with a dmir a tio n , a n d e m br a ced the Ch r isti a n fa i t h A t this , t h e p ersec utors were so m uch e n r a ged , th a t they d ete r m i n ed to e x ti r p a te the Christi a n s fr om tha t city , a n d t hey i m m edi a t ely c r ied o ut , let P olyc a r p be ” so ught a ft e r , wh o , it will b e re colle cted , wa s the fi rst b i s hop o f the m a r ch ,a t S myrn a . . n . . . ’ $4 Fo x s o o k o r Ma t ur es B . ght a ft e r , esc a ped Po y ca r p o n he a ri n g th a t he wa s so u n t ry , b u t wa s soo n d iscovered t o a sm a ll v ill a ge in the co u . b r o ught b a ck t o Ephes us No r d id he e x press a ny rel uct a n ce to r e t ur n , a s he d r e a m ed , a bo ut th a t time , th a t m ed in a m o m e n t his bed took fi r e , a n d th a t he wa s co n s u F r o m this he co n cl ud ed it wa s the will o f God th a t he ld s uffe r m a r ty r do m , a n d he a ccord i ngly a wa i t ed his s ho u d e a t h , wi t h a be co m i n g fi r m n ess a n d resig n a t io n Those who a pp rehe n d e d hi m , we r e so forcibly st r uc k wi t h his ve n er a ble a p pe a r a n ce a n d g r a vity , th a t they e a r n es t ly beso u ght h im to s a ve his li fe by a bj ur i n g Christ He t h a n ked t hem fo r t he i n te r est whi ch they m a n i fes t ed in his wel fa re , b u ld n ever fors a ke a t decl a r ed th a t he co u m a ste r , wh o ha d sho wn h im n othi n g b u A fter t ki n d n ess fe a s t in g them , he d esired a n ho u r fo r p r a yer , whi ch wa s ch wa s his fe r vo ur , th a t t hey serio usly gr a n ted h im ,a n d s u r epe n ted h a vi n g t a ke n a n He wa s y p a r t in his de a t h ho wever , first t a ke n b e fo r e the p r o co n s ul ,a n d co n dem n ed r n t in the p u bli c m a r ket pl a ce He wa s a ccord to b e b u n d to a st a ke , a n d the fa ggots with which he wa s in gly bo u s urro un ded set o n fi r e , b ut whe n i t be c a me so h o t th a t the sol d i e r s we r e co m pelled to r eti re , he co n ti n ued p r a y The in g a n d si n gi n g pr a ises t o G od for a lo n g ti m e fla m es r a ged w i t h gre a t viole n ce , b u t still hi s b ody t e m e d ,a n d sho n e like b u m a i n ed u r n ished g old It is n co n s u l odo ur like th a t o f m y r r h ,a rose fro m a lso s a id , t h a t a gr a te fu ch a s t o n is h ed t he spect a t o r s ,t h a t m a n y t h e fi r e ,whi ch s o m u o f t he m we r e by th a t me a n s co n v e r t ed to Christi a n ity H is e x ec utio n ers fi n di n g i t i m possible t o p ut him to d e a th by fi re , th r u st a spe a r i n to his si d e ,fr om which the blood flo w ed in s uch a q ua n ti ty ,a s t o e x ti n g uish t he fl a me H is body was the n co n s um ed to a shes ,by order o f the p r o con su l le st his follo wers sho uld m a ke it a n obj e ct o f a dor a tio n H e wa s n e a r ly a h un dred ye a rs old wh e n h e suffere d , h a v in g b ee n a disciple o f Christ eighty-six ye a rs , a n d se He wa s a co n vert o f S t Joh n the ve n ty ye a r s a bishop Eva n gelist , a n d by him wa s co n stituted bishop o f S myr n a wh o p r e a ched b oldl y , a n d Me tr od or u s , a m i n ister Br o n iu s , wh o wro t e se v e r a l a pologies in b eh a l f o f the Christi a n s ,we r e a lso b ur n t a bo ut the s a me ti m e C a r p us a n d P a pil a s , t wo worthy C hri s t i an s , a nd A a t ho n ic a ,a g a nd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 F ’ o x s B O OK o r MA RT Y RS till so disg usti n g to him th a t he i mm edi a tely determ in e d o n his r u i n , whi c h he m a n a ged t o e ffe ct The se co n d e sti n , wa s o cc a si o n ed by t he follo wi n g c ir p s tle o f J u cu m s ta n ce s A ce r t a i n m a n a n d h i s wi fe li v i n g a t Ro m e , the l a tte r bec a m e a co n v e r t t o Ch r is t i a n i ty , a n d a tte m pted to b r i n g her h usb a n d ove r to the fa ith Not s ucceedi n g , she the n s ued fo r a d i vo r ce , whi ch so e x a spe r a ted h im , th a t he i m m edi a t ely a cc u sed he r o f bei n g a Ch r isti a n O n her petiti o n i n g h im , b e disco n t i n ued his s uit a g a i n st h e r ,a n d levelled his e n m i ty a t Pt o le m ia s , who wa s the m e a n s o f co n ve r ti n g h e r He wa s co n seq ue n tly co n de mn ed to de a th , a n d m e t his fa te wi t h fo r t i t u de J us t i n s r e m ar ks o n these seve r i t ies , g a v e C r e sc a s t he a dv a n t a ge he h a d so a r de n t ly d esi r ed , a n d co m l a i n i n g p t o the E m p e r or he wa s i m m edi a tely a p p r ehe n ded wi t h They we r e a ll fi r st se ve r ely s co ur s ix o f h is co m p a n io n s ged ,a n d the n p ut to de a t h by b e h e a d in A m o n g the n um e r o us a n d v a l ua b le p r od uctio n s o f t his e m i n e n t s a i n t a n d m a r ty r , o n ly se ve n a r e n o w e x t a n t Abo ut t hi s ti m e m a n y o t he r s we r e p ut to de a th fo r r e fu si n g to s a c r i fice to J up iter , a m o n g who m wa s C o n co r d us , a de a co n o f t he city ,wh o bei n g c a rr ied be fo r e t he i m a ge , he n o t o n ly r e fused to s a c r ifice , b ut sp it in its fa ce , upo n W hi h he w a s im m edi a t ely t to de at h pu s . ' . . . . ’ . v. . c . Ill ir a cu fou s i n t erf er en c e of t h e D ivi n e B eing . Abo ut this ti m e se v e r al o f th e n o r the r n n a ti o n s ha v i n g co n s i r e d a g a i n s t Ro m e ,t h e E m pe r o r m a r c hed a g a i n s t p the m w i t h men H a v i n g a r r i ve d wi thi n th e co un tr y o f Ge r m a ny ,t hey fell un co n scio usly i n t o a n a m b us c a de o f the e n e m y , whe r e t hey we r e in i m m i n e n t d a n ge r lt y , o f bei n g de fe a t ed , a n d to a d d s t ill m o r e t o t hei r d i ffi c u hey we r e a l m ost e n t i r ely c ut o ff fr o m wa te r The E m e r o r in this e m e r ge n cy , co m m a n d ed his soldie r s to c a ll p upo n the i r gods fo r a id , whi c h w a s a cco r di n gly do n e , b ut n t h a t d i v isio n o f his He po to n o p u r ose n e x t c a lled u p a r m y w hi ch wa s co m osed o f Ch r is t i a n s , a n d co m m a n de d p t he m to p r a y to thei r G o d , which wa s i m m edi a t el y c o m r e He a v e n f m lied i h They p os ted he selves b e o w r a t t r t p dde n ly a he a vy sho wer d e a n d i m plored relie f, w he n s u s s a ved ,a nd whi le it s ce n ded , a n d t he whole a r m y wa s th u . t . . . ’ Fo x s B OO K o r MA RT Y R S 27 . ra i n ed upo n the Ro m a n a r m y , the b a il desce n ded in tor po n t he ir e n e m ie s , which i n d uced a g r e a t p o r ti o n o f re nt s u t he m to d ispe r se , while m a n y o t he r s c a m e o v e r t o the R0 Th us w a s a g r e a t v i c t o r y g a i n ed ,a n d t he e m pi r e man s p r ob a bly s a v ed t h r o ugh t he i n t e r p ositio n o f He a ve n The E m pe r or ur o t e i mm edi a t ely to t he S e n a te o n the b ct , in whi ch b e fu lly a ck n o wle d ges t he se r vi ces o f the su Ch r isti a n s , a n d g a ve i mm edi a te o r de r s for stoppi n g the perse c utio n a g a i n st t he m . . e . ' ti on s i n F r a nce P er secu . N ot withst a ndi n g the a bove edict o f t he E m pe r or te n ded to stop the pe r se c utio n s fo r a ti m e in t he i mm edi a te v i l a r ly c in ity o f Ro m e , in o t he r p a r ts o f t h e e m pi r e , p a r t i c u in F r a n ce , it wa s c a r r ied o n to a n e x te n t which e x cee d ed el ty a ll fo r m e r e x a m p les I n t h e ci ty o f Lyo n s , a ll in c r u ch a s b a n ish m e n t , m a n n e r o f t o r m e n t s we r e i n ve n ted , s u h a ngi n g , b ur n i n g , & c a n d m a n y o f the se r v a n ts o f o p u le n t Ch r isti a n s , were p ut up o n t h e r a ck , to co m pel t he m t o se thei r m a s t e r s The follo wi n g wer e ll e p r i n ci p a l o f a cc u n g m a n w h o h a vi n g t hese m a r ty r s , Ve t iu s , a yo u s Aga t hu sed be fo r e a m a gis tr a te , p r o fe s sed C h r is t i a n i t y b e i n g a cc u bol d ly a ck n o wledged hi m sel f t o b e s uch , a n d wa s imm e d i a tely co n de m n ed t o de a t h tio n ,whe n Bla n d in ia ,a Ch r is t i a n l a dy o f a we a k co n stit u r e ,r e ceived s u ch a id fr o m He a v e n , t h a t he r t to the t o r t u pu to r m e n to r s se ve r a l ti mes b ec a m e we a r y in thei r wo r k o f c r uel t y , a n d decl a r ed t h a t she m ust h a ve bee n s uppo r ted by s a m e i n v i s i ble p o we r S a n c t us a l s o ,a de a co n in the c i ty o f Vie n n a , b o r e his s uffe r i n gs wi th eq ua l fo r t i t ud e , Re d hot pl a tes a n d o n ly e x cl a i m ed I a m a Ch r i s t i a n po n the m ost se n si t ive o f b r a ss w e r e r epe a tedly p l a ced u p a r ts o f t he body , till t he si n e ws we r e co n t r a cte d , still r e m a i n i n g i n fl e x ible , he wa s a g a i n co n sig n ed to p r iso n He wa s b r o u ght o ut a g a i n a fe w d a ys a ft e r wa r d , whe n his p e r n ds he a led , t o r s we r e g r e a t ly a sto n ished to fi n d his wo u se c u Ag a i n they p ut h im to the to r tur e , a n d his body p e r fect bu t be i n g u n a ble to t a ke his li fe , he wa s r e m a n ded to p r iso n , w he r e he wa s soo n a ft e r behe a ded A t ta l us a d isti n g uished ci t ize n o f P e r g a m us , s uffered abo u t thi s ti m e , a n d P o t hi n us , the ve n e r a ble b ishop o f . . ' . . . . . . . ‘ - r ox ’ s BO OK or M ARr v n s ' . Ly m s , n o w n i n ety ye a r s o f a ge , bei n g a ss a ulted in th e st reet by a n i n fur i a ted m o b , received s uch inj ur y th a t he e x p i r ed a fe w d a ys a ft e r At Lyo n s , e x cl usive o f those a l r e a dy me n tio n ed , the m a r ty r s we r e co m pelled to set upo n r e d hot ch a i n s o f iro n , till thei r flesh wa s b r oiled This wa s i n flic t ed wi t h pe s , a l r e a dy m e n tio n ed , a n d se lia r seve r ity u cu p o n S a n ct u ve r a l o t he r s I n deed , so fa r d id t he m a lice o f t he P a ga n s procee d t h a t they s a t g ua r ds o ve r the b odies ,while the dogs ld t a ke the m r i n g t he m , lest thei r fr ie n ds sho u we r e devo u r y the m a wa y a n d b u The whole n um be r o f m a r ty rs , a t Lyo n s , wa s 4 8 , who s uffe r ed in t he ye a r o f Ch r ist 1 7 7 ,a n d a ll o f the m beh a ve d de B esides t hese , m a n y o t he r s wi t h the g r e a test fo r t it u s uffe r ed soo n a fte r , n ot o n ly in th a t city , b ut in v a r io us othe r p a r t s o f the Ro m a n e m pi r e s, a nd O f t hese the m ost celeb ra ted , we r e Ep ip o d iu Ale x a n de r , the l a t te r a G r eek , a n d t h e fo r m e r a citize n o f Lyo n s ,disti n g uished fo r t hei r fr ie n dshi p a n d lo ve fo r e a ch o t he r B ei n g co n ce a led by a Ch r is t i a n l a d y , t hey r e m a i n ed un disco v e r ed fo r se v e r a l d ays Thei r h idi n g re a t t l hey e a ce , ho weve r , be i n g a t le n g t h fo u nd o u w , p p t en u t ou rehe bro gh n d ed a n d t h r o w n i n t o r iso n c p p fo r t r i a l , they a vo wed t he m sel ves Ch r is t i a n s , a t which the go v e r n o r wa s so m uc h e n r a ge d ,th a t h e e x cl a i m ed , wh a t sig n i fy a ll t h e fo r m e r e x ec ut io n s if so m e y e t r e m a i n wh o ” d a r e a v o w the m sel ves C h r isti a n s Th r o ugh p r ete n ded co m p a ssio n ho weve r , t he gove r n o r r o m his b elie f, by c o n a tte m p t ed to d iss u a de E i o d iu f s p p a l e nj oy m e n ts tole r a t e d by t h e P a g a n r c tr a s t in g t h e se n s u ligio n , wi t h wh a t he wa s p le a sed t o te r m , a gloo m y li fe o f Ch r i sti a n i ty Do n ot , s a id he , r ui n yo ur sel f, wi t h yo ur obsti na cy , o ur De i t ies a r e wo r shi pp ed by the g r e a te r p a r t o f the people in t he U n i v e r se , we a do r e t he m wi t h ci fied m a n W e fe a sti n g a n d m i r th , while y o ua do r e a c r u to ho n o ur our Gods ,l a un ch i n to ple a s ures ,y o u,by yo ur fa ith deb a r r ed fr o m a ll e nj oy m e n t s o f a se n s ua l n a t ur e are Ou r s a r e t h e j oys o f li ce n tio u s bl a n di sh m e n t s , yo ur s the b a r r e n vi r t ue o f ch a sti t y ; c a n y o ue x pect p r o t ec t io n fr o m ld n o t se c ur e hi m sel f fr o m the pe r se c utio n o f o n e wh o co u T h e n q uit a p r o fessio n o f s uc h a us a co n te m ptible peo p le te r it y , a n d e n jo y the g r a t ifi c a t io n s w hi ch t h e w o r l d a ffo r d s . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . F ox ’ s B OO K o r M AR r y n s 29 ' . yo ur yo ut h de m a n ds E p ip o d ius in h is r e ply , co n tem n ed t is p r ete n ded co m p a ssio n Y o ur k i n d al cr u el ty , a n d t h e h a ppy li fe y o ud e n e s s s a id he , is a c t u s c r ibe , i s re p le t e wi t h e v e r l a s t i n g de a th C h r ist s ufle r e d for us , th a t o ur j oys sho uld b e i m m o r t a l , a n d h a t h prep a r e d fo r hi s follo we r s a n e te r n i ty o f b liss T h e fr a m e o f m a n b e in g co m posed o f t w o p a r ts , a b o d y a n d s o n ] , t he fi r st bei n g ld b e b r o ught i n to s ubj e c t io n to m e a n a n d pe r ish a ble , s ho u Y o ur idol a t r o us fe a sts m a y g r a t i fy the m o r t a l , th e l a t t e r Th a t c a n n ot the r e fo r e r e t h e i m m o r t a l p ar t bu t t hey i nj u be c a lled ple a s ur e , whi ch wr o ks t he dest r uctio n o f the r pains n oble r r es le a d to ete r n a l de a t h ,o u r ple a s u pa r t Y o u t o e t e r n a l p le a s u re F o r thi s spee ch , he wa s fi r s t seve r el y be a te n , t h e n p ut upo n t he r a c k , a n d his flesh t o r n wi t h i r o n b o o k s , a ft e r whi ch , he wa s behe a ded A le x a n de r , his co m p a n io n , wa s b r o ught be fo r e t he s a m e j ud ge t wo d a ys a ft e r , a n d o n r e fu si n g to a bj ur e Ch r is t i a n i ty ,wa s fi r st se ve r ely s co ur ged , a n d the n b ehe a d ed This wa s in A I) whi ch and . . . . . . . . . . 179 . . . Abo ut thi s ti m e ,t he follo wi n g pe r so n s a lso s ufle r e d m a r ty r d o m , v iz Va le r i a n , a n d Ma r cell us , o f Lyo n s ; B e n ig nu s ,o f Dij o n ; S e u s , a n d o t he r s ,a t L a n g r es ; Th y r p s ip p u se us , a n d Feli x , a t S a lie u; S y m p o v ia m a n d Flo r ell a , a t A ut un S eve r i n us , Feli ci a n , a n d Ex up e r us , a t Vie n n e Ce cil i a ,a v ir gin ,o f S icily ; a n d T hr a s e us , bisho p o f S m y r n a In t h e ye a r o f Ch r is t 1 80,t h e E m p e r o r A n t o n i n u s d ie d , a n d wa s s u ccee d ed by h is s o n Co m m o d us ,wh o did n o t i n i t a te hi s fa t he r in a ny r es p ect H e ha d n ei t her his Vi r es n o r his v i ces , h e w a s w i t ho ut le a r n i n g o r m o r a li t y ; tu n e i t he r d id he possess hi s p r ej u dice a g a i n st t h e Ch r is t i a n s His g r e a test we a k n ess wa s a v a i n a n d fo olish p r ide , whi c h led h im to c o n s d e r hi m sel f a s He r c ules , a n d a s s uch h e co m m a n ded his s ubj e cts to wo r shi p h im S e v e r a l o f t he Ch r is t i a n s o n r e fusi n g to co m ply w i t h so e x t r a v a g a n t a r e q ues t , were p ut to de a t h , a m o n g who m wa s A pollo n i us , a Ro m a n S e n a t o r This e m i n e n t m a n wa s s k illed in a ll the b r a n c hes o f p ol i t e lite r a t u bl i m e a s in t h e s u r e , a s w ell tr u t hs o f t h e G os p el He wa s a cc used by hi s sl a ve Se ve r us , a n d r e fusi n g to r ec a n t wa s put to d e a t h ,by be ing b e he a d e d o n t h e i 8t h o f A p r il , 1 86 Abo ut t his t i m e a lso wa s p ut t o d e a th fo r the s a m e c a us e An i c et us , S ote r , a nd Ele ut he r i us , the l a tter 0: wh om wa s ' ~ . . t . . . . . . . 3 3? 30 F O X S B OOK o r MA RT YR S ’ . e n t t o B i ta in by t he r eques t o f L uci us , t he ki n g , who was b y hi m co n v e r ted to Ch r is t i a n i ty ,a n d o n t h e follo wi n g ye a r sebi us Vi n ce n t i us , Po te n t ius , P e r eg r i n us , a n d the Se n a Eu tor J uli us , a lso s ufle r e d m a r tyrdo m , fo r re fusi n g to s a cr i flee to C o m m od u s s “ . C H APT E R I I . ti o n s , u n d er The fif t h ,s ix t h , s even t h ,a n d eig h th P er s ecu t h e R o ma n E mp er or . The E m pero r Co m m od us dyi n g in the ye a r o f Ch r ist , lia n iu s , both 1 9 1 , wa s s ucceeded by P e r t i n a x , a n d he by J u On the de a th o f t he t a sho r t ti m e o f who m r eign ed b u s bec a m e E m p e r o r in A D 1 7 2 B ei n g c ured la st , S eve r u s dise a se by a Ch r is t i a n phy si ci a n , he h e o f a d a n ge r o u c a m e so fr ie n dl y to wa r d the m , t h a t he e ve n s uffe r ed his r sed by a Ch r ist i a n fe m a le T he C h r is t i a n s s o n to be n u t her e fo r e fo r seve r a l ye a r s o f his r eig n , e njoyed a r espite m be r s v e r y r a p id Bu t i n c r e a si n g in n u fr o m pe r se c utio n s ly , the fe a r s o f the he a t he n s we r e e x ci t ed , les t thei r r e l d beco m e e n ti r ely s up p l a n te d , a n d i m p ut i n g ligio n sho u s m is fo r t un es whi ch h e fel the e m p i r e to thei r im the v a r i o u p ie ty , a fur io us p e r sec ut io n wa s s udde n ly r a ised a g a i n st F i r e , s wo r d ,w ild be a s t s , a n d i m p r i s o n m e n ts ,we r e t he m r eso r t ed to , a n d eve n t h e de a d b od ies o f Ch r is t i a n s w e r e bj e c t ed t o t he vilest i n s ul t s to r n fr o m thei r g r a v es a n d s u The Gos p e l,n o t wi t hs t a n d i n g , wi t hs t ood t hese a tt a cks , a n d co n t i n ued t o s pr e a d to s uch a deg r ee , t h a t h a d it s vo t a r ies n t r ies , the wi t hd r a wn the m selves to o t he r co u Ro m a n e m pi r e wo uld h a ve bee n g r e a tly d epo p ul a ted Vi cto r , bisho p o f Ro m e , s uffe r ed m a r ty r do m A D 2 01 L eo n id a s , fa t he r o f t h e celeb r a t ed O r ige n , wa s behe a ded a bo ut the s a m e t i m e P r e vio us t o his de a t h , his s o n , in o r de r to e n co ur a ge h im , wr o t e t o h im in t h e fo llo wi n g wo r ds Be r c a r e fo r u s does n o t m a ke ch a n ge wa r e s ir , th a t yo u o u y ” vo ur r esol ut io n S e ve r a l o f O r ige n s he a r e r s a lso s uffe r ed de a th , a m o n g ta r chu who m w e r e t wo b r o t he r s n a m ed Plu s a n d S e re n u s, s , He r o n a n d He r a c lid e s , wh o we r e h e a n o t he r S e r e n u h e a d ed ; Rh a i s a fe ma le , wa s s c a lded , by h a vi n g boil i n g . . . . . . . . . . . ’ . F o x s B OO K o r ’ MA R T Y R S 3] . p it ch po ur ed upo n he r , a n d t he n b ur n ed , wi t h Ma r cel ta her mo Po t a m ie n a , t h e siste r o f Rh a is ,wa s e x ec u t ed in th e s a m e m a n n e r a sho r t t i m e a ft e r , a n d B a s ilid e s t he o ffi ce r who t i o n , wa s co n ve r t ed to Ch r is t i a n i t y by a tt e n d ed h e r e x e c u de Bei n g a ft e r wa r d r eq ui r ed t o t a ke wit n essi n g h e r fo r t i tu sed , s a yi n g ,th a t he co uld n o t s we a r a ce r t a i n o a t h , he r e fu by th e he a the n ido ls , a s he w a s a C h r is t i a n The people co uld n o t a t fi r s t belie v e h im se r io us , b ut o n repe a ti n g t h e be fo r e t he j ud ge , co n d e m n ed a sse r t io n , he wa s d r a gged ffe r ed m a r ty r do m soo n a ft e r t o d e a th , a nd su Ir e n e u s, bishop o f Lyo n s , wa s by b i r t h a G r eek , a n d r ece i ved a Ch r is t i a n ed uc a t io n I t is ge n e r a lly s upposed t h a t the r sec u a cco u n t o f the t io n s a t Lyo n s wa s wr i t te n by h im e p sel f He s ucceeded the m a r ty r P o t hi n us , a n d r uled his d io c e ss wi t h g r e a t p r o p r ie ty He wa s a ze a lo us oppo s e r o f he r esies in ge n e r a l , a n d wr o t e a celeb r a t ed t r a c t o n the s ubj ec t , a bo ut A D 1 87 I n co n se q ue n ce o f a dis p ut e wi th Vi cto r , b ishop o f R o m e ,o n t h e s ubj e ct o f a p a r t ic u la r m o d e o f keepi n g E a s t e r , he be c a m e co n spic u o us a s a ch a m p io n o f C hr is t i a n i t y ,a n d wa s behe a ded by o r der o f the E m pero r , A D 2 02 . . . . . . . . . . . . t i on in A P er s ecu f r ica . T hi s p e r se c utio n e x te n ded i n t o A fr i c a , a n d m a n y we r e m a r ty r e d in co n seq ue n ce o f t hei r p r o fessio n ,a m o n g w ho m wa s a v e r y a m i a b le m a r r ied l a d y by t he n a m e o f Pe r p e S he w a s a bo ut twe n ty s ix ye a r s o f a ge a t t he t i m e a tu she wa s a p p r ehe n ded , a n d h a d a yo un g i n fa n t a t he r b r e a s t He r fa t he r , who lo v ed h e r te n de r ly , v i s i t ed h e r in p r iso n , a n d a tt e m p t ed to pe r s ua de he r to s a v e he r li fe , by s i n g , bec a m e so o n h e r r e fu r en o u n ci n g Ch r is t i a n i t y , a n d e x a spe r a t ed , th a t he be a t he r wi t h se ve r i t y This h o w eve r she bo r e wi t h p a t ie n ce , up o n whi ch he le ft he r , a n d did n o t visi t he r a g a i n fo r seve r a l d ays W he n he d id ,h o w ever , he wa s a ll t e n de r n ess , a n d a t t e m p t ed a g a i n to pr ev a il n ce h e r p r o fessi o n The co n s ul a lso b e o n h e r t o re n o u gh t un i t ed w i t h t h e un h a ppy fa t her , fo r e who m she w a s b r o u in r e p r ese n t i n g t o h e r t h e t e a r s o f he r fr ie n ds , t h e hel p less co n di t io n o f he r i n fa n t , wi t h s uch o t he r a rg um e n t s a s we re r pose , t a ll wa s to n o p u M t likely t o m ake her rec a n t , b u - . . . . . 32 F ’ o x s B OOK o r MA RT YRS . she fi r m ly decl a red , th a t she wa s will i n g t o fors a ke a l fo r Chri s t He r fa ther fi n di n g her i m move a ble , a tte m pted to c a rry her o ff by force ,in whi ch a t tempt he r e ceived a severe blo w fro m o n e o f the soldiers I r r i t a ted a t this , P e r pet ua de cl a red th a t she felt the blo w mo r e seve r ely th a n if it h a d fa lle n o n he r sel f W he n r e m a n ded to priso n she a wa ited with p a tie n ce t he ho ur o f he r e x e c utio n , whe n she wa s p ut to de a th wi t h seve r a l o the r s ,a m o n g who m wa s F e licit a s a m a r rie d Ch r isti a n l a dy , wh o wa s deli vered o f a chi ld the d ay be fore he r e x e c utio n Re vo c a t u m a n a n d sl a ve o f C a r th a ge ,with S a s ,a c a te c h u r , S atu tu r n i n s ,a n d S e c u ndu lu sed o f bei n g Ch r isti a n s s ,a cc u a n d se n te n ced to s u ffe r de a t h a t the s a m e ti m e The fi r st th r ee h a vi n g the co ur a ge to de n o un ce the j udg m e n t o f He a v e n a g a i n st t he i r pe r se c uto r s , we r e co m pelled to r un the g a un t let bet wee n t wo files o f soldiers ,e a ch o f whi ch g a ve the m a seve r e blo w wi t h a l a sh F e lic it a s a n d Pe r pet ua we r e fi r st stripped , a n d t he n th r o wn t o a m a d b ull , whe n he h a d tossed the m seve r a l ti m es ,the s p e ct a to r s de si r ed , th a t fo r dece n cy s s a ke ,their clo t hes m ight b e r epl a c o d ,wh i ch wa s a cco r d i n gly do n e The h ull the n m a de a n a tt a ck u po n the m b ut fa il i n g to desp a tch the m , the e x e cu t io n e r fi n ished his w o r k w i t h hi s s w ord s a nd Re vo ca t u S a t ur were to r n in pie ces by wild be a sts S a t ur n i ns wa s behe a de d , a n d S e c un d ulus died in p r iso n The ir e x e c u tio n s took pl a ce o n the 8 th d a y o f Ma r ch , A D 2 05 The a cc us a tio n s l a id to the ch a r ge o f the Ch r is t i a n s , we r e s e ditio n a n d r ebelli o n a g a i n st the E m p e r o r , s a c r ilege , mu r deri n g o f in fa n ts ,i n cest u o us poll ut io n , e a t i n g r a w flesh , libidi n o us co mm i x t ur e , fo r wh ich m a n y o f those c a lled g n os t ic i were disg ra ced It wa s a lso s a id o f the m th a t they wo s hipp e d the he a d o f a n a s s ; which ch a rge wa s l a id a g a i n st them by the Je ws They were a lso ch a r ged with w o r shippi n g the s un , b e c a use they us ua lly a sse m bled e a r ly in the m or n i n g for t he p ur p ose o f s i n gi n g p r a ises to the ir Redee m e r t wel v e o t he r s we r e behe a ded , as a ls o s a nd S p er a t u Asclepi a des bishop o f An wa s An d r o c h u s , in F r a n ce ffe r ed m a n y to r m e n ts a bo u t this time , b ut hi s life t io c h , s u wa s sp a r ed C ecili a , a yo un g l a dy o f good fa m ily in Ro m e , wa s m a r n g ge n tle m a n by the n a m e o f V a le r i a n , an d ried t o a yo u as . . . . . . . ’ . . . . . . . . . . — . . 84 ’ r ox s B O OK o r MAk r r as. ' 0 C a le p o d iu s , a Ch r isti a n m i n iste r , a ft er in t n e s a m e way t t h e s t r eets in a n i n h um a n m a n n er , b e i n g d r a gged a bo u va s t h r o w n i nt o the Tibe r , wi t h a m ills t o n e a bo ut his Q ui r ita s , a Ro m a n n oble m a n , w i t h his fa m ily a nd n eck do m es t i cs , o n a cco un t o f bei n g C hr is t i a n s , we r e fi r st se a r t i n a , a n obl e r ed , a n d t he n ve re ly t o r t u u t t o de a t h M p l v i r gi n , s uffe r ed m a r ty r d o m , be i n g v a r io usly a n d be a u t i fu to rt ur ed , a n d t he n behe a ded Hippo lit us ,a Ch r is t i a n p r e l a t e , wa s t ied t o a w il d ho r se a n d dr a gged t h r o ugh t he s tr ee t s t ill he wa s d e a d . . . . . D ur i n g t his pe r sec ut io n n um ero us Ch r isti a n s w ere sl a i n r ied i n d isc r i m i n a t e ly in he a ps , so m e wi t ho ut a t r i a l ,a n d b u ti m es fi fty o r si x t y in a p it t oge t he r Bu t Ma x i m u s dyi n g in A D 2 3 8 , a nd b e i n g s ucceede d by Go r di a n , t he pe r sec ut io n ce a sed , n or wa s it r evi ved in the r e ig n O f P hili p ,his s uccesso r , which g a ve t he Ch r is t i a n ch ur c h a r e s p i t e fr om suffe ri ng , fo r a t e r m o f t e n ye a r s ti o n b r oke o ut in Ale x Bu t in A D 2 4 9 , a v iole n t pe r se cu It is , ho weve r , wo r t hy o f rem a r k, t h a t th is wa s a nd r i a do n e a t the i n s t ig a ti o n o f a P a g a n p r iest , wi t ho ut the k n o wledge o f t he E m pe r o r S uch wa s the fur y o f the m o b , ses o f the t h a t t hey b r oke ope n a n d pl u n de r ed the ho u Ch r is t i a n s w i t ho ut disti n c t io n , a n d m ur de r ed t ho s e whom they fo un d , w i t ho ut eve n t he cere m o n y o f a t r i a l Me t r us , a n a ged a n d ve n e r a ble Ch r i s ti a n ,o n r e fu si n g t o bl a sphe m e r , w a s be a t e n w i th cl u bs , p r icked t h e n a m e O f hi s S a vio u Q ui n t a , a wi t h t h o r n s , a n d a ft e r wa r d sto n ed to de a t h Ch r i s t i a n wo m a n , wa s c a r r ied to a he a t h e n t e m ple , b ut r e fu si n g t o s a c r ifice t o idols ,wa s sco ur ged wi t h t ho n gs ,a n d t h e n s t o n ed A pollo n i a , a n a n cie n t m a ide n l a d y , o n co n t, fessi n g he r sel f a Ch r is t i a n , ha d h e r tee t h fi r s t be a t e n o u a n d wa s t he n b o u n d t o a s t a ke fo r t h e p u rnin r pose o f b u g he r S he , ho weve r , r eq ues t ed to be un bo un d , w hich wa s r e a dily co m plied w i t h , s u osi n g t h a t i t wa s he r in te n t io n pp to r e c a n t , b u t , t o t hei r a s t o n ish m e n t , she wa s n o soo n e r a t li b e r t y , th a n she r ushed vol un t a rily i n to t he fl a m es ,where she wa s soo n co n s u med . . . . . . . . . . . . . P er s ecu t i on u n d er t h e E m er or D cc iu s p . Im me di a tely a ft e r the s ucc e s s i o n o f Deci us to th e th r o n e le n t pe r se c u a r ti o n w as r a i s e d a g a i ns t t h Chr i s ti a ns " e . F ox ’ s n o on or MA R T Y RS 35 . p a r tly th r o ugh the h a t r ed th a t he b o r e to his predecesso r , wh o wa s s up posed t o be a C h r is t i a n i n he a r t , a n d p a r t ly th r o ugh a j e a lo usy o f t he r a pid p r og r ess o f the C h r isti a n r ches ha d n o w be c a m e n u Ch ch u m ero u s ri s t i a n r e i i io n g a n d well filled , while t h e he a t he n t e m ples we r e a l m ost d e De ci us p r ovoked a t this , de t e r m i n ed 1 f po ssibl e s e r te d to e x t e r m i n a t e t he ve r y n a m e o f Ch r is t i a n fr o m the e a r t h h r ch , m a ny e r r ors h a d c r e t n fo r tu n a t ely fo r t e ch u a nd , u p in t o it , a n d m a n y o f it s m e m be r s w e r e a t v a r i a n ce w i t h e a c h o t he r In t his un h a p p y s t a t e o f t hi n gs , t he he a t he n s be c a m e a m bi t io us t o e x e c ut e t he i m pe r i a l de c r ee , looki n g upo n t he m ur de r o f C hr is t i a n s ,a s t he m ost a ccep t a ble ser V1 e e t hey co u ld r e n de r to thei r d e ities . . . . Ma r ty r d om of F a b ia n a n d o t her s . Fa b i a n , o f Ro m e , w a s the fi r st p e r so n o f e m i n e n ce wh o gh t t o feel t he se ve r i ty o f t his pe r se c ut io n P hi wa s b r o u li p ,the fo r m e r E m pe r o r ,ha d co m m i t t ed his tr e a s ur es to t he c a r e o f t his good a n d holy m a n , b ut Deci us , fi n di n g them i t a p r ete n ce fo r wr e a ki n g his n o t a s he e x p e c t e d , m a de v e n ge a n ce u po n him H e wa s a c co r di n gly p ut to de a t h by dec a p it a t i o n A b do n a n d S e m e n , t wo P e r si a n s , were s eized o n a s str a n ge r s a n d Ch r is t i a n s , a n d p ut t o de a t h in the s a m e m a n n e r Mo y s e s , a pr ies t , wa s behe a ded fo r t he s a m e r e a so n J uli a n , a n a t ive o f C ic ilia ,wa s seized o n r ed b u fo r b ei n g a Ch r is t i a n , a n d w a s se v e r a l ti m es t o r t u t st ill r e m a i n ed i n fle x i ble He wa s t he n m a de to t r a vel for t wel v e m o n t hs ,t o ge t he r fr o m ci ty t o city, fo r the p ur p ose o f e x posi n g hi m sel f t o t he i n s ults o f the p ubli c S t ill r e fu is h his fa i t h , he w a s se ve r ely s co u r ged a n d s m g t o l e lin q u the n se w ed up in a le a t her b a g wi t h se r pe nt s a n d s co r pio n s , P ete r ,a n a m i a a n d m t his m a n n e r w a s c a s t i n to t he s e a ble yo un g m a n , o f L a mp s a c us , wa s a cc used o f C h r is t i a n s , t he p r o co n s ul o f Asi a , who c o m ity be fo r e O p t i m u s , t o whi c h he replied m e n ded h im t o s a c r ifice to Ve n u I a m a s t o n ished th a t y o u sho uld co m m a n d m e to wo r shi p a w o m a n , who , a cco r di n g t o yo ur o wn his t o r y wa s a vile a n d lice n t io us ch a r a c t e r , a n d g uil ty o f s uch c r i m es a s ni s h w i th d e ath o u r o wn l a w s n o w p u No , I sh a ll o ffer y to t he o n e o n ly livi n g a n d t r ue G o d , t he s a c r i fi ce o f p r a yer . . . . . . . . . 36 F m d p r a ise ’ o x s B OO K o r MA RT YRS . O pti m us o r de r e d him to b e p ut upo n the . ' ra ck , which wa s a cco r d i ngly do n e , a n d most o f his b o n es He ho wever s m iled o n his to r m e n to r s a s we r e broke n ld h a ve i n vited them t o a still g r e a ter t r i a l o f if he w o u His he a d wa s the n struck o ff, a n d his b ody give n s kill to the dogs Nicho m a ch us , a n other C h r ist ia n , b ei n g co mm a n ded b y s to s a c r ifice to idols , re pl ied , I c a n n ot re n der O pti m u ” th a t wo r ship to idols th a t is d ue o n ly to God Upo n this , he wa s i mm edi a tely p l a ced upo n the r a ck , a n d s uffe r ed de , b ut whe n th e to r m e n ts for a while w i t h gre a t fo r t i t u gh to a bj ur e hi s r e a dy to die w i t h p a i n , he wa s we a k e n o u He wa s the r e upo n r ele a sed , whe n he fell i n to t he fa i t h l ho r r or a n d dist r ess , a nd i m m edi a tely fell do wn m ost a wfu a n d e x p ired . . . “ . . . fi l a r ly r d om of Den i s a . De n is a a n a m i a ble yo un g l a dy o f si x tee n ye a rs o f a ge , whe n she b eheld the sig n a l j u dg m e n t o f he a ve n up o n t his n g m a n ,e x cl a i m ed , O ! m ise r a ble wretch wh a post a te yo u , y wo u ld y o uby a m o m e n t s e a se p ur ch a se a m ise r a ble ete r ” n it n which she wa s a sked by O pti m u 2 u o s whethe r s he p y we r e a Ch r isti a n , to whi ch she rep lied in the a ffi r m a tive , whe n he delive r ed h e r ove r to t wo l ibe r ti n es , wh o m a d e s ever a l a tte m pts u po n her ch a s t ity , b ut witho ut s ucces s The v were ho wever a l a r me d a t m id n i ght by a visio n fro m “ ’ . r ’ o x s s o o n O F MA RT Y RS 37 . He a ve n , upo n wh ich t hey fell up o n t hei r k e e e s be fore Thi s ho we ve r d id D e n is e a n d i m plo r ed h e r fo r gi v e n ess r e h e r a g a i n st the r a ge o f O ptim u s , wh o c a us ed n o t sec u ll he r to be des tr oyed by a m a d b u A n d r e w a n d P a ul t wo c m p a n io n s o f Nicho m a c h us , co n fessi n g t he m sel ves Ch r is t i a n s , w e r e co n de m n ed t o die , a n d delive r ed to the m u lti tude wh o sto n ed t he m to de a th They d i ed like t h e fi r st Ch r is t i a n m a r ty r , S te phe n ,c a lli n g upo n the n a m e o f the L o r d Jes us Ale x a n d e r a n d Ep i m a c us o f Ale x a n d r i a , were a pp r e he n ded fo r be i n g C h is t i a n s , a n d o n co n fessi n g t he a cc u s a t io n , we r e be a t wi th s t a v es ,to r n with hooks , a n d fi n a lly b ur n t ; a n d we a r e i n fo r m ed by E usebi us ,t h a t fo ur t e m a le m a r ty r s s u ffe r ed o n t h e s a m e d a y by bei n g behe a d e d L uci a n a n d Ma r ci a n t wo P a g a n m a gi ci a n s ,be c a m e c o n C h r is t i a n i t y , a n d to a t o n e fo r the i r fo r m e r lives , ver ts to bec a m e he r m i t s , s ub s is t i n g o n ly o n b r e a d a n d wa t er A fte r s p e n di n g so m e t i m e in t hi s m a n n e r , t hey refle c ted th a t the i r l i v es we r e i n e ffi cie n t , a n d a cco r d i n gly le ft t heir soli t ud e fo r the p ur pos e o f m a ki n g co n v e r ts to C h r is t i a n i ty B e co m i n g ze a lo us p r e a che r s , they w e r e seized a n d c a rr ied be fo r e t he go v e r n o r o f B i thy n i a , who a s ked t he m by wh a t au t ho r i ty t hey p r e s u m ed to p r e a ch the Ch r i s t 1 a n fa i t h L uci a n a n s we r ed , The l a ws o f Ch r is t i a n ch ar ity a n d h um a n ity obliged t he m to co mfo r t thei r n eighbo ur s Ma r ci a n a lso s a id , Th a t t hei r co n ve r sio n w a s by t he s a m e g r a ce t h a t wa s give n to S t P a ul ,wh o fr o m a ze a lo us per ” sec uto r o f the ch ur ch , b ec a m e a p r e a che r o f the gospel W he n the p r o co n s ul fo un d th a t he co uld n o t p r ev a il o n the m to re n o un ce t hei r fa i th , he o r de r ed t he m to be b ur n t a live , whi ch wa s e x e c uted a cco r d i n gly T r y ph o a n d Re s p ic iu s ,t w o e m i n e n t m e n ,w e r e seized a s Ch r is t i a n s a n d i m p r iso n ed a t N ice They we r e soo n a ft er t to the r a ck ,which t hey bo r e wi t h a d m i r a ble p a tie n c e pu fo r th r ee ho ur s , u tte r i n g t h e p r a ises o f God a t t he s a m e ti m e They we r e t he n e x posed n a ked in t he ope n a ir till a ll thei r l i m bs we r e be n u m bed , whe n they w e r e r e m a n ded to p r iso n , fr o m wh ich t hey we r e a ft e r wa r d t a ke n o ut , gh t h e s t r ee t s , t hei r flesh te n t s co u r ged a n d d r a gged t h r o u su wit h hooks ,a n d v a r io us o t he r to r m e n ts ,whi ch were co u by b ehe a di n g the m in A D 2 5 1 ma t . . o . . r . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . ’ 88 r o x s 3 0 01: o r n ur s e s . Agt ha , a S icili a n l ady , wa s r e m a r k a ble fo r he r be a ut y , r ed Q ui n t a i n , t he go ve r n o r , t h a t he whi c h so e n a m o u po n he r ch a s t ity ,w hi ch p r oved un m a de seve r a l a tt e m pts u s uccess ful Agt ha be i n g a Ch r is ti a n , a n d k n o wi n g him s P a ga n a n d a libe r t i n e , r e m oved fr o m t o be bo t h a ze a lo u the ci t y fo r t he p ur pose o f esc a p i n g his po we r Her r e tr e a t wa s , ho we v e r , discove r e d , a n d she wa s b r o ught b a ck to C a t a n a , a n d delive r ed to the c a r e o f a fe m a le o f in fa mo us ch a r a c t e r , who used eve r y m e a n s in h e r po we r t o ti o n , b u t w i t ho u t e ffec t Q ui n win her ov e r to p r osti t u t a i n o n bei n g i n fo r m ed o f this , de t e r m i n ed to wr e a k his ve n ge a n ce up o n he r S he wa s t he r e fo r e co n de m n e d a s a C hr is t i a n , a n d , a fte r be i n g seve r ely sco ur ge d , wa s t o r t ur ed wi t h r e d h o t pl a t es o f i r o n , h e r fi e s h to r n wi t h b o o k s , a n d fi n a lly she wa s la id n a ked upo n h o t co a ls All t hese tort ur es she bo r e wi t h a d m i r a ble fo r titude , a n d die d o n the ar y , A D 25 1 [ st o f F eb r u . . . . i . . . . [Ma r ty r d o m of C y r i l . Cyril ,b ishop o f G o r ty n a , wa s seized by o r de r o f L uc 1 us , the go v e r n o r o f th a t pl a ce , wh o fi r st e x ho r ted h im to s a ve t t he ve n e r a b le a ble li fe by a r e c a n t a t io n , b u re n is v a l u p r ye a r s old ,r eplied , I h a v e spe n t la t e , wh o wa s eigh t y fo u ls ; I m a n y ye a rs i n te a chi n g othe r s h o w t o s a ve thei r so u m ust n o t n o w lose my o wn fo r r e n o un ci n g m y o n ly S a ” He wa s the n se n te n ced t o b e b ur n ed a live , whi ch r vio u ted wa s a ccordi n gly e x e c u - . . t i o n in P er s ecu C r e te . I n the isl a n d o f Crete this pe r se c u tio n r a ged with g r e a t viole n ce , a s the go v e r n o r o f the pl a ce w a s v e r y a ct i ve i n p utt i n g the dec r ees o f the E m p e r o r i n to e x e c ut io n The r i n ci pa l m a r ty r s , w hose n a m es h a v e bee n t r a n s m i t t ed to u s p ro u lu s , S a tu r n i n s , a n d Eu s , in a r e t he follo w i n g : T h e o d u p h a b i t a n t s o f t he ci ty o f G o r ty n a ; Z e t i c us , E un ic ia n us , Cleo s, ght wh o we r e b r o u m e n es ,Aga t h o pa s ,Ba s t id e s a n d E u a r is t u fr om di ffe r e n t p a r ts o f t h e i s l a n d o n t he ch a r ge o f C h r is They we r e a ll tr ie d a t t he s a m e t i m e , a n d were t la n it y t to c o m m a n ded t o s a c r ifice to t h e g ods o f t h e Ro m an s , b u . . ’ ro x s B O OK o r M A RTYRS 39 . hey r eplied , Th a t they so ught n o g r e a ter e nj o y me n t in t he wo r ld ,th a n t h a t o f s uffe r i n g fo r the c a use o f ” thei r Redee m e r E n r a ged a t this , the gover n or fir s t put the m to t he r a ck ,a n d the n behe a ded the m tms t . . i Ma r ty r d om of B a by la s , bis h op of Ant ioch , a n d o ther s . Ba b y la s wa s a n a tive o f the city o f A n tioch , a n d a m an pe r io r fi r m n ess , a n d e n do wed wi th a li ber a l ed uc a tio n of su He s ucceeded t o t h a t see a t t he d e a t h o f Z e b in us ,in A D ; 2 3 7 . . . H e go ve r n ed the ch ur ch d ur i n g those tro ubleso m e ti m es wi t h g r e a t p r u de n ce O n G o r di a n s de a t h , in the reig n o f De ci us , th a t E m pe r o r c a m e t o A n tio ch , a n d o n e x p r essi n g a desi r e t o visi t t he co n g r eg a t io n o f Ch r is t i a n s in th a t ci t y , w a s opposed b y Ba b y la s H e disse m bled hi s a n ger fo r t h e p r ese n t ,b u t soo n a ft e r se n di n g fo r the b isho p repro ved him wi t h se v e r i t y , a n d co m m a n ded h im to w o r ship the he a t he n dei t ies To do t his he re fused ,upo n whi c h he wa s se n t to p r iso n a n d lo a ded wi t h ch a i n s In a sho r t ti m e a ft e r he wa s b r o u ght o ut to be behe a ded w ith th r e e yo un g m e n wh o h a d b ee n hi s p u pils O n goi n g to the pl a ce o f e x e c uti o n , t he b ishop e x cl a i m ed , B ehold m e a n d the ” c hild r e n th a t t h e L o r d h a th gi ve n m e They we r e m a r ty r ed in A D 2 5 1 ,a n d t he ch a i n s wor n by the bishop we r e bu r ied wi t h h im Ale x a n d e r ,b is h o p o f J e r us a le m ,wa s c a st i n t o pr iso n a bo ut t his t i m e ,o n a cco un t o f his r eligio n ,whe r e he d ied soo n a fte r , in co n seq ue n ce o f the severity o f his t r e atm e n t S e r a pio n o f Ale x a n d r i a ,s uffe r ed m a r tyrdom a b o ut thi s ti m e , by h a v i n g his b o n es broke n , a n d be i n g th r o wn fr o m a lo ft J ul i a n us a n d C r o n io n t wo a ged Ch r isti a n s o f the s a m e p la ce , we r e b o u nd u po n the b a cks o f c a m e ls , severely sco ur ged , a n d t he n co n s um ed wi t h fir e A spec t a tor who see m ed t o co m m ise r a te the m wa s o r de r ed to be behe a ded a s a r e wa r d fo r his se n t i m e n t s o f te n der n ess Ma c a r , a Ly b ia n C h r is t i a n , wa s b u Ho r o n Ate r , Is o d o r us , a nd rn t D io s c h or u s , a b oy o f fi ft ee n , w e r e b u Egypt , a n d r n t in fo r t y vi r gi n s s u ffe r ed m ar ty r do m a t A n t ioch The o d o r a , a yo un g l a dy o f A n ti och , wh o is represe n t ed a s e x ceedi n gly be a u t i fu l ,r e fus i n g t o s a c r ifice to idols , wa s co n dem n ed to a b r o t hel , t h a t he r v i r t ue m ight b e s a crificed ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . o ’ F x s 40 8 0 0K or MA RT Y RS . D idy mus ,a Christi a n ,bei n g i n fo r m ed o f her sit ua tio n , d is g uised hi m sel f a s a Ro m a n ,w e n t t o the ho use ,a n d i n fo r m ed Theo d o r a wh o he wa s He p r e v a iled o n h e r to esc a p e in his d r ess , whi ch she a cco r di n gly did , w h ile he c o n ti n n ed in h e r ste a d He r esc a p e beco m i n g k n o w n , D idy In the me a n mu s wa s i m m edi a tely co n de m n ed to de a t h ti m e Theodo r a , he a r i n g th a t h e r deli ve r e r w a s lik e ly to s uf dge , t h r e w he r sel f a t his feet , a n d b e g fe r , c a m e t o t he j u ged to d ie in his s t e a d But the r ut hless m o n ster orde r ed t he m bo t h to be behe a ded . . . . . Accoun t of O r ig en . O r ige n ,the celeb r a ted presbyte r a n d c a techist o f A le x a n d r i a , a t the a ge o f si x ty fo ur ye a r s , wa s seized a n d thro wn mt o a lo a thso m e priso n , his feet pl a ced in the stocks , a n d h is legs e x te n ded to the u t m ost fo r se ve r a l d ays He wa s th r e a te n ed wit h fi r e , a n d eve r y othe r to r m e n t th a t the m a tors co uld in ve ns , b ut his Ch r isti a n lign ity o f his pe r sec u fo r tit u de bo r e him th r o ugh a ll No t w i t hs t a n di n g , the e x e cu t io n e r s w e r e co m m a n ded to e x te n d his s u ffe r i n gs a s lo n g a s possi ble , t h a t de a t h m ight n o t too soo n rele a s e him , he b o r e a ll wi t ho u t a m ur m ur , a n d his fa ith see m ed r a the r to i n c r e a se w ith his p a i n s D ur i n g his p r o ffe r i n g the E m pe r o r Deci u s d ied , a n d t r a cted sce n es o f s u cceed ed by G a ll us , who bei n g e n g a ged in a wa r wa s s u wi t h the Goths , the Ch r is t i a n ch u r ch e nj o yed a r espi t e se a so n D ur i n g t he i n te r va l fr o m pe r se c u t io n fo r a O r ige n ob t a i n ed his libe r ty a n d r e m o v ed t o T y r e , whe r e he r e m a i n ed t ill his de a t h , whi ch o cc ur r ed in t h e si x ty n i n t h ye a r o f his a ge A m o n g those who a re di s t i n g uished by r ch , fe w dese r ved i t more t h e t i t le o f fa t he r s o f the c h u th a n O r ige n ,fo r fa ithfuln es s ,z e a l,a n d piety B esides p e r fo r m i n g his o t he r d u t ies , it i s s a id t h a t he wr ote t h e in cr e d i ble n um be r o f seve n t ho us a n d vol umes o n d iffet e n t s ub - . . . , . , - . . j e ct s . mer o u s M a r t r s i n t h e r ie n o Nu D eciu s g y f . Besides those m a r ty r s a l r e a dy m e n t io n ed , gr e a t n um b ers ffered in P h r ygi a , C a p p a doci a ,Asi a Mi n o r ,a nd other p a rts su 42 Fox ’ s B O OK o r MA RT Y RS . q ue n c o o f whi ch , they we r e b r o ught b a ck to Rome , a n d ffe r i n g a v a r ie ty o f to r t u a ft e r s u r es , we r e fi n a lly to u t p de a t h by behe a di n g In t he s a m e ye a r S te ph a n u s , b ishop o f Ro m e , wa s b e he a de d , a n d S a t ur n i n s , bisho p o f T h o ulo use , wa s tied to the t a il o f a b ull , wh ich wa s d r ive n d o wn the st e p s o f a he a t he n te m ple , by whi c h m e a n s his b r a i n s we r e d a shed ou t S e x t us s ucceed ed S teph a n us a s b ishop o f Ro m e , a n d is rep r ese n ted a s a m a n o f e x t r a o r di n a r y p r u de n ce ,le a r n in g , a n d piety W he n a n edi c t wa s sig n ed by Va le r i a n fo r p u tti n g to d e a th a ll the Ch r isti a n clergy a t Ro m e , S e x tu s is s a id to h a ve bee n o n e o f the fi r st wh o felt its se ve r i ty He wa s behe a ded , ac cord i n g to Cypri a n , A ug ust 6 th ,A D 258 . . . . . . . . Ma r ty r d om of S t L a ur en ce . . L a ur e n ti us , ge n er a lly c a lled S t L a ure n ce , wa s a d e a co n u n de r S e x t u s , a n d follo wed him to the pl a ce o f e x e cu tio n J ust be fo r e he s uffe r ed , S e x t us predi cted th a t L a u r e n t iu s wo u ld m eet him in he a v e n w ithi n th r ee d a ys C o n s id e r in r en ti u this ce t i i n dic a tio n o f hi s fa t e , L a u s r a n a a s g we n t ho m e , c a lled t h e poo r people o f t he ch u r ch to gethe r , a n d dist r i b ut ed a m o n g the m a ll the m o n eys c o m m it te d to h is c a r e ,t hi n ki n g ,in t he p r ese n t c r isis ,t h a t it co uld n o t be be t t e r dis o s ed o f nd u a l a r m i n g the His co c t er p p se c u t o r s , t hey i m m e d i a t ely seize d h im , a n d co m m a n d ed h im in t he n a m e o f t he E m pe r o r to gi ve a n a cco un t o f th e ch ur ch t r e a s ur e s e n t r usted t o h is ch a r ge This he pr o m ised t o do if t hey w o u ld give him t i m e t o put t hi n gs in t he ir p r o p e r o r de r T h r ee d a ys we r e a llo wed h im , d ur i n g m be r o f a ged , i n fi r m , whi ch ti m e he colle cted a g r e a t n u a n d i m po t e n t oo r , a n d t a ki n g t he m be fo r e t he m a gist r a t e p ” s a id These a r e t he tr ue t r e a s ur es o f t he ch ur ch P r o v oked a n d dis a ppoi n te d ,t he gove r n o r in a g r e a t r a g e s co ur ged , the n bi n d i n g him o r de r ed h im to b e se v e r ely po n a woode n ho r se , a n d tyi n g weights t o his h a n ds a n d u t t h e s t r eets till seve r a l o f his (b e t , they d r a gged him a bo u n a l a r ge oi He w a s t he n pl a ced u o n ts w e r e disloc a t e d p j gr idi r o n o ve r a s lo w fi r e fo r a lo n g t i m e ,a n d n ot wi t hst a n di n g c alm a lly r o a sted a liv e , he r e m a i n ed ha t he wa s a ct u . . . . . . ~ . . t F ’ o x s B OO K o r MA RT YR S 43 . an d colle cted , e ve n to the l a st m o m e n t ,e x ho r t i n g t he spe c t a t or s to e m b r a ce t h e r el igio n o f J es u s Ch r is t It is a l s o s a id o f h im ,th a t a ft e r h a v i n g bee n a w h ile o n t h e g r idi r o n , he c a l led o u t j o cosel y t o t h e E m p e r o r , wh o wa s p r ese n t ,in a L a ti n dis t ich , which m a s y be t r a n sl a t ed th u . Th s s i d Th t u i e en o en rn ugh is to as t ed, m e t y r a n t, a n d e a t ; h h b s d An d s e e w e t er r a w o r r o a t e , I a m t h e e t t er m e a t . the e x ec ut io n e r t ur n ed h im ove r , a n d h a vi n g l a id a while lo n ge r o n the othe r side , he a g a i n c a lled o ut to the E m p e r o r , s a yi n g t h a t he w a s n o w s uffi cie n tly r o a sted a n d wa s r e a dy to b e se r ved u H e the n chee r fully li ft ed p up hi s eyes to he a v e n a n d with c a l m n ess y iel d ed up his b r e a t h Th i s o cc ur r e d o n th e l 0t h d a y of Augus t , A D 2 58 Ro m a nu s , a soldie r wh o a tte n ded the e x ec uti o n o f L a ur e n t i us , wa s s o st r uck wi t h his fi r m n ess , th a t he b e c a m e a co n ve r t a n d wa s i mm e di a tely behe a ded O n this . . . P er s ecut i on in Af r i ca . . . Ab o ut this ti m e t h e pe r se c utio n r a ged in A fr i c a wi t h pe c uli a r v iole n ce ,a n d m a n y tho us a n d s r ecei v e d the c r o wn o f m a r ty r do m , a m o n g who m the follo w i n g we r e the m ost d is t i n g uished Cy p r i a n , b isho p o f C a r th a ge , w a s a n e m i n e n t p r el a t e , s o r n a m e n t to the ch ur ch His do c t r i n es we r e o r a n d a pio u a ge e a sy a n d eleg a n t , a n d his r e , his l a n g u th o d o x a n d p u l H e wa s s a id t o h a v e bee n so p e r fect in m a n n e r s gr a ce fu t i o n a n d t he p r i n ci ples o f philoso p hy , t h e p r a c t i ce o f eloc u th a t he wa s m a de a p r o fesso r o f t hese b r a n ches in his n a t ive H e wa s b r ed up in the r eligio n o f t he G e n ci ty o f C a r t h a ge n e , live d in g r e a t p o m p tiles , a n d p ossessi n g a l a r ge fo r t u r In thi s m a n n e r he spe n t t h e fo r m e r p a r t o f a n d s p le n do u lgi n g in e v e r y se n s ua l g r a t i fic a t io n , till a bo ut h is li fe , i n d u A D 2 46 , w he n beco m i n g a cq u a i n t ed w ith t h e p r i n ciple s gh t he p r e a chi n g o f C Oe c i o f the C h r is t i a n r el igio n t h r o u li us , he i m m e d i a t ely be c a m e a co n ve r t o f Ch r ist ia n i t y , a n d dis osed o f t h e g r e a t e r po r t io n o f his est a t e , d is tr i p b uted the w hole o f it a m o n g t h e poo r , d r essed h i m sel f s t e r ity a n d in pl a i n a t t i r e , a n d co m m e n ced a li fe o f a u S oo n a fter thi s he wa s m a de a p r esbyte r , an d de so lit u . . . . . . . . 44 F ’ o x s B O O K o r MA R T Y RS . his vi r t ues , wa s ele cted bishop o f C a rth a ge in A D 2 48 In the ye a r 2 50 he wa s p u b licly p r e s c r ib ed by the e m pe r o r D e ci u s , an d wa s in g r e a t d a n ge r o f s uffe r i n g m a r ty r do m fr o m t he r a ge a n d fur y o f the p a g a n s H e ho we v e r wi t hd r e w fr o m the r a ge o f the l a ce , upo n whi ch his e ffects we r e i mm e d i a tely co n p op u fi s ca te d D ur i n g hi s r eti r e m e n t he wr ote o ft e n t o his flock fo r the p ur p ose o f wa r n i n g the m a g a i n st m a n y evil s th a t we r e n o w begi n n i n g to c r eep i n t o t h e ch ur ch , a n d n e a si n ess Bu which g a ve h im g r e a t u t a ll his e ffo r t s a n d whe n t he r igo u we r e i n e ffe ct ua l tio n r o f the pers ec u wa s a lit t le a b a ted , he r e t u r n ed a g a i n to C a r th a ge fo r t he r ch r pose o f e x n gi n g these e r rors fr o m the ch u Bu t pu pu a t e r r ible pl a g u e soo n b r e a ki n g o ut in t he ci ty , a s us ua l it wa s i m p u ted to the impie ty o f t he Chris t i a n s , a n d t he per se cu t io n wa s a g a i n r evived a g a i n st the m with gre a ter v igo u r th a n be fo r e Cyp r i a n wa s b r o ught be fo r e the p r o co n s ul , a n d co m m e n ded to co n fo r m to the religi o n o f the e m p i r e , b u t he boldly r e fused , a n d m a de a n o p e n a vo wa l o f his fa ith This , ho weve r , d id n o t o cc a si o n his d e a th , b ut he wa s b a n is h e d t o a s m a ll city o n the L iby a n s e a A fter the de a t h l, he ret u o f the p r o co n s u r n ed a g a i n t o C a r t h a ge , whe r e he wa s seized by the go v e rn o r , w h o o r de r ed him to b e h e he a ded ; whi ch wa s a cco r di ngly d o n e o n the 1 4 t h d ay o f S epte m be r , A D 2 5 8 S e ve r a l o f his d i s ciples were a ls o m a rt yr ed a t the s a m e time b ei n g gr e a tly a d m i r ed fo r . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . n d r ed C hr i s tia n s Ma r ty r d om of thr ee h u . P e r h a ps t here is n o t a m o r e st r iki n g i n st a n ce re corded in ch u r ch histo r y o f Christi a n fortit ude o n the o n e h a n d , and c r u elty o n the o t he r , t h a n th a t whi ch t r a n s p i r e d in t h e ci ty o f Utic a , d u ri n g t he tio n be fo r e m e n p e r sec u t io n e d Three h und r ed Ch r isti a n s , o f bo t h se x es , we r e pl a ced a r o un d t he o r i fice o f a b ur n i n g li m ekil n , a n d a p a n o f co a ls a n d i n ce n se be in g p r e p a r ed , t hey we r e co m m a n d e d either to s a c r i fice to J u p i te r , o r be t h r o w n i n t o the They a ll wi t h o n e a cco r d r e fused to s a c r i fice , a n d fla me jum p ed i n to t he pit them selve s ,where t hey we r e s uffo c a te d immed i a t ely . . . F O X S B O O K o r M AR I Y R S 46 ‘ ‘ . n t o a C h r is t ia n L a d S ing u la r Acc ou f y . b eau s , gove rn o r o f Ale x a n d r i a , h a d a tifu P h l ipp u . g ht e r , who ha d r e ceived a libe r a l ed uc a tio n a n d eve ry d au othe r a cco m plish m e n t th a t the a ge a d m itte d H a vi n g bee n m uch in the comp an y o f Ch r is t i a n s , she a t le n gt h b e c a m e a co n ve r t , a n d t o esc a pe t he pe r sec ut io n th a t wa s ’ the n r a gi n g , s he esc a ped fr o m he r fa t he r s ho use , clo t hed he r sel f in m a le a ttire , a n d c a lli n g h e r n a m e E uge n i us ,wa s a d m it t ed i n t o a co n v e n t o f Ch r is t i a n s , o f whic h , a t le n g t h , b y r e a so n o f h e r v i r t u e a n d le a r n i n g , she wa s m a de the he a d He r e , it is s a id , she pe r fo r m ed m a n y m ir a cles , a n d r ed by h e r , w a s a m a tro n o f a m o n g o t he r s w h o w e r e c u A le x a n d r i a , by the n a m e o f Mel a n ci a , wh o , s up posi n g her t o be a m a n , co n cei v ed a c r i m i n a l p a ssio n fo r h e r , a n d beso ught her to g r a t i fy he r d esi r es E uge n i us e x ho r ted e in t he p a t h o f v i r t ue , b ut Mel a n ci a , e n he r t o co n ti n u o f a n e x pos u r e , d ete r m i n ed r a ed a t t h e r e fu s a l ,a n d fe a r fu l g s a t io n Sh e a cco r d i n gly a cc used t o a n t i ci p a te t he a c c u E uge n i us a n d he r co m p a n io n s o f a n a tte m pt to d e b a uch h e r , upo n w hich they we r e i mm edi a t ely a pp r ehe n ded a n d brou gh t b e fo r e P hili pp us ,t h e go ve r n o r E uge n i us ,t hi n ki n g i t n o w n o ti m e fo r d 1ss im ula t io n , disclosed he r sel f to P hi lipp us a s his d a ughte r , a n d h e r t wo co m p a n io n s , Pr o t he us a nd Hia c in t h us , a s t wo p io us e un uchs , a n d r eve a led to h im the c a u se o f h e r dep a r t ur e By t his the j udges we r e fu lly s a t is fied a s to he r i n n o cence , a n d he r a cc user wa s utte r ly co n fo un ded P hili p p us w a s soo n a ft e r co n ve r ted ffe r ed m a r ty r do m , b u t o Ch r is t i a n i ty a n d s u ge n i us , go t Eu in g to Ro m e ,wa s a pp r ehe n de d a s a Ch r isti a n ,a n d a ss a iled wi t h v a r io u s ki n ds o f to r m e n t , fr o m a ll o f whi ch she wa s . . . . . . . m i ra cu lo usly delive r e d S he wa s fi r st c a st i n to the Tibe r wi t h a s t o n e a bo u t he r n eck , b ut wa s n eve r theless s a ved fro m d r o w n i n g S he wa s n e x t p ut i n t o a sc a ld i n g b a th bu r ed ; a n d l a stly , bei n g c a st i n to pris e t esc a p ed u n i nj u . . to die o f h un ge r ,wa s fe d in a s upe r n a t ur a l m a nn er F a te of t h e E mp er or Va ler ia n . . This tyr a n t , who so l o n g a n d so c r uelly perse c uted t he C hr is t i a n ch ur ch , wa s fi n a lly t a ke n p r iso n er by S a p ho r es , ki n g o f P e r si a , wh o t r e a ted him with the m ost un e x a m ple d 46 r ox ’ s B OOK o r M A R T Y RS . in dig n ity , m a ki n g him to k n eel do wn , a n d pl a ci n g n is fo ot upo n his n eck whe n he mo un t ed his ho r se H a vi n g k ept him in t his m a n n e r fo r seve n ye a r s ,he fi r s t c a used his eye s t ou t ,a n d the n o r de r e d him t o be fl a yed a live ,a n d to be p u to h a ve his body r ubbed wit h s a l t U n der t his ope r a t io n . . he died Va leri a n wa s s ucceeded by G a llie nus , h is s o n , in A D 2 6 0, d u ri n g whose r eig n the ch ur ch wa s mostly free fro m perse c utio n . . . . C T he n in th a nd H A P T E R IV . t io n s t en t h p er s ecu E mp er o r s un d er th e R oma n . G a llie n us wa s s ucceeded by A ureli a n , wh o , in A D t io n a g a i n s t t he Ch r is t i a n s a n d 2 7 4 , co m m e n ced a pe r sec u c a used m a n y to b e p ut t o de a th , a m o n g who m w a s Fel i x , b isho p o f Ro m e , who wa s behe a ded t he 2 2 d d a y o f De Bu r de r ed soo n a f ce m b e r , 2 7 4 t the e m p e r o r bei n g m u ter , by hi s o wn d o m es t i cs , he wa s s uccee d ed by T a cit us H e be i n g soo n a ft e r sl a i n , wa s s ucceeded by P r o b us , a n d he a g a i n by C a r us This E m p e r o r , b ei n g killed by ligh t n i n g , w a s s ucceeded by h is so n s , C a r in us a n d N um e ri a n , d ur i n g the r eig n o f a ll whi ch the ch ur ch e nj oyed a st a te o f r est D iocle t i a n n e x t s ucceeded to the th r o n e , in A D 2 84 , r to the C h r is t i a n s , b u t in a n d a t fi r s t sho w ed g r e a t fa v o u the ye a r 2 86 , he a sso ci a t ed w i t h h im in t he e m p i r e Ma x i mi a n , a n d the follo wi n g Ch r isti a n s we r e p ut to de a th b e t io n co mm e n ced Felici a n a n d fore a ny ge n er a l pe r sec u s , t wo brothers , we r e se i zed b y a n o r de r fr om the Pr i m u e m pe r o r , a n d co n fessi n g t hemselves C hristi a ns , we r e first to r t u r ed a n d the n behe a ded Ma r c us a n d Ma r ce lia n us were t wo t wi n brothers o f n o b le d esce n t Thei r p a r e n ts we r e he a t he n , b ut they , h a vi n g bee n b r o ught up un de r the c a r e o f Ch r isti a n t ut o r s , ha d e m b r a ced t h e Ch r is t i a n fa ith They we re se nte n ced to d e a th o n a cco u n t o f thei r fa ith , b u t a respi t e o f a . . . . . . . . . . . . Fo x ’ s B O OK o r ms n r x a s 47 . mo n th wa s a llo wed the m , d uri n g whi ch ti m e the i r p a r e n ts s e d eve ry m e a n s in t heir po we r t o win t hem a n d fr i e n d s u ove r to p a g a n i s m ,b ut a ll t o n o p ur pose Thei r co n st a n cy fi n a lly wo n o v e r t hei r pe r s ua de r s t o Ch r is t i a n i t y , a n d the whole fa m i ly e c a m e co n v e r t s j u s t be fo r e the s e n t e n ce wa s e x ec u t ed e ng m e n t n e t w o yo u n g m e n , b ei ng T r a n q uillin u s , m e fa t h e r o f t he t wo yo u se n t fo r b y t h e p r e fe t , t o gi v e a n a cco un t o f the s uc cess i n ste a d o f p r eva ili n g o f his e d e a v o u r s , he r e plied , t h a t n c e r he 1 r r eligi o n , he h a d hi m sel f b e o n his so n s to r e n o u co m e a co n ve r t to Ch r i s ti a n i t y Ht: f u e n s t e pp e d till the m i ng m a gis t r a te h a d reco ver e d fr o m h is s u r prise , a n d r e s u his disco ur se , used s uch a r g um e n t s a s p t e va ile d upo n the m a gi s t r a t e hi m sel f t o be c o m e a co n ve r t , wh o i m medi a tely t he r e u po n r esig n ed his o ffi ce , a n d s p e n t the re m a i n d e r o f his d a ys in p io us re t i re m e n t Hi s s uccesso r in o ffi ce wa s a m a n o f a ve r y m o r ose a n d c r u el t m p e r , whose fi r st offi f c ia l a c t w a s to co m pel this n e wly co n v e r ted fa m ily to s u fe r a v a r iety o f to r t u r e , a fter which they w e r e a ll behe a ded These , wi t h seve r a l o t he r pe r so n s o f dis t i n c t io n , s uffe r ed m a r ty r do m be fore a ge n er a l persec u t io n w a s co mm e n ced . e ' n . c r . . e . . J I a s s a cr e of a wh o le L eg io n of C hr is t ia n S o ld ier s . A ve r y r e m a r k a ble e v e n t o cc ur r ed in A D 2 86 A legio n o f soldie r s , co n sisti n g o f 6 6 6 6 m e n , co n t a i n ed n o n e bu t Ch r is t i a n s This wa s c a lled the Theb a n L egio n , b e c a use t he m e n ha d bee n r a ised in Thebes They h a d bee n q ua r t e r ed in t he e a st , t ill t he e m pe r o r Ma x imia n co m m a n ded t he m to m a r ch t o G a ul , t o a ssis t in q uelli n g a r ebellio n in B u rg u nd y H a v i n g p a ssed t he Alps , t he e m e r o r o r dered a ge n e r a l s a c r ifice , a t whi c h t h e w hole a r m y p we r e to a s sist ; a fte r whi ch they were to t a ke the o a t h o f a llegi a n ce , a n d s w e a r a t t h e s a m e t i m e , to a ssi st him in the e x t i r p a ti o n o f Ch r is t i a n i ty fr o m G a ul To this m e a s ure t he wh ole legi o n a bsol utely re fuse d ob edie n ce , p r o fes s i n g t o t h e e m pe r o r , t h a t t hey were re a dy to se r ve him whe n his l a w s did n o t i n ter fere with the co m m a n d s o f t hei r Divi n e Ma ste r , b ut whe n t he oppo site wa s the c a se , they sho uld o n a ll o cc a sio n s h a z a r d t he co n seq ue n ces o f ob eyi n g God r a t her t h a n m a n Ma x i mi a n , i n s t e a d o f b ei n g s o ft e n ed a t t h is reply , o r de r ed t he . . . . . . . . 48 F ’ o x s B O OK o r M A RT Y RS . whol e legio n to b e p u t to the s wo r d , whi ch wa s a c c ord ingly do n e , o n the 2 6 th d ay o f S eptember , A D 2 86 . . . Alba n , t he F ir s t B r itis h M a r ty r . Alb a n , fr o m who m S t Alb a n s in He r t fordshi r e re ce ive d He wa s o r igi n ally i ts n a m e , wa s the fi r st B r i t ish m a r tyr r a lly o f a h um a n e d ispositio n , he a p a g a n , a n d bei n g n a t u shelte r ed a Ch r is t i a n m issi o n a ry n a m ed A m phib a l us , wh o wa s p u r su ed o n a c co un t o f his r eligio n The pio us e x gitive ,led Alb a n a m ple a n d edi fyi n g co n ve r s a tio n o f the fu to i n q ui r e i n to the p r i n ciples o f a r eligi o n th a t p r od uced s uch fr uits , a n d the co n seq ue n ce wa s , he soo n b e c a m e a co n ve r t t o C h r isti a n i t y T h e e n emies o f A m phib a l us , le a r n i n g a t l en gth whe r e he ha d t a ke n shelte r , c a m e in p ur s uit o f him , upo n which Alb a n p r ev a iled o n h im to e x ch a n ge d r esses wit h h im , a n d m a ke his esc a pe in dis guise Wh e n the p ur s ue r s c a m e to the ho use o f Alb a n , he o ffe r ed hi m sel f to the m , wh o took him i m m edi a tely b e fore The a m a gist r a te , whe n the de cep t i o n w a s dis co v e r ed s , dete r m a gist r a te , e n r a ged a t the es c a pe o f A m phib a l u He a ccordi n gly m i n ed to wr e a k his r eve n ge o n Alb a n co m m a n ded h im to s a c r i fice to th e p a g a n dei t ies , whi ch Alb a n r e fusi n g to do , a n d co n fessi n g hi m sel f a chr isti a n , ell y sco ur ged ,a n d t he n behe a ded This ha p was fi r st c r u pe n ed o n the 2 2 d d a y o f J un e , A D 2 87 , a t Ve r ul a m , n e w St Alb a n s , in He r t fo r dshi r e A m a g n ifice n t ch ur ch wa s e r ected o n the spo t a b o ut t he ti m e o f Co n st a n ti n e , whi ch r i n g t h e S a x o n wa r s A n other ch urch wa s dest r oyed d u a n d m o n a s t e r y w a s a ft e r wa r d e r ected o n the s a me sp ot s ome r em a i n s o f whi ch a r e still visible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t i on , u n d er D ioc let ia n S econ d P er s ecu . Not withst a n di n g the r epe a ted e ffo r ts o f the he a the n t o e x te r m i n a te t h e Ch r isti a n s ,the y i n cre a sed so fa st th a t theJ m be r s Forget ha d n o w b eco m e fo r m id a ble by thei r n u ght ti n g , ho weve r , the p r e cepts o f thei r religio n , whi ch t a u dy in their m ility a n d m eek n ess , they bec a m e g a u the m h u a p p a r el , a n d e x t r a v a g a n t in t hei r m a n n e r o f livi n g , i n so ch th a t they e x cited the e n vy o f the he a the n ,who were mu i rep t o n a ri n g to co m m e n ce a g a i n st them a n other perse c u p . . 50 F ’ o x s B O OK o r M A R T Y RS . of the provi n ci a l gove r n ors , we a ry o f the repe a te d ffe r i n g th a t t hey h a d bee n co m pelled to w it s ce n es o f s u n ess , a dd r essed th e e m pe r or , besee chi n g h im to w i t hd r a w sio n o f blood W it h these r e h is edi ct , a n d s top the e ffu ques t s he co m p li ed , a n d t his lo n g a n d cr uel perse c utio n ght to a close wa s a t le n g t h b r o u It wo uld e x ceed t he b o un ds o f the prese n t wo r k to e n um e r a te the m a n y e m i n e n t pe r so n s , o f b oth se x es , wh o r i n g this lo n g sce n e o f a ffl ictio n , n o r h a ve we perished d u room to de t a il the m a n y i n st a n ces o f C h r is t i a n fortit ude th a t were e x hibited by those wh o we r e m a rtyr ed A fe w e x a m ples sh a ll s uffi ce S eb a sti a n , a celebra ted a nd holy m a n , wh o wa s a n o ffi ce r o f the emperor s g ua r d , co n ti n ued ste a d fa st in the fa ith d u r in g this bl oody perse c utio n , a n d wa s h ighly estee m ed b oth by C hr isti a n s a n d he a the n He wa s , ho w eve r , i n fo r m ed a g a i n st by a prete n ded Ch r isti a n , a n d b r o ught b e fo r e the e m peror , who r e p r o a ched him w ith in g r a tit ude , for d ar i n g to p r o fess a r eligio n th a t he hi m sel f disco un te n a n ced To w hi ch S eb a sti a n replied , th a t his r eligi o n wa s o f go od a n d n o t o f evil te n de n cy , a n d t a u ght him to do n othi n g co n t r ar y to the i n terest o f hi s ma ster , a n d th a t the g r e a test p r oo f he co u ld give o f his fidelity , was the p r a yi n g to the o n ly tru e God fo r his he a lth a n d p r osperi t y I n ce n sed a t t his re p ly , the e m pe r o r o r de r e d s him to b e t a ke n to a field n e ar t h e city , c a lled t he C a m p u Ma r tins , a n d there b e shot w ith a rr o ws This wa s a c r is t i a n s , o n t a ki n g u his b ody do ne ,bu so m e Ch co r d in l t p gy si n g p r o fo r i n t e r m e n t , discove r ed sig n s o f li fe ; a n d by u t t his p e r m e a n s , he wa s soo n resto r ed a g a i n to he a l t h ; b u was o n ly p r ep a r a to r y to a seco n d m ar ty r do m , fo r , pl a ci n g hi m sel f n e a r a h e a the n te m ple , he w a ited till the e m p e r or a pp r o a ched , wh o wa s n o t a l ittle a sto n ished in fi n di n g h im still a live Nor wa s he less s ur p r ise d whe n S eb a sti a n , ke him fo r his m a n y wi t h g r e a t b old n ess , beg a n to r eb u elty W he n the e m pe r o r s s ur p r ise wa s a li tt le a cts o f cr u s ubsided , he o r de r ed him to be be a t e n to de a th w i t h cl ubs , whi ch wa s a cco r di n gly do n e ,a n d his body wa s th r o w n i n t o a se w e r , fr o m whi ch it wa s r ecovered by a fe m a le m e m ber r ch , a n d i n te r r ed with the -r ights o f Chri sti a n o f the ch u rial bu ma ny . . . . ’ . . . . . ’ . . Fox ' s B O OK o r MA R T Y R S 5 . No ble con d uc t of thr ee Chr is tz a n F r iend s ” . s, W hile Ma x i m us , gove r n or o f C ili ci a , wa s a t T a rsu thr ee Christi a n s we r e b r o ugh t be fo r e him , by De m e tr i us ,a mili ta r y o ffi ce r T a r a c hus , the eldest o f t he th r ee , wa s s , wh a t he wa s ? The p r iso n er repl ied , a ske d by Ma x i mu The go v e r n o r , o ffe n ded a t t his a n s we r , c o m a C h r is t i a n ma n d e d h im to s a c r ifice to the gods , ad di n g , a t the s a m e ti m e , t h a t by so d oi n g he wo uld g a i n h is fa vo ur To t his T a r a c hu s replied , th a t to b e a follo wer o f Ch r ist wa s the o n ly ho n o ur t h a t he desi r ed in this world , a n d so fa r fr o m co v e t i n g th e co n di t io n o f s uch a s he , he co n side r ed h im r a the r a n obj e ct o f pi t y , i n a s m uch a s he wa s a worshipper of du m b idols , a n d d e ce ived a n d led a str a y by the devil F o r this b old n e ss o f spee ch h is j a ws we r e co m m a n ded to be b r oke n , a n d he wa s th r o wn i n to p r iso n to a wa it the tr i a l o f t h e o t her p r iso n e r s Pr ob u s wa s n e x t b r o ught be fo r e Ma x i m us ,wh o , a s usua l , a sked his n a m e To t his he r eplied , The most n ob le ” n a m e th a t 1 c a n bo a st o f is th a t o f Ch r is t i a n Th a t na m e w ill be o f li t t le se r vi ce to ou s s a id Ma x i m u he , y the r e fo r e guided by m e S a crifice to the gods ; e n g a ge ” my fr ie n dshi p , a n d the fa vo ur o f the e m pe r o r P rob us n obly a n s we r ed , As he ha d a l r e a d y s a c r i ficed m uch for the n a m e o f Ch r is t i a n , it m ight a p pe a r evide n t t h a t b e n eithe r c a r ed fo r his fr ie n dship ,o r the fa vo u r o f t h e e m pe ror He wa s the n seve r ely sco ur ged , a n d De m etr i us observ i n g h o w t h e blood flo w ed ,e x ho r t ed h im to r eli n q uish his p r o fessi o n o f Ch r i st ; b ut P rob us a n s we r ed th a t n o t hi n g r e t h a n to b e fo u n d wo r thy to ga ve h im g r e a te r ple a s u ” s uffe r fo r Ch r ist s s a ke s , does \Vha t , s a id Ma x i m u ” the m a d m a n s t ill pe rs ist in his r esol ut i o n ? To this he an s w e r ed , The t er m m a d m a n is ill a p plied to a disciple ” of J csu s He wa s the n a g a i n sco ur ged , lo a ded with ch a i n s , a n d co n sig n ed to p r iso n A n d r o n ic us wa s n e x t b r o ught forth , a n d be i n g a sked wh o he wa s ,r eplied , I a m a Ch r is t i a n ; a n a ti ve o f Eph e s , a n d desce n ded fr o m o n e o f t h e n oblest fa m ilies in th a t su ” city H e wa s o r de r ed to un de r go a si m il a r p un is hm e n t to th a t o f T a r a c h u s , a n d wa s the n rem an ded t o s a n d P r ob u priso n Ha vi n g b e e n co n fi n ed fo r some d a ys ,th ey we re b ro u t h g . . . . . . . . . . ’ . . . . . 52 Fox ’ s no o n MA RT Y RS or g a in be fore Ma x im us , w h o a t firs t beg a n t o re a so n W i t h the m , b ut fi n di ng t he m s t ill s t e a d f ast , he c a use d t he m to be to r t ur e d in v a r io us w a ys , a ft e r w hich he a g a i n i n q ui r ed o f the m whe the r t hey wo uld n o t r eli n q uish t heir fa i t h a n d ” s a c r i fi ce t o t he go d s I co m e b e t t e r p r e p a r ed , rc p lie d P r o b us fo r wh a t I h a v e s u ffe r ed h a s o n ly t h a n be fo r e stre n g t he n ed m e in my r esol ut io n Em ploy yo ur whole po we r upo n m e a n d y o u sh a ll fi n d t h a t n e i t he r y o u, n o r yo ur m a s t e r t h e e m p e r o r , o r t he gods who m y e se r v e , n o r eve n t he D e v il , who is yo ur fa t he r , s ha ll co m pel m e to ” wo r shi p idols The go v e r n o r ,ho weve r , a tt e m p t ed a g a i n to a so n wi t h h im ; e x t olle d , in t he m os t e x t r a v a g a n t m a n n e r , t he gods who m t hey s e r ved ; to who m P r ob u s r epli e d S h a ll I p a y di v i n e ho n o ur s to J up i t e r , to o n e who m a r r ied his o w n sis t e r ; to a n i n fa m o u s deb a uc hee , a s ” he is a ck n o wledged t o h a ve bee n eve n by yo ur o wn poets P r o v oked a t t his , t he go v e r no r o r d e r ed h im t o be s t r uck upo n t h e m o uth fo r ut t e r i n g w ha t he co n side r ed t o b e bl a s phe m y H e w a s t he n tor t ur ed in v a r i o us ways a n d c o n sig n ed aga i n t o p r iso n A n d r o n i c us w a s n e x t b r o ug ht fo r wa r d , who m Ma x i m us a tte m t e d t o d e ce i v e , by t elli n g him t h a t his co m p a n io n s p ha d r epe n t ed o f t hei r o b s t i n a cy , a n d o w n ed t he gods o f t he ” e m pi r e I will n e v e r believe it , s a id A nd r o n i c us , I k n o w the m t o o w ell to belie v e t h ey will e ver , un de r a ny c i r c um s t a n ces , fo r s a ke t he wo rs h i p o f the t r ue God t o p a thei r a do r a tio n t o de v ils so see k n o t t o dece i v e m e ,b ut d o yo ur wors t : 1 a m a Ch r is t i a n Ch r is t i s my help a n d S ti p po r t e r , a n d t h us a r m ed 1 will n e i t he r se r v e yo ur gods , n o r do I fe a r yo ur a ut h o r i ty , o r t h a t o f yo ur m a s t e r ,t he e m pe ror : co m m e n ce yo ur t o r m e n t s a s soo n a s y o uple a s e , a n d m a ke us e o f eve r y m e a n s t h a t yo ur m a lig n i ty c a n i n v e n t , a n d y o u sh a l l fi n d in t he e n d , t h a t I a m n o t to be sh a ke n ” t io n F o r t his a n s w e r li e w a s m ost c r uelly fr o m m y r esol u bbed wi t h s a l t , a ft e r whi ch he r ged , a n d his wo u n ds r u s co u A fe w d a ys a ft e r , they wa s a g a i n co n sig n ed to p r i so n gh t o ut fo r a t hi r d e x a m i n a ti o n , a n d fi n di n g t ha t we r e b r o u they s t ill r e t a i n ed t hei r co n s t a n cy ,t hey w e r e fi r s t s e ve e | v r ed , a n d t he n co n s i g n ed t o the a m p hi t he a t r e , t o b e to r t u to r n in p ie ces by wild a n i m a l s S e v e r a l be a s t s we r e a r po n t he m ,b ut n ei t her o f t he m , t ho ugh c o r d in gly le t loose u h un g r y , wo uld t o uch t he m A l a rge be a r wa s n e x t b r o ugh t a . , . . r e . . . . 'r . . . . . ’ Fo x s no o n Ma nr r a s or 53 . ut t h a t h a d to r n t h r ee perso n s t he s a m e d a y b ut t his cre a t ur e a n d a fie r ce lio n ess a lso re fused t o t o uc h t l e m Fi n d i n g t his m e a n s o f d es t r oyi n g the m i n e ffec t ua l , Ma x i mu s o r d ered t he m to b e sl a i n w i t h a s wo r d , which w a s a o c or d in l g y d o n e o n t he 1 1 t h d a y o f O c t o ber , A n 3 03 o . - . . . . s II or r id Ma r ty r d o m o f Roma n u . Ro m a n us wa s a n a ti v e o f P a lesti ne ,a n d a de a co n in the ch ur ch o f Ces a r e a , a t t he t i m e o f Dio cle t i a n s pe rse c ut io n He w a s a t A n t io c h a t t he t i m e t he i m p eri a l edi ct c a m e fo r s a c r i fi ci n g to i d ols , an d w a s m uch g r ieved t o se e m a n y Ch r is t i a n s , th r o ug h fe a r ,s ub m i t to t he idol a tr o us m a n d a t e , ile ce n a n d d e n y t heir f ai t h t o prese r v e thei r live s t s ur i n g so m e o f t he m fo r t hei r co n d uc t , he wa s i n fo r m ed a g a i n st , a n d soo n a ft e r a pp r ehe n d ed B ei n g b r o ugh t b e fo r e t he t r i b un a l , he co n fessed li im se lf a C h r is t i a n , a n d d e cl a r ed t h a t he wa s w illi n g t o s uffe r a n y t hi n g they m ight see fi t to i n fli ct upo n h im , fo r t he s a ke o f C h r ist \Vhe n co n de m n ed , he w a s sco ur ged , p ut t o the r a ck , his b ody to r n w i t h hooks ,hi s flesh c ut w i t h k n ives ,his fa ce s ca r ifi e d , his t ee t h k n ocked o ut , a n d hi s h a i r pl ucked o ut by t he roo t s Th us c r uelly m a n gle d ,he t urn ed to t he gove r n o r , a n d ve r y c a l m ly t h a n ked h im fo r wh a t he h a d do n e , a n d fo r h a vi n g o p e n ed fo r h im so m a n y m o u t hs w i t h which to p r e a ch t h e gospel o f Ch r i s t I l e wa s t he n o rd e r ed t o b e s t r a n gled , which w a s a cco r di n gly do n e o n t he 1 7 th d ay o f November , A n 3 03 ’ . . . . . . . . Con ver s ion a n d D ea t h of Cyp r ia n . Cypri a n , k n o wn by the n a me o f th e m a gici a n , t o d is is h him fr o m Cyp r i a n , bisho p o f C a r t h a ge , b e fo r e t in gu me n t io n e d , wa s a n a t i v e o f A nt io ch , a n d a ft e r r e ce i v i n g a l i be r a l ed u c a t i o n , t r a v elled in o the r co un t r ies , in se a r ch o f k n o wle d ge , a n d fi n a lly se t tled n e a r B a bylo n bei n g skill ed in t he Ch a lde a n m ys t e r ies , b e e m p loyed his t a le n t s in a t t e m p t i n g t o sed u ce vi rtu o us w o m e n fr o m t he i r ch a s t ity , a n d in pe r sec u He be c a m e a cq ua i n t ed t i n g t he Ch r is t i a n s wi t h J u s t i n a , a yo un g l a dy o f A n t ioch , o f high b irt h , ie a u ty , a n d a ccompl is h m e n t s , wh o h a d bee n bro u g ht i p in . f 5 a: 54 Fo x ’ s B O O K o r M A R T Y RS . idol a try ,b ut h ad n o w beco m e a Chr is t i a n , a n c pers ua de d bo t h o f her p a re n t s to e m b r a ce the s a m e fa ith A p a g a n ge n t le m a n , fa lli n g in love wi t h her , a n d bei ng i n a ble to ob t a i n a fa vo u ra ble re t ur n o f his a ffec t io n o n n t o f h is religio n , he employed Cypri a n t o win he r a cco u n der t ook to do so , b u o ve r t o his w ish e s , wh o u t w i t h th e tr e a che r o us pl a n o f poss e ssi n g her hi m sel f To e ffe c t t his b e e m ployed a ll his skill , b u t to n o p u r pose , w hi ch led him to s uppose th a t she m ust b e p r o t e c t ed by so m e s uperior po w er H e a cco r di n gly a ppl ied hi m sel f t o t he st ud y o f ch be n e fici a l e ffe cts th e p r i n cipl es o f C hr is t ia n ity g with s u to hi m sel f, t h a t he soo n be c a m e a co n ve r t t o t h e fa i t h ,a n d his r epe n t a n ce wa s a s si n ce r e a s his i n i q uities h a d bee n gr e a t H e i mm edi a tely b ur n ed his books , a n d did every thi n g in his po we r t o a t o n e fo r hi s fo r m e r e r r o r s H is co n ve r sio n h a d s uch a n e ffect upo n the lover o f the n g l a dy , t ha t he hi m sel f b e c a m e a co n ve r t , a n d soo n you a fter m a rried t he be a u ti ful J usti n a D ur i n g the pe r se c ut i o n o f D io cleti a n , J usti n a a n d Cyp ri a n were se ized upo n a s Ch r is t i a n s ,whe n , a fter b ei n g va r io u sl t a th by b ei n g b e r ed , they we r e b oth u to de y tortu p he a ded . . . . . . . . Ma r ty r d om of Th r ee S is ter s . Three s isters , whose n a m es we r e C hio n ia , Ag a pe , a n d Ire n e , wh o ha d bee n ed uc a ted in the Chris t i a n fa i t h , were seized upo n a s Ch r isti a n s , in Thess a lo n i c a , d ur i n g t he b e t io n B e i n g d esi r o us o f co n t i n ui n g fo r e me n t io n ed pe r se c u n k n o wn , t hey h a d r e t i r ed to a soli t ar y pl a ce , a n d spe n t u the i r leis ur e ho urs in pe r fo r m i n g religio us d ut ies B e i n g , ho weve r dis cove r ed a n d seized , they r e n o un ced the i r fo r m er ti m idi t y , bl a med the m selves for bei n g th us fe a r fu l a n d b egged o f God to st r e n gthe n the m fo r t he t r i a ls t h a t a wa i t ed the m W he n Ag a p e wa s e x a m i n ed be fo r e D a lc a t i us , t he gove r n or , she wa s a sked whe t he r she felt di s p osed t o co m ply wi t h the fa ws o f the e m pi r e ? she a n s we r ed , Th a t bei n g a C hr is t i a n , she wo uld n o t obey a n V a ws t h a t co mm a n ded t h e wo r shi p o f i d ols a n d d e v ils , t h a t he r resol u tio n s we r e t a ke n , a n d th a t n o t hi n g sho uld de te r ” he r from co n t in u i n g in the m . . . . . . F ‘ o x s B O O K o r M AR T Yns 55 . He r si s t e r C hio n ia r e p l i ed in t h e s a m e m a n n e r , a n d the n a ble to d r a w t he m fr o m t he ir v e r n o r fi n di n g hi m sel f u o g po n t he m , a n d they were fa i t h , p a ssed se n t e n ce o f de a th u r n t , Ma r ch 2 5 , A D 3 04 a cco r di n gly b u I r e n e w a s t he n bro ught be fo r e the j udge , wh o fa n ci ed th a t the de a th o f h e r sis t ers w o u ld h a ve a n e ffec t upo n her l d i n d uce fe a r s , a n d t h a t the d r e a d o f a s i m il a r fa te w o u H e t he r e fo r e e x he r t o c m ply w i t h hi s o ffe r s o f m e r cy ho rt e d he r t o a ck n o wledge t he he a t he n de i t ies , t o s a c r ifice to t he m , a n d t o gi v e up he r b oo ks o n Ch r is t i a n i t y But she posi t ively r e fused , a n d told h im fi r m ly , t h a t n o p un ld ever sh a ke is hm e n t t h a t he h a d t h e po we r to i n flict , sho u h e r r esol u t io n in t h e le a st ; t h a t t h a t God w ho h a d co m ld gi v e h e r s t r e n g th m e n ded h e r t o lo v e Him to the l a st ,w o u to e n d ur e her s ufferi n gs a n d th a t she wa s in re a di n ess t o l si s ters , b ut n o t to a bj ur e follo w t h e e x a m ple o f her fa i t h fu her r eligio n The go v ern o r fi n di n g th a t he co uld n o t prev a il o n h e r ish h e r fa i t h , co m m a n ded her first to be e x posed t o reli n q u n a ked in the st r eets , a n d w he n thi s sh a m e fu l orde r was co m plied wi t h , she wa s b ur n ed , Ap r il 1 , A D 2 04 , o n the s a me spot whe r e her sisters h a d s uffer e d . . . o . . . . . . i sko ct o h i l B i P Con d u , f p p H er a clea f o . This ve n e r a ble b ishop h a d eve r p r oved hi m sel f to b e a tr ue Ch r is t i a n , by eve r y work o f vi r t ue a n d ch a rity He wa s a dvised by hi s fr ie n ds to sh ut himsel f u p , or to le a ve the city d ur i n g the pe r se c utio n , b ut i n ste a d o f co m ply i n g , he reproved those with seve r ity who o ffe r ed this a dvi ce , ed in the ope n pe r fo r m a n ce o f his d uties , till a n d co n t i n u a pp r ehe n ded by order o f the gover n o r , wh o a d d r e s sed him sed in in the follo wi n g m a n n er , B r i n g a ll the vessels u yo ur worship , a n d a lso the scrip t ur es whi ch y oure a d a n d te a ch ; a n d see th a t y o us urr e n de r t hi in , b e fo r e co m pelled so to do by the tortu po n y o uin r es th a t will b e in fli cted u ” c a s e o f a re fus a l ” r e in If, r eplied the b ishop , y o u t a ke a n y ple a s u seei n g us s uffer , my old a n d i n fi r m b ody i s in yo ur po wer , do with it a s y o uchoose The vessels y o u d e m a n d sh a ll be give n up , fo r o ur God is n o t ho n o ur ed by gold a n d Bu s ilver , b u t a s to th e S a cred t by th e fe a r o f hi s po we r . . . . 56 r ox ’ s B O O K o r ma n r vn s ' . vol umes ,it is n eithe r proper for me to p a rt wit h the m , n or ” This a n s wer so m uch i n ce n se d fo r y o uto re ceiv e them the gover n or ,t h a t he ordered him to the to rt ur e He r m es , o n e o f P h ilip s dis ciples , a nd a de a co n o f t h e ch u rch , r e m o n st r a t e d wi t h the j u dge o n s uch a n a r bi t ra r y a ct o f c r uel t y , r ged a t the s a m e t i m e fo r whic h he wa s o r de r ed to b e sco u The p a ga n s , h a vi n g p r o ceeded to the pl a ce whe r e the res a n d ch urch pl ate we r e kep t , e m bezzled t he t r e a s cript u su re ,b ur n ed t he sc r i pt ures ,a n d t he n de m olished the ch ur ch P hilip wa s the n t a ke n to the m a r ket pl a ce , a n d co m m an d e d to s a c r i fi ce to the Ro m a n dei t ies in ge n e r a l , a n d Herc ules in p a rt i c ul a r In a n s we r to whi ch com m a n d he m a de a n a n i m a ted a dd r ess o n the re a l n a t u r e o f the tru e D eity , a n d co n cl u ded , with s ayi n g th a t t he he a t he n wo r s hipped wh a t might l a wfu lly be tro d de n upo n , a n d m a d e gods o f t hi n gs o n ly d esti n ed fo r thei r o wn service At th is a n i m a ted a dd r ess the gove r n o r w a s h ighly i n ce n sed , an d ordered P hilli p to b e d r a gged th r o u gh the st r ee t s by his feet , till he was b r uised in a most sho cki n g m a n n er He wa s the n b ro ught a g a in be fore the gover n or , who ch a rged him wi t h obsti n a cy a n d r a sh n ess , a n d beso ught hi m to s a ve his li fe by a ck n o wledgi n g the Ro m a n deiti es Philip ,ho wever ,r eplied th a t he p r e fer r ed h e a ve n to e a r th , a n d t h a t his fa i t h co m m a n ded h im to obey God r a t he r t h a n ” ma n I m m edi a tely up o n thi s he wa s se n te n ced to be b ur n t ,which wa s e x e c uted a ccord i n gly , a n d he died p r a is in g God in the m i d st o f the fl a m es Her m es a n d S ever us, fo r simil a r co n d u ct ,wa s s h o rtly a fter co n dem n e d t o the st a ke No t lo n g a fter this D io clet ia n a nd Max im ian , we a ry o f the to ils o f gove r n m e n t ,resign ed the i m peri a l d ia d e m ,whic h che cked fo r a ti m e a perse c ut i o n mo r e cr uel a n d e x te n si v e th a n t he ch ur ch ha d eve r be fo r e s uffered O ur li m i t s pr o h i m er o u b it fr o m eve n n a m i n g t he n u s pe r so n s o f t he highest d ist in c t io n , a s well a s t ho us a n ds o f o t he r s , iit e v e r y pa r t o f t h e Ro m a n e m pire ,w ho s u ffe r ed t h e m os t c r u el t o r t ur es , a n d dis p l a yed t he u t m ost fo r t i t ude , by o cc a sio n o f their fa i t h a s Ch r is t i a n s This r esig n a t io n took pl a ce in A D 3 04 , a n d Co n st a n tius a n d G a le r ius s ucceeded to the govern m e n t o f the e mp i re C ons tan tius was a p r in c e o f a mild , hum a n e , a nd a nt i " . . ’ . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . i oX s BO O K on M Att r v rt s ' . ror Ma x e n ti a s But r eme m be r i n g the fa t a l m is eat l t ipli c i ty r ia ge s o f h is p r e d e cesso r s w h o h a d m a i n t a i n ed a m u o f gods , a n d r efle c t i n g t h a t w hile h is fa t he r a do r ed o n ly o n e God he co n t i n ua lly p r ospe r ed , he r ej ec t ed t he w o r sh ip o f idols a n d i m plo r ed t he a id o f t he Al m igh ty a n d s uc lt lo us i n t e r posi t io n s o f he a v e n in his fa vo ur wee r t he m i r a c u sebi us , th a t they w o ul d h a ve a ppe a r ed to h im in s ay s E u c redible h a d he n o t re ce i ve d the m fr o m t h e e m pe r or th , who sole mn ly r a t ified t hem wi t h a n o a t h o w n mo u empe . ’ . Vis ion of Cons ta n tine . The a r m y h a vi n g a dv a n ced w ithi n three m i les o f t ej a c u l a tio n s , Ro m e , t he e m p e r o r , e m ployed in h is d evo u o n t he 2 7 t h o f O c t obe r ,a bo u t t h r ee o clo ck in the a ft e r n oo n whe n t he s u n w a s decli n i n g , t he r e s u d d e n ly a ppe ar ed t o h im , a p ill a r o f light in t he he a ve n s in t h e fo r m o f a c r oss t i t , T O YT SZ NIK A wi t h t his pl a i n i n sc r ip t io n , o n o r a bo u ” ‘ In this o v e r co m e Co n s t a n t i n e wa s gre a tly s ur p r ised a lly v isi ble t o t h e w hole a t t his s t r a n ge sight which wa s eq u a r m y , w h o eq u a lly w o n de r ed a t it w i t h hi m sel f The o ffi ce r s a n d co m m a n de r s p r o m pte d b y t he soo t hs a ye r s c o n s p i cio us o m e n , p o r te n d i n g a n un fo r t un a t e s id e r e d it a n i n a u e x pe d i t io n , n o r did t he e m p e r o r hi m sel f un d e r s t a n d it t ill the S a vio ur a p pe a r ed to h im in a V i i o h o ldi n g a c r o s s ’ , . . s n . Fo x ’ MA R T Y RS s s oon or 59 . m his h a n d ,a n d com m a n di n g him to m a ke a roy a l st a n d a r d like th a t he ha d see n in t he he a ve n s , a n d c a use it t o b e co nt i n ua lly c a rried b e fo r e his a r m y , a s an e n sig n bo th o f vi c t o r y a n d s a fe t y E a r ly the n e x t m o r n i n g , Co n s t a n t i n e i n fo r m ed his fr ie n ds a n d o ffi cers o f wh a t he ha d see n in th e n igh t , a n d s en di n g fo r p r ope r w o r k m e n , desc r ibed t o the m t he fo r m o f the st a n d a r d , whi ch w a s a ccord i n gly The fo r m m a d e w i t h t h e g r e a t est a r t a n d m a g n i fice n ce s : A lo n g spe a r pl a t ed wi t h gold , w i t h a o f it w a s t h u tr a n sve r se piece a t t he top , in t h e fo r m o f a cross ,to w hich r sq u a r e b an n e r o f p u r ple , emb r oid er ed wa s fa s t e n ed a fo u wi t h gold a n d beset w i t h p r e cio u s sto n es To wa r d t he t o p wa s de p i c t ed t h e e m pe r o r bet wee n hi s t wo so n s ; o n b e t o p o f t h e sh a ft , a b ove the c r oss , stood a c r o wn o v er l a id w i t h gold a n d p r ec io us s t o n es ,w i t hi n whi ch wa s pl a ced the s a c r ed sy m b o l , v iz : t h e t w o fi r st letters o f Christ in G r eek , X a n d P , st uck o n e t h r o ugh t he othe r This de2 v i ce he a ft e rw a r d bo r e u po n hi s shield , a n d upo n his co i n s , m a n y o f whi ch a r e n o w e x t a n t No t lo n g a ft e r t hi s he e n g a ged Ma x e n ti a s , a n d de fe a ted m ph Im m edi a t ely a fter this , him , e n te r i n g Ro m e in t r i u a la w w a s p a ssed gi vi n g fr ee tole r a ti o n to Chris t i a n i ty thr o ugho ut t he e m pi r e , a n d th us e n ded t he bloody t ri a ls o f t rch , a t le as t for a se a so n he ch u . . . . . . . . . PART IL H A PT E R ! C Miscella n eo us P er s ecut ion s d ur ing th e F our th C en tur y AF T E R Co n st a n ti n e h a d s ub d ued Ma x e nt ius , the pe r se t be a tio n o f t he Ch r is t i a n s w a s n o t o n ly fo r b idde n , b u . hi m sel f a fa i t h ful follo we r o f C h r is t ,t he Christi a n r eligio n wa s soo n es t a blished t h r o u gho ut t he e m pi r e A la w wa s n o w p ublished in fa v o ur o f t h e Christi a n s , s j oi n ed wi t h Co n st a n t i n e , a n d a copy m whi ch Li ci n i u po n Ma x i m us , C o n s t a n t i n e s a sso ci a te it: t he em se r ved u Ma x i m us w a s a b igo tt e d p a g a n , a n d gre a tly dis p i re pp r es s ed his d is a pp r ob a t io n ,fo r fe a i ked thi s edic t , b u t su At l e n g h he i n v a de d the d o f Co n st a nt i n e s a n g e r m i ng . ’ . l ’ t . 60 Fox ’ s n o o n o n an ten n as . s , b ut b e i n g de fe a ted he p ut a n e n d to min io n s o f L ic i n i u L i ci n i us , ho we ve r , who a t fi rs t j o i n ed his li fe b y poiso n wi t h Co n s t a n t i n e , c a used m a n y e m i n e n t b ishops a n d p r i es t s t to de a t h w i t hi n hi s o wn do m i n io n s This b y t o be pu n ce n sed Co n s t a n t i n e t h a t he m a r ch elty so i o cr is y a n d c r u p ed a g a i n s t a n d de fe a ted h im , a ft er whi ch he wa s s l a i n by his o wn soldie r s r ch , in ge n e r a l , e nj oyed But n ot wi t hst a n di n g the ch u re st a n d p r ospe r ity ; the gosp e l h a vi n g spre a d beyo n d t he ed n d s o f t he Ro m a n em pire , its vo t a r ies s t i ll co n ti n u bou elty , whe n the po wer 01 t o feel t he e ffects o f he a t he n cr u C o n s t a n t in e did n o t e x te n d for the ir pr o te ct io n . . . . ti on of t h e Chr is t ia n s i n P er s ia P er s ecu . co n s e que n ce o f the gospel h a vi n g spre a d in t o th is n t r y , the p a g a n p r iests be c a m e a l a r med lest their rel i co u gi o n sho uld fi n a lly b eco m e e x t i n ct They , th ere fo r e , co m pl a i n ed to t hei r sovere ig n , th a t t he Ch r isti a n s we r e e n e m ies to the st a te , a n d held tre a so n a ble co r resp o n de n ce The e m wit h the Ro m a n s , the g r e a t e n e m ies o f Pe r s ia e ro r ,bei n g hi m sel f a ve r se to Ch r isti an ity , g a v e orders for p tio n o f the Christi a n s thro ugho ut his do a ge n er a l persec u mi n i o n s In co n seq ue n ce o f this m a n d a te , S i m eo n , a rchb ishop o f c ia , w i t h o t her e cclesi a st i cs , to the n u S e lu m ber o f o n e n d r ed a n d t w e n ty eight ,we r e a pprehe n ded ,a n d a cc u sed hu B e i ng o f h a vi n g b et r a yed the e m pire to the Ro m a n s ght b e fo r e the e m pe r o r , S i m eo n boldly a vo we d his n ou fa i t h O fle n d e d a t his fr eedo m , the mo n a r ch orde r ed h im 0 k n eel be fo r e h im , a s h e h a d hereto fo r e do n e To th is S i m eo n a n swe r e d , th a t b ei n g bro ugh t be fore him a s a pr i s e n er o n a cco un t o f his religio n , it wa s n o t l a wful fo r him to k n eel , lest he sho uld b e tho ught to wo r ship a m a n , a n d b etra y hi s fa i t h to h is God The emperor , still m o r e e m r a ged , told him if he did n ot k n ee he a n d a ll the Ch r is t ia n s in t he e m p ire sho uld b e put to de a t h B ut he sti ll rej ected t he co m m a n d with disd a i n , a n d wa s or de red to b e s e n t to priso n A short ti m e a fter , S i m eo n a nd his comp a n io n s we r e a a in b r o u ght b e fo r e the e m pe r or for e x a mi n a tio n , who g co mm a n d e d the m to wors hi p t he s u n , a gree a bl y t o the In . . . - . ' . . . - - . . . F ox ’ s B OOK o r MA R T YR S 61 . n a n i m ou t this the y u sly re fused Pers ia n c usto m , b u They were the n se n te n ced to b e behe a ded , w hi ch wa s a cco r d t ed u po n the m in g i e x e c u tio n , he wa s s a l uted by he n S i m eo n w a s le d to e x e c u Us t ha z a r e s , who h a d bee n t he t ut o r o f the e m pe r o r , a nd rt , b u t S i m eo n re fu sed wa s held in high es t i m a tio n a t co u to ret ur n t he s a l ut a t i o n , o n a cco un t o f Us t ha z a r e s , who h a v i n g bee n o n ce a Ch r is t i a n , ha d a post a tized t o ple a se his m a ste r W he n t h us r ep r o v ed by S i m e o n , he co uld n o t re fr a i n fr o m e x cl a i m i n g , Ah h o w sh a ll I he r e a fte r look upo n m y God , w ho m I h a v e de n ied , whe n S i m eo n , my old co m p a n i o n a nd fa m il i a r a cq ua i n t a n ce , di sd a i n s to g ive ” rn m te l m e a ge n t le W o r n , o r t o r et u y sal u The e m pe r o r , o n be i n g i n fo r m ed o f t his , c a lled for h is t utor , a n d a sked him t he c a use o f h is un h a ppi n ess telli ng him , a t the s a m e ti m e , t h a t if the r e we r e a n y thi n g th a t co uld b e do n e to m a ke him h a p py , it sho uld n o t be wi t h held T o t his he r eplied , Th a t t he r e wa s n o t hi n g th a t this wo r ld co uld a ff or d t h a t he d esi r ed , b ut t h a t t he c a use o f his so r r o w w a s t h e h a vi n g de n i d his G od a g a i n st the ” di c t a t es o f his co n scie n ce fo r w hi ch , c o n t i n ued he , I b le d e a t h fi r s t , fo r de nyi n g o f Chri st , a m d ese r vi n g a d o u ” a n d se co n dly , fo r d isse m bli n g w i t h m y k i n g The e m p e r o r , g r e a t ly o ffe n ded a t thi s speech , o r dered a t w hi ch , Us t h a z a r e s r eq u h im to be behe a ded es t ed th a t it migh t be p ubli cly p r ocl a i m ed , th a t he d ied fo r n o crim e a g a i n s t the e m pe r o r or t h e st a te , b u t o n ly th a t , bei n g a Ch r is t i a n , h e wo uld n o t de n y his God This petiti o n wa s gr a n ted , a n d he died w i t h g r e a t co m pos ur e A sho r t ti m e a fter this a n edi ct wa s p ublished , o r der ing ld be p ut t h a t a ll w h o co n fessed t he m selves C h r is t i an s sho u e n ce o f wh ich , gr e a t m ul t it udes s uf t o de a t h ; in co n seq u ti o n co n t i n ued t ill Co n st a n fe r e d de a th ; a n d t he pe r se c u ti n e t he G r e a t w r ote to the e m pe r o r o f P e r si a , r eq uest i n g ti n g him in a ve r y fr ie n dly m a n n e r t o d e sist fr o m perse c u the Chris t i a n s He e n fo r ced hi s req uest by de cl a r i n g th a t it wa s o nl y th r o ug h fa i t h Ch r ist th a t he h a d b e e n e n a bled to s ubd ue his e n e m ies a n d e n l a r ge the b o r ders o f t he He a lso a ll ud ed t o the t r o ubles o f his Ro m a n e m p i r e prede cesso r s w h o h a d pe r se c uted t he Ch r isti a n ch ur ch , a n d the prosperi t y o f t hose wh o h a d fa vo ur ed it ; a n d c o n ded b v e x p r e s i n h is des i r e t ha t he w o uld sho w fa vo u r cl u . . ’ . . e . . . . . . s g 62 ’ F o x s no o n or MA RT YRS . C hristi a n s t ha t resided in P ersi a ; an d th i s he l d co n si d e r a s t he s t r o n gest evide n ce o f hi s fr ie n dsh ip wo u to wa r d hi m sel f W i t h t h i s req uest the Persi a n mo n a r c h imm edi a tely co m pli e d , a n d a s t op wa s p ut to the pe r sec utio n , a fte r ha d e i t her s u tfe r e d de a t h or b a n i s hme n t to t he . . t i o n by t h e Ar i a n s P er secu . The se ct de n o m i n a ted Ari a n s took their r i s e fr om Ar i n s , a p r ies t o f Ly b ia , wh o fi r st b eg a n t o p r op a g a t e h is se n t i m e n t s in Ale x a nd r i a , A D 3 1 8 He wa s co n de m n e d n cil o f L b ia n a n d Egyp t i a n b ishops , a n d t he b y a co u y se n t e n ce w a s s a n ct i o n ed by t h e co un cil o f Ni ce ,A D 3 2 5 A ft e r t he de a t h o f Co n s t a n t i n e , t hey fo un d m e a n s t o in r a t ia t e t he m selves wi t h hi s s o n a n d s u c cesso r , a n d soo n g r a ised a pe r se c utio n a g a i n s t t he o r thodo x b isho p s a n d clergy The celeb r a t ed A t h a n a si us a n d o t h e r b i s hops were b a h ishe d , a n d t hei r sees w e r e tilled w i t h A r i a n s In Egyp t a n d Ly bia , t hi r ty b ishops we r e m a r ty r ed , a n d a g r e a t m a n y othe r Ch r is t i a n s we r e c r u elly t o r t ur ed In n de r A D 3 3 6 , Geo r ge the A r i a n , b isho p o f Ale x a n d r i a , u the a ut ho r i t y o f t h e e m p e r o r , bega n a pe r se c ut io n in t h a t ci t y a n d it s e n vi r o n s , in whi ch he wa s a ssisted by t he go ve r n o r a n d seve r a l o f the e m pe r o r s o fl i ce r s The c r uelty t li t t le sho r t o f th a t pr a cti sed by t h e of these hereti cs fell b u tti n g up the ch ur ches o f pa g a n s They co mm e n ced by sh u t h e o rt hodo x p a r ty , by b a n ishi n g t he m , a n d pl un deri n g t u e ffe cts , b ut soo n p r oceeded to g r e a te r deeds o f vi o le n ce A s the o r thodo x Ch r is t i a n s we r e prohibited fr om sed o ft e n to r e t i r e to t he wo r shippi n g in t h e c i t y , t hey u deser t fo r t he p ur pose , a n d fo r a while we r e pe r m i t ted to do so w i tho ut m oles t a ti o n b ut o n a T r i n i ty S un d a y ,while th us e n g a ged , Geo r ge ,the A r i a n b ishop e n g a ged S eb a st i a n , a Ro m a n ge n e r a l , to fa ll u po n t he m w i t h his soldie r s ,while they we r e a t thei r p r a ye r s ,a n d g r e a t num be r s we r e s a cri fi ced to the fu r y o f his t r oo s This o ut r a ge wa s follo wed by p others o f s i m il a r n a t ure , a n d fo r seve r a l ye a r s the whole Ro m a n e m pi r e wa s a s ce n e o f co n te n t io n , r a p i n e , a n d ghte r sl a u The weste r n h a l f o f the e m pi r e , ho weve r , wa s more e n ce a n d p e r se c utio n ,a s Co n sta ns, fr ee fr om Ar i a n i n fl u . . . . . . . . . . . ’ . . ne . . . Fo x is B OO K or M i a r v as . mp eror , fa vo ur ed t he o rthodo x p a rty , whil e h is b r o s fa v o ur ed those o f the Ari a ns d wr Co n st a n ti u a: e . lia n t ion u n d er J u Per secu . li a n th e a pos ta te , a s he is us ua lly c a lled , who suc Ju ce e d e d C o n st an s in t he i m pe r i a l gover n m e n t ,wa s the s et: li us Co n s t a n ti us , a n d n e phe w o f Co n st an t i n e the of J u ' Gre a t H e st udied t he rudi m e n ts o f gr a m m a r un der the ins pe c tio n o f Ma r d o n ius , a e un uc h a n d a he a t he n H is f at her cted in t he s e n t h im a ft e r wa r d to Nico m edi a to b e i n s t r u ch r isti a n r eligio n by E us bi us , his ki n s m a n , b ut his p r i n pted by Ma x i m us t h e m a gici a n a n d Eu c ip le s we r e co r r u b a li us , a p r o fessor o f rhe t o r i c D 3 6 1 , whe n J u li a n s ucceeded C o n s t a n s d ied in A him , b u t he ha d n o soo n e r a sce n ded t h e i m peri a l t hr o n e n ced Ch r isti a n ity , a n d e m b r a ced he a t he n ism th a n he r e n o u He a g a i n i n s t i t ut ed idol a t r o us wo r ship , by ope n i n g se ve r a l he a t he n t e m p les th a t h a d bee n sh ut up , r eb uildi n g s uch a s ha d b e e n des t r oyed , a n d orderi n g the m a gis t r a te s a n d peo ple ge n e r a lly t o follo w hi s e x a m ple H e did n o t , ho wever , iss ue a n y edi ct a g a i n st the Ch r is t i a n s ,b ut g a ve fr ee tole r a ti o n t o t h e e x e r cise o f eve r y r eligio n , t ho ugh he dep r i ved the Ch r is t i a n s o f a ll o ffi ces , c ivil o r m ili t a r y , a n d t he cle r gy o f t h e p r ivileg es th a t h a d b ee n gr a n ted t o them by Co n s t a n ti n e No r d id he follo w the p r o fliga t e co urse o f his pr e d e ce s sors ,b ut wa s r ese r ved ,t e m pe r a te ,l a b o r io us ,a n d a pp a r e n tly pio us , whi ch r e n de r ed h im a m o r e d a n gero us e n e m y to the Ch r is t i a n s t h a n a n y th a t h a d go n e b e fo r e him He a t fi r st a t te m p t ed to win the m ove r to idol a tr y by l a vish in g gi ft s a n d h o n o ur s upo n s uch a s follo wed his e x a m ple o f a pos t a cy a n d the n , by p r ohib i t i n g Ch r isti a n schools , b e co m pelled the childre n e i t her to b e co m e idol a ters or t o r e m a i n illi t er a t e He a lso orde r ed th a t the Ch r i sti a n s m ight b e tre a te d coldly up o n all o cc a sio n s , a n d in a ll p a rt s o f t he e m pire ; a n d e m loyed w i tt y pe r so n s t o t u r n t he m a n d t hei r p r i n p c i le s i n t o r idic u le Ma n y a lso w e r e m a r t y r ed in his p r e i g n , fo r tho u gh he did n o t p ubli c y pe r se c ut e the m him se l f, he c o n n ix e l a t t hei r b e i n g m u r d e r ed by h is gov e r n o rs . ~ . e . . . . . . . . . l 64 ’ Fo x s s oon or MA RT Y RS . the r o ffi cers ; tho ugh b e a ffected n eve r t o rewa rd h e m fo r t hose cr uel t ies , n ei t h e r d id he ever p un ish t he m Amo n g t he m ost d is t i n g ui s hed p e r so n a ge s w ho s uffere d m a rty r dom d ur i n g his reig n ,wa s Ba sil ,w ho r e n d e r e d him o us by his o pp osi t io n t o t he Ar i a n heres y se l f co n sp i c u He wa s a n e m i n e n t p r e a c he r in t he ci ty o f A n cy r a , t he c a pi ta l o f G a l a t i a , a n d n o t w i t hst a n d i n g he wa s v iole nt ly Op posed by t he A r i a n b isho ps o f Co n s t a n t i n o pl e , he ed in t he fa i t h ful pe r fo r m a n ce o f hi s d ut y t ill he c ontin u wa s a p p r ehe n ded o n t he ch a rge o f be i n g a n i n ce n d i a ry r be r o f t he p u a nd d is tu bli c pe a ce But J uli a n , be i n g e n a ged in a n e x pedi t io n a g a i n st P e r si a , p a i d b u l i t le a tt e n t t g t io n t o t h e s u bj ec t fo r t he p r ese n t , d ur i n g whi c h i n t e r v a l Ba sil i m p r o v ed hi s ti m e in p r e a chi n g a g a i n st idol a tr y o n the o n e h a n d , a n d Ari a n is m o n t he o t he r O n e d a y , mee t i n g wi t h a n u m be r o f p a g a n s goi n g in processio n t o s a c r i fi ce , he b ol d ly e x pos t ul a t ed wi t h t he m on t he w i cked n ess a n d folly o f s u ch wo r sh ip , a n d w a s sei zed by t he m ul t i t ud e a n d c a r r i ed b e fo r e S a t ur n i n o s ,t he gove r n o r ,to who m he wa s a c c used o f r evili n g t he gods a n d the e m pe r o r , a n d dis t ur bi n g t he pe a c e o f t he ci ty H a vi n g he a r d t hese a c c us a t io n s , t he gove r n o r d esi r ed t o k n o w his se n t i m e n ts fr o m his o w n m o ut h , whe n fi n d i n g h im t o b e a st r e n u o us Christi a n , he o r de r ed h im to be p ut , fi r st to the r a c k , a n d t he n to be c a st i n t o p r iso n He t he n wrote n t o f his p r o ceedi n gs to the e m pe r o r , w ho n ot a n a cco u o n ly co n fir m ed wh a t ha d b ee n d o n e , b ut se n t t wo a pos t a te Ch r is t i a n s to t he pl a ce whe r e B a sil wa s co n fi n ed , to r t o win him over to p a ga n is m F i n d i n g t he i r e n de a v o u e ffo r t s v a i n they g a v e ove r t hei r obj e ct a n d i m m e d i a tely r n o f t he e m pe r o r , g a ve him a n a cco u n t o f t he o n t he r e t u fa il u r e o f t hei r e x e r t i o n s Ju li a n t he n o r de r ed B a sil be fore hi msel f, a n d by t h re a t s and r o m ises s tr ove to m a ke h im fo r s a ke t h e r is t i an Ch p fa i t h a n d e m b ra ce idol a t r y , b u t he n o t o n ly obsti n a t ely re fused , b ut , wi t h a p r ophe t i c a l spi r i t ,fo r e t ol d the de a t h o f the e m pe r o r , a n d t h a t he sho uld b e t o r m e n t ed in t he o t her worl d At t he bold n ess o f t his co nd uct t he e m p e r o r was ry m u ch e nr a ged , a n d co m m a n d e d t h a t he sho uld b e put a de a t h , by h a v i n g a p a r t o f his flesh t o r n o ff d a ily in seve n ‘ fle r e n t pl a ces , till his body w a s co m ple t ely m a n gled t c e w a s a c co r d in e lv e x e c u h is c u ted , a n d Bas il el md o t . . . . . . . . a ' f . r se n en ’ r o x s B OO K o r MAn r vn s ' . He a cco r di n gly w e n t to spe n d the e n s ui n g Ea ster with S au s a la , a Ch r is t i a n p r iest o f g r e a t s a n c t i t y , b u t o n the thi r d n ig ht a fte r his a r r iv a l , t hey we r e bo t h seized by a co m p a ny o f soldie r s S a n s a la wa s pe r m i tt ed to d r ess h im sel f, b ut S a b a s wa s t a ke n fr o m his bed n a ked , a n d c o m r i n g whi ch t i m e e lle d t o wa lk a co n side r a ble dis t a n ce , d u p they drove h im t hr o ugh t ho r n s a n d b r i a r s This c r uel ty he bo r e W i t ho ut a m ur m ur , a n d whe n they sto p ped fo r the n ight , th y e x te n ded h im be t w ee n t w o b e a m s tyi n g his The wo m a n feet to o n e e n d , a n d his h a n ds to the o t he r se , ho we v e r , w e n t a n d r ele a sed him , b ut t h o ugh )f the ho u he wa s n o w a t libe r ty , he did n o t a t te m pt to esc a pe to r s beg a n to t a m O n the follo wi n g m o r n i n g his pe r se c u n ce their e r w ith h im a n d his fello w p r iso n e r to r e n o u p religio n , b ut fi n di n g the m both ste a d fa st , they r ele a sed t S a b a s to de a th by d r o wn i n Th s t pu i h a s a la , b u S au p g pe n ed o n the 1 2 th d ay o f Apr il ,A D 3 7 2 tice ' . . . e . . . . C . H A PT ER 11 . . se biu s Accoun t of E u . E useb i us , b ishop o f S a m a s at a m a de a d isti n guished r e in e c clesi a stic a l histo r y , a n d w a s o n e o f the m ost fi g u e m i n e n t ch a m p i o n s o f Ch r i st a g a i n st the A r i a n he r esy The A r i a n s h a v i n g a dv a n ced Mii et us to the see o f An m e n t o f his a d tio ch , thi n ki n g h im o f t hei r p a r ty , t \ e doc u v a n ce m e n t wa s p l a ced in the c a r e o f E useb i us W he n Mile t us p r e a ched hi s fi r st se r m o n , the A r i a n s , to their g r e a t s ur p r ise , fo un d th a t they h a d b ~e n m ista ke n in him re They the r e fo r e pe r s ua ded the fo r his doct r i n e w a s p u e m pero r to displ a ce him , a n d lik e w se to get the in str u sebi us Milet us wa s a ccord t o f t h e h a n ds o f E u m en t ou seb i us co mm a n d e d to gi v e up the a r ti in gly de p osed ,a n d E u cle ,b ut he r e fused ,s a yi n g t h a t he co uld n o t p a r t with it w ith The e m pe r or , ou t the co n se n t o f a ll p a r t ies co n ce r n ed in ce n sed a t t h is r eply , wr ote to h im th a t he h a d give n the m e sse n ge r o r de r s to c ut o ff his r ight h a n d in c a se he r e fuse d m u the i n st r u e t E s ebi u s , wi t h a seco n d ti m e to g ive u n p a n d decl a r ed th a t ou t the le a st e m otio n , o ffe r ed his h a n d s . ’ . . . ‘ . . . s , r o x s B OOK o r MA RT YR S ’ . lose them b oth r a the r t h a n o r a r us t r ust The e m peror , whe n he wa s i n fo r me d o f t m s , p p la ud e d fo r h im e ver his resol utio n , a n d pro fessed a high 6 5 a fter The Ari a n s n o w l ooked upo n E useb i us a s a p o werful a nd d a n ge r o us e n e my , ccess a n d a s he wa s ve r y n a i ve a n d s u l in op p osi n g t h e p r ogress o f t heir heresy , t h e y a t le n gth fu p r o c ur ed fro m t he empe r o r an order fo r his b a n ishme n t fro m the see o f S a m a s a t a W he n the m esse nger c a m e with his commis s io n , it wa s l a te in t h e eve n i n g , a nd E useb i us , who wa s beloved o f t he ” people , begged o f h im to co n ce a l his b usi n ess ; F o r , if it be comes k n o wn , the people will fa ll o n ay s b e , th r o w y o ui n to the r iver , a n d I sh a ll b e ch a r ged w ith ou , y ” yo ur de a th He the n we n t th r o ugh w ith hi s usua l devo tio n s , a n d l a te a t n ight set o ff upo n his j o urn ey , a tte n ded o n ly by a fa i t h ful se r v a n t W he n , o n the follo wi n g d ay , his people discovered th a t he wa s a bse n t , a n d le a r n i n g wh a t co ur se he h a d t a ke n ,by gre a t n um be r s p ur s ued h im , a n d whe n they h a d ove r t a ke n ght h im n ot to fors a ke the m ; him , w i t h te a rs they b eso u t fi n di n g th a t they co u ld n ot prev a il , they fur n ished him bu rn ey , a n d ret ur n ed with eve r y n ecess a r y fo r his j o u Th r a ce , the co un t r y to w hi ch he wa s b a n ished , wa s a t t h e ti m e the se a t o f w a r bet wee n the Goths a n d Ro m a n s ; seb i us wa s in gr e a t d a n a n d in these co n tests the li fe o f E u At le n gt h the empe r o r , i n order to p ut an e n d to the ge r wa r , dete r m i n ed to m a r ch a g a i n st th e Goths in perso n ,b u t firs t , t o sec u r e the p r a yers o f t h e Ch r isti a n s , he g a ve pe a ce to the ch ur ch , a n d a llo wed the b a n ishe d p r el a tes to r etur n 0 their ch u r ches E useb i us wa s there fo r e resto r ed to his ee , b u t did n o t e nj oy i t lo n g , fo r a n Ari a n w om a n thre w tile a t him from the top o f a ho use , whi ch fr a ctur ed ll , a n d termi n a ted his li fe T his h a ppe n ed in his sk u A D 3 80 ld he wo u e i . . . . “ . . . . ' . . . . . t ion of th e Chr is tia ns by t he Ar ia n Va n d a ls P er secu . The Ari a n V a n d a ls pro ceedi n g fr o m S p a i n to A fr i c a i n the fi fth c e n tu ry, u n der Ge n se r i c , t hei r le a der , committe d man y ho r rid cru el t ies They persec uted the Ch r ist ia n s vh e re ve r they ca me , l ayi n g wa s t e t h e co u n tr ,th a t fa min e y . 68 F o x s B O O K o r M A RT YRS ’ . They pl un de r m i ght dest r oy w h a t t he s w ord b a d sp a r ed e l l the ch u rches , a n d m a ss a cred the bishops a n d m i n is t ers l a r , t he y po ur ed fe t id oil a v a r ie ty o f to r t u r e s ; in p a r t i c u a n d vi n eg a r do wn t he th r o a t s o f so m e t ill t hey e x p i r ed d ,a n d ney s u ffo c a ted so m e by filli n g t he i r m o n t h s wi t h m u mu rdered o t hers by stre t c h i n g t he ir li m bs wi t h co r ds a n d They co m pelled so m e o f s c r e w s t ill t he vei n s b u r sted n e n obili ty to c a rr y t heir b a g a ge , a n d if t hey did n o t g : r a vel fa s t e n o u gh t hey p r i cked t he m o n wa r d by sh a rp go a ds , i n so m uch t h a t m a n y o f t he m d ied un d e r t hei r b ur de n s O ld m e n fo un d n o me r cy ,a n d eve n g uil t less i n fa n t s felt the r a ge o f the i r b a r b a r i t y ; s t a tely b u ild i n gs we r e d e str oye d , a n d the pri n cip a l c a thed r a ls in C a r t ha ge we re e m p loyed in thei r here t i c a l wo r shi p or put to p r o fa n e uses . . . . . . W here a ny c a s t le held o ut a g a i n s t t hem ,t hey bro ught g r e a t m be r s o f c a ptive Ch r is t i a n s a n d sle w t he m , le a vi n g t hei r nu bodies unde r the wa lls , th a t t he b e s e ige d m igh t b e fo r ced to s ur r e n der , o n a c co un t o f the o ffe n si ve s t e n ch th a t a r ose fr o m the m W he n t hey ha d seized a n d pl un dered the city o f C a r t h a ge they p u t the b ishops a n d a ll t he cle r gy i n t o a le a ky ship a n d co mm i t t ed the m to the m e r cy o f t he wa ves ,thi n k in g th a t they a ll m u h vine u b t e vessel ,t h r o u gh Di e r is h st t p P r ovide n ce , a r r ived s a fe a t Na ples S eve r a l Ch r is t i a n s r ged , b e a t e n , a n d b a n ished to C a s u were sco u p r , whe r e it ple a sed God to m a ke the m i n s t rume n t a l in co n ve r ti n g m a n y o f the Moo r s to Ch r is t i a n i t y Bu t t his co m i n g to the k n o wledge o f Ge n se r i c he se n t o r de r s t h a t t hey a n d t heir co n verts sho uld b e tied b y thei r feet to ch ar iots a n d d r a gged till t hey were d a shed to pie ces Pa m p in ia n , bishop o f Ma n s u e t is , wa s b u r n t to d e a th wi t h pl a tes o f hot i r o n ; the bisho p o f Ur ice w a s b u rnt ; the bishop o f Ha b e ns a w a s b a n ished , fo r re fusi n g to give up t he s a c r ed books w hi ch w e r e in his possessio n ; a n d a whole co n g r eg a t io n w ho we r e a sse m bled in a ch ur ch a t t hei r devo t i o n s , toge t he r wi t h t he cle r gy m a n w ho wa s p r e a chi ng to t he m , we r e m ur de r ed b v these b a rb a ri a n s ,who brok e in upo n t he m Ar c h in imus wa s a devo ut Ch r i sti a n upo n whom m a ny a r t ifi ce s we r e e m ployed in v a i n t o m a ke h im r e n o u n ce his fa i t h At le n gt h G e n se r i c h i m sel f un de r t ook t o pers ua de i im b u t fi n din g h s e n d e a vo u rs i n e ffec t ive ,me o rder e d him . ' . . . . . i r ox ’ s B OO K o r MA R T Y R S 69 . b e i e he a d e d He ho w ever ordered the e x ec ut io n er t o e r fo r i n h i s o ffice o n ly in c a se the p r iso n e r see m ed i n ti m i ” fo r the n , s a id he , the cro wn o f a ted a n d a fr a id ; ra e ma r ty r do m w ill b e lost to h im b ut if he a ppe a r s co u ou s a n d w illi n g t o d ie , st r ike n o t , fo r I d o n o t i n te n d th a t ” he sh a ll h a v e t he ho n o ur o f bei n g dee m ed a m a rt y r The e x e c ut io n e r fi n di n g Ar c h in im us h a p py in the t ho ughts o f dy i n g fo r the s a ke o f Ch r is t , b r o ugh t him b a ck a g a i n He wa s so o n a ft e r b a n ished a n d n eve r he a rd o f m o r e , tho u gh it is co nj e c t ur ed th a t he wa s m urde r ed p r iv a tely by the k i n g s o r de r s Abo ut this ti m e , five tho us a n d C h r isti a n s o f C a r th a ge n e r ic i n t o a desert , wher e a we r e b a n ished Ly ki n g Hu g r e a t propor t i o n o f the m p e r ished wi t h fa m i n e ‘ 0 . ‘ “ g , . . ’ . . r t ion s f r o m th e F if t h t o th e S even th C en tu Per secu y . the ti m e o f the perse c utio n un der Ge n seri c , the ch ur ch in ge n e ra l , enj oyed a tole r a ble st a te o f t ra n q uility , e x cep t i n g a n o cc a sio n a l t um ult bet w ee n the orthodo x a n d A r i a n , o r so m e oth e r hete r odo x p a r t y The m os t dis t i n g uished o f t hese , is th a t which o cc urred a t Ale x a n d r i a , a bo u t t he ye a r 4 5 7 A n e w he r esy h a v i n g a r ise n a t a b o ut this pe r iod , w hi ch b ei n g fi r st p r op a g a t ed by Eu t y c h e s , w a s c a lled by his na m e H e g a i n ed m a n y p r osely t es , e sp e ci a lly a m o n g the A r i a n p a r t y A m o n g these wa s D ia s co r us , bishop o f Ale x and ri a F o r the e m b r a ci n g o f this fa ith he wa s tried by a co un cil , a n d co n de m n ed to b e re m oved fr o m hi s see , a n d Pr o t e r iu ccesso r ,o f whi ch choice the e m s a ppoi n te d his s u s , his a dhe pe r o r a p p r o v e d A fte r the r e m o v a l o f D ia s cor u r a n ts , w h o we r e n um e r o us , de t e r m i n ed to r esist n o t o n l y the de c r ee o f t he co un cil , b ut a lso the will o f t h e e m pe r o r , by physic a l fo r ce , a n d fo r th is p ur pose a r m ed the m se lves The go v e r n o r o f The b a is , to q uell this fo r t he co n test i n s ur r e cti o n , m a r ched a g a i n st the m w i t h a body o f t r oops , bu t they , bei n g in a ki n d o f p h r e n sy , a t t a cked a n d de fe a t ed him The i n t ellige n ce o f t hi s a ffa i r so e x a spe r a t ed t he e m pe r or , th a t he se n t a det a ch m e n t o f 2 000 m e n a g a i n st the m , the sight o f who m , together w ith the p r ude n t co n d uct o f t he gover n o r ,soo n resto r ed pe a ce to the ci t y T he dis a ffe cted p a r ty , n eve rth eless , co n ti n ued to vie w Prote Fr o m . . . . . . . . . ' . 70 r ox ’ s B OO K o r MA RT Y RS . r ius with re se n tme n t , in somuch th a t he was c om pelle d to n i c a te so m e o f t h em , an d proc u e x com m u re t he ir b an i sh me n t fr om Ale x a ndri a t t wo ye a rs a fter th e e m peror Ma rci a n d ied , a n d In a bo u t h e b a n ished perso n s ret u r n ed a g a i n to t he ci ty ,whe r e they co m m e n ced a n e w t hei r op p osi t io n to Pr o t e r ius , who m a t l a st they m urdered , A D 4 57 , a t the a lt a r o f his ch ur ch After which t hey d r a gged his body thro u h t h e streets , a n d g the n b urn ed it an d dispe r sed t he a shes . . . . . Accoun t of An a s ta s ius . A nas t a si us wa s by b irth a P ersi a n ,a n d in structed d uring his childhood in the p a g a n religio n He bore a r m s a s a s oldie r u n der C o s r o e s , ki n g o f P ersi a , a t the t i m e th a t t h a t m o na r ch pl u n dered Jer u s a le m , a n d c a rried o ff the t r ue c r oss , o n whi ch o ur L o r d wa s c r uci fied A n a st a si us co uld n o t i m a gi n e why the Ch r isti an s ha d s u ch a ve n er a t io n fo r a p erso n who h a d died so m e a n a de a t h a s th a t o f bei n g c ruci fi ed fo r th a t m ode o f de a t h , by the Pe r si a n s , is held in the g r e a test co n te m pt At le n gt h so m e Ch r is t i a n c a p t ive s i n s t r u cted him in the myste r ies o f the Ch r is t i a n r e igi o u, whe n he le ft the a r m y , r eti r ed t o Sy r i a ,a n d st udied the G r eek l a n g ua ge , in o r de r t o be co m e be t t e r a cq ua i n ted r es with the S c r ip t u A fte r this he we n t to Ces ar e a , whi ch was a t th a t ti m e in the h a n ds o f the P ersi a n s He r e he wa s a pp r ehe n ded a s a spy ,a n d o n co n fessi n g hi m sel f a Ch r is ti a n , he wa s c a st i n to p r iso n , a n d m a n y e ffo r t s we r e used to prev a il o n h im to r eli n q uish his fa i t h These e fforts provi n g i n e ffe ct ua l , he wa s p ut to de a t h in the follo wi n g m a nn er : he wa s l a id upo n his b a ck , w ith a he a vy piece o f wood a c r oss his body , a n d pressed do wn w i t h the w eight o f t wo st r o n g m e n He wa s the n seve r ely be a te n , a nd h un g up by o ne h a n d , with a weight fa s t e n ed to his feet r s , he wa s afte r rem a i n i n g in this co n di t io n fo r seve r a l ho u fi n a lly str a n gl e d , a fter whi ch his he a d wa s c u t o ff a n d s e n t 0 t he k in g . . — . n . . . . . . 7 01 5 13 0 0 14: or C H A PT E R ma rt r m 71 . IIL Accoun t of B is h op Ma r t in . Ma rti n ,b ishop of Rome ,wa s b or n in Lod i He wa s n a virt o s a n d his p a r e n ts bes t o w ed o n h im 1 li b era l tu r al l u u , y c a ti o n He took o r ders o n the de a t h o f Theo d o r e , ed u b ishop o f Ro m e , a n d wa s a dv a n ced to th a t import a n t see by a un a n i m o us vote o f a ll p a r t ies Not lo n g a ft e r his elev a tio n to this imp ort a n t st a tio n he wa s c a lled to co n te n d with a b ody o f her e ti cs c a lled Mo n othelites ; who a fte r the decisio n o f the co un c il o f Ch a lcedo n d a r ed n o t to m a i n t a i n the un ity o f n a t ure in Ch r ist , a sse rt ed a r tfully t h a t he h a d b ut o n e will a n d ope r a tio n o f m i n d This se ct wa s p a tro n ised by the e m pe r o Her a cli us ; a n d the fi r st who a tte m pted to stop the pro gr ess o f these e r ro r s wa s S o p hr o n ius ,b ishop o f Jerus a le m Mar ti n , whose se n t i m e n ts co r r es p o n ded w ith those o f S e n i t ed w ith him in c a lli n g a co u n c il o f o n e hu s u n p hr o niu dred a n d five b ishops , who un a n i m o usly co n de m n ed the erro r s in q uestio n The e m pe r or , provoked a t these p r oce edi n gs , c o m ma n d e d O ly m p iu te n a n t , to rep a ir to Ro m e a n d s , his lie u a pp r ehe n d Ma r ti n bu t o n a r r i v i n g a t the city ,he fo u n d him so m uch in fa vo ur w i t h the people t h a t he d a r ed n o t a tt e m pt it , a n d the r e fo r e p ut t i n g hi m sel f a t the he a d o f his troops m a r ched a g a i n st the S ar a ce n s A n other o ffi ce r wa s se n t soo n a fter to a pp r ehe n d the b ishop , who s ucceeded in so do i n g o n ly by th e a id o f a l a r ge n um ber o f soldiers , a n d b r o ught him be fore the im pe r i a l co urt a t Co n st a n ti n ople Here he w as a cc used o f holdi n g a tre a so n a ble co r r espo n de n ce with the S a r a ce n a rm y This , ho wever , he de n i ed , tho ugh he co n fessed th a t he h a d se n t m o n ey fo r t n e relie f o f t he Ch r isti a n pr i s o e r s a m o n g t he m He wa s n evert heless s t r ipped o f a ll hi s e ccles i a sti c a l dig n ities a n d c a st i n to p r iso n After r e m a i n i n g in co n fi n e m e n t for severa l mo n ths , he was b a n ished t o a n isl a n d a t some dist a n ce , a nd there c ut in pi eces , A D 6 5 5 S e ve r a l othe r per so n s o f dist in ct io n s u ffered m a rtyrd o m from the Ari a n p a rt d u r y , a mo n g who m r i n g thi s ce n t u . . . ' . . . . . . r . . . . . y 72 Fo x ’ s B OO K or MA RT YRS wa s J oh n , bi shop o f B e r g a mo , who wa s a s s as s ina t e d o n the 1 1 th o f J uly , A D 6 83 , a nd K ilie n , a di s tinguis h e d Irish e c c l e si as ti c . . . C HAE T E R I V t ion: fr om t h e eig h t h to the t en th centu ry Per s ecu . Acco un t of B on ifa ce . B o n i fa ce ,a rchb ishop o f Me n tz ,a nd fa ther o f the Germ an ch urch wa s a n E n glish m a n by birth , a n d is co n sidered a s n try H is n a me o n e o f the b r igh t es t o r n a m e n t s o f his co u wa s o r igi n a lly W i n fr i t h , a n d he wa s b o r n a t K irto n , in Devo n shi r e , t he n p a r t o f t h e W est S a x o n ki n gdo m W he n o n ly s ix ye a r s old he sho wed a p r o p e n sity fo r r efle cti o n , s t o g a i n i n fo r m a t io n o n religio us s ub a n d see m ed a n x io u n a r ies co m i n g i n t o K i r t o n a t a bo u S o e m issi o t m e ct s j this t i m e , s t opped a t h is fa the r s ho use , whi ch de t er m i n ed him to devo t e h i m sel f t o a r eligio us li fe tio n , he wo uld \Vhe n he i n fo r m ed his fa t he r o f his r esol u lly r esolved t fi n di n g h im fu a ded h im fr o m it , b u ha ve d iss u upo n it , pe r m i tt ed him t o go a n d reside a t the mo n a s t e r y Va lfr e d , the a bbot , fi n di n g th a t he possessed in E x e t e r V s , h a d him r e m oved to Nuts ce lle , a se m i n a ry a bright ge n i u The a bbot o f o f le a r n i n g in the dio cese o f \Vin c he s t e r Nut s c e lle , who wa s a m a n o f g r e a t le a r n i n g , took e x ng pu pil ,who soo n be c am e t r a o r d in a ry p a i n s w ith his yo u s uch a p r odigy in the scie n ce o f theology ,th a t he b ec a me o n e o f the p r i n ci pa l te a che r s W e a r e i n for m ed by the a n cie n t S a x o n histori a n s , th a t died un de r h im h a d n o n eed to remove to t hose w h o st u a n y other pl a ce to fi n is h wh a t they h a d beg a n , fo r there sc a r cely a n y b r a n ch o f scie n ce th a t he wa s n o t fur His m ode o f li fe wa s e x e m pl a r y , his m an n is he d w i t h ch a s e n de a red n ers a m i a ble , a n d his ch a r a c t e r ge n e r a lly s u a i n ted h im t o a ll wi t h who m he wa s a cq u W he n a bo ut thirt y ye a rs o f a ge he received holy or d er s , a n d comme n ced the n oble wo r k o f p re a chi n g the . . . ’ . . . . . . . 74 r o x s B O O K o r M A RT Y RS ’ . l c a ti n g the pr 1 n c1 ples o f tr ue religio n After la b o uring in c u i n th is field fo r a bo u t a ye a r , he desp a tched o n e o f his co m p a n io n s to Ro m e w i t h a n a cco un t o f the r es ult o f his . e x e r tio n s ; upo n the receptio n o f his m ess a ge , G r ego r y se n t him a letter , desi r i n g his prese n ce in Rome B o n i fa ce a ccordi n gly set o u t fo r th a t ci t y , a n d u po n his a r r i v a l, h e re cei v ed fr o m the pope e v e r y m a r k o f estee m a n d a ffe ctio n , a n d w a s n o t pe r m itted to r et u r n to his l a bo u rs un til he ha d bee n i n vest ed with the ep iscop a l ch a r a ct e r in o r der th a t he m ight p u rs ue the m wi t h m o r e a utho r ity , a n d to gre a ter a dv a n t a ge It wa s o n this o c c a sio n t h a t he reli n q uished his n a me o f V Vin fr it h , a n d a ss um ed th a t o f B o n i fa ce G r egory h a vi n g the n give n h im re co mm e n d a to r y lette r s to a ll the p r el a tes a n d p r i n ces o f Christe n do m , B o n i fa ce h a ste n ed to r es um e his l a bo urs A fte r p r e a chi n g w i t h his us ua l s uccess , n o t o n ly in Ge r m a n y ,b ut a lso in seve r a l o f the n eighb o ur i n g ki n gdo m s , fo r the te r m o f n i n e ye a r s , he wa s a g a i n re c a lled to Ro m e by G r ego r y III , in 7 3 1 He wa s n o w co n stit u ted a n a r chbishop ,a n d a ut ho r ised t o e r ect n e w b ishop r i cs th r o u gho ut Ge r m a n y He r e he co n t i n ued to l a bo ur with un a b a t ed ze a l till 7 5 2 , whe n , by r e a so n o f his g r e a t a ge , he co n se c r a ted L a ll us , his fello w co un t r y m a n a n d fa ith fu l disci ple , a s h is a ssist a n t A ft er this he t r a velled i n to F r iesl a n d , whe r e b e co n ve r ted a n d b a ptized se v e r a l tho us a n d o f the n a ti ves , de m o lis he d the i r te m ples ,a n d r a ised ch u r ches in thei r ste a d H a vi n g a ppo i n ted a d a y fo r a d m i n iste r i n g the ite o f c o n fir m a t io n , he o r dered the m to a sse m ble o n a n ope n pl a i n n e a r t h e r ive r B o u r de ,whithe r he r ep a i r ed the d a y b e fo r e , to b e in r e a di n ess o n t he follo wi n g m o r n i n g The p a g a n s h a vi n g k n o wledge o f this , r ushed upo n him a n d his a sso ci a tes w i t h gre a t viole n ce , a n d m eeti n g w ith This n o r esist an ce , B o n i fa ce , w ith fi fty othe r s , wa s sl a i n h a ppe n ed o n J un e 5 th , A D 7 5 5 Th us fell the gre a t r ch , the ho n o u r o f E ngl a n d , fa t her o f the Ge r m a n i c ch u a n d the glory o f his b a rb a ro u s age " . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . ’ r ox s n eo n C H O ther MART YI S or A PT ER V 70 . . Ma r ty r d oms between the S ix th a n d Ten th Cert t a r ies . Ma ssa cr e by the S a r a cens . F o r ty two p erso n s o f Upper P h r ygi a , were m a rtyred , A D 84 5 , by t he S a r a ce n s , the circ umst a n ces o f which s rel a t ed : a r e th u s ,t he S a r a ce n s r a v a ged m a ny In the r eig n o f Theophil u p a rts o f the e a ste r n e m p i r e , g a i n ed m a n y a dv a n t a ges over the Chris t i a n s , a n d fi n a lly l a id si ege to the ci ty o f Ar m o ri a n , in Upper Ph r ygi a The g a r r iso n b r a vely de fe n de d the pl a ce fo r a co n sider a b le ti m e , b ut bei n g b e tr ayed by a w r d , a nd to the s o r e n e a d e , the to w n wa s t a ke n ,m a n y p u t g m be r o f perso n s o f d is t in c two ge n e r a l o ffi ce r s , w i t h a n u ti o n , were m a de p r iso n e r s a n d c a r r ied t o B a gd a t They were here lo a ded with ch a i n s a n d c a st i n to pri t seei n g s o n , w here they r e m a i n ed fo r a lo n g t i m e , w i t ho u t thei r g a ole r At le n gth they w e r e i n fo r m ed a n y pe r so n b u th a t n o t hi n g w o uld p r ese r ve the ir lives b ut the emb r a ci ng For the p ur pose o f w i n n i n g o f the Ma ho m et a n fa i t h t he m ove r , the c a li ph p r o fessed g r e a t a n x iety fo r their ct the m in t he m ysteries wel fa re , a n d se n t priests to i n st r u o f t h e Ma ho m et a n creed Bu t n ot w ithst a n di n g they were a ll a wa re o f the co n seq u e n ce , they co n ti n ued ste a d fa st in their fa ith , rej e c t i n g the religio n o f the i m poster with ho r ror a n d co n te m pt T hey we r e a cco r di n gly comm a n ded by the c a li ph to b e b ehe a ded ; a n d they w e r e s u bseq ue n tly e x ec uted , a fter h a vi n g b ee n kept in co n fi n eme n t for the sp a ce o f seve n ye a rs Theodo r e , o n e o f their n um b er, h a d formerly re ceive d orde r s , a n d o ffici a ted a s a p r iest , b ut a fterwa r d r e s ign mg his p r o fessio n , he follo wed the milit a ry li fe , a n d a t le n gt h bec a m e a co m m a n der o f d isti n ctio n The o ffi cer wh o a t t io n , bei n g a pp r ized o f these ci r c u t e n ded t he e x e c u m st a n ces , s a id to Theodo r e , Yo um ight ,i n deed ,p r ete n d to ra n k a m o n g the Christi a n s while y o userved a s a prie s t in th e ch u rch ,b ut the employme n t y o u h a v e s i n ce t a ke n u - . . . . . . . . . . v 76 Fox ’ s B O O K o r MA R T Y R S co n tr a ry to yo ur fo r mer pro fessio n , th a t y o u sho ul d not thi n k o f p a ssi n g a m o n g u s fo r o ne o f th a t religio n W he n y ouquitted the a lt a r fo r the c a m p y o ure n o un ced Christ W hy the n will y o ud isse m ble a ny lo n ge r l W o uld u n o t a c t mo r e co n fo r m a bly w ith yo u r o wn p r i n ciples ,a n d o y m a ke yo ur co n d uct a ll o f a p ie ce , if y ouco m e to a resolu tio n o f s a vi n g yo ur li fe by a ck n o wledgi n g the gre a t pr o ” het 1 Theodo r e , overco m e with a vi r t u o s co n fu sio u n, p replied , It is t r ue I did in some m a s ure a b a n do n m y God whe n I e n g a ged in the a r m y , a n d sc a rce deserve the bu n a m e o f a Ch r isti a n t the Al m ighty h a s give n me gr a ce to see m y ch a r a cte r in its t r ue light , a n d m a de m e se n sible lt , a n d I hope he will b e ple a sed to a ccept o f m y o f m y fa u ” li fe a s the o n ly a to n e m e n t I c a n m a ke fo r g uilt T h is pi o us a n s we r co n fo un ded the o fficer , wh o o n ly replied t h a t he sho uld soo n h a ve a n opportun ity o f givi n g a proo f o f his fidelity to his Ma ster ; a nd he wa s a cco r di n gly behe a ded with his co m p a n io n s ts s o . ' . e . . Accoun t of P erf ectus . P er fe ctus wa s b or n a t Cord ub a , a n d bro ught up in the Ch r isti a n fa i t h H e m a de hi m sel f m a ster o f the use ful a n d polite lite r a t ure o f the a ge , a n d a t le n gth took p r iest s o r d e r s , a n d pe r fo r m ed his d uty with g r e a t ze a l a n d a ssi du ity ba, O n e d a y , while wa lki n g in the st r eets o f C o r d u so m e A r a bi a n s e n tered i n to co n ve r s a ti o n with h im , in whi ch t h e y a sked his opi n io n a s to Ma ho m et a n d Jes u s P e r fe ctus g a ve the m a n e x a ct a cco un t o f the Ch r isti a n s Ch r ist , a n d the r e fa ith r espec t i n g the D ivi n ity o f Jes u demp t io n o f m a n ki n d ; b ut wo uld n o t delive r his se n ti m e n ts respe c t i n g Ma ho m et The A r a bi a n s p r essed him to spe ak sed , s a yi n g , th a t w h a t he sho uld utter fr eely , b u t he r e fu ld p r ob a bly be dis a g r ee a ble to the m , a n d the r e fo r e he wo u wo u ld b e sile n t , a s he did n o t wish to o ffe n d a ny o n e They n evert heless e n tr e a ted h in to s p e a k his tho ugh t s fr eely , s a yi n g , they wo uld n o t be o ffe n ded a t a ny thi n g he might s a y He n ce beli evi n g the m si n ce r e , a n d hopi n g th a t th is m ight be the fa vo ur a ble ti m e a llotted fo r thei r co n ve r sio n , P e r fect us told the m th a t the Christ ia n looke d upo n Ma ho m et a s o n e o f th e fa lse p r ophets spoke n o f in th e Gospel , wh o were to de ceive a n d sed u ce gr e a t num . ’ . . . . . Fox ’ s B O O K o r M A R T Y RS . destr uctio n To ill ustr a te thi s he des c an ted r d do ctri n es o f the Alco r a n , a n d e x o n some o f the a bs u it the m iser a ble h or te d the m in very st r o n g terms to q u ld ce r t a i n ly s t a te in wh i ch they the n we r e , a n d wh i ch wo u b e follo w ed by ete r n a l m ise r y The in fid e ls co u ld n ot liste n to s uch a disco urse witho ut co n ce ivi n g a n i n dig n a tio n a g a i n st the spe a ker they tho ught p r oper , ho we v e r , to dis guise their rese n t m e n t ,b ut At first they were were r esolved n o t t o let h im es c a pe un willi n g to us e a n y v iole n ce to wa r d h im , b e c a use they r a n ce th a t he sho u ha d gi v e n h im a sole m n a ss u ld co m e t o no h a r m pl e , a n d b ut they w e r e soo n e a sed o f th a t s cr u n ity , se ized h im , h u wa tchi n g a fa vo u r a ble oppo r t u r r ie d him a wa y to o n e o f thei r ch ie f m a gistr a tes , a n d a cc us ed h im o f bl a sphe m i n g thei r g r e a t p r ophe t The j udge o r de r ed h im to b e p ut in ch a i n s a n d co n fi n ed in p r iso n till t h e fa st o f Ra m a d a n , w he n he sho u ld b e m a de a vi cti m to Ma ho m et He he a r d th e dete r m i n a tio n w ith j oy ,a n d p r e p a r ed for his m a r tyr d o m w ith g r e a t fe r ve n cy At the ti m e a ppo i n ted he w a s led to t h e pl a ce o f e x e c utio n ,where he m a d e a n other de cl a r a tio n o f his fa ith , de cl a r ed th a t Ma ho m et wa s a n i m poste r , a n d th a t t h e Al co r a n wa s filled with a bs u rdi t i es a n d bl a sphe m ies H e wa s b ehe a ded A 1 850, a n d his body wa s i n terred b y the C hristi a n s b e t s to the i r . . . . . . ' . . 1. . Ma r ty r d om of two L a d i es a t Cor d ub a . ffered m a rtyrdo m Two l a dies , n a m ed Ma ry a n d Flo r a ,su the s a m e p e r iod a s the fo r ty t wo b e fo r e r e co r ded Flo r a ghte r o f a n e m i n e n t Ma ho m et a n o f S eville ,fro m wa s the d a u b a , whe r e the S a r a ce n ki n g whe n ce he re m oved to C ord u kep t his co ur t He r fa the r dyi n g whe n she wa s yo un g , Flo r a wa s le ft to t he c a r e o f he r m other , who , bei n g a Christi a n , bro ught h e r up in the tr ue fa ith , a n d i n spi r ed h e r w ith se n ti m e n t s o f vi r t u e a n d r eligio n He r b r othe r be i n g a n e n e m y o f Ch r is t i a n i t y , a n d o f a s a v a ge a n d b a rb a ro u s te m p e r , she wa s obliged fo r so m e ti m e to us e gre a t c a utio n es a s m ust h a ve e x po s ed her to in the p r a cti ce o f s uch vi r t u a pe r se c u t io n She wa s too ze a lo us to be un de r thi s r e s t r a i n t lo n g fo r w hich r e a so n she le ft C o r d ub a in co m p a n y wit h her siste r He r dep a r t ur e so o n a l ar m ed her bro t her wo o gu e ssed her motives , a n d in reve n ge i n formed a g a i ns t at - . . . . . r ox ’ s B O O K o r M A RT Y RS . vera l C hristi a n s in C o r d ub a ; for a s he did n o t k n o w whither his sister wa s go n e , he determi n ed to wre a k his ch Ch r isti a n s a s were p 1 e se n t W he n ve n ge a n ce o n s u Flo r a wa s i n fo r m ed o f these thi n gs ,she co n sidered he r se lf a s the c a u se o f wh a t the Christi a n s h a d s uffe r ed , she r e tu r n ed to Co r d ub a , a n d prese n ted he r s e l f b e fo r e the per ” n d h e r b r othe r If, s a id se c u t o r s , a mo n g w ho m she fo u she , I a m t he obj e ct o f yo ur i n q ui r y , if the serv a n ts o f G od a r e t o r m e nte d o n my a cco un t , I de cl a r e th a t I believe in Jes u s Ch r is t ,glo r y in his c r oss ,a n d p r o fess the doc t r i n es ” whi ch he t a ught No n e o f the co m p a n y seemed so m uch e n r a ged a t these wo r ds a s h er brother ; who , a fte r so m e th r e a t s , st r uck h e r , b ut a fte r wa r d e n de a v o ur ed to g a i n h e r by e x p r essio n s o f p r ete n ded ki n d n e ss Fi n di n g he r n u m oved by a ll he co u ld s ay , he i n si n ua t ed th a t she ha d bee n ed uc a ted 1 n the r eligio n o f Ma ho m et ,b ut h a d re n o un ce d it a t the s u ggestio n o f so m e C hr is t ia ris , wh o h a d i n sp ired he r w ith co n t e m pt fo r the g r e a t p r o p he t W he n she wa s c a lled o n to a n s we r t o the ch a r ge , she d e c l a r ed th a t she cke d in t h e C h r i sti a n h a d n eve r o wn ed Ma ho m et , b u t su r el igi o n w ith h e r m ilk , an d wa s e n tirely Je vo t e d to the Re dee m er o f m a n ki n d The m a gistra te , fi n di n g her r e s lut e d elive r ed h er to her t m ost e n de a vo ur s br othe r , a n d g a ve him o r de r s to u s e 11 1 3 u to m a ke her a Ma ho m et a n S he ho wever soo n fo un d a n n i t y o f esc a pi n g over a wa ll in the n ight , a n d o f o pp or t u s ec r eti n g he r sel f in the ho u se o f a Ch r isti a n S he the n cci , a vill a ge o f A n d a l usi a , h e r e she met wi t hd r e w t o T u wi t h her s ister , a n d they n eve r sep a r a ted a g a i n till her m a r ty r dom Mar y , who suffe r ed a t the s a m e ti m e , wa s the d a ughter o f a Ch r isti a n tr a des m a n a t Est r e m a d u r a , wh o a ft e r w a r d re m oved to a to wn n e ar Co r d ub a W he n t he perse c utio n co mm e n ced un de r Ab d e r r a m a , ki n g o f the S a r a ce n s , in S p a i n , Ma r y s yo un ger b r o t he r wa s o n e who fell a vi cti m to t he r a ge o f the in fid e ls o n t ha t o cc a sio n Ma r y he a ri n g o f his m ar ty r do m , a n d filled wi t h co n fu sio n a t be i n g le ft behi n d by o n e so m uch yo unge r th a n he r sel f, we n t to Co r d ub a , whe r e , goi n g i n t o a ch ur ch , she fo un d Flo r a , wh o h a d le ft h e r r e t r e a t o n the s a m e m otive O n co n versi n g toge t he r , a n d fi n di n g t h a t they a c t ed u po n the s a m e r s, pri n ciple s , a n d propose r th e s a m e e n d t o the ir l a b o u se . . . . ‘s . . x . . ’ . . . m i n t; HF M ART RS Y . 79 g r eed t o go t o ge t he r , a n d de cl a re thei r fa ith be fo r e the j udge Acco r di n gly ,t hey p r oceeded to the m a gis tr a t e , whe n Flo r a boldly told h im th a t she looked upo n Ma ho m et l t e r e r ,a n d a m a g i a s n o b ette r th a n a fa lse p r ophet ,a n a d u c ia n Ma r y a lso told the m a gist r a te th a t she possessed t he s a m e fa i th , a n d e n tert a i n ed the s a m e se n ti m e n ts a s Flo r a , a n d t h a t she w a s siste r to W a la b o n z a s , wh o h a d a l r e a dy s uffe r ed fo r bei n g a C h r is t i a n T h is beh a vio ur so m uch e n r a ged the m a gist r a te , th a t he o r de r ed the m to b e c o m m itt e d t o p r iso n f r so m e ti m e , a n d the n to be b ehe a ded , whi ch se n t e n ce wa s e x e c u ted on the fo ur th o f Nove m ber , the) a . . . o A D . . 850 . F em a le JlI a r ty r d om . B sides the i n st a n ces a l r e a dy me n tio n ed , m a n y othe r m ar t yrdo m s o cc u r r ed i n di ffere n t co u nt r ie s th a t o u r limi ti W1 “ n o t p er mit u s t o m e n tio n e . . 30 r ox s B OO K o r MA RTYRS CH . A PT E R V Ma ulla n cou : Ma r t r d om d u r ing the S even th Cen tu r y y . Accoun t of Ar ch bis hop Alp hag e . A LPHA G E , a rchb ishop o f C a n terb ur y ,c a me from a co n s id e r a b le fa m ily in Glo u ceste r shire , who bei n g devote d C hr ist ian s , g a ve him a n ed uc a tio n be co m i n g his sta ti o n , a n d as b e e a rly sho wed a st r o n g p r edile ctio n fo r theol ogi c al a c q u ireme n ts , he n o t o n ly p r ep a red hi m sel f fo r t a ki n g holy orders , b u rs ue h is st udy a n d p io us co n tem pl a t to p u t io n s , he r e t ix e d to a se cl uded sp ot , a n d a ss um ed h a bi t s o f t he most rigid a u sterity But , n otwithst a n di n g his soli t a r y ha b its , his t a le n ts a n d vi r t u es soo n b e c a m e k n o wn in th e n e ighb o u rhood o f his re tre a t , a n d m a n y pe r so n s we r e a n x io u s to pl a ce themselves un der his p a stora l c a r e Th e pl a c e o f his reti r e m e n t wa s a c a ve n e a r to B a th , a n d ha vi n g e a rly t a ke n the h a b it o f a B e n edi cti n e mo n k , h e wa s a t le n gth i n d u ced to r a ise a mo n a stery n e a r his cell , a n d h a vi n g p r escribed r u les , a n d pl a ced a n a bb ot ove r them , a g a i n retur n ed to his fo rme r retr e a t S hortly a fte r this the se e o f W in chester be comi n g va c a n t , b y the de a th o f Eth e lwold , a viole n t d isp ute a ros e bet we e n the clergy o f the diocese , a s to the choice o f a s uccessor W he n th is co n te st ha d co n ti n ue d for a c o n s i r y ,wh o wa s the n d e r a b le ti m e , the a rchb ishop o f C a n te r b u prim a te o f a ll E n gl a n d , put a stop to the co n test by a p p o in t in g , with the a pprob a tio n o f b oth p a rti e s , Alph a ge t o the v a c a n t se e The e ffe cts o f this j ud icio us cho ice wa s ve r y s oo n v13 i gho ut the dio cese , a s piety flo urished , un ity wa s b le thro u ct o f the e st a blished a m o n g the clergy , a n d the co n d u ch urch o f W i n cheste r m a de it s b ishop an obj e ct o f a d m i ra t io n th r o ugho ut the ki n gdo m D un st a n the a r chbishop ha d s uch a ve n er a tio n fo r Al ph a g e , th a t whe n upo n his de a thbed h e pra yed th a t t he L o rd wo uld c a us e him to be co m e his s uccessor Th is gh n o t t ill e ightee n y e a rs a fte r pr ay er was a n swered , tho u . . . . . 0 . . ’ 82 Fo x s B G OK m e r ci fu ll y or w a r ms . This he h e re wit h p a tie n ce ,a n d e ve n pra y ed fo r hi s pe r sec u to r s , till o n e o f the soldie r s , wh o h a d bee n co n ve rted to Ch r is t i a n i ty by h im , to p ut a n e n d to his ffe r i n gs , c u su t o ff his he a d This eve n t h a ppe n ed A p r il 1 9 , A D 1 01 2 , o n the very spot whe r e the ch ur ch o f G r e e n wicln wh ich wa s dedi c a ted t o h im , n o w s ta n ds H is b ody wa s t h r o wn i n to the wa ter , bu n d o n the follo wi n g d a y , wa s b u r ied in S t t be i n g fo u P a ul s ch urch a n d wa s re m oved to C a n terb ury , in A D . . . . . . ’ . 1 02 3 . . nt o Accou f G er a r d . Ger a rd ,a Ve n eti a n , h a vi n g devoted himsel f to the s e r vi ce o f God fr o m a yo uth , e n te r ed i n to a r e lig1o us ho use fo r so m e ti m e , a n d the n dete r mi n ed to visit the Ho ly La n d O n a r r ivi n g in H u n g a r y , he bec a m e a cq u a i n ted wi t h Ste phe n , the ki n g o f th a t co un t r y , wh o a cted t h e p a r ts o f p r i n ce a n d p r e a cher ,a n d n o t o n ly regul a ted his s ub je cts by wholeso m e l a w s , b u ght them religio us d uti es F in d t t au in g Ge r a r d q u a li fied to i n st r u ct his people , he t r ied to de t a i n hi m in his ki n gd o m a n d , a t le n g t h , fo und i n g sever al ch urches , he m a de Ge r ar d b ishop o f th a t o f Ch o n a d H e r e the n e w b ishop h a d a ve r y di ffi c ult t a sk to pe r for m , t h e people o f hi s di o cese bei n g a cc u sto m ed to idol a t r y The b ishop , ho weve r , a ssid uo us in his ze a l fo r the s a lva tio n o f his flo ck , l a b o ur ed to b r i n g the m to a se n se o f their d uty , a n d soo n h a d t he ple a s ur e t o fin d th a t his e n de a vo ur s were n o t u n su ccess ful , fo r his s wee t n ess o f d ispositio n wo n gr e a t ly upo n the people D uri n g the li fe o f Stephe n he re cei v ed eve r y a ssis t a n ce ,b ut a ft er the de a th o f this p r i n ce , the t hr o n e wa s filled by Pete r , a m a n o f so m o r ose a n d ty r a n n i c a l a disposi t io n th a t he wa s deposed by his s ub e c t s be fo r e he h a d reig n ed t wo ye a rs H e a s su cceeded w j by O uv o , who p r oved still m o r e c r uel th a n P ete r , i n so m uch th a t he wa s sho r t ly a ft er b ehe a ded a n d P eter a g a i n re c a lled The people soo n fo un d t h a t reti r e m e n t h a d pro du ce d n o ch a n ge in his disposi t io n ,a n d he wa s a se co n d ti m e de p osed , a n d A n d r e w, co usi n ge r m a n t o Ste p he n wa s c a lled to t h e th r o n e by t h e n obili ty , a n d the c r o wn wa s o ffered h im o n co n di t io n t h a t he w o uld e m ploy his a ut ho rity in e x te r m i n a t i n g Ch r is t i a n i ty fr o m hi s d o m i n io ns . . . . . . . . . r 88 ’ o x s B O OK O F MA RT YR S . Thi s he pr o m ised to do upo n whi ch Stephe n , wi th thre e othe r pr el a t es ,s e t o ut t o vis i t him fo r t he p ur pose o f per a d in h rec i m a ll his p r o m ise , b u t o n t he wa y t hey we r e t su o g r dered t he m e t by a co m a n y o f soldie r s wh o m u This p wa s in A D 1 04 5 . . . . s Accoun t of S ta n is la u . S t a n isl a us , b ishop o f C r a co w , wa s o f a n ill ustrio us fa m ily T h e p ie t y o f h is p a r e n ts wa s e qua l to the i r o p u le n ce , a n d they re n de r ed their we a l t h s ubservie n t to a ll the p ur poses o f b e n evole n ce S t a n isl a us wa s their o n ly ch ild ; he p ossessed a pe n e t r a ti n g ge n i us ,re t e n tive m e m o r y , a n d solid u n de r s t a n di n g ; he n ce s t u dy be c a m e his a m use m e n t His d isposi t io n wa s n o t i n fe r io r t o h is a bili t ies ,a n d he e a r l y g a v e hi m sel f to s uch a us t e r iti es a s m ight h a ve a cq u i r ed fo r h im t h e r ep ut a t io n o f a he r m i t He wa s fi r s t se n t to a se m i n a r y in P ol a n d , a n d a fte r wa r d to the u n ive r sity a t P a r is A ft er re m a i n i n g there for seve r a l ye a r s he r et u r n ed ho m e , a n d o n the de a t h o f his p a r e n t s he b e c a m e p ossessed o f a l a r ge est a te , wh i ch he p r i n cip a lly devoted to deeds o f ch a rity Hi s vie ws we r e n o w solely d ir e cted to t he m i n istr y ; b u t he r e m a i n ed fo r so m e ti m e u n dete r m i n ed whethe r he sho u ld e mbr a ce a mo n a s t i c li fe , o r b e co m e a sec ul a r cle r gym a n He wa s a t le n gth pe r s ua ded t o t h e l a t ter by Z ul a , b ishop o f C r a co w, wh o i n vested h im wi t h holy o r de r s , a n d m a de h im a c a n o n in hi s c a t hed r a l He r e he r e m a i n ed fo r s e ver a l ye ar s in the fa ith ful pe r fo r m a n ce o f eve r y Christi a n vi r t ue , i n so m uch th a t , a t t he a ge o f thirty s ix ye a rs he wa s a ppo i n ted b ishop o f t h e s e e o f C r a co w , whi ch h a d beco m e v a c a n t o n the de a t h o f Z ula Bo lisla us IL , ki n g o f P ol a n d , w h o r eig n ed a t th is ti m e , possessed m a n y good q ua li t ies , b ut givi n g wa y to o m uch to his p a ssio n s , c o m m itt e d m a n y er r o r s , a n d a cqui r ed the n a m e o f C R U E L The n ob ility a n d cle r gy beheld his co n d uct wi t h d is a ppr o b a t io n ; b u s a lo n e h a d t h e co ur a ge to tell him t St a n isl a u o f his fa u lts The ki n g wa s gr e a t ly e x a sper a ted a t this fr eedo m ,b u t disse m bled his rese n t m e n t ,a n d eve n p r o m ised t o re fo r m his e r ro r s Not l o n g a ft er this , howeve r , he a ttempted th e ch a stity o f a m a r ried la d v w h o r e e c t i n his o f f ers ith disd a i n ,he w g j . . . . . . . . - . . . . ’ 84 Fo x s . B O OK o F MA RT YRS . ted her by fo rce This in iquito us a ct gre a tly ia c e nse d t h e n ob il ity , wh o c a ll in g a co u n cil o f the ir col le a g u e s a n d b ishops , re m o n str a ted with the k in g o n the impropriety o f his co n d u ct The a rchbishop o f Gr e s ne wa s a ppoi n ted to be a r the remo n s t r a n ce ; b u t be i n g n a r a lly t im id , he decli n ed tu a n d whe n m a n y others ha d fol lo wed hi s e x a m ple , S ta n is l a us vol un teered his service , n d b oldly reproved the ki n g fo r the hei n o u s n ess o f his vio la . . cr 1 m e . Bo lisla u s , v iole n tly e n r a ged ,thre a te n ed the p r el a te wit h his seve r est ve n ge a n ce b u n in t im id a t e d by his t S t a n isla u s ,u me n a ces , visited him twi ce more , a n d re m o n str a ted wi t h him in a fa mili a r m a nn er , whi ch in cre a sed his wr a th The n obility a nd cle r gy , fi n di n g th a t t he a d m o n itio n s o f th e b ishop h a d n o t the desi r ed e ffe ct u po n the ki n g ,a dvise d him to desi st , a n d a lso e n de a vo u red to t ur n the a n ger o f the mo n a rch from St a n isl a us , fo r his ch a rit a ble re m o n s tr a n ce s Bu t the h a u ghty ki n g , determi n ed to rid him h i m sel f o f so d a ri n g a n d fa ith fu l a m o n itor , h e a r i n g th a t he wa s a lo n e in the ch a pel o f St Mi ch a el , s e n t some sol die rs to m urder him These m e n co m i n g i n to his prese n ce , were so ove r a wed by the ve n er a ble a spe ct o f the prel a te , . . . . th a t they d a red n o t to r a ise their h a n ds a g a i n st him W he n they ret ur n ed witho ut h a vi n g ob eyed their orders , Bo lis la u s seized a d a gger , h a ste n ed to the ch a pel , w here , fi n d in g S ta n isl a us a t the a lt a r ,he pl un ged the we a po n in t o his he a rt Th is o cc urred o n t he 8th May , A D 1 07 0 . . . . PART 1 11 . C H AP T E R I . tions of t h e W a ld enses in F r a n ce P cr s ecu . BEF O RE th is t im e the ch u r ch o f C h r ist wa s t a in ted wit h man y o f th e e rrors o f p a p e ry , a n d s u persti t io n beg a n t o s t a fe w , wh o perce ived the per ni c io u predomi n a te ; b u te n d en cy o f s uch errors , determ i n e d t o s ho w the ight o f ' ’ Fox s B OOK o r MA R TY RS 85 . the gospel in its re a l p ur ity , a n d to dispe r se those clo ud s l p r iests h a d r a ised a b o ut it , in o r de r to del u de whi ch a r t fu the people The p r i n cip a l o f t hese w o r thi es wa s B e r e n a r iu t the ye a r 1 000, boldly p r e a ched gospel s , wh o ,a b o u g truths a ccordi n g to thei r pri m i t ive p ur i t y Ma n y , fr om co n vi ctio n , we n t o ve r to his do c tr i n e , a n d were o n t h a t s wa s s u n t c a lled B e r e n g a r i a n s Be r e n gar iu cceeded a cco u by P e t er B ruis ,wh o p r e a c h ed a t To ulo use ,un de r the pro s ; a n d the w hole t e ct io n o f a n e a r l , n a m ed Hild e p h o n s u t e n ets o f the r e fo r m e r s , w ith the re a so n s o f thei r sep a r a r ch o f Ro m e ,w e r e p u blished in a book t D fro m the ch u is , un de r the title o f A N TI C H R I S T wr it t e n by B r u In th e ye a r 1 1 40, t h e n u m be r o f the r e fo r m ed wa s very g r e a t ,a n d the p r ob a b ili t y o f the i r i n cr e a si n g a l ar m ed the p ope , wh o wr ote to sever a l p r i n ces to b a n ish the m the ir d o m i n i o n s , a n d e m ployed m a n y le a r n ed m e n to writ e a g a i n st the m In 1 1 4 7 ,He nr y o f To u l o use , b ei n g dee m ed thei r most e m i n e n t p r e a cher , they we r e c a lled He n r ic ia n s ; a n d as they wo uld n o t a d m it o f a ny p r oo fs r el a tive to rel igio n ,b ut wh a t co u ld b e ded uced fr o m t h e sc r i ptur es t hem s el v es , the popish p a r ty g a ve them t he n a m e o f Ap o s t o lics P eter W a ldo , o r Va ldo , a n a tive o f Lyo n s , a t this ti m e be c a m e a st r e n u o us o pp ose r o f p ope r y a n d fr o m him the r e fo r m ed re ce iv ed t h e a p p ell a tio n o f V Va ld o y s , o r W a lde n ses W a ldo wa s a m a n e m i n e n t fo r his le a r n i n g a n d b e n e vo le n ce a n d his doc t r i n es we r e a dopted by m u ltit udes The b ishop o f Lyo n s t a ki n g u m br a ge a t the fr eedom with whi ch he t r e a ted t h e pope a n d the Ro m ish cle r gy , se n t to a d m o n ish him t o r e fr a i n in fu t ur e fr om s uch dis co ur ses b ut Wa ldo a n sw e r ed , Th a t he co uld n ot b e sile n t in a c a us e of su ch i m po r t a n ce a s t h e s a lv a ti o n o f m e n s so uls where ” in he m u st obey God r a ther th a n m an . . ' . . . . . ’ . Accus a i on s of P eter W a ld o a g a in s t P op er y t . His p r in ci p a l a cc us a t i o n s a g a i n st the Ro m a n C a thol ic s we r e , th a t they a ffi r m t h e ch u r ch o f R o m e to b e the o n ly i n fa llible c hur ch o f C h r i s t up o n e a rth a n d t h a t t he pop e is it s he a d , a n d the v i c a r o f C h r i st ; th a t t hey hold t he a bs u rd doct r i n e o f t r a n s ub s t a n t i a t i o n , i n sis t i n g t h a t t he bre a d a n d wi n e gi v n in th w e t a m e n t a r e t he V ery id e ntl e e v 36 ’ Fo x s B OO K o r MA RTY RS . cal b ody a n d blood o f Ch r ist w hi ch we r e n a iled to the cros s th a t t hey belie v e t he r e is a pl a ce c a lled p ur g a to r y , whe r e the so uls o f pe r so n s , a fte r thi s l i fe , a r e p ur ge d fr o m the si n s o f mo r t a l ity , a n d th a t the p a i n s a n d pe n a l t ies here in flic t e d m a y be a b a te d a cco r di n g to the m a sses s a id by , a n d t h e m o n ey p a id to t h e pries t s ; th a t they te a ch , the com mu n io n o f o n e ki n d , or the re ceivi n g the wa fe o n ly , is s uffi cie n t fo r the la y people , tho ugh the cle r gy m ust be in du lge d wit h both bre a d a n d wi n e th a t they p r a y to t h e Vi r gi n Ma r y a n d s a i n ts , tho ugh thei r p r aye r s o ught t o be im m edi a t ely to G od ; th a t t hey p r a y fo r so u ls dep a r te d , t ho ugh God decides thei r fa te i m m edi a tely o n the dece a se o f t h e p e r s o n ; th a t they will n o t pe r fo r m t h e se r v ice o f the ch ur ch in a l a n g ua ge un de r stood by the peo p le in ge n e r a l ; th a t they pl a ce thei r de v o t io n in the n u m be r a t p r a ye r s ,a n d n o t in t he i n te n t o f t he he a r t th a t t hey fo r bid m a rri a ge to the cl e r gy , t ho ugh God a llo wed it ; a n d th a t they use m a n y thi n gs in b a p t is m , tho ugh Chr is t use d o n ly wa ter W he n pope Ale x a n de r the Thi r d wa s ih fo m e d o f these t r a n s a c t io n s , h e e x co m m un i c a ted W a ld o an d his a dhe r e n ts , a n d co mm a n ded the b ishop o f Lyo n s to e x te r m i n a te the m : th us beg a n the p a p a l perse c ut i o n s a g a i n st the V Va ld e n ses r ‘ . ~ . Ten et s of t h e Wa ld en s es . 1 Th a t holy o il i s n o t to b e m i n gled in b a pt is m 2 Th a t p r a yers u sed over thi n gs i n a n i m a te ar e s upe r s s t it io u 3 Flesh m a y b e e a te n in Le n t ; the clergy m ay m a rry ; r ic u l a r co n fessio n is un n e cess a r y and au n d to we a r e n o t b o u 4 C o n fi r m a tio n is n o s a c r a m e n t ld li ve up o n p ay obedie n ce t o the pope ; m i n isters sho u ti t hes ; n o dig n ity sets o n e cle gy rn a n a b ove a n othe r , fo r their s upe r i o r ity ca n o n ly b e d r a wn fr o m r e a l w o r th rd ; 5 I m a ges in ch u im a ge -wo r sh ip is r ches a re a bs u ’ idol a tr y ; the p ope s i n d ulge n ces r idi c ulo us ; a n d the m i ra cles prete n ded to b e do n e by the chur ch o f Ro m e ar e fa lse bli c ste ws o ught n ot to b e a llo wed 6 F o r n ica t io n a n d p u r g a to r y is a fictio n a n d de c e a sed p e r s b n s , c a lled s a i n t s, pu ou g ht n ot to b e p r a yed to . . . . . . . . . . . . ’ fox s s o o n m s " or 87 . E x t re me un c tio n is n o t a s a c r a m e n t ; a n d m a sse s , lge n ces ,a n d p r a ye r s , a r e o f n o se r vi ce t o the de a d in d u ght t o b e the r ule o f a ll othe r 8 The L o r d s p r a yer o u pr a ye r s \Va ld o re m a i n ed th r ee ye a rs un dis covered in Lyo ns , tho u g h the ut most dili ge n ce wa s us ed to a pprehe n d him bu n d a n oppo r t u n ity o f es c a pi n g from t a t le n gt h h e fo u the pl a ce o f his co n ce a l m e n t to the m o un t a i n s o f D a uph iny He soo n a ft e r fo un d me a n s to prop a g a te his do ctri n es in D au ph in y a n d P i c a r dy , wh i ch s o e x a spe r a ted P hili p ,ki n g u o f Fr a n ce , th a t he the l a tter provi n ce ,whi ch c o n t a i n ed t p m o st o f the se ct a r ies , u n der milit a r y e x e c u tio n destroy in g a bove thre e h u n d r ed ge n tleme n s se a ts , r a zi n g so m e r n i n g m a n y o f the re formed , a n d drivi n walled to wn s , b u g others i n to Fl a n de r s a n d Ge r m a n y N ot w i t hst a n di n g these pe r se c ut i o n s , the re fo r med t e ligio n see m ed to flo u r ish ; a n d the W a lde n ses , in v a r io u s m ero u s th a n eve r At le n g t h the p a r t s , b e c a m e more n u pope a cc used the m o f heresy , a n d the mo n ks o f i mm o r a lit These sl a n de r s they , ho wever , r e fut ed ; b ut the y pop e , i n ce n sed a t the ir i n cre a se , used a ll me a n s fo r t heir e x ti r p a t io n ; s uch a s e x comm un i c a ti o n s ,a n a t he m a s ,c a n o n s , co n s t it ut io ns , d ecrees , & c by whi ch t hey w ere re n de r e d i n c a p a ble o f holdi n g pl a ces o f t r ust , ho n o ur , or profit ; thei r l a n ds we r e sei zed , their goods co n fisc a ted , a nd t hey we r e n ot per m itted to b e b u r ied in co n se c r a t ed g r o u nd S o m e o f the V Va ld e n s e s h a vi n g t a ke n r e fuge in Sp a i n , Al d e phon s u s , ki n g o f A r r a go n , a t t h e i n stig a tio n o f t he pope , p ublished a n e d i ct , str i ctly o r de r i n g a ll Rom a n c a te them wherever t hey co uld be fo un d ; th o lic s to pe r se c u a n d d e c r eei n g t h a t a ll who g a ve the m the le a st a ssist a n c e sho uld be dee m ed t r a itors The ye a r a ft er this edi ct , Ald e ph o n sus wa s severely p un ished by the h a n d o f Provide n ce ; fo r his so n wa s de fe a ted in a gre a t b a ttle , a n d o f his m e n sl a i n , by which a co n side r a b le portio n o f his ki n gdom fell in to the ha n d s o f the Moo r s The re fo r m ed m i n isters co n ti n ued to pre a c h boldly g a i n st the Ro m ish ch ur ch ; a n d P ete r W a ldo ,in p a rt ic u la r , w he r eve r he we n t , a sse r t ed , th a t the pope wa s a n ti christ , th a t m a ss wa s a n a b o m i n a tio n , th a t the ho s t g as a n idol , a n d th a t p ur g a t o r y wa s a fa ble 7 . . ’ . . . ’ . . . . . . . a ’ Fo x s 88 B O OK o r M A RTYRS . is iti on O r ig in of th e I n qu . T hese pro ce e d in gs o f W a ldo a n d h is re forme d c o m isito r s ; fo r pope In p a ni o n s , o cc a sio n ed the o r igi n o f i n qu t h o r ized ce r t a i n mo n ks in q uisitor s to fi n d au n o c e n t III l ar po wer T he a n d deliver over the re formed to the se c u . . po n the le a st s urmise or i n fo r m a tio n , g a ve up m o n ks , u t h e re for m ed t o the m a gistr a te , wh o delive r ed them to the e x ec utio n e r for the pro cess wa s sho r t ,a s a cc us a tio n s up lied h e pl a ce o f evide n ce , a n d a fa ir tri a l was n e ver t p g r an ted to the a c cused . elti es o t h e P e , a n d a r ti ces o n ic o D o m i Cr u f fi p f . W he n the pope fo und th a t these cr uel me a n s h a d n o t the desired e ffe ct , he deter m i n ed to try othe r s o f a milder n a tu re ; he there fo r e se n t seve r a l le a r n ed m o n ks to pre a c h a m o n g the W a lde n ses , a n d i n d u ce the m to ch a n ge their op i n io n s Amo n g these m o n ks wa s o n e Do m i n i c , wh o a ppe a r ed e x tre m ely ze a lo u s in the c a use o f pope r y He i n stituted a n o r de r ,whi ch , fr o m him , wa s c a lled the order o f Do m i n ic a n fri a r s ; a n d the m e m ber s o f thi s o r der h a ve ever s in ce b ee n the pri n cip a l i n quisito r s in eve r y co un tr y i n to whi ch th a t ho r r ible trib un a l h a s b ee n i n t r od uced Their po we r wa s un li m i t ed they p r o ceeded a g a i n st who m they ple a sed , witho ut a ny co n side r a tio n o f a ge , s e x , or ra n k Ho weve r i n fa m o us the a cc use r s , the a cc us a tio n wa s dee m ed v a lid ; a n d eve n a n o n y m o u s in fo r m a tio n s we r e tho u ght s uffi ci e n t evide n ce The de a r est frie n ds or k i n d r ed co u ld n o t ,witho ut d a n ge r , serve a ny o n e wh o wa s im priso n ed o n a cco un t o f religio n to co n vey to those who we r e co n fi n ed a little str a w, or give the m a c u o f wa ter , p wa s c a lled fa vo u ri n g the he r eti cs ; n o l a wyer d a r ed t o ple a d eve n fo r his o wn brothe r , or n ot a ry r egister a ny thi n g in fa vo ur o f the re fo r m ed The m a li ce o f the p a i s t s , i n deed , we n t beyo n d t h e gr a ve , a n d t h e b o n es o f p m a n y W a lde n ses , who h a d bee n lo n g de a d , we r e d u g u p a nd b u rnt If a m a n o n his de a t h bed we r e a cc u sed o f bei n g a follo wer o f W a ldo , his est a tes we r e co n fisc a te d , an d the hei r de fr a u ded o f his i n he r it a n ce a n d so m e were e ve n o bliged to m a ke pilg r i m a ge s to the Holy L a n d wh il e . . . . . . ’ . . 90 Po x ’ s s oon or Ma u r it s . reve n ue s w e r e co n side r a b ly i n cre a sed by the ir comi n g i n to the co un try , a n d who , co n se que n tly , o ug ht to o e t h e l a st pe r so n s to m a ke a co m pl a i n t T h ose e n e m ies to trut h b ei n g t h us sile n ced , t hi n gs we n t o n in pe a ce fo r a fe w ye a r s , d u Va ld e n s es r i n g whi ch the V fo r m ed t he m selves i n t o t wo co r p or a te to wn s , a n n e x i n g sever a l vill a ges to their j ur i s dicti o n A t le ngt h t hey se n t to Ge n ev a fo r t wo cle r gy m a n , o n e to p r e a ch in e a ch to wn This bei n g k n o wn , i n tellige n ce wa s co n veyed to u o e P i s h t e Fo u r th , wh o dete r m i n ed to e x t er m i n a te p p the m fr o m C a l a b r i a wi tho ut fur t he r del a y To this e n d c a r di n a l Ale x a n d r i n o , a m a n o f a vi ole n t te m pe r , a n d a fu r io u s bigot , wa s se n t , toge t he r with t wo mo n ks , to C a l a b r i a , whe r e they we r e to a c t a s i n q u is ito r s These a u t ho r iz e d p e r so n s c a m e to S t X ist , o n e o f the to wn s b u ilt by the W a lde n ses , whe r e , h a vi n g a sse m bled the people , t hey told the m , th a t they sho u ld r e ce ive n o i njur y if they wo u ld a ccept o f p r e a che r s a p p oi n ted by the p op e ; b ut if they r e fused ,they sho uld be dep r i ved both o f thei r p r ope r ~ t ies a n d lives ; a n d th a t t o p r o v e the m , m a ss sho u ld be p ubli cly s a id th a t a ft e r n o on , a t whi ch they m ust a t t e n d Bu t t h e peo p le o f St X is t , i n ste a d o f o b eyi n g this , fled with thei r fa m ilies i n to t h e wo o d s , a n d th u s dis a ppoi n t ed the c a r di n a l a n d his co a djuto r s The n t hey p r o ceeded to La G a r de , t h e othe r to wn belo n gi n g t o the Wa lde n ses , w he r e , to a void the like dis a ppoi n t m e n t , t h ey o r de r ed t h e g a tes to b e lo cked , a n d a ll a ve n ues g ua r ded The s a m e p r opos a ls we r e the n m a de to t he i n h a b i t a nt s a s h a d bee n m a d e to t hose o f St X is t , b u t w it h t his a r ti fice : t h e c ar di n a l a ss ur ed them th a t t h e i n h a bit a n ts o f S t X ist h a d im m edi a t ely co m e i n t o his p r opos a ls , a n d a g r eed th a t the pope sho uld a p p oi n t them p r e a c h e r s This fa lsehood s uc ce e d e d ; fo r the a r de , thi n ki n g w h a t t he eople G o f a L p c a r di n a l h a d told t he m t o b e tr ut h ,s a id they wo uld e x a ctly follo w the e x a m p le o f thei r b r eth r e n a t S t X ist H a vi n g th us g a i n ed this poi n t by a lie , he se n t fo r two troops o f soldie r s wi t h a vie w to m a ss a c r e the people o f S t X ist He a cco r di n gly co m m a n ded the m i n to the woods , to h u n t the m do w n like wild be a sts , a n d g a ve the m strict o r de r s to sp a r e n eithe r a ge n or s e x , b ut to kill a ll they c a m e n e a r The tr oops a cco r di n gly e n te r ed t he wo ods , a n d m a n y fell a p r ey to the i r fe r o city , be fore t he who s e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fox ’ B OOK o r s MA R T YR S 91 . Wa lde ns e s we r e a pp r ised o f t hei r desig n At le n gth ,ho w ever , they de t erm i n ed to sell t he i r li v es a s de a r a s possible , whe n sever a l co n flic t s h a ppe n ed , in w hi ch t he h a l f a r m ed W a lde n ses pe r fo r m ed p r o d igies o f v a lo ur , a n d m a n y w e r e sl a i n o n b o t h sides At le n g t h , t he g r e a t e r p a rt o f t h e t r oops bei n g killed in t he di ffe r e n t r e n co un ters , the r e m a in d a r we r e co m p elled t o r e t r e a t ; which so e n r a ged the c a rdi n a l , th a t he wr ote to the V i ceroy o f N a ples fo r re i n force m e n t s The V ice r oy ,in o bedie n ce to this ,p r o cl a i m ed th r o ugho ut the Ne a polit a n te r rito r ie s , th a t all o ut l a ws , d es e r t e r s, a n d othe r p r os c r ib ed pe r so n s , sho uld b e fr eely p a r do n ed fo r their seve r a l o ffe n ces , o n co nd i t io n o f m a ki n g a c a m p a ig n a g a i n st the i n h a b it a n ts o f S t X ist , a n d o f co n ti n u i n g un de r a r m s t ill those p eople we r e des t r oyed 0 11 this se v e r a l pe r so n s o f despe r a te fo r t un e c a m e in , a n d bei n g fo r m ed i n t o light co m p a n ies , we r e se n t to s co ur the w oods , a n d t t o d e a t h a ll t hey co u ld m eet wi t h o f t he r e fo r m ed r e pu ligio n The V ice r oy hi m sel f a lso j o i n ed t he c a r di n a l , a t the he a d o f a b ody o f r eg ul a r fo r ces ; a n d , in co nj un c t io n , they s tr ove to a cco m plish thei r bloody p ur p ose S o m e they c a ugh t , a n d s us p e n di n g t he m up o n t r ees , c ut d o wn bo ughs a n d b ur n t t he m , o r r i pped t he m ope n a n d le ft t he ir bodies t o b e devo ur ed by wild b e a sts o r b i r ds o f p r ey Ma n y they shot a t a dist a n ce ; b ut the g r e a test n um be r they h un t ed do w n by wa y o f sp or t A fe w esc a ped i n t o c a ves ; b ut fa m i n e destr oyed t he m in their r et r e a t : a nd the i n hum a n ch a se was co n ti n ued till a ll these poor people perished The i n h a b it a n t s o f St X ist be i n g e x te r m i n a ted , those o f L a G a r de e n g a ged the a tte n tio n o f the c a r di n a l a n d V i ceroy The fullest p r ote c t i o n wa s o ffe r ed to the m selves , th ei r fa m ilie s , a n d t heir child r e n , if they wo uld e m b r a ce the Ro m a n C a t hol i c pe r s ua sio n ; b ut , o n the co n t r a r y , if they re fused this mer cy , a s it wa s i n sole n t ly ter m ed , the most cr uel de a t hs w o uld b e the ce r t a i n co n seq ue n ce In spi te o f the p r o m ises o n o ne sid e , a n d m e n a ces o n t he na n i m o u sly r e fused to re n o un c e a lde n ses u o ther , the \V thei r r el igio n , o r e m b r a ce the e r r o r s o f pope r y The c ar di na l a n d V i ce r oy we r e so e n r a ged a t t his , th a t they o r t i m m edi a tely to the r a ck ,a s d e r ed thi r t y o f t hem to be p u S e v e r al o f these died un der th e a te r ror to the othe r s . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Pe t s ne w. o r ” r t a c ort ure : o ne Ch a r li n , in p a r ti c ul a r , wa s so cr uelly use d th a t his b elly b urst , his bo wels c a m e o ut , a n d he e x p ir e d These b ar b a r ities , ho weve r , did in t he gre a test a go n ie s no t a n s w er the e n d fo r which they were i n te n d ed ; for those who s urvived the t o r m e n ts o f the r a ck , a n d those wh o ha d n o t felt it , r e m a i n ed e qua lly co n st a n t in the ir fa ith , a n d boldly de cl a r ed , th a t n othi n g , either o f p a i n or ld ever i n d uce the m to r e n o un ce th e i r God , o r fe a r , sho u The i n h um a n c a r di n a l the n orde r ed b ow do wn to idols seve r a l o f the m to b e str ipped n a ked ,a n d whipped to de a th with i r o n rods : some we r e h a cked to pieces with l a r ge k n ives ; othe r s were thr o wn fr o m the to p o f a high to wer r n t a live a n d m a n y we r e c a sed ov e r w ith pitch a n d b u O n e o f the m o n ks wh o a t t e n ded the c a r di n a l ,d iscove r ed re m a n a n d d i a b oli c a l n a t u He requested th a t a m ost i n h u he m ight shed so m e o f the blood o f these poor peo p le wi t h his o wn h a n ds ; his req uest bei n g gr a n ted , the m o n ster took a l ar ge sh a r p k n i fe , a n d c ut the t hr e a t s o f fo ur sco r e Thei r bodies wer e t he n m e n , wo m e n , a n d child r e n q ua r t e r ed , the qua r te r s pl a ced up o n st a kes , a n d fi x ed in di ffe r e n t p a r ts o f the co un tr y r p r i n cip a l m e n o f L a G ar d e we r e h a n ge d , a n d T he fo u the clergy m a n wa s thr o wn fr o m the top o f his ch ur ch steeple He wa s dre a d fully c r ushed , b ut n o t quite killed by the fall T h e V i ce r oy bei n g p r ese n t ,s a id , Is the d o g yet livi n g ? T a ke h im up , a n d c a st him to the hogs a lly u n e x ec u i t t io n t a l se n te n ce wa s a ct u which b r u p The m o n ste r s , in thei r hellish thi r s t o f c r uel t y , r a c ke o si x ty o f the wo m e n wi t h s uch seve r ity , th a t t he co r ds pi e r ced thei r li m b s q uite to the bo n e They we r e a ft e r n ds m o r tifie d , t hi s r e m a n ded to p r iso n , whe r e thei r w o u Ma ny an d they died in t h e m ost m ise r a ble m a n n e r othe r s were put to de a th by v a r io us m e a n s ; a n d so j e a lo us and a r b itr a r y were those m o n ste r s , th a t if a n y Ro m a n C a tholic ,m o r e co m p a ssio n a te th a n the r est , i n te r ceded fo r an y o f the r e fo r m ed , he wa s i mm edi a tely a pprehe n ded , r e r o f he r eti cs a n d s a cri ficed a s a fa vo u The V i ceroy b ei n g obliged t o r e t ur n to N a ples , a n d t he c a r d in a l h a vi n g bee n r ec a lled to Ro m e , the m a r q uis o f ti a n o wa s co m m issio n ed to co m plete wh a t they ha d Bu beg a n ; which he a t le n gth e ffected by a cti n g wit h s uc h s rigo ur , th a t t he r e wa s n o t a si n gle pe r so n o f t h e b a rb a r o u t . . . . . . . . . . . . F ’ o x s n o o n o r M AR T Y R S 93 . re form ed religio n le ft in a ll C a l a b r i a Thus were a gr e a t n um ber o f i n o ffe n sive a n d h a r m less people de p rived o f t hei r possessi o n s , r obbed o f their p r ope r ty , drive n fr o m thei r ho m es , a n d , a t le n gth , m urdered , o n ly b ec a use t he y wo uld n ot s a c r ifice thei r co n scie n ces to the s u p er s t it 1 o n s o f o t hers , e m b r a ce do ctri n es whi ch they a bhorred ,a n d a t te n d to te a chers they co uld n ot b eliev e . . C H A PT E R II . t i on s i n D a u P er secu p hiny . In 1 4 00, t he W a lde n ses wh o resided in the v a lley o f Pr a ge la , we r e , a t the i n stig a tio n o f so m e p r iests , s u d n dered the ir d e n ly a tt a cked by a b ody o f t r oops , wh o pl u ho uses , m ur de r ed m a n y , a n d d r ove othe r s i n to the Alps , whe r e gr e a t n u m b e r s w ere fr oze n to de a th , it bei n g in the de p th o f wi n t er In 1 4 6 0, a p e r se c ut io n wa s c a r r ied o n in D a u p h in y a g a i n st the W a lde n ses , by the a rchb ishop o f Am b r un e , wh o e m ployed a m o n k , n a m ed Joh n Va y le t i, wh o p r o ceeded w i t h s u ch vi ole n ce , th a t n ot o n ly the W a l de n ses , b ut eve n m a n y p a p ist s, we r e s uffe r e r s : for if a ny o f the m e x p r essed co m p a ssio n o r pity fo r the i n o ffe n s ive elly t r e a ted , they we r e a cc used o f p eo p le wh o w e r e so cr u n ished fa v o u r i n g the W a lde n ses , a n d p u At le n gth Vay . . eti s p r o ceedi n gs b ec a m e so i n tole r a ble , th a t a gre a t n um o e r o f the p a pists the m selves a dd r essed a petit i o n a g a i n st a im to L o uis X I , ki n g o f F r a n c p , wh o gr an ted the re u est f the pe t i tio n e r s , a n d se n t a n o r der to the gove r n o r o q tio n Vay le t i, ho wever , of D a u p h in y to sto p the pe r se c u ed it ; for , t a k i n g b y o r de r o f the a r chb ishop , still co n ti n u ad v a n t a ge o f the l a st cl a u se o f the edi ct , he p r ete n de d th a t he did n othi n g co n t r a r y to the ki n g s p r ecept , who n is n m e n t ch a s a ffi r m ed a ny thi n g h a d o r de r ed p u to su This pe r se c utio n a t le n gth a g a i n s t t h e holy c a thol i c fa i t h co n cl uded wi t h the de a th o f the a rchbi sho p whi ch h a p t ’ . . ’ . . oe n ed in 1 4 87 . 94 F ’ o x s n o o n o n M A RT Y RS Attemp ts of the P op e t o E x ter min a te t h e W a ld ens es . P ope I n n o ce n t VIII , in 1 4 88, dete r m i n ed to persec ute the W a lde n ses To this e n d he se n t Albe r t de C a pi t a n e is , a rchde a co n o f C r emo n a , to F r a n ce ; wh o , o n a r rivi n g in D a up h in y , c r a ved t he a ssis t a n ce o f t he ki n g s lie ute n a n t to e x te r m i n a te the \Va lde n ses fr o m the v a lley of Loyse : the lie ute n a n t re a dily gr a n t ed his a ssist a n ce , a nd m ar ched a body o f t r oops to t he pl a ce ; b ut whe n t hey a r r ived a t the v a lley , they fo u n d th a t it h a d b ee n dese r t e d by the i n h a bit a n t s , wh o h a d r e t i r ed to the mo u nta i n s , and hid the m selves in c a ve r n s , & c The a r chde a co n a n d lie u te n a n t i m m edi a t ely follo w ed t he m wi t h t he t r oops , a n d a p p r ehe n di n g m a n y , they c a st the m he a dlo n g fr o m t h e p r e v er a l , Se c i ic e s , by wh ich they w e r e d a shed t o pie ces p ho we v e r , r eti r e d to the i n n e r m ost p a rts o f t he c a ve r n s ,a n d k n o wi n g t he i n t r i c a cies , we r e a ble t o co n ce a l the m selves The ar chde a co n a n d lie ute n a n t , n o t bei n g a ble to co m e a t the m , orde r ed the m o ut hs o f the c a v es to be filled with ffoc a t ed fa gots ,w hi ch bei n g ligh t ed , those w i t hi n we r e s u n d s m othe r e d , O n se a r chi n g the c a v es ,4 00 i n fa n ts we r e fo u either in thei r c r a d les o r in thei r m other s a r m s ; a n d , U po n the w hole , a bo ut 3 000 m e n , wo me n , a n d child r e n , were dest r oyed in this pe r se c u t io n A fter t his t r a gi c a l wo r k , t he lie ute n an t a n d a r chde a co n proceeded wi t h the t r oops to Pr a ge la a n d F r a s s a n ie r , in order to pe r se c ute the W a lde n ses in t hose p a r ts But thes e h a vi n g he a r d the fa te o f thei r b r e t h r e n in the v a lley o f L oyse ,tho ught p r ope r to a r m the m sel v es a n d by fo r ti fy in g the di ff e r e n t p a sses , a n d b r a ve ly d is p u t i n g the p a ss a ges th r o ugh the m , they so h ar a ssed t he tr o ops , th a t the lie u te n a n t wa s co m pelled to reti r e witho ut e ffecti n g his p ur po s e . . ’ . . . . ’ ' . . ' . r s t h e W a ld en s es Th e K ing of F r a n ce f a vou . In 1 494 , A n tho n y F a bri a n d Ch r istopher de S a lie n c e , h a vi n g a co m m issio n to pe r se c u te the W a lde n ses o f D a u~ h i n , u f t so m e to de a th seq u es e r ed the est a tes o others , t , y p p a n d co n fisc a ted the goods o f m a n y bu is X II co m i n g t L ou to the cro wn in 1 4 98 , the W a lde n ses pe t itio n ed h im for a t io n o f their property The ki n g dete r mi n e d t o re s tit u . . F ' ’ o x s B O O K o r MART YRs . 95 h ave the affa ir im p a r t 1 a lly c a n v a ssed , a n d se n t a co m m is s lo n er o f hi s o wn , t oge t he r w i t h a co mm iss a r y fr o m the po p e , to m a ke the p r ope r i n q ui r ies The wit n esses a g a i n st th e l Va ld e n s e s h a v i n g bee n e x a m i n ed , the i n n oce n c e o f those poo r peo p le e v ide n t ly a ppe a r ed ,a n d the ki n g s co m m is s io n e r d e cl a r ed , Th a t he o n ly desi r ed to be a s good ” a Ch r is t i a n a s t he worst o f the m W he n this fa vo ur a ble r epo r t w a s m a de to the ki n g , he i m m edi a t ely g a ve o r ders th a t t h e W a ld en ses sho uld h a v e their prope r t y restored to The a r chbishop o f Am b r un e , h a vi n g the gr e a test t he m q ua n t ity o f these p o o r people s goods , it w a s ge n er a lly i m a gi n ed t h a t he wo uld set a l a ud a ble e x a m p le to others , by bei n g the fi r st t o r es t o r e t he m The a r chb ishop , h o w e v e r , de cl a r ed , t h a t he wo uld n o t resto r e a n y o f t h e p r o p e r ty ,fo r it wa s i n co r po r a ted w i t h , a n d b eco m e p a rt o f his a r chbi s hop r i c He , ho w e v e r , w i th a n a ffe c t a tio n o f c a n do ur , o ffe r ed to r el i n q uish se v e r a l v i n ey a r ds ,o f whi ch he h a d dispossesse d t he W a l d e n ses , p r ovided t h e lo r ds o f Dau ld r e sto r e a ll t hey h a d t a ke n fr o m those poo r p h in y w o u peo p le b ut t hi s the lo r ds a bsol ut ely r e fused , be i n g a s de si r o n s o f kee p i n g t hei r pl un de r a s the a r chbishop hi m sel f ‘ The vVa lde n se s fi n di n g th a t they w e r e n o t likely to r e co v e r a n y o f the i r p r ope r ty , a g a i n a ppe a led to t h e ki n g a n d the m o n a r ch h a vi n g a t t e n ded t o t hei r co m pl a i n ts ,w r ote to the a r chb ishop ; b ut t h a t a r tful a n d a v a r i ci o us p r el a te r e lied , Th a t a t t he co mm e n c e m e n t o f the pe r se c ut io n p the W a lde n ses h a d bee n e x co m m un i c a ted by the pope , in c o n seq u e n ce o f whi ch t hei r goods we r e d istr a i n ed ; there fo r e , till the se n te n ce o f e x co m m u n i c a tio n wa s t a ke n o ff, whi ch h a d o cc a sio n ed the m to be seized , they co uld n o t ” be r es zor e d wi t h p r op r iety This ple a wa s a llo wed to b e r e a so n a ble a n d a ppli c a tio n wa s i n e ffect u a lly m a de t o the po p e t o r e m ove the se n te n ce o f e x co mm un i c a ti o n ; fo r the a r chbi shop , s u pposi n g this wo uld be the c a se ,h a d used all his i n te r est a t Ro m e t o pre v e n t the a ppli c a tio n from s u c . ’ . . ’ . . ' . . ce e d in g. P r og r ess of t he W a ld en s es . At le n gth this se ct h a vi n g spre a d from D a up h iny in t o s eve r a l other p r ovi n ces , b e c a m e very n u s in Pro m ero u v e n ce At the i r first a rr iv a l , P r ov n ce w a s a l m ost a d e . e 96 F o x s n o o n o n M AR I Y R S ’ ' ' . u by the ir gre a t in d ust1 y it soo n a b o un ded with corn , wi n e , oil , fr u it , & c The pope , by be i n g o fte n n e a r them a t h is se a t a t Avig n o n , he a r d o cc a si o n a lly m a n y thi n gs co n ce r n i n g their di ffe r i n g fr o m the ch ur ch o f Ro m e ,wh ich r e a tly e x a spe r a ted h im , a n d he determi n ed to perse c u te g the m P r oceedi n g to so m e e x tre m ities ,un der the s a n ct io n tho r ity o n ly ,witho ut co n sulti n g the o f h is e cclesi a sti c a l a u ki n g o f F r a n ce , the l a tter be c a m e a l a r med , a n d se n t h is m a ster o f reques t s , a n d hi s co n fessor , to e x a m i n e i n to the a ffa ir r n they report ed th a t the W a lde n se s O n thei r r et u were n o t s u ch d a n ge r o us o r b a d people a s they ha d bee n rep r ese n ted ; th a t they lived wi th per fe ct ho n esty , were fr ie n dl y to a ll, c a used thei r childre n to be b a ptized , h a d ght the L o r d s p r a yer , c r eed , a n d t e n co m m a n d t he m t a u r ity , kept the m e n ts ; e x po u n ded the scri pt u r es w ith p u L o r d s d a y s a c r ed , fe ar ed God , ho n o ur ed the ki n g , a n d ” w ished well t o the st a te The n , s a i d the ki n g , they are mu ch bette r Ch r isti a n s th a n m ysel f, or m y c a tholi c ” s ubj e cts ,a n d the r e fore they sh a ll n o t b e perse c uted He wa s a s good a s his wo r d , a n d se n t orders to stop the per s er ,b t . . . . ’ ’ “ . se c ut ion . t i o n s in t h e Va lley of P ied mon t P er s ecu . The W a lde n se s , in co n se que n ce o f the co n ti n ued perse ge to v a rio us cu tio n s they m e t with in Fr a n ce , fled for re fu 98 my . m om or M it n r r u s ' . he s uff r his co untr y t o b e depop ul a t ed , while he h lmse li lted upo n the o cc a sio n ha d n o t b e e n co n s u The p r iests , p e r ce ivi n g the dete r m i n at io n o f the d uke ha d r eco u rs e to their usua l a r t ifice , a n d e n de a vo ur ed t e p r ej udi ce his mi n d a g a i n st the W a lde n ses ; b ut he t old the m , th a t a ltho ugh he wa s un a cqua i n ted with the religio us n d the m t e n e t s o f these people , yet he ha d a l wa ys fo u q uiet , fa ith ful , a n d obedie n t , a n d wa s there fo r e deter m i n ed ld b e pe r se c uted n o lo n ger The p r iests t he n t hey sho u r d fa lsehoods ve n t ed the m ost p a lp a ble a n d a bs u t hey a ss u r ed the d u ke th a t he wa s m is t a ke n in the W a lde n se s , f o r t hey w e r e a w i cked set o f peo le a n d highly a ddi cte d p , to i n te m pe r a n ce , un cle a n n ess ,bl a sphe m y ,a d ul t e r y ,i n cest , a n d th a t they we r e a n d m a n y other a b o m i n a ble c r i m es eve n m o n sters in n a t ur e , fo r the i r child r e n we r e b o rn w i t h bl a ck th r o a ts ,w ith fo ur r o ws of teeth , a n d b odies cove r ed with h a i r Bu ke wa s n o t so to b e i m posed upo n , t the d u n a ffi r m a tio n s o f t h e p r iests the sole n o t h wit h s t a n d in m g In o r der to c o m e a t the tr u th , he se n t t welve ge n tle m e n i n to the P ied m o n tese v a lleys , to e x a m i n e i n to the re a l ch a r a cter o f the people These ge n tle m e n ,a ft er tr a vell i n g th r o ugh a ll their to wn s a n d vill a ges , a n d co n ve r si n g with the W a lde n ses o f eve r y r a n k , r et ur n ed to the d uke ,a n d g a ve h im the m ost fa vo ur a bl e a cco u n t o f the m , a ffi r m i n g in co n t r a di ctio n to the p r iests ,th a t t hey w e r e h a r m less , i n o ffe n sive ,loy a l ,fr ie n dly , i n d ustr io us , a n d p io us ; th a t they a bho r r ed the c r i m es o f w hi ch t hey we r e a cc u sed a n d th a t , sho uld a n i n divid ua l , th r o ugh hi s dep r a vity , fa ll i n to a ny o f t hose c r i m es , he wou ld , by thei r l a ws , be p un ished in the m ost e x e m pl a r y m a n n er W i t h r espe ct to the child r e n , o f w ho m the p r i ests ha d told the m ost gr oss a n d r idi c ulo us fa lsehoo d s , t hey were n either b or n w ith bl a ck th r o a ts , teeth in their m ou ths , n or h a i r o n their b odies ,b ut we r e a s fi n e child r e n a s co u ld be see n An d to co n vi n ce yo ur high n ess of ” ed o n e o f the ge n tle m e n , we wh a t we h a ve s a id , co n ti n u h a ve b r o ught twelve o f the p r i n ci p a l m a le i n h a b i t a nt s ,wh o a r e co m e to a s k p a rdo n in the n a m e o f t h e r est , fo r h a vi n g t yo ur le a ve , tho ugh e v e n in t hei r t a ke n u p a r m s w itho u o w n de fe n ce , a n d t o p r ese r ve their l ives fr o m their me r ci less e n e m ie s W e h a ve like w ise b r o ught seve r a l wo m e n with ch ildre n o f v a r io u s a ges , th a t yo ur high n ess m a y e . . . . . . “ . “ . . ' ro x s soon or MA R T Y R S . opport un ity o f j udgi n g fo r y o ur sel f His high n ess the n a ccepted t he a pology o f the t welve deleg a t es , co n v ersed wi t h the w o m e n , e x a mi n ed t h e child r e n , a n d sly dis m issed the m He the n co mm a n d a ft e r w ar d g r a cio u ed the p r iests , wh o h a d a tte m pted to m isle a d him , i m me rt a n d g a ve s t ri ct orde r s th a t the d ia t e ly t o le a ve the co u pe r sec utio n sho uld ce a se th r o ugho ut his do m i n io n s D ur i n g the re m a in de r o f the r e ig n o f this vi r tuo us pri n ce , the W a lde n ses e nj oyed r ep ose in the ir retr e a ts ; b ut , o n his de a th , this h a ppy sce n e ch a n ged , fo r h is s uccesso r wa s Abo ut t h e s a m e ti m e , so m e o f the p r i n a b igo t ed p a pist ld p r e a ch c i a l W a lde n ses p r oposed th a t thei r cle r gy sho u p bli c , th a t e v e r y o n e m igh t k n o w the p ur ity o f t hei r in p u do c tr i n es fo r hi t he r to t hey h a d p r e a ched o n ly in p r iv a te ch co n g r eg a tio n s a s they wel l k n e w to co n sist o f a n d to s u non e b u t pe r so n s o f the re for m ed r eligio n W he n this r e a ched the e a r s o f t he n e w d uke , he was gre a tly e x a spe r a ted , a n d se n t a co n side r a ble b od y o f troo p s i n to the v a lleys , s we a r i n g t h a t if th e people wo uld ld h ave the m fl a yed n o t co n fo r m to the Ro m ish fa ith ,he w o u The co m m a n de r o f the t r oops soo n fo un d the im a li v e pr a cti c a b ili t y o f co n que r i n g the m wi t h the n um be r o f m e n the n un de r h im : he , the r e fo r e , se n t wo r d to the d uke th a t the ide a o f s ubj ug a ti n g the W a lde n ses with so sm a ll lo us ; th a t they we r e bette r a cq ua i n ted a fo r ce w a s ridi c u n t r y t h an a n y th a t w e r e w ith h im th a t they w i t h t h e co u red a ll the p a sses , we r e well a r m ed , a n d dete r ha d sec u mi n ed to de fe n d the m selves Al a r m ed a t t his , the d uke co m m a nded t h e t r oops to ret ur n , dete r m i n i n g to a ct by st r a t a ge m Il e , t he r e fo r e , o r de r ed re wa r ds for t a ki n g a n y n d st r a yi n g fr o m t hei r o f t he W a lde n ses , wh o m ight b e fo u pl a ces o f sec ur i ty ; a n d t hese , whe n t a ke n , we r e e ithe r fl a ved a l ive or b ur n t P ope P a ul the Thi r d , a furio us b igot , a sce n di n g the o n t i ti ca l ch a i r , i m m edi a tel y solicited t h e p ar li a m e n t o f p T ur i n to pe r sec ute the W a lde n ses , a s the m os t pe r n i cio us o f a ll he r eti cs To this t he p a r li a m e n t re a dily a sse n te d , whe n sever a l we r e s u dde n ly seized a n d b ur n t by their o r de r A m o n g these wa s B a r t holo m e w He cto r , a book s eller o f T u rin He h a d b ee n b r o ught up a Ro m a n C a t ho lic , b u t so m e t r e a t ises writte n by the re for m ed clergy ha vi n g fa lle n i n to hi s h a n ds , he wa s fu lly co n vi n ce d o f ” ha v e a n . . . . , . . . . . . . . 100 F ’ o x s n o o rt o r MA RT Y RS . he ir t r uth , an d o f the errors o f the ch urch o f Ro m e y e t his mi n d wa s , fo r so m e ti m e , w a ve r i n g bet wee n fe a r a n d du ty , whe n , a fte r se r i o us co n side r a ti o n , he fully e m b r a ced the r e formed r eligio n , a n d wa s a pp r ehe n de d , a s we h a ve r nt al r e a dy m e n ti o n e d , a n d b u A co n s ul ta tio n wa s a g a i n held by the p a r l ia me n t o f T ur i n ,in whi ch it wa s a g r eed th a t dep ut ies sho uld be se n t to the v a lleys o f P ied m o n t wi th the follo wi n g p r opositio n s ; 1 Th a t if the W a lde n ses w o u l d r et ur n to the bosom o f the ch ur ch o f Ro m e , they sho uld e nj oy t hei r ho uses , pr o ; pe t ties , a n d l a n ds , a n d live w i t h the i r fa m ilies ,witho ut the le a st molest a tio n 2 Th a t to p r ove thei r obedie n ce ,they sho ul d se n d t wel v e o f thei r p r i n cip a l pe r so n s ,w i th a ll their m i n iste r s a n d school m a ste r s , to T u r i n , to b e de a lt wi t h a t d i sc r e t io n 3 Th a t the pope ,the ki n g o f F r a n ce , a n d the d uke o f S a vo y ,a pp r o v ed o f a n d a utho r ized the pro ceed i n gs o f the p a r li a m e n t o f T ur i n , upo n this o cc a sio n 4 Th a t if the W a lde n ses o f P i e d m o n t r ej e cted these p r opo tio n a n d d e a th sho uld b e th ei r re wa r d s i t io n s , pe r se c u In a n s we r to these hostile a r ticles , t he W a lde n ses m a de the follo w i n g n oble r eplies : 1 Th a t n o co n side r a tio n ld m a ke the m r e n o un ce t hei r r eligio n 2 wh a teve r sho u Th a t t hey w o uld n ever co n se n t to i n t r ust thei r bes t fr ie n ds to the c ustody a n d disc r etio n o f the ir wo r st e n e m ies 3 Th a t they v a l ued t he a pp r ob a tio n o f the K i n g o f K i n gs , tho r ity who reig n s in he a ve n , m o r e th a n a n y te m po r a l a u ls we r e m o r e p r e cio us th a n thei r b odies 4 Th a t the i r so u A s m ay b e co nj e ct ur e d , these spi r ited a n d poi n ted a h r i n ; in s we r s g r e a tly e x a spe r a ted the p a r li a m e n t o f T u co n seq ue n ce o f whi ch they co n ti n ued wi t h mo r e a vidity th a n e v er to sei ze s uch W a lde n ses a s un fo r tun a tely h a d t the m to t h e most s t r a yed fr o m the ir hidi n g pl a ces , a n d p u cr uel de a ths They soo n a fter soli cited fr om the ki n g o f Fr a n ce a co n side r a ble b ody o f troops , in o r de r to e x te r m i n a te the re fo r m ed fr om P ied m o n t -b ut j ust a s th e t r oops were t to m a r ch , the p r otes t a n t p r i n ces o f Ge r m a n y i n t e r ab o u r al a osed h e te ed to se n d t r oops to ssist the “ n and t r a , p de n ses O n this ,t he ki n g o f F r a n ce , n o t wi shi ng t o e n t e r in to a wa r ,r e m a n ded t h e t r oops Thi s g r e a tly dis a p poi n t ed the s a n g ui n a r y m e m be r s o f the p a rli a m e n t , a n d for wa n t tio n gr a d ua lly ce a sed ,a n d they co uld o f p e n e r the pers e c u t . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . - . . . 02 Fo x ’ s B O OK o r M A R T Y R S . m a r ches m a n y loc a l b a rb a r ities took pl a ce At Pign e rol wa s a m o n a ste r y , the m o n ks o f which fi n di n g they m ig h t n d e r their a n to pl u ity beg r e the r e fo r m ed wit lr i m u n i nj u , p ses , a n d p ull do wn the i r ch ur c h ; a n d n o t m eeti n g ho u po n the pe r so n s o f tho se wi t h op p osi t io n ,they n e x t se ized u un h a p py p eople , m ur de r i n g the m e n , co n fi n i n g the wo m e n , r ses t t i n g t he child r e n to Ro m a n C a t holi c n u and pu In t h e s a m e m a n n e r the Ro m a n C a tholi c i n h a bit a n ts o f the v a lley o f S t Ma r t i n did a ll t hey co uld to to r m e n t the r i n g W a lde n ses ; they dest r oyed thei r ch ur ches , n eighbo u b ur n t the ir ho uses , seized t hei r p r ope r ty , c a r r ie d a wa y their c a tt le , co n ve r t ed thei r l a n d s to thei r o wn us e , co m m it t e d t hei r m i n iste r s to t he fl a m es , a n d d r o v e the people to the w oods , whe r e they h a d n o t hi n g to s ub sist o n b ut i t s , the b a r k o f t r ees , r oo t s , & c , & c wild fr u S o m e R o m a n C a t hol i c r ufli a n s h a vi n g sei zed a mi n ist e r , a s h e wa s go i n g to p r e a ch , d ete r m i n ed t o t a k e h im to a co n ve n ie n t pl a ce a n d b ur n h im H is p a r ishio n e r s he a r i n g ed a n d a t t a cked the v il r su o f this , a r m ed t he m sel v es , p u li a n s ; who , fi n d i n g t hey co uld n o t e x ec ute thei r fi r s t i n te n t , st a bbed t he poo r ge n tle m e n , a n d le a vi n g him welte r i n g in his blood ,m a de a p r e ci p i ta t e r e tr e a t H is p a r is h o n e r s did ld to r e co ve r h im , b ut in v a i n ; fo r he e x pired a ll t hey co u a s they w e r e c a r r yi n g h im ho m e The m o n ks o f Pign e r o l h a v i n g a g r e a t desi r e to get in to t hei r possessio n a m i n iste r o f t h e to wn o f S t Ger m a i n , hi r ed a b a n d o f r ufli an s fo r the p ur p ose o f seizi n g him These fello ws we r e co n d ucted by a t r e a che r o us se r va n t to : he cle r gy m a n , wh o k n e w a sec r et wa y t o the ho u se , by ld le a d the m with o ut a l a r m i n g the n eighbo ur whi ch he co u hood The g uide k n o cked a t the doo r , a n d be i n g a sked The cle r gy wh o wa s the r e , a n s we r ed in his o wn n a m e r y fr o m a e m a n ,e x p e c t i n g n o i nj u r so n o n who m he h a d p he a ped fa vo ur s , i m m edi a t ely o p e ne d t he doo r pe r ceivi ng fli a n s , he fled , b u shed in a n d se ized h im t n e ru t t hey r u They the n m ur de r ed a ll his fa m ily a fte r w hi ch they pro c e e d e d wi th thei r c a pt ive to wa r d Pi n e r o l, go a di n g h im g H e wa s co n fi n ed a co n sider a ble ti m e in p ri all t he wa y rn t s o n , a n d the n b u The m ur d e r e r s co n ti n ui n g thei r a ss a ults a bo ut th e to wn r de r i n g a n d pl u of S t G e r m a i n , m u n de r i n g m a n y o f th e in h a b it a n ts , the re fo r med o f L u c e r n e a n d An ro ne s e nt g . e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fo x ’ s B OO K MA RT YRS or 1 03 . ome ar m ed m e n to the a ssist a n ce o f t hei r b r eth r e n These m e n fr eq u e n tly a tta cked a n d ro uted the r uffi a n s , which s o a l a r m ed t he m o n ks , th a t they le ft their m o n a s t ery o f Pi g n erol , till t h e ld pro c u r e regu l a r troop s fo r t heir pro y co u e et i o n The d uke o f S av oy , n o t fi n di n g hi m sel f so s uccess fu l as he a t fir st i m a gi n ed he sho uld b e , a ug m e n ted his forces , n ed to them the r u oi fl i a n s ,a n d co m m a n ded th a t a ge n e r a l j deli ve r y sho uld t a ke pl a ce in the p r iso n s , p r ovided the ld be a r a r m s , a n d a ss ist in the e x te p e r so n s rele a sed wo u m i n a t io n o f the W a lde n ses No soo n e r were the W a lde n ses i n formed o f these pro e e d in s th a n t hey se c u r ed a s m u ch o f thei r p r operty a s g hey co uld , a n d q ui t t i n g the v a lleys , reti r ed t o the ro cks a n d c a ves a m o n g t he Alps The a r m y no soo n er re a ched thei r desti n a tio n th a n they b eg a n t o p la nd e r a n d b u rn the to wn s a n d v ill a ges ; b ut they co uld n o t fo r ce the p a ss a ges o f the Alps , g a ll a n t ly de fe n ded b y t he W a lde n ses ,who in t hose a tt e m pts a l wa ys rep uls ed t he i r e n e m ies ; b ut if a n y fell i n t o t he h a n ds o f t he tr oops , they we r e t r e a ted in t he m os t b a r b a r o us m a n n e r A soldie r h a vi n g c a ugh t o n e o f t he m , h it his r ight e a r o ff, s a yi n g , I w ill c a r r y t his m e m be r o f t h a t W i cked he r eti c ” t wi h m e i n t o m y o w n co u n t r y , a n d p r ese r v e it a s a r ar i ty He t he n s t a b be d t h e m a n , a n d t h r e w him i n t o a di t ch At o n e t i m e , a p a r ty o f t r oops fo un d a ve n e r a ble m a n p wa r ds o f a h un d r e d y e a r s o f a ge , a cco m pa n ied by his u gr a n d d a ugh t e r , a m a i d e n o f a bo ut e igh t ee n , in a c a ve They m ur d e r ed t he poo r old m a n in a m os t i n h um a n m a n n e r , a n d the n a t t e m p t ed t o r a v ish the gi r l , whe n s he s t a r t ed a wa y , a n d bei n g p ur s ued , thre w he r sel f from a p r e c i pi ce a n d w a s d a shed to pieces De t e r m i n ed ,if po s sible , t o e x p el the i n v a de r s ,the W al d e n ses e n t e r ed i n to a le a g ue w i t h t he protes t a n t po we r s in Ge r m a n y ,a nd with the r e fo r m ed o f D a up hiny a n d Pr a ge la These w e r e r espec t i v ely to fur n ish bodies o f t r oops a n d the W a ld e n s e s resol ved , whe n th us rei n fo r ced , t o q uit t he mo un t a i n s o f t he Alps ,whe r e t hey soo n m us t h a ve pe r ished , a s t he w i n te r w a s co m i n g o n ,a n d to force the d u ke s a rmy to e v a c ua t e t hei r n a t ive v a lleys ke o f S a voy hi m sel f wa s ti r ed o f the wa r ; it Bu t t he d u e a n d a n x iety o f m i n d , a vast h a ving cost h im gre a t fa tig u S . . . . . ' . . . - . . . ’ . 104 r ’ o x s B o o k o r MARI YRS ' ‘ . um ber o f m en , a n d ve r y co n side r a ble s um s o f mo n ey I ch more ted io us a n d bloody th a n he e x pe cted , ha d bee n m u ‘ n . we ll as m o re e x pe ns ive th a n he a t fi r st im a gi n ed , fo r he th o ught the pl un der wo uld h a ve d isch a r ged t he e x pe n ses o f t he e x p e ditio n : in this , ho wever he wa s m ist a ke n ; fo r ’ t he pope s n u n c io , the b ishops , m o n ks , a n d other e ccle r a ged the wa r , s ia st ics , wh o a tte n ded the a r m y a n d e n co u n der n k the gre a test p a r t o f the we a lth th a t wa s t a ke n , u su v a rio us prete n ces F o r these re a so n s , a n d the de a th o f his d utchess ,o f whi ch he h a d j ust re cei ved i n tellige n ce ,a nd fe a ri n g th a t the W a lde n ses , by the tre a ties they h a d e n ld be co m e too po wer ful fo r h im , b e dete r te r e d in to , wo u mi n ed to ret ur n to T ur i n with his a r m y , a n d to m a ke p e a c e with the m This resol uti o n b e put in pr a cti ce , gr e a tly a g a i n st the w i s h o f the e cclesi a sti cs , who by the war gr a tified both B e fo r e the a rticles o f t he ir a v a ri ce a n d t heir reve n ge pe a ce co uld b e r a tified , the d uke hi m sel f died ; b ut o n his de a thbed he st r i ctly e nj oi n ed his s o n to per fo r m wh at he ha d in te n ded , a n d to be a s fa vo u r a ble as po s s ible to the as . . . W a lde n ses Ch a rles E m a nuel , the d uke s s o n , s ucceeded t o the do mi n io n s o f S a voy , a n d fully r a tified the pe a ce with t he W a lde n ses , a ccordi n g to the l a st inj un ctio n s o f his fa ther , tho ugh the priests used all t he ir a rts to dissua de him fr o m his p u r p os e . ’ . C HAP T ER I“ . ti on s of t he Albig enses P er s ecu . T HE Alb ige n ses were people o f the re formed rel ig io n , They we r e co n de m n n try o f Alb i wh o i nh a bited t he co u ed o n a cco un t o f rel igio n , in the co un cil o f L a ter a n , by o r der o f pope Ale x a n de r III b ut they i n cre a sed so pr o d igio u sly , th a t m a n y cities were in h a b ited by perso n s o n ly a sio n , a n d seve r a l emi n e n t n oble m e n em o f thei r pe r s u b r a ced thei r do c t r i n es A m o n g t he l a tter we r e Ra ym o n d , lo use , Ra ym o n d , e a r l o f Fo i x , the e a rl o f Be e a r l o f To u The p ope , a t le n gth , p r ete n ded t ha t he wi sh z ie re s , & c . . . . IOG F ’ OX S B OO K OF MA RT Y RS . oo p s wo uld b e preve n ted fr o m pl un de r i n g his in no ce n t s ubj ects , a s he tho ught h i m sel f a s ufiic ie n t pl e dge for an a ke o n a cco u n t o f the de a t h ve ge ce they chose to t n a n y ” o f the fr i ar The leg a te r eplied , th a t he wa s v e r y gl a d r re n dered t h e e a r l h a d vol u n t a r ily s u bu t wi t h r espe ct t o th e p r opos a l , he co u ld n o t p r ete n d to co un t e r m a n d t he o r de r s to the t r oops , un less he wo uld co n se n t to deliver up seve n o f his b est fo r ti fied c as tles a s se c ur ities fo r his fu t ure beh a vio ur At th is de m a n d the e a r l perceived h is e r r or in s u b m i t t i n g , b ut it wa s too l a te ; he k n e w hi m sel f to b e a p r iso n e r , a n d t he r e fo r e se n t a n orde r for the delive r y o f the c a s t les The pope s leg a t e h a d n o soo n e r g a r r iso n ed t hese pl a ces , t h a n he o r de r ed the respe ctive gove r n o r s to a ppe a r be fo r e him W he n they c a m e , he s a id , Th a t t h e e a r l o f To u lo use h a v i n g deli v e r ed up his c a s t les to the pope , they m ust co n side r t h a t they we r e n o w the pope s s ubj ects , a n d n o t the e a r l s ; a n d th a t they m ust the r e fore ” a c t co n fo r m a bly to t hei r n e w a llegi a n ce The gove r n o r s we r e g r e a t ly a sto n ished to see thei r lo r d th u s in ch a i n s , a n d t he m sel v es co m pelled to a c t in a m a n n e r so co n t r a ry to thei r i n cli n a tio n s a n d co n scie n ces But the s ubseq ue n t t r e a t m e n t o f t h e e a r l a fllict e d t he m still m o r e ; fo r he was st r i pped n e ar ly n a ked , led n i n e ti m es r o un d the g r a ve o f r ged be fo r e a ll t h e people fr i a r P ete r , a n d se v e r ely sco u No t co n te n ted w ith this , t h e leg a te obliged him to s we a r t h a t he w o u ld be obed ie n t t o the pope d uri n g the re m a i n der r ch o f Ro m e , a n d m a ke ir o f his l i fe , co n fo r m t o t h e ch u reco n cil a ble wa r a g a i n st t h e Albige n ses ; a n d eve n o r der ed him , by the o a ths he h a d n e wly t a ke n , to j o i n the Bu t r oops , a n d i n spe ct the siege o f Be z ie r e s t thi n ki n g this too h a r d a n i nj un ctio n , he took a n oppo r t un ity p r i h h va t e l to q u it t e a r m y , a n d deter m i n ed to o t o t e pope y g an d r el a te the ill u s a ge he h a d r ece ived th e t r . . ’ . . ’ ’ . . . . . . S ieg e of B ez ier es . The a r my , ho weve r ,pro ceeded to besiege Bez ie r es , a n d the e a r l o f Be z ie r e s , wh o w a s gove r n o r o f th a t city ,t hi n k t , a n d pr e in g it i m p ossib l e t o d e fen d the pl a ce , c a m e o u s e n t i n g hi m sel f be fo r e the leg a te , i m plo r e d m e r cy fo r t h e i h b n a i t a n ts ; i n t i m a t i n g , th a t t he r e we r e a s m a ny Ro m a n c a tholics a s Alb ige n ses in the ci ty The leg a t e replie d , . ’ Fo x s Bo o k or M A RT YR S . 1 07 th a t a ll e x c uses we r e useless the p l a ce m ust b e delivered up a t disc r etio n , o r the m ost d r e a d ful co n seque n ces wo uld e n s ue The e a r l o f Be z ier e s r e t ur n i n g i n to the city , told the i n h a b i t a n t s he co uld ob t a i n n o m e r cy ,un less the Alb ige n ses ld a bjur e t hei r r eligi o n , a n d co n fo r m to the wo r shi p o f wo u r ch o f Ro m e t h e ch u The Ro m a n c a tholi cs p r essed the Albige n ses to co m p ly w i t h this r eq uest b ut the Alb ige n ses uo b ly a n s we r ed , t h a t t hey w o uld n o t fo r s a ke thei r r eligio n fo r t he b a se p r i ce o f t hei r fr a il li fe : th a t God wa s a ble , if he p le a sed , to de fe n d the m b ut if he w o uld b e glo r ified by t he co n fessio n o f t hei r fa ith , i t wo uld be a g r e a t ho n o ur to t he m to di e fo r h is s a k e They a dded , th a t t hey h a d r a t he r d is le a se the po e , w h o co u ld b ut kill t he i r b odies , p p th a n God , wh o co uld c a st b oth body a n d so ul i n t o hell O n t his t h e p op ish p a r ty , fi n di n g the i r i m p o rt un ities in e f fe c t u a l, se n t t he ir b ishop to t h e leg a te , b esee chi n g him n o t t o i n cl u de t he m in the ch a st ise m e n t o f t h e Albige n ses ; a n d r ep r ese n ti n g , th a t the best m e a n s to win t h e l a t t e r ove r to the Ro m a n c a t hol i c p e r s ua si o n , wa s by ge n tle n ess , a n d n o t by r igo u r The leg a te , up o n he a r i n g this , fle w i n to a vi ole n t p a ssio n w it h the b ishop , a n d de cl a r ed t h a t , If a ll the city did n o t a ck n o wledge thei r fa u lt , they sho uld t a ste o f o n e c u r se witho u t disti n ctio n o f r eligio n , s e x , or ” a e g T h e i n h a b it a n ts re fusi n g t o yield up o n s uch te r m s , a ge n er a l a ss a u lt wa s m a de , a n d the pl a ce t a ke n by sto r m , whe n eve r y c r u elty th a t b a r b a r o us s upe r sti t io n co u l d de vise wa s p r a c t ised n o t hi n g wa s to b e he a r d b ut the gr o an s o f m e n wh o la y w e lte r i n g in thei r b lood t h e la me n t a ti o n s o f m othe r s , w h o , a fte r bei n g v i ol a t e d by the soldi e r y , h a d t hei r child r e n t a ke n fr o m th e m , a n d d a shed to pie ces be fo r e thei r fa ces The ci t y b ei n g fi r ed in v a r i o us p a rt s , n e w sce n e s o f co n fu sio n a r ose in seve r a l p l a ces the str eet s were s tr e a m i n g w i t h blood Those wh o h id the m selves in thei r d welli n gs , h a d o n ly the d r e a d fu l a lte r n a tive to r e m a i n a n d pe r ish in t h e fl a m es , o r r u sh o ut a n d fa ll by the s w o r ds o f the soldie r s The bloody leg a t e , d ur i n g these i n fe r n a l p r oceed i n gs , e nj oyed the c a r n a ge , a n d eve n c r ied ou K ill the m ,kil the m all kill m a n ,wo t t o the t r oo p s , m a n ,a n d child ; kill Ro m a n c a t hol ics a s well a s Alb ige n s e s for whe n they a r d e a d t h e Lo r d k n o w s h o w to pi ck o u t . . . . . . . . e . e ’ 1 08 r o x s B O O K o r n a n r vas ' . his o wn Th us the b e a uti ful city o f Be z ier e s was re i n ced to a he a p o f rui n s ; a n d perso n s were mur d e re d ” . . ra e o C ou g f t he E a r l of B ez i er es . The e a rl of Be z ie r e s a n d a fe w oth ers m a de their e s c a p e , a n d we n t to C a r ca ss on , whi ch they e n de a vo ured to r e o f de fe n ce t i n to the best p ost u The le ga t e , no t pu n ity o f spilli n g bloo d d u ri n g the willi n g to lose a n oppo r tu forty d a ys w hi ch the tr oops we r e to serve , led them i m m e d ia t e ly a g a i n st C a r c a s s o n As soo n a s the pl a ce wa s in vested , a furio us a ss a ult wa s give n , b ut the b esiege r s we r e r ep u lsed with g r e a t sl a ugh t e r a n d upo n this o cc a sio n the a r l o f Be z ier e s g a ve the m ost disti n g u ished p r oo fs o f his co ur a ge , s a yi n g , to e n co ur a ge the besieged , We h a d bette r die figh t i n g th a n fa ll i n to the h a n ds o f s uch b igoted ” a n d bloody e n e m ies T w o m iles fr o m the c ity o f C e r c a ss e m t he r e w a s a s m a ll to wn o f the s a m e n a m e , whi ch the Albige n ses h a d liked wi se fo rtified The leg a te , bei n g e n r a ged a t the r ep u ls e h e h a d r ece ived fr o m the city o f C a r c a s s o n ,dete rm i n ed to wre a k h is ve n ge a n ce u n t he t o wn the n e x t m o r n i n g he o p m a d e a g e n er a l a ss a u lt a n d ,tho ugh the pl a ce wa s b r a v ely de fe n ded , he took i t b y s t o r m , put a ll w ithi n it t o the s wo r d , a nd the n b ur n t the to wn D ur i n g these tr a n s a ctio n s the ki n g o f A r r a go n a r r ived a t the c a m p , a n d a fte r p a yi n g his ob edie n ce to the leg a te , told h im h e un de r stood the e a r l o f Be z ie r e s ,his ki n s m a n , wa s in t he city o f C a r c a ss o n , a n d th a t , if he wo u ld gr a n t h im pe r m issio n , he w o u ld go thithe r , a n d e n de a vo ur to m a ke h im se n sible o f the d u ty he o wed t o the pope a n d ch ur ch : the leg a te a cquiesci n g , the ki n g r ep a i r ed to the e a r l , a n d a sked h im fr o m wh a t motives b e sh ut hi m sel f up in th a t city a g a i n st so g r e a t a n ar m y The e a r l a n s we r e d , it wa s to de fe n d his li fe ,goods ,a n d s ubj ects th a t he k n e w the pope , un de r p r ete n ce o f r eligio n , r esol v ed t o dest r oy hi s un cle ,the e a r l o f To ulo use , a n d hi m sel f ; th a t he s a w the c r uelty whi ch they h a d used a t Be z ie r e s , eve n a g a i n s t the priests , a n d a t the to wn o f C a r c a s s on ; a n d th a t they m ust look fo r n o m e r cy fr o m the leg at e o r his a r m y ; he , the re fore , r a th e r chose t o di e , de fe n di n g h imsel f a n d his f . . . . . . 1 10 ’ r ox s B OO K or MARTYRS . ry o f the pe r so n he h a d e m ploy e d But he wa s o r dere d ju i n to close co n fi n e m e n t , a n d t he p la c e s um m o n ed to s ur r e n der i m medi a t ely . . The people o n he a r i n g o f the c a pti v ity o f t he e a r l ,we re th r o wn i n t o the ut m os t co n s t e r n a t i o n , whe n o n e o f the ci t ize n s in for m ed t he r est , t h a t he h a d bee n for m e r ly told by some old m e n t h a t the r e wa s a ve r y c a p a cio us s ub t e r r a n eo u s p a ss a ge , whi ch led fr o m the n ce to t he c a stle o f ” C a m a r et , a t th r ee le a g ues dist a n ce If, co n ti n ued he , we c a n fi n d this p a ss a ge , w e m a y a ll esc a p e be fo r e the ” leg a t e c a n be a pp r ize d o f o ur flight This i n fo r m a t io n wa s j oy fu lly r ecei v ed ; a ll we r e e m ployed to se a r ch fo r t h e p a ss a ge ; a n d , a t le n g t h , i t wa s d isco v e r ed E a r ly in t h e e v e n i n g the i n h a b i ta n t s be ga n t hei r flight , t a ki n g w i t h the m thei r wi ves , child r e n , a fe w d a ys pr o v isi o n s , a n d s uch p r ope r ty a s wa s m ost v a l ua ble a n d po r t a ble They r e a che d t h e c a stle by t h e m o r n i n g , a n d esc a ped to Ar r a go n , C a t a lo n i a , a n d s uc h o t he r p la c e s a s t hey tho ught wo u ld se c ur e the m fr o m t he po wer of t h e s a ng ui n a ry leg a t e Ne x t m o r n i n g the t r oops we r e a sto n ished , n ot he a ri n g a n y n ois e n o r seei n an s ir i n t h e ci t y ; ye t t hey m a n t y g a pp r o a ched t h e w a lls w i t h m u ch fe a r , lest it sho ul d be b ut a s t r a t a ge m t o e n d a n ge r t he m ; b u t fi n di n g n o o p positio n , they mo un ted t he wa lls , c r yi n g o ut th a t t he Albige n ses s wa s t he city , wi t h a ll t he spoils , we r e fle d ; a n d th u t a ke n , a n d t he e a r l o f Be z ie r e s co m m it t ed to p r iso n in o n e o f t h e s t r o n est to we r s o f the c a s t le , w he r e he soo n a fter g died The leg a t e n o w c a lled a ll the p r el a tes a n d gre a t lords o f his a r my toge t he r , t elli n g the m , th a t t ho u gh it wa s r e ld be a l wa ys a leg a t e in t he a r m y , yet it q uis it e the r e sho u wa s like wise n ecess a r y t h a t t he r e sho u ld be a sec ul a r ge n e r a l, w ise a n d v a li a n t , to co m m a n d in a ll t hei r a ffa i r s , & c This ch a r ge wa s fi r s t o ffe r ed to the d uke o f Bur go gn e ,t he n to t h e e a r l o f En n e ve r s , a n d , t hi r dly , to t he e a r l o f S t P a ul ; b ut t hey a ll r e fused it At le n g t h i t w a s o ffered to S i m o n , e a r l o f Mo n t fo r t , who , a ft e r so m e e x c uses , a c ce pt e d o f it Fo ur t ho us a n d m e n w e r e le ft t o g a r r iso n C a r c a ss o n , a n d t h e d e ce a sed e a r l o f Be z ie r e s w a s s uc ce e d e d in t i t le a n d dig n i ty by e a r l S i m o n , a b igo t ed Ro m a n C a t holi c ,w ho t h r e a t e n ed v e n ge a n ce o n t h e Alb i ge n se s , . . . ’ . ‘ . . . . . . rox ’ s B OO K or 1 11 MA RT Y RS they co n fo r med to the worship o f the ch urch o f Bu t the ki n g o f Ar r a go n , wh o wa s in his he a rt o f Rome r a ged t h e Al b i a si o n , se c r etly e n co u h e re for m ed pers u ga n ses , a n d g a ve the m hopes th a t if they a cted with p r u l e n ce they m igh t c a st o ff t he yoke o f the tyr a nn i c a l e a rl S i m o n They t ook hi s a dvi ce , a nd whil e S imo n was go n e r p r ised some o f his fort r esses , a n d t o Mo n tpelier , they s u cce ss ful in sever a l e x pediti o ns a g a i n st h is o fii cer s were s u . nle s s . . . . ct of S imon Con d u . These proceedi n gs so e n r a ged S i mo n , th a t retur n i ng fro m Mo n t pelier , he colle cted togethe r some forces , m a r ched a g a i n st the Alb ige n ses , a n d o r dered every pri r n t B ut n o t s ucceed s o ne r he too k to b e i m m edi a tely b u in g in so m e o f his e n te r p r ises , he g r e w dishe a r te n ed , a n d w r ote to eve r y Ro m a n C a t holi c po w er i n E u r o pe to se n d him a ssist a n ce , o t he r w ise he sho u ld n o t b e a ble to hold ou t a g a i n st t h e Albige n ses H e soo n r e ceived so m e s uc co ur s , wi t h whi ch he a tt a cked the C a s t le o f B e r o n , a n d m a ki n g h i m sel f m a ste r o f it , orde r ed the eyes to b e p u t ou t a n d the n oses to b e c u t o ff o f a ll the g a rriso n , o n e pe r so n a lo n e a cce p ted , wh o wa s dep r ived o f o n e eye o n ly , th a t he m ight co n d uct the rest to C a b a r et He the n un d ert o o k the siege o f Me n e r b e , whi ch , o n a cco u n t o f the wan t o f wa t er , wa s obl iged to yield to h im The lo r d o f Te r m es , the gove r n o r , wa s p ut in priso n , where he died his w i fe , si ste r , d a u ghter , a n d o n e h un d r ed a n d e ighty othe r s , we r e co m m i t t ed to the fl a m es Ma n y othe r c a s t les r r e n dered to the fo r ces o f this m o n ste r ,a n d the i n h a b it su a n ts we r e b u tche r ed in a m a n n er e q ua lly b ar b a r o us In t h e me a n ti m e the e a rl o f To u lo use , by me a n s of le t t e r s o f re co m m e n d a ti o n fr o m the ki n g o f Fr a n ce , was reco n ciled to t he pope : a t le a st the p ope pre t e n ded to hi m r e m issio n fo r t h e de a t h o f fr i a r P ete r , a n d t o ive g Bu a bsolve h im fr o m a ll o t her c r i m es he h a d co m m i t ted t th e leg a t e , by t he co n n iv a n ce o f the pope ,d id a ll he co u ld to r ui n t he e a r l S o me a l t e r c a tio n s h a vi n g p a ssed b et wee n the m ,the leg a t e e x co mm u n i c a ted t h e e a r l ; a n d the bishop o f To u lo use , upo n t his e n co ur a ge m e n t , se n t t hi s i m p ude n t m ess a ge to the e a r l , Th a t a s he w a s a n e x co mm u n ic a te d e r so n , he co m m a n ded him t o dep a r t t h e c ity ; fo r a n c c p . . . . . . . . ’ r ox s [ 12 no o n or ma n t r a s . co uld n ot s ay m a ss wi t h p r o p r iety , whil e a pe ch a des c r ip t io n wa s s o n e a r h im s on o f s u B e i n g g r e a tly e x a spe r a ted a t t he b ishop s i n sole n ce , t he e a rl se n t him a n o r de r i m m ed i a t ely to dep a r t fr o m the pl a ce o n p a i n o f de a t h This o r der wa s a ll the p r ela t e ld gi ve him so m e re a so n to co m pl a i n o f wa n te d , a s i t wo u his lord The bishop , wi t h the c a n o n s o f the c a thed r a l ch ur ch , m a r ched o ut o f the city in sole m n pro cessio n , b a r e fo o re d , a n d b a r ehe a ded , t a ki n g with t he m the cross , b a n n e r , host , & c , a n d pro ceeded in th a t m a n n e r to the eg e te s a r my , where they we r e r e ce ived wi t h gre a t respe ct ted s a i n ts ,a n d the leg a te tho ught this a s ulfi a s pe r sec u ci e n t e x c use to p r oceed a g a i n st the e a r l o f To ulo use fo r h a vi n g , a s he te r m ed i t , rel a psed fr o m the t r uth He a t t e m p ted to ge t the e a r l i n to his po wer by st r a t a ge m , b ut the l a tte r b ei ng a pp r ized o f the desig n , esc a ped T he le g a te , e n r a ged a t this dis a p p oi n t m e n t ,l a id siege to the ca s t le o f Mo n t fe r r a n d , which belo n ged to the e a r ] , a n d wa s go v e r n ed by B a ld wi n his b r othe r O n the fi r st s um m o n s B a ld wi n n o t o n ly s ur r e nde r ed , b ut a bj ur ed his r eligio n , a nd t u r n ed p a pist This eve n t , whi ch seve r ely a ffl i cted t h e e a rl , wa s follo wed by a n o t he r th a t g a ve h im stil l g r e a te r m o r t ifi ca t io n ; fo r his old fr ie n d the ki n g o f Arr a ghte n fo r sook his i n te r es t ; a n d a g r eed to gi v e his d a u o r g in m a r r i a ge to e a r l S i m o n s eldest s o n : the leg a te s t r oops we r e the n j oi n ed by the fo r ces o f A r r a go n a n d t hose h e to e o n in a r l S i mo n , o n wh ich they j o i n tly l a id siege to g g To ulo use cles ia s t ic . ’ . . . ' ’ . . . . ’ ’ . . Su cc es r s s f t h e Alb ig enses o . Neve r theless , the E a rl dete r m i n e to i n te r r upt the b e siegers by fr eq ue n t s a llies In the fi r st a t t e m pt he m e t wi t h a seve r e r e p u lse ; b ut in t he seco n d he took S i m o n s s o n p r iso n e r , a n d in t h e t hi rd he u m s c lf n ho r sed S i m o n lu A ft e r se ve r a l fur io us a ss a ult s give n by the popish a r m y , a n d so m e s u ccess ful s a llies o f t he Al bige n ses , t he e a r l o f To ul o use co m p elled h is e n e m ies to r a ise t he sie ge In t he ir r e t r e a t t hey did m u ch m ischie f in the co un t ries th r o ugh whi ch t hey p a ssed , a n d p u t m a n y de fe n ce less Albige n se s t o de a th T he E arl o f T o ulo use n o w d id a ll he co uld to re cove r . ’ .. . . ’ 114 F ox s B OOK OF srAn r r n s. ' lb an , s e n t wo r d to the c iti ze n s to m a ke the b est term s they co uld wi t h the Ro m a n C a t holics ,a s he wa s co n fide n t they co uld n o t hold o ut a siege ; b ut he re co m m e n ded the m to p r ese r ve the i r he a r t s fo r him , tho ugh they s ur r e n The ci t ize n s o f T e n d ered thei r pe r so n s to o n e a n o t her se , upo n r e cei v i n g this i n t i m a t i o n , se n t de p uties to S i lo u r e n d e r , p r ovided t h e city m e n , wi t h o ffe r s o f i mm edi a t e s u itsel f, a n d the pe r so n s a n d p r o p e r ties o f it s i n h a b it a n t s , sho uld be p r o te cted fr o m dev a s t a t io n T hese co n d itio n s w e r e a g r eed to ,a n d S i m o n ,in o r de r to i n g r a ti a te hi m sel f a t co ur t , wr o t e a le t t e r to P r i n ce Lo uis , t h e s o n o f P hili p , ki n g o f F r a n ce , i n fo r m i n g h im t h a t t he ci ty o f To ulo use r r e n de r t o him h a d o ffe r ed t o s u bu t bei n g willi n g th a t the p r i n ce sho uld h a ve t he ho n o ur o f r eceivi n g t he k eys a n d the ho m a ge o f t he peo ple , he begged t h a t he wo uld re pa i r to r ose The p r i n ce ,ple a s ed with the t h e c a m p fo r t h a t p u p in vit a tio n , we n t d i r ec t ly to the a r m y , a n d ha d the city o f To ulo use s ur r e nde r e d to h im in fo r m The p ope s leg a te , ho weve r , wa s g r e a tly disple a se d a t the m ild co n d i t io n s g ra n ted to the people , a n d i n sisted , th a t tho ugh the p r i n ce m ight t a k e u p o n h im the s o v e r e ign ity o f t he pl a ce a n d r e n der b elo n ged c ei ve the ho m a ge o f the p eo p le ,yet t h e pl u to t he h o ly p ilg r ims , ( fo r so t he po pish soldie r s e m ployed in these e x pe d i t io n s we r e c a lled a n d th a t t h e pl a ce , a s a recep t a cle o f he r e t ics , o ugh t to b e d is m a n tle d The p r i n ce a n d e a r l S i m o n in v a i n r e m o n s t r a ted a g a i n st p r o ceedi n gs so co n t r a r y to the co n di t io n s g r a n ted a t t he s ur r e n de r t he leg a te wa s pe r e m p t o r y , whe n e a r l S i m o n a n d t he P r i n ce , un willi n g to co me to a n O p e n r upt ur e wi t h h im g a ve up the po in t The leg a te i m m e d i a t ely set his holy pilg r i m s to n wo r k , whe n they p r ese n t ly d is m a n t led the city , a n d p lu dered the i n h a b it a n ts o f a ll thei r p r ope r ty , in d efi a n ce o f the sec ur ity g r a n ted to the m by the a r ti cles o f the s ur r en der ta . . . ’ . . . . te b etween t h e L eg a t e a n d P r in ce D isp u . No w the leg a te fi n di n g th a t a m o n g the Alb ige n ses were m a n y l uc r a tive pl a ces whi ch wo uld fa ll to t he dispos a l o f the p r i n ce , dete r m i n ed , by a n a r ti fi ce to dep r ive h im o f an y a d va n t a ge whic h m ight a cc r ue fr o m t he m ; to this e n d he ga ve a bsol u tio n to the Albige n ses , w h i ch , tho ugh they ‘ r ’ o x s B O O K o r MA RT Y R S 1 15 . in the le a st ch a n ged thei r r eligio u s o p i n io n s , he c a lle d re co n cili n g the m to t he ch ur ch The p r i n ce , n o t a pp r i zed o f this str a t a ge m , w a s a bo u t t o give his o ffi ce r s possessio n o f so m e pl a ces o f p r ofi t ; wh e n , t o his gre a t a s t o n ish m e n t , t h e leg a t e in fo r m ed h im , t h a t he h a d n o The p r i n ce de m a n de d p o w e r to dis p ose o f t hose p l a ces ha d n ot . e x pl a n a t i o n o f his m e a n i n g My m e a n i n g , repli ed the leg a t e , is , t h a t t h e p e op le h a v e r e ceived a bsolut i o n , a n d be i n g r e co n ciled t o , a r e co n seq u e n tly un de r th e pr o r ch the r e fo r e ,a ll pl a ces a m o n g o r c o n te c t io n o f t h e ch u ” n e c t e d w i t h the m , a r e in the dis os a l o f the ch u r ch o n ly p The p r i n ce , o ffe n ded a t t his m ode o f r e a so n i n g , a n d highly disple a sed a t the m e a n n ess o f t h e s ubte r fu ge , n eve r h e les s t ho u ght p r o p e r to d se m ble his r ese n t m e n t But be i n g dete r m i n ed to q uit t h e leg a t e , he p ut the tr oops th a t n de r hi s co m m an d in m otio n , a n d m a rched to a tt a ck we r e u so m e o t he r fo r t r esses ; b ut he fo un d , w he r eve r he c a m e , t h a t t h e leg a te h a d pl a yed t h e s a m e t r i ck , a n d pl a i n ly per c e iv e d , if he co n t i n u ed hi s m ili t a r y ope r a tio n s , t h a t whe n un s uccess ful , he sho uld be a r a ll t h e bl a m e , a n d whe n s uc c e s s fu l,t h e leg a t e w o uld ste a l a ll t h e p r o fit ; he the r e fore le ft t he a r m y in disg ust , a n d r e t ur n ed to co urt ” an . ' . i s . . D ef ea t of E a r l S imon . On th is , e a r l S i m o n , with his o wn fo r ces , those t he p r i n ce h a d just q ui t ted , a n d so m e othe r a ux ili a ries , un der took the siege o f Foi x , b ei n g chiefly p r ovoked to it by the de a th o f his b r othe r , wh o wa s sl a i n by the e a r l o f Foi x H e la y be fo r e the c a stle o f Fo i x for t e n d a ys , d ur i n g whi ch ti m e he fr eq ue n tly a ss a ulted it , b ut wa s a s o fte n r ep ulsed He a r i n g th a t a n a r m y o f Ar r a go n e se we r e in full m a r ch to wa r d h im , in o r de r to r e v e n ge t h e de a th o f t heir ki n g he r a ised the siege a n d we n t to m eet t he m The e a r l o f Foi x i m m edi a tely s a llied o ut a n d h a r a ssed hi s re a r , a n d the Ar r a go n e se a tt a cki n g hi s fr o n t ,g a ve him a tot a l de fe a t , t hi m sel f u i n C a r c a ss o n whi ch co m pelled h im to sh u p S oo n a ft e r wa r d the pope s leg a t e c a lled a co un cil a t Mo n t p elie r , for r e n e wi n g t h e m ili t a r y o p e r a ti o n s a ga i n st th e Alb ige n ses , a n d for doi n g p r oper ho n o ur to e a r l S i m o n , wh o wa s p r ese n t fo r the Ar r a go n e s e , n ot t a ki n g o C ar ad va n t a e o f the ir vi cto r y , h a d n egle cted to blo ck u g . . . ’ 1 16 Fox ’ s n o w; \t \ : o r t a rt s . c a sso n , b y whi ch o m issi o n S i m o n h a d a n o p p o r t un ity at rep a i r i n g t o Mo n tpel ie r O n m eeti n g the co un c i l, he le ga te , in the p pe s n a m e , p a id m a n y co m p li m e n t s to S i m o n , a n d de cl a r ed th a t he sho uld be p ri n ce o f a ll the co un tr ies t h a t m igh t in fut ur e be t a ke n fr o m t h e Alb ige n ses : a t the s a m e ti m e , by o r de r o f the p o n ti ff, he style d him the a ctive a n d de x t e r o us soldie r o f Jes us Ch r is t ,a n d ” Bu the in vi n cible de fe n de r o f the c a th oli c fa ith t ju st a s the e a rl wa s a bo ut t o r etur n th a n ks fo r these g r e a t ho n o urs a n d fi n e e n co m i u m s , a m esse n ge r b r o u ght wo r d th a t the people , h a vi n g he a r d e a r l S i m o n wa s in the co un cil , had t a ke n up a r m s , a n d we r e co m i n g t hi t he r to destr oy h im as a co m m o n dis t u This i n tellige n ce th r e w th e whole r be r co un ci l i n to g r e a t co n fusio n : a n d e a r l S i m o n , t ho ug h a m inu te b e fo r e s t yled a n in vin ci ble de fe n der o f t he fa ith u mp ed ou t o f a wi n do w, a n d stole a wa y from t he city j . ’ . . . . nc i l of L a ter a n Co u . The disp utes be co m i n g se r io us ,a ccordi n g to the opi n i o n n cil , o f the p a pists , the p ope hi m sel f soo n a fte r c a lled a co u to be held a t L a t e r a n , in wh i ch g r e a t p o wers we r e g r a n ted to Ro m a n c a tholi c i n q uisito r s ,a n d m a n y Alb ige n ses we r e im m edi a tely pu This co un cil o f L a t e r a n li ke wi s e t to de a t h co n fi r m ed to e ar l S i m o n a ll the ho n o ur s i n t e n ded him by the co un cil o f Mo n tpelie r , a n d e m po we r ed him to r a ise a n o the r a r m y a g a i n st t he Albige n ses E a r l Si m o n i mm edi a tely r ep a i r ed to co u r e fr o m the Fre n ch r t , r e ce ived his i n ves t i tu ki n g , a n d beg a n to levy fo r ces H a v i n g n o w a co n side r a ble n umbe r o f t r oops , he dete r m i n e d , if possible , t o e x te r mi n a te the Alb ige n ses , whe n he r e ce ived a d v i ce , th a t his co un tess wa s besieged in N a r bo n n e by the e a r l o f T o u lo use He p r o ceeded to the r elie f o f his wi fe , wh e n the Albige n ses met him , g a ve h im b a t t le , a nd d e fe a te uhi m bu n d me a n s to es c a p e a n d get i n to the c a s t l e o f t he fo u Nar b onn e . . . . . se b t h e Albi en s es R ecover y of Toulo u g y . A ft er this , To ulo use wa s r e covered by the Alb ige n ses si n g e a rl S i m o n s c a use , r a ised forces bu t the pope esp o u for him ,a n d e n a bled h i m O n ce m o r e to un de r t a ke the s ie ge ’ B O OK O F M A R T YRS FOX 8 . b a n do n ed th a t city to b esiege Mir o m a n d This pl a ce he s oo n took by storm , a n d p ut to t he s wo r d a ll t he i n h a bit a n ts , co n sisti n g o f 5 000 m e n , wo m e n , a n d childre n G uido , e a r l o f Mo n t for t ,the s on o f e a r ] S i m o n , un de r took the co mm an d o f the tr oops , a n d l a id siege to T ou lo use ,b e fo r e the wa lls o f whi ch he wa s killed His b r o t he r Al m e r i c s ucceeded to the co m m a n d , b ut wa s soo n obliged to r a ise the siege O n t h is the leg ate p r ev a iled upo n the ki n g o f F r a n ce to un de r t a ke the siege o f To ulo use in per son The e a r l o f To ulo use se n t the wo m e n , child r e n ,ca t tle , & c , i n t o sec ur e pl a ces in the m o un t a i n s ,plo ughed up t he l a n d , th a t the ki n g s fo r ces sho u ld n ot obt a i n fo r a ge , a n d did a ll th a t a skil fu l ge n e r a l co uld pe r fo r m to dist r ess t he e n e m y By these wise r eg ul a t io n s the F r e n ch a r my s uffe r ed a ll the e x t r e m ities o f fa m i n e , whi ch obliged the tr 0 0 ps to fee d o n the c a rc a sses o f dogs , c a ts , & c wh ich die t prod uced the pl a gue The ki n g di ed o f g r ie f ; b ut his so n , who s ucceeded him , dete r m i n ed to c a r r y o n the wa r : he wa s , ho weve r ,de fe a ted in th r ee e n g a ge m e n t s by t he e a rl o f To u lo use The ki n g , t h e q uee n m othe r , a nd three a r chbishops a g a i n r a ised a n a r m y ,a n d h a d the a r t to pe r s ua de the e a r l o f To ul o use to co m e to a co n fe r e n ce , whe n he wa s m a de a p r iso n e r , a n d fo r ced to a p p e a r b a r e footed a n d b a r ehe a ded be fore his e n e m i es ,a n d t o s u bsc r ibe to the follo wi n g ig n o m i n io us co n di t io n s : 1 Th a t he sho uld a bj u r e the fa ith t h a t he h a d hi t he r to d e fe n ded 2 Th a t he sho uld be s ubj e ct to the ch ur ch o f Ro m e 3 Th a t h e sho uld give his d a ughte r J o an in m a r r i a ge to o n e o f the 4 Th a t he sho u ld m a i n b r others o f the ki n g o f F r a n ce t a i n in To ulo use s ix p opish pr o fe sso r s o f the libe r a l a r ts , 5 Th a t he sho u ld t a ke upo n h im a nd t wo gr a mm a r i a n s t he cross , a n d se r ve five ye a r s a g a i n st the S a r a ce n s 6 Th a t he sho uld level the wa lls o f To ulo use w ith t he g r o un d ld destroy thi r ty o f his othe r ci t ies a nd ca s 7 Th a t he sho u tles , a s the leg a te sho uld d i r ect 8 T ha t he sho uld r e ghte r wa s delive r ed to the m a i n priso n e r a t P a r is till his d a u ki n g s co mm issio n ers A fter t hese cruel co nd i t io n s a se v e r e pe r se c u ti o n t ook pl a ce a g a i n st the Albige n ses , m a n y o f w ho m s uffe r ed fo r the fa i t h ; a n d e x p r ess o r de r s we r e iss ued th a t t he la ity s h ould n ot b e p er mitted t o r ea d t h e a . . . . . . ’ . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ’ . sa cr ed wr i t in g s From this pe r iod we fi nd no further a cc oun t o f t he Al F OX S B OOK o r M A R T YR S 19 ’ . ry b ige n s e s ti ll the co m m e n ce m e n t o f the s e v e n t e e n t h c tu gh they ar e n o t disti n ctly m e n tio n ed ,t he; s uffer bu t a l t ho u ed c r uel perse c ut io n s a t v a r io us ti m es C . . H A PT ER I V M a r ty r d om of Al a r c us , b i s h op of A1 eth us a t ion s in F r a n ce P er s ecu . . D UR I NG the i n t e r n a l co m m o t io n s o f th i s co u n t r y , wh ich l a sted fr o m a bo ut t h e m i d dle o f t he si x t ee n t h ce n tur y to the ti m e o f t he ge n e r a l m a ss a c r e o f t he p r o t es t a n ts in 1 5 7 2 ,a co n st a n t perse c ut io n h a d bee n c a r r ied o n a g a i n st the pro r i n g which seve r a l tho u s a n d s uffered m a rt yr tes t a n ts , d u d o m by the most ho r r id cru elty . Hor r i ble Ma s s a cr e of A D . . 1 57 2 . lo n g se r ies o f t r o ubles , the p a pists s ee in g ld be do n e a g a i n st t he p r o t est a n t s by ope n n othi n g co u b fo r ce ,be ga n to devise h o w t hey co uld e n t r a p t he m by s u fi r st , by p r ete n di n g t h a t a n t le ty , a n d t h a t by t wo wa y s n de r the c o m n t r y ,u a r m y wa s t o b e se n t i n to the lo wer co u m a nd o f the a d m i r a l , p r i n ce o f N a v a r r e a nd Co n d e ; n o fte r a t 12 0 Fox ’ s B O OK o r MA R T Y R S . , th a t the kin g ha d a ny i n te n tio n o f so do i n g , b ut o n ly wit h n der him , a V i e w t o as cert a i n wh a t fo r ce the a d m i r a l h a d u The seco n d wh o they we r e , a n d wh a t were t h e i r n a m es bo r n ed b et wee n the p r i n ce o f N a va rr e wa s ,a m a r ri a ge s u to whi ch were to be a n d the sister o f the ki n g o f F r a n ce i n vited a ll the chie f p r otest a n t s Acco r di n gly they first ee n o f N a v a rr e she co n se n t ed to co m e b eg a n with the q u to P a r is , w he r e she wa s a t le n gth wo n ove r to the ki n g s m i nd Sho r t ly a ft er she fell si ck , a n d d ied withi n five d a ys , n o t w it h out s uspi cio n o f p oiso n b ut he r b ody bei n g ope n ed , n o sig n thereo f a ppe a r ed A cert a i n a p othec a r y , ho weve r , m a de his b o a st , th a t he h a d killed the quee n by ve n o m o us odo urs a n d s m ells , p r ep a red by hi msel f Notwithst a n di n g t his , the m a r r i a ge still p r o ceeded The a dmir a l pri n ce o f N a v a r r e a n d Co n de , with dive r s other chie f st a t es o f the p r otest a n ts ,i n d uced by the ki n g s letters a n d m a n y fa ir pro m ises , c a m e to P a ris , a n d we r e r e cei ved with g r e a t sole m n ity The m a r r i a ge a t le n gth took pl a ce o n the 1 8t h o f A u g ust , 1 5 7 2 , a n d wa s sole m n ized by the r pose c a r di na l o f B o ur b o n , upo n a high st a ge set up o n p u witho u t the ch ur c h wa lls the p r i n ce o f N a v a r re a n d C o n de c a m e do wn , wa iti n g for the ki n g s sister , who wa s the n a t m a ss This do n e , the co m p a n y a ll we n t to the b ishop s p a l a ce to di n n e r In the eve n i n g they were con d ucted to the ki n g s p a l a ce to s uppe r Fo ur d a ys a fter this , the a d m i r a l co m i n g fr o m the co un cil t a ble , o n his wa y wa s shot a t with a p istol , ch a r ged with th r ee b u llets , a n d Not withst a n di n g whi ch he still wo u n ded i n both his a r m s re m a i n ed in P a r is , a lt ho ugh the Vid a m a dvised h im to . . ’ . . . . ’ . ’ . ’ . ’ . , . fle e . S oldiers were a ppoi n t ed in v a r i o us p a rts o f the city t o be re a dy a t a wa tch wo r d , upo n whi ch they r ushed o ut to the sl a ughter o f the p r otest a n ts , b egi n n i n g with the a d m i r a l, wh o bei n g d r e a d fu lly wo un ded , wa s c a st o ut o f the wi n do w i n t o t h e s t r eet , whe r e his he a d b e i n g st r u ck o ff, wa s e m b a l m ed with sp i ces to b e se n t to the pope The t o ff his a r m s a n d privy me m be r s , sa v a ge peo p le the n c u a n d d r e w h im in th a t st a te th r o u gh the st r eets o f P a ri s , a fte r w hi ch t hey took h im to t he pl a ce o f e x e c u tio n ,o ut o f the ci ty , a n d the r e h a n ged h im up by the heels , e x p osi n g n is m u til a ted body to t he s co r n o f the pop u la ce The m a r ty r do m o f this vi r t uo us m a n h ad n o s oo n e r - . . ( 22 Fo x ’ s B O OK o r MA RT Y RS . T h e Ma ss a cr e a t Va s sy , i n Ch a mp a ig n e . The d uke o f G uise , o n his a r riv a l a t Joi n ville , a sked whethe r the pe ople o f V a ssy u sed to h a ve ser m o n s r e a ched co n st a n t ly by th e i r m i n iste r ? It wa s a n s we r e d , p t hey h a d , a n d th a t they i n c r e a sed d a ily At the he a r i n g o f w hi ch re po r t , he fell i n to a viole n t p a ssio n ; a n d u po n S a t ur d a y , the l a st d a y o f F eb r ua r y , 1 5 6 2 , th a t he m ight t he m o r e co ve r tly e x e c u t e h is co n cei v ed wr a th a g a i n st t he p r otes t a n ts o f Va ssy , he dep a r ted fr o m Joi n ville , a e co m ise , his b r o t he r , a n d t hose p a n ie d with the c a r di n a l o f G u o f thei r t r a i n , a n d lodged in the v ill a ge o f D a m m a r ti n , d ist a n t a b o ut t wo m iles a n d a h a l f The n e x t d ay , a ft e r he h a d he a r d m a ss ve r y e a r ly in the m o r n i n g , he le ft D a m m a r t i n , w ith a b o u t t wo h un d r ed a r m ed m e n , p a ssi n g a lo n g to Va ssy As he we n t by the vill a ge o f Br o n z e va l, whi ch is dist a n t fr o m Va ssy a q ua r t e r o f a m ile , the bell ( a ft e r t h e u s ua l m a n n e r )r a n g fo r se r m o n The d uke he a r i n g it , a sked those he m e t , why the bell r a n g so lo ud A pe r so n n a m ed L a Mo n t a g ue told him ,it wa s fo r the a sse m bl in g o f the Hugo n o ts ; a d d in g , t h a t the r e we r e m a n y in the s a id Br o n z e v a l wh o fr e e n t e d the se r m o n s qu pr e a ched a t Va ssy ; t he r e fo r e , t h a t the d uke wo uld do well to begi n t he r e , a n d o ffe r t he m viole n ce But t he d uke a n s we r ed , Ma r ch o n , m a r c h o n , ” we sh a ll t a ke the m a m o n g th e r est o f t h e a sse m bly No w , the r e we r e ce r ta i n soldie r s a n d a r che r s a e co m p a n yi n g the d uke , who co m p a ssed a bo ut Va ssy ; m o sr be i n g lodged in the ho uses o f p a pis t s The o f the m S a t ur d a y be fo r e the sl a ughte r , they we r e see n to m a ke eb uses , a n d pistols ; b ut the r e a d y t hei r we a po n s , a r q u l n o t d r e a m i n g o f s uch a co n spi r a cy , tho ught the fa ith fu d uke wo uld o ffe r the m n o viole n ce , bei n g t he k i n g s s ub ke je c ts ; a lso , th a t n o t a bove t wo m o n t hs be fo r e , the d u a n d his b r eth r e n p a ssi n g by the s a id Va ssy , g a ve n o s ig n re o f thei r disple a s u ke o f G uise bei n g a r r ived a t V a ssy with a ll T he d u his t r oops , the y we n t d i r e c t ly to wa r d t he co m m o n h a ll se , a n d t he n e n te r ed i n to t he m o n a ste r y ; o r m a r ke t ho u whe r e , h a v i n g c a lled to him o n e D ess a les , the p r i o r o f Va ssy , a nd a n othe r w hose n a m e wa s Cl a ude le S a i n ,p r o v ost o f V a ssy ed , he t a lked a while w i t h the m , a n d iss u . . . . . . . . ’ . - - Fo x ’ s BOOK or M A RT Y R S 123 stily o ut o f the m o n a s t e r y , a tte n de d by m a ny o f his fo l o we r s The n co m m a n d wa s gi ve n to t he p a pis ts , to r e ti r e i n to the m o n a ste r y , a n d n o t t o b e see n in the st r eets , un less t hey wo uld ve n t ur e the loss o f thei r li ves The d uke pe r ceivi n g o t he r s o f his r e t iuue to b e wa lki n g to a n d n h a ll , a n d a bo u t the ch ur chy a r d , c o m fr o u n de r the to w m a nd a d t he m to m a r ch o n to wa r d the pl a ce whe r e t he se r m o n wa s , bei n g in a b a r n , a bo ut a h un d r ed p a ces d is This co m m a n d wa s p ut in e x e t a n t fro m t he m o n a stery ch o f the co m p a n y a s we n t o n foot He th a t t io n by s u cu m a r ched f re m o st o f t his r a bble , wa s L a B r osse , a n d o n th e side o f these m a r ched t h e ho r se m e n , a fte r who m fo l lo wed the d uke w ith a n othe r co m p a n y o f his o wn follo w e r s , like w ise those o f the c a r d in a l o f G u ise , his b r othe r By this t i m e , Mr Le o n a r d Mo r el , the m i n iste r , a fte r t h e fi r st p r a ye r , ha d b eg un his se r m o n b e fore his a udi to r s , n t to a bo u wh o m ight a m o u t 1 2 00 m e n , w o m e n , a n d child The ho r se m e n fir st a pp r o a chi n g t o the b a r n withi n re n t t we n ty fi ve p a ces , shot o ff t wo a rq ueb uses r ight a bo u upo n those wh o w e r e pl a ced in the g a lleries j oi n i n g to the The people withi n ,pe r ce ivi n g this , e n de a vo ur wi n do ws ed to sh ut the doo r , b ut we r e p r e ve n ted by the r ufli a n s ru shi n g in upo n the m ,wh o d r a wi n g t hei r s wo r ds , fur i o usly ” cried o ut , De a th o f God , kill , kill t hese Hugo n o t s Th r ee pe r so n s were sl a i n a t t he doo r a n d the d uk e o f G uise w i t h h is co m p a n y r ushed in a m o n g the co n g r eg a tio n , st r iki n g the p oor peo p le do wn with thei r s wo r ds , d a gge r s a n d c utl a sses ,n o t sp a r i n g a n y a ge o r s e x besi d es , they with i n w e r e so a sto n ished th a t they k ne w n ot whi ch rn the m , b ut run n i n g hithe r a n d thithe r fell o n e wa y to t u upo n a n othe r , flyi n g a s p oo r sheep be fo r e a comp a n y o f r a ve n i n g wolves e n te r i n g in a m o n g the flock S om e o f the m urde r ers shot o ff the ir pieces a g a i n st the m th a t were othe r s cut in p ie ces s uch a s they ligh t ed in the g a lle r i es upo n so m e h a d thei r he a ds cle ft in t wa i n ,thei r a rm s a n d ha n ds c u t o ff ; so th a t m a n y o f the m g a ve u p the ghos t eve n in t he pl a ce The wa lls a n d g a lle r ies o f the pl a ce we r e d yed with the blood o f those wh o we r e every w he r e m ur de r ed : y e a , so g r e a t wa s the fury o f t h e m ur de r e r s , th a t p ar t o f the people wi t hi n were fo r ced to bre a k ope n the roo f o f the ho use , in hopes t o s a ve th e m selve s upo n B ei n g got thi t her a n d t he n fe a r i ng t o the top t he r eo f na . . . - . . o . . . - - . . . . . t24 F o x s B O O K o r MA RT Y R S ' . el tigers ,so m e o f them fa ll a ga i n in to the h a n ds o f these cr u e a p e d over the wa lls o f the city , w hi ch we r e ve r y high , flyi n g i n to the w oods an d a m o n g the vi n es , whi ch with mos t e x pedi t io n they co uld soo n est a tt a i n un to so m e h urt in the i r a r m s , o t he r s in their he a ds , a n d othe r p a r ts o f t heir b odies The d uke p r ese n ted hi m sel f in the ho use with hi s s wo r d d r a wn in his h a n d ,ch a r gi n g his m e n to kill especi a lly the yo un g m e n O n ly , in the e n d ,wo m e n with child we r e sp a r ed An d p ur s ui n g those wh o we n t upo n the ho use tops , they cried , Co m e do wn , ye dogs , co m e ” do wn ! us i n g m a n y c r uel th r e a te n i n g spee ches to the m The c a use why wo m e n with child esc a ped , wa s , a s the t c h e s s s s a ke , his w i fe ,wh o ,p a ss i n g r epo r t we n t , fo r the d u s ou t a lo n g by the wa lls o f the ci ty , a n d he a r i n g so hid e o u c r ie s a m o n g these poo r cre a t ur es , with the n oise o f the pie ces a n d pi stols co n ti n ua lly disch a r gi n g , se n t in a ll h a ste to the d uke h e r h usb a n d wi t h m uch e n tr e a ties to ce a se his pe r se c utio n , fo r fr igh t i n g wo m e n with child Du r i n g t his sl a u ghte r , the c a r di n a l o f G uise r e m a i n ed b e fore the ch u r ch o f Va ssy , le a n i n g u po n the wa lls o f the c hu r ch y a r d ,lo o k m g t o wa r d the pl a ce where hi s follo we r s ~ ve r e b u sied in killi n g a n d sl a yi n g a ll t hey c o uld Ma n y o f this a sse m bly be i n g th u s ho tl y p ur s ued , did in the fi r s t b r un t s a ve the m selves up o n the roo f o f the ho use ,n ot bei n g dis cer n ed by those wh o stood witho ut b ut a t le n gt h ,so m e o f t his bloody c r e w espyi n g w he r e they la y hid , shot a t the m with lo n g p ie ces ,whe r e w ith m a n y o f the m we r e h ur t a n d sl a i n The ho usehold se r v a n ts o f D e s s a lle s , p r i o r o f Va ssy , shooti n g a t the p eople o n the r oo f, o n e o f th a t wretched co m p a n y wa s n o t a sh a m ed to b o a st , a fter the m a ss a cre wa s e n ded , th a t he fo r his p a r t ha d c a u sed s ix a t le a st to t um ble do wn in th a t piti ful plight , s a yi n g , th a t if others h ad do n e the like , n ot m a n y o f the m co uld p ossibly ha ve esc a ped The m i n ister , in the b egi n n i n g o f the m a ss a cre , ce a se d no t to p r e a ch , till o n e disch a r ged h is pie ce a g a i n st the u po n his p lpit whe r e he stood , a fte r w hi ch , fa lli n g do wn u k n ees , he e n t r e a ted t h e Lo r d n o t o n ly to h a ve m ercy u po n i im s e lf, b u t a lso u a vi n o his poo pe sec ed flock H n r r u t p g e nded h is p r a ye r , h e le ft his go wn behi n d him , t h in k n w the r eby to kee p hi m sel f un k n o wn b ut while he a ppr aa c h e d to wa rd the door m his fe a r he st u mbled over a d e a d , . . . . ’ t . . . . . . F ’ o x s B O OK o r MA R T Y RS . This m a ss a cr e co n ti n ued a full ho ur , the d uke s tr um pete r s so un di n g the wh ile t wo seve r a l ti m e s W he n a ny o f these desi r ed to h a ve m e r cy s n o w ed the m fo r the love o f Jes u s C h r ist , the m ur de r e r s in s co r n wo uld s ay un to the m , Yo uus e the n a me o f Ch r i st , b ut where is yo u r ” Ch r ist n ow 2 The r e died in this m a ss a cre , witln n a fe w d ays , thr ee sco r e pe r so n s b esides these , the r e we r e a bo ut t wo hun d r ed a n d fi fty , a s w ell m e n a s w o m e n , th a t we r e wo u n ded , whe r eo f m a n y died The poo r s b o x ,w hi ch wa s fa ste n ed to the doo r o f the ch ur ch with t wo i r o n hooks , co n t a i n i n g t welve po un ds , wa s wr es t ed the n ce , a n d n e v e r resto r ed The m i n iste r wa s closely co n fi n ed a n d fr eq ue n tly th r e a t e n ed to be se wed up in a s a ck a n d d r o wn ed He wa s , ho weve r , o n the 8th o f Ma y ,1 5 6 3 ,lib e r a ted a t the e a r n est su i t o f the pri n ce o f Po r t ie n ’ . “ ’ . . . . M a ss a cr e a t Ang er s . As soo n a s the m a ss a c r e co mm e n ced a t P a r is , a ge n tle m a n n a m ed Mo n s o r e a u obt a i n ed a p a sspo r t w ith lette r s to m a ss a c r e the p r otest a n ts a t A n ge r s B ei n g dis a ppo in t ed o f his p r ey in o n e pl a ce , he c a m e to the lodgi n g o f a r eve r e n d a n d le a r n ed m i n is t e r , Mr Joh n Ma so n Meeti n g his wi fe a t the e n t r a n ce o f t h e ho use , he s a l ut ed her , a n d ” a sked h e r , S he a n s wered W he r e he r h usb a n d wa s 2 h im , Th a t he w a s wa lki n g in his g a r de n He i mm edi a t ely we n t in se a r ch o f h im ; a n d mee t in g h im ,e m b r a ced h im ,a n d s a id , D o y o uk n o w whe r e fore I a m co m e ? The ki n g h a th co m m a n ded m e to kill y o u fo r th wi th , a n d h a th give n m e e x p r ess ch a r ge to d o i t , a s ” o u sh a ll see n whi ch he sho wed by his let e s Upo t r y h im a pistol re a dy ch a r ged Ma so n r eplied , Th a t he ” k n e w n o t whe r ei n he h a d o ffe n ded t he ki n g ; b ut seei n g , s a id he , y o useek m y li fe , gi v e m e a litt le time to t e ” co m m e n d m y spi r it i n to the h a n d s o f God H a vi n g m a de a sho r t p r a ye r , he p r ese n ted his body to the m ur de r e r , wh o shot h im i mm ed i a tely H is wi fe wa s soo n a ft e r d r o wn ed , w ith n i n e o t he r s ; a n d s ix tho us a n d we r e m ur de r ed a t R o u e n in m uch t he s a m e m a n n e r The ki n g o f F r a n ce p r oposed t h r ee t hi n gs to the p r i n ce o f C o n de : E i t he r to go t o m a ss , to die , o r else to be a lly i m priso n ed ; a n d the r e fo r e to weigh well wit h p erpet u . . . . . . . . . “ se x 5 B O O K o r MART Y RS 127 . ” hi m s e l f W ll l C ll he l iked bes t The p r i n ce a n s we r ed ld n e v e r choose the fi r st ; T h a t by G od s g r a ce he wo u a s for the l a t ter , he re fe rr ed hi m sel f to the ki n g s ple a ref su A b o ut three h un d r ed w e r e b a r b a ro usly m ur de r ed a t To ulo use , a n d aft e r t a ki n g a ll the ir goods , t hei r bodies bli c vi e w fo r t wo we 1 e s t r ipped n a ked , a n d e x posed to p u d a ys , a n d t he n th r o wn in he a ps i n to gre a t p its C e r t a i n co un se l o r s a ft e r they w e r e m a ss a c r ed were h un g up po n a g r e a t e lm whi ch wa s in the 1 11 t hei r lo n g go wn s , u co ur t o f the p a l a ce . ’ ’ ’ . l . S ieg e of S a n cer r e . 1 5 7 3 , S a n ce r re , a c ity in ha mt e d rc ie ri y by pro t e s t a n t s , a n d to w hich m a ny fled fr o m o t he r p la ces fo r r e fu ge , wa s besieged by the C a tholi c a r m y The wa n t o f p r o visio n s w a s soo n felt by t he i n h a b i t a n t s , a n d t hey we r e co m p elled to feed o n t he flesh o f ho r ses , a sses , & c At le n g t h e v e n t his fa iled ; a n d they w e r e the n r ed uced to de v o ur o ffa l a n d e x c r e m e n ts ; a n d so m e , less c a p a ble o f r esis t i n g t h e c a lls o f h u n e r , e v e n ha d r e co u r se to t h e h e r g r ible e x This o ut r a ge o n h um a p ed i e n t o f c a n n ib a lis m w as n e ces s a r y t o n it i t p n ish , a n d a cco r d i n gly w e fi n d u y th a t o n t h e 2 9 t h o f J uly , a m a n a n d his w i fe we r e e x e cu t e d fo r h a v i n g e a t e n t h e he a d , b r a i n s , a n d e n t r a ils o f a child , th r ee ye a r s old , whi ch died o f h un ge r ; h a vi n g p r e se r ve d the o t he r p a r t s to e a t a t a n o the r m e a l An old se , a n d h a d e a te n a p a r t , wo m a n , wh o lodged in thei r ho u died a fe w ho ur s a ft e r he r i m p r iso n m e n t The g r e a te r p a r t o f t he child r e n d ied o f fa m i n e ; a n d m a n y a ffe cti n g a cco u n t s a r e give n o f thei r p a tie n ce a n d fo r tit u de , a m o n g w hi ch t h e follo w i n g is w o r t hy o f r e co r d A b oy o f t e n y e a r s old , bei n g re ady to yield up the ghost , seei n g his fa the r a n d m othe r weepi n g ove r h im , s a id un t o the m , W he r e fo r e w eep ye th us , in seei n g m e fa m ished t o de a th ? Mo t he r , I a s k y o un o b r e a d , I k n o w ’ n g it is God s w ill I m u seei st die this o uh a ve n o n e : b u t y d e a t h , let u l fo r it Did n ot t he holy m a n s b e t h a n k fu L a z a r us die o f fa m i n e ? h a v e I n o t r e a d it in m y B ible In u tteri n g these , w ith the like sp e e c hes , he e x p ired the 3 0th o f J nlV In . . . . . . . . . ’ [ 28 B OO K o r MA RTY RS rox s . Not mo r e th a n eighty fo ur pe r so n s d ied by the h a n d o f he e n emy , b ut o f the fa m i n e m o r e th a n fi ve h un dred Ma n y soldie r s ,in o r der to a vo id the li n ge r i n g de a th o f hun ger , fled fr om the city , a n d chose r a ther to die by the s wo r d o f the e n e m y ; whe r eo f some we r e imp r iso n ed , a n d othe r s p ut to de a th Eve r y hope seemed c ut o ff fr o m the m , a n d de a th a p pe e red b oth w i t h i n a n d wi t ho ut t hei r wa lls ; a n d so fa r wa s the ki n g o f F r a n ce fr o m r ele n t i n g a t t hei r h a pless st a te , th a t , e n r a ged a t t h ei r co ur a ge , he s wore t hey s ho uld B n e a n other u t t h e K i n g o f ki n gs h a d o r d a i n ed o e at u p fo r the electio n o f the d u ke o f A nj o uto the it o t h e r W 1 s e th r o n e o f P ol a n d , c a used a ge n e r a l p a c ifi ca t io n , a n d the p r ote s t a n ts o n ce mo r e e nj oyed libe r ty o f co n s c ie n ce a n d tio n freedom fro m perse c u - . . . . C H APT E R V . ti on s in F r a n ce, con t in u P er secu ed . It was observed in the pre cedi n g ch a pter , th a t the p e r t io n o f the protest a n ts wa s a rrested by the electio n o f se cu th e d uke o f A nj o u to the thr o n e o f P ol a n d ; o n e o f the co n ditio n s o f th a t ele ctio n b e i n g , th a t the ki n g o f F r a n ce sho uld ce a se to m olest his p r otest an t s ubj ects o n a c co un t o f their fa ith e Bu t this st a te o f pe a ce did no t co n ti n u lo n g ; the wa r s were re n e wed d uri n g the s ucceed i n g r eig n s , with v a ri o u s s uccess ; a n d the histo r y o f this pe r io d i s filled with the most ho r r ible r el a tio n s o f b a ttles , sieges ,a s s a s s in a t io n s , m a ss a c r es , a n d t r e a so n s At le n gth , He n r y III fa vo ur i n g the p r otest a n ts ,a ltho ugh mo r e fro m politi c a l t h a n r eligio u s motives , wa s a ss a ssi na ted by Cle m e n t , a fr i a r ; a n d wa s s u cceeded by the ki n g o f N a v a rre , und er the title o f He n ry I V This pri n ce , a fte r s tr ugglin g with hi s n umero us e n emies d ur i n g seve r a l ye a rs , fo un d i t e x pedie n t to de cl a re him se l f a Rom a n C a tholi c a n d th u f o s to obt i the s u f f r a ges the a n , m aj ority o f his s ubj ects This a post a cy wa s a sev c 1 e a f flict io n to the fa ith fu l b ut ,a ltho ugh he a b a n do n ed his se ligio n , a n d s a cri fi ced a he a ve n ly fo r a n e a rthly cro wn ,he . . . . . F ’ o x s B O O K O F MAit r vn S . de a th by the i n furi a ted sold i e r y , o r co n dem n ed to t he ga lleys fo r li fe A fter thi s un h a ppy e ve n t , a ltho ugh the po w e r o f t ne r oke n to pe r m it the m to a sse r t rotest ch b a n ts wa s too m u p thei r rights in the field , a n d they the r e fo r e a ppe a r ed to shed a n d e x ti n g ui shed ,the r e y e t r e t heir e n e m i es a s if cru m a i n ed m a n y tho us a n ds wh o r e f u sed to b o w the k n ee to B a a l ; their G od upheld the m by his gr a cio us p r o m i ses they k n e w th a t He wi t ho ut whose o r de r s , n o t e v e n a ” sp a r r o w sh a ll p e r ish , w o uld n o t a llo w his fa i t h ful se r v a n ts to fa ll un r eg a r ded a n d they co n soled th e m selves w ith the reflecti o n ,th a t ho we v e r they m ight be d e spised , co n te m n e d , a n d pe r sec u ted o n e a r th , they w o uld in the e n d a r r ive a t t hose he a ve n ly m a n si o n s p r ep a r ed fo r the m by thei r F a the r , whe r e a ll te a r s s h a ll b e wiped fr o m a ll fa ces a n d whe r e a n ete r n ity o f glo r io u s a n d c elesti a l h a ppi n ess sh a ll i n fi n itely o utwe igh the te m po r a r y a n d t r ivi al s uffe r i n gs o f m o r t a lity r i n g the fi fty ye a r s whi ch s u cceeded the r ed uctio n o f Du Ro chelle ,the p r otest a n ts s uffe r ed eve r y i n dig n i ty , i nj usti ce , a nd cr u e lty , whi ch thei r b a r b a r o us pe r se c uto r s co uld de vise They we r e a t the m ercy o f eve r y petty despot , ” wh o , d r essed in a li ttle b r ie f a u t ho r ity , w ished to g r a ti fy h is m a li ce , o r sig n a lize the se a so n o f his p o wer , by p u n ish in g the h er et ics , a n d evi n ci n g his a tt a ch m e n t to the i nf a l lib le c h u r ch The co n se q ue n ces o f this m a y e a sily b e i m a gi n ed eve r y petty ve x a tio n whi ch c a n r e n de r p r iv a te li fe m ise r a ble , eve r y spe cies o f pl un de r a n d e x to r tio n , a n d eve r y wa n to n e x e r tio n o f a r b itr a r y po we r , were e m ployed to h a r a ss a n d m olest the p r otest a n ts o f a ll r a n ks ,se x es ,a n d a ges At le n gth , in 1 6 84 , the impio us a n d bl a sphe m o us tyr a n t Lo uis X IV , wh o , in i m it a t io n o f the w o r st Ro m a n e m p e r or s , w ished to r e ceive divi n e ho n o u r s , a n d wa s fl a tte r ed by his a bj e ct co ur tie r s i n to t he b elie f th a t he wa s mo r e t h a n hu m a n , dete r m i n ed to est a blish his cl a i m to the title lso m e a d ul a tio n h a d besto we d o f le g r a n d , whi ch t hei r fu 0 11 h im by the e x ti r p a tio n o f the h er e t ic s fr o m his do m i ni o ns P r e t e n di n g , h o we v e r , to w ish fo r thei r co n ve r sio n to the t r ue f a ith , he g a ve the m t h e a l t e r n a tive o f v o lun ta r ily be co m i n g p a pists , o r b ei n g c o mp e lled t o i t s a l t o a post a t ize , t h e y we r e d r a g o on ed n thei r r e fu . . . . . . \ . . “ Fox ’ s B O OK O F M A RT Y RS . 13 1 th a t is , the tlr a ge o n s , the m ost r uffi a n ly a n d b a rb a ro us Of his C h r is t ia n m aj est y s t r oops we r e q ua r tered upo n t he m , The i r ide a s o f d is cr et io n Wi t h o r d e r s to li ve a t d is cr et ion n h a ppy pro m ay e a sil y b e co n cei v ed ,a n d a cco r di n gly the u l o st a n t s we r e e x p osed to eve r y spe cies o f s ufferi n g wh ich l u t , a v a r i c cr uelty , bigotry , a n d b r ut a lity ca n e n ge n der r i a ted sol m t h e b r e a s rs o f a n ig n or a n t , d ep r a ved ,a n d i n fu d ie r y , a bsol v ed fr o m a ll res t r a i n t , a n d le ft to the di a b oli c a l p r o m pt i n gs o f t hei r wo r st p a ssio n s , whose fl a m es we r e fa n n e d b y the a ss u r a n ces o f the b ishops ,p r iest s ,a n d fr i a r s , th a t t hey w e r e fulfilli n g a s a c r ed d uty , by p un ishi n g the e n e m ies o f God a n d r eligio n ! An o r de r wa s iss ued by th e ki n g , fo r the demolitio n o f the p r o t es t a n t ch ur ches ,a n d the b a n ish m e n t o f the p r o t est a n t m im s t e r s Ma n y o t he r r e fo r me r s we r e a lso o r de r ed to le a ve t he ki n gdo m in a fe w d a ys ; a n d we a r e told b y Mo n sie ur Cl a ude , the celeb r a ted a ut ho r o f L es P la in t es ” d es P r o t es t a n s , wh o wa s h i m sel f b a n ished a t this ti m e , th a t the m ost fr ivolo us p r e te x ts we r e e m ployed to d et a i n those wh o were a bo ut t o q ui t F r a n ce ,s o th a t by rem a i n i n g in th a t co u n t r y beyo n d the ti m e a llo wed by the edi ct , they m ight b e se n t to the g a lleys a s a p u n ish m e n t for i n fr i n gi n g a n orde r w hi ch they w ere th u s p r eve n ted fr o m co m ply i n g with s a n d perso n s O n the whole , more th a n five h u n d r ed tho u esc a ped o r were b a n ished An d these i n d ustrio us ci t ize n s , whom the b li n d b igot r y o f a besotted tyr a n t ha d d r ive n n d shelte r a n d prote ctio n in fro m their n a tive l a n d , fo u E n gl a n d , Ge r m a n y , a n d othe r co un t r ies , whi ch they e m ply r ep a i d by the i n t r od ucti o n o f m a n y use ful a rts a n d pro cesses ; in p a rti c ul a r , it is to the m th a t we a r e i n debted fo r the co mm e n ce me n t o f t h e sil k m an u fa ct u re in Gre a t B rit a i n I n the me a n while those wh o were e ithe r p u r posely det a i n n a ble to es c a pe ,we r e co n de m n ed to the g a lleys ; e d ,or we r e u n geo n s , a n d a fter bei n g i m p r iso n ed in the m ost horrible d u a n d fe d o n ly o n b r e a d a n d wa ter , a n d th a t ve r y s c a n tily , ffed , a n d ch a i n e d we r e m a rched o ff in l a r ge b odies , h a n dc u togethe r , fr o m o n e e x tr e m i ty o f t he ki n gdo m to a n other Thei r s uffe r i n gs d ur i n g this dre a d ful j o ur n ey were i n d e scrib a ble They we r e e x posed to every v icissit ude o f we a the r , a l m ost wi t ho u t co v e r i n g ; a n d fre qu en tly , in t he ’ . e . s . ' . . . . . ’ Fox s 11 0 0 11 or MA RTY RS . f wi nter , we r e obliged to p a ss the n i ghts o n t he b a re aar t h , fa i n ti n g fr o m h un ge r a n d thi r st , a go n ized b y d ise a se ,a n d wr ithi n g fr o m the l a sh o f their merciless co n du ct o r s The co n se que n ce was ,th a t sc a r cely h a l f the ori i na l n u mb er re a ched thei r pl a ce o f desti n a tio n ; those wh o g did were im m edi a tely e x pose d to n e w s uffe r i n gs a n d ad d it io n a l c ala m ities They we r e p ut o n bo a r d the g a lleys , whe r e they were s ubj e cted to the a bsol ute co n t r ol o f the m ost i n h um a n a n d b a r b a r o us wr etches who ever disg r a ced the h um a n for m The l a b o ur o f ro wi n g , a s pe r fo r m ed in the g a lleys , is d e midst o . . . a scribed a s be i n g the m ost e x cessive th a t c a n be i m a gi n ed ; an d the s u ffe r in gs o f the poo r sl a v es were i n c r e a s e d a hu n d r ed fold by the sco ur gi n gs i n fli cted o n the m by the ir s a v a ge t a skm a s t e r s The r ecit a l o f the ir mise r ies is to o horr i b le to be d welt upo n : we sh a ll the r e fo r e p a ss to th a t pe riod whe n t he Lo r d , o f his i n fi n ite me r cy ,g a ve e a r to t he c r ies o f his a ffl i cted se r v a n ts , a n d g r a cio u sly r a i sed the m up a deli ve r e r in A n n e , q uee n o f E n gl a n d , who , filled wi th co m p a ssi o n fo r the un h a ppy fa te o f so m a n y o f he r fello w p r otest a n ts , o r de r ed he r a m b a ss a do r a t the co ur t o f F r a n ce to ma ke a spi r ited r e m o n str a n ce in their r , which L o u is , whose a ffa i r s we r e the n in a ve r y fa vo u criti c a l si t ua tio n , wa s un de r the n e cessity o f co m ply i n g wi t h ; a n d h e a c co r d i n gly desp a tched orde r s to a ll the s e a m a ve c o n m o r ts f o r the i ed i a te r ele a se every g a lley sl o f p d e m n e d fo r h is r e ligio n W he n t his o r d e r wa s r eceived a t Ma r seilles , whe r e the m aj o r i ty o f t he p r otest a n ts we r e det a i n ed , the p r iests , a n d m o st p a r t ic u l a r ly the Jes uits , we r e m uch ch a g r i n e d a t t he p r ospe c t o f th us losi n g t hei r vi c t i m s , a n d d ete r m i n ed t o us e a ll m e a n s in thei r po w e r to preve n t the o r de r fr o m b e in g c a r r i ed i n to e ffe ct They p r ev a iled o n th e i n te n d a n t , a viole n t a n d c r u el b igot, to del a y its e x e c ut i o n fo r eight d a ys , till they co u ld re ceive a n a n s we r to a n a dd r ess which they i m m edi a tely desp a tched to the ki n g , e x ho r ti n g him to a b a n do n his i n te n t io n o f r ele a si n g the h er et ics , a n d r e p r e se n ti n g the d r e a d ful j udg m e n ts whi ch , they a sse r ted , m ight b e e x pected to fa ll o n hi m sel f a n d his ki n gdo m , a s the n ish m e n t o f so gre a t a de r eli ctio n fro m his d u ty a s t he pu e ld es t s on o f t h e chur ch A t le a st , they desi r e d , if his m aj e s ty were determi n ed to rele a se the pr o te st an ts tha t . - . . . . l ox s [ 34 ' ’ B O OK O F MA RTYRS . W ill n t t he t r ue m oti v es o f thei r b a r b a r ity be e x ” posed to Him fr o m w ho m n o sec r et is h id 2 Un do ubt ed ly they w ill ; a n d l a m e n ta bly ig n o r a n t al e they o f t he i n e sp i r it o f C hr is t i a n i t y , wh o i m a gi n e th a t c r uelty ge n u a n d perse c u ti o n fo r m a n y p a r t o f it Let the m look to the co n d uct o f its D ivi n e Fo un de r ; t o his m eek n ess , his ch a rity , his un ivers a l be n evole n ce ; let the m co n side r these , sh to c a ll t he m selves his follo we r s , a n d tr e m ble a t a n d bl u s t i ce w ill a wa rd to t hose w ho h a ve t h e do o m whi ch his j u pe r ve r ted his m a x i m s o f m e r cy a n d o f pe a ce in to de n un c ia t io n s o f hostility a n d e x ti r p a ti o n ed 1 o . . lou JlI a r tg/r d o m of J o h n C a la s , of T o u se . By th 1 s i n te r esti n g story , the tr uth o f whi ch is ce r tified in histo r i c a l re co r ds , we h a ve a m ple p r oo fs , if a n y we r e 1 u i s it e , t h a t t h e a b o m i n a ble s i r it o f perse c u tio ill n w p q a x wa s p r ev a il w he r eve r pope r y h a s a n a s ce n de n cy This y s h o cki n g a ct took pl a ce in a pol ished a ge ,a n d p r oves th a t n e ithe r e x pe r i e n ce n o r i m p r ove m e n t c a n r oot o u t the ih v e t e r a t e p r ej u di ces o f the Ro m a n c a tholi cs , or r e n de r el or i n e x o r a ble to t h e p r otest a n ts t he m less c r u Joh n C a l a s wa s a m e r ch a n t , o f the city o f To ulo use , te , a n d b an whe r e he h a d set t led a n d li v ed in good r ep u m a r r ied a n E n gl ish wo m a n o f F r e n ch e x t r a ctio n C a l a s a n d his wi fe w e r e both p r otes t a n ts , a n d h a d five so n s ,who m they ed uc a t ed in the s a m e r eligi o n b ut Le w i o n e o f the so n s , b e c a m e a Ro m a n c a tholi c , h a v i n g bee n co n ve r t ed by a m a id se r v a n t wh o h a d li v ed in the fa m ily The fa t he r , ho we v e r ,did n o t e x p r ess a bo v e t hi r t y ye a r s po n the o cc a sio n , b ut kept the a n y r ese n t m e n t o r ill w ill u ity upo n the s o n m a id in t he fa m ily , a n d se t t led a n a n n u In O c t obe r 1 7 6 1 , t he fa m ily co n sisted o f Joh n C a l a s a n d his w i fe , o n e wo m a n se r v a n t , Ma r k A n tho n y C a l a s , t h e eldes t s o n , a n d Peter C a l a s , the se co n d s o n Ma r k An y wa s b r ed to the la w, b ut co uld n o t b e a d m itted to t ho u p r a c t i ce , o n a cco un t o f h is b ei n g a p r otest a n t he n ce he gre w m el a n choly , r e a d a ll the b ooks wh ich he co uld pro c ur e r e l a t ive t o s ui cide , a n d see m ed dete r m i n ed t o des t roy hi m sel f T o t hi s m a y be a dded , th a t he led a ve r y dissi p a t ed li fe , a n d wa s gr e a tly a ddi c t ed to g a m i n g O n t hi s e . . . s. . - . . . ’ Po x s B O O K o r ai m r m 13 5 - o un t his fa the r fr eq ue n tly r eprehe n ded him , a n d some ti m es in term s o f seve r i ty , whi ch co n sider a bly a dded t o th e gloo m th a t oppressed him M Gober La V a isse , a yo un g ge n tle m a n a bo ut n in etee n ye a rs o f a ge ,the so n o f a celebr a ted a dvo c a te o f To ulo use , h a vi n g bee n some ti m e a t B o ur de a ux , c a m e b a ck to T o u lo use to see his fa ther , o n the 1 3 th o f O ctob er 1 7 6 1 ; b ut fi n di n g th a t he wa s go n e to his co un t r y ho use ,a t some dis t a n ce fr o m the city , he we n t to seve r a l pl a c e s ,e n de a vo u r in g to hi r e a horse to c a r r y hi m thithe r No ho r se , ho w ever , wa s to b e obt a i n ed ; a n d a bo ut five o clo ck in the eve n i n g , he wa s m e t by Joh n C a l a s the fa the r , a n d the eldest s o n Ma r k A n tho n y ,wh o wa s his fr i e n d C a l a s ,the fa ther , i n vited him t o s u ppe r , a s he co uld n o t set o u t fo r hi s fa the r s th a t n ight , a n d La V a isse co n se n ted All th r ee , the r e fo r e , pro ce eded to C a l a s s ho use together , a n d whe n they c a m e t hi t her , fi n di n g th a t Mr s C a l a s wa s still in h e r o wn r o om , whi ch she h a d n o t q u i t ted th a t d a y , La Va isse we n t up to see he r A fter the fi r st co m pli m e n ts , he told h e r he wa s to s up with h e r , by h e r h usb a n d s in vi ra t i o n , a t w hi ch she e x p r essed her s a tis fa cti o n , a n d a fe w mi nu tes a ft er le ft h i m , to gi ve so m e o r de r s to h e r m a id whe n t h a t wa s do n e ,she we n t to look fo r her s on A n tho n y , whom she fo u n d s itti n g a lo n e in the shop , ve r y pe n si v e s he g a ve h im so m e m o n ey , a n d desired h im to go a n d b u y s o m e Roq u e fo r t cheese , a s he wa s a bette r j udge o f the q ua li t y o f cheese th a n a n y othe r pe r so n in the fa m ily She the n ret ur n ed to he r guest L a Va isse , wh o ve r y soo n a ft er we n t a g a i n to the li ve r y s t a ble , to see if a n y ho r se wa s co m e in , th a t he m ight sec u re it fo r the n e x t mor n i n g In a short t i m e A n tho n y ret u r n ed , h a v i n g b o u ght the cheese , a n d La Va isse a lso co m i n g b a ck a bo ut the s a me ti me , the fa m ily a n d t heir guest s a t do wn to s uppe r , the whole co m p a ny co n sisti n g o f C a l a s a n d his wi fe , A n tho n y a n d P ete r C a l a s the so n s , a n d La Va isse , n o other perso n b ei n g in the ho u se ,e x cept the m a id serv a n t ,wh o h a s bee n m e n t io n ed a l r e a dy This wa s a b o ut seve n o clo ck : the su v e r , A n tho n y le ft er w a s n lo n g be f o r e it w a s o t b u t o ; pp t he t a bl e a n d we n t i n to the kitche n , whi ch wa s o n the ( s a m e floo r ) a s he wa s a cc usto m ed t o do The m a id a sked h im if he w a s cold ? He a n s w ered , Quite the co n t r a r y , I b u rn a n d t he n le ft h e r In the me a n t im e a cc . . . ’ . ’ . ’ . . ’ . . . - ’ . . . [ 36 ’ 3 0 11 s B O O K o r ma n t r a s . pped in , his fr ie n d a n d fa mily le ft the r oo m they h a d s u a n d we n t in to a b ed - ch a m be r ; t h e fa the r a n d L a Va iss e n ger s o n P eter in a n s a t do wn together o n a so fa, the yo u elbo w ch a ir , a n d the mothe r in a n o t he r ch a ir ; a n d with i r y a ft e r A n tho n y , co n ti n ued in c o n ou t m a ki n g a n y i n q u ’ ve rs a tio n togethe r , till bet wee n n i n e a n d t e n o clo ck ,whe n La V a isse took his le a ve ,a n d P eter ,wh o ha d fa lle n a sleep , wa s a wa ke n ed to a tte n d h im with a l ig ht ’ The r e wa s o n t he g r o un d floo r o f C a l a s ho us e a s hop a n d wa r eho u se the l a t te r o f whi ch wa s d ivided from the o f foldi n g - doo r s s hop by a p a i r W he n P ete r C a l a s a n d La Va isse c a m e do wn st a i r s i n to the shop , they we r e e x t re m e ly sho cked to see A n tho n y h a n gi n g in hi s shi r t , fr om a b a r whi ch he h a d l a id a c r oss the top o f the t wo foldi n g doo r s , h a vi n g h a l f ope n ed the m for th a t p urpose O n dis cove r i n g this horrid spe ct a cle , they sh r ieked o ut , which bro ught do wn C a l a s the fa the r , the mother b ei n g s eize d with s u ch a te r r or a s kept her tr e m bli n g in the p a ss a ge a b ove The un h a ppy old m a n rushed fo r wa r d , a n d t a ki n g the b ody in his a r m s , the b a r to whi ch the rope wa s fa st e n ed , slipped o ff fr o m the foldi n g - doo r o f the wa reho use , a n d fell do wn Ha vi n g pl a ced th e b ody o n the gr o un d ,he loos ed a n d took o ff t he co r d in a n a go n y o f gr ie f a n d a h g uish n ot to b e e x p r essed , weep i n g, tr e m bli n g , a n d de l r in o The t wo yo un g m e n , wh o h a d n o t h a d p g his loss prese n ce o f m i n d to a t t e m p t t a ki n g do wn the b ody , we r e st a n di n g by stupid with a m a ze m e n t a n d ho r r o r In the me a n ti m e the m o t he r ,he a r i n g the co n fused c r ies a n d c o m pl a i n ts o f h e r h usb a n d , a n d fi n di n g n o o n e co m e to her , fo u n d me a n s to At the b otto m she s a w ge t do wn s t a i r s La Va isse , a n d h a stily de m a n ded wh a t wa s the m a tter This q uestio n r o used C a l a s in a m o m e n t , a n d i n ste a d o f an s w e r i n g h e r , he u r ged h e r to go a g a i n u s t a i r s ,to whi c h p with m u ch rel uc t a n ce , she co n se n ted ; b ut the co n fl i ct o f . . . . . . . . . her m i n d b ei n g s u ch a s co uld n o t b e lo n g bo r n e , she se n t do wn t he m a id t o k n o w wh a t wa s t he m a tte r W he n the m a id d iscove r ed w h a t h a d h a ppe n ed she co n ti n u ed belo w, ei t he r be c a use she fe a r ed to c a r r y a n a cco un t o f it to he ' m is t ress , o r be c a u s e she b u sied he r sel f in doi n g so m e good o ffi ce t o he r m a s t e r , who wa s still e m br a ci n g the body o f his s o n , a n d b a t hi n g it in his te a r s The mothe r , there fo re , bei n g th u s le ft a lo n e , we n t do wn a n d m i x ed in the . . 188 rox ’ s B OC K or MA RT Y RS . d a n othe r to a n i n fe r io r o ffi ce r , c a lled a n a s se s sor The c a pito ul h a d a l r e a dy set o ut , h a v i n g bee n a l a r m ’ ed by t he r um o ur o f a m ur der He e n te r ed C a l a s ho use w i t h fo r ty soldie r s , took the fa t he r , Pete r the s o n , the m o the r , La Va sse , a n d t he m a i d , a ll i n to c ustody , a n d set a gua r d over the m He se n t fo r M de la To ur , a physi ci a n , e a n d Pe r r o n e t , s ur geo n s , wh o e x a m i n ed a n d M la Ma r q u n d n o n e e x cept the t h e body fo r m ar ks o f viole n ce ,b u t fo u m a r k o f t h e lig a t u re o n the n e ck ; th ey fo un d a lso the h a i r n the u s u a l m a n n er , pe r fe ctly i )f the de ce a sed d o n e u p t the le a st diso r de r ; his clothes were s m oo t h , a n d w i t ho u a lso r eg u l a r ly folded up a n d l a id up o n the co un ter ,n o r wa s pl a ce an . . . . . his shirt eithe r un b ut to n ed o r to r n The c a pi t o ul ,n o tw i t hst a n di n g these a ppe a r a n ces ,tho ught p r ope r t o a gr ee wi t h the opi n io n o f the m o b , a n d took it i n to his he a d t h a t old C a l a s ha d se n t fo r La Va isse ,telli n g h im he h a d a so n to be h a n ged ; th a t L a Va isse h a d co m e to pe r fo r m the o ffi ce o f e x e c uti o n e r a n d th a t he h a d re c e ive d a ssis t a n ce fr o m the fa the r a n d b r othe r n t o f these n otio n s the c a pito u l o r de r ed the body O n a cco u se , with the o f t h e d ece a sed to b e c a r ried to the to wn ho u clothes The fa ther a n d s o n were th r o wn in to a d a r k d un geo n ; a n d the m other, La V a isse , the m a id , a n d C a si n g , we r e i m pr i s o n ed in o n e th a t a d m itted the light The n e x t d a y , wh a t is c a lled t h e v e r b a l p r ocess wa s t a ke n a t t he to wn ho use , i n s t e a d o f t he s pot whe r e the body wa s fo un d , a s t h e la w di r e c ts , a n d wa s d a t ed a t C a l a s ho u se to c o n ce a l the i r r e gul ar ity This v e r b a l pr ocess is so m e wh a t like the co r o n e r s i n ques t in E n gl a n d ; w it n esses a r e e x a m in e d , a n d t he m a gis t r a te m a kes his r epo r t si m il a r to t h e ve r di ct o f a co r o n e r s j ur y in E n gl a n d The wit n esses e x a m i n ed by the c a p i t o ul we r e t he physi ci a n a nd s ur geo n , wh o proved A n t ho n y C a l a s to h a ve bee n s t r a n gled The s ur geo n h a vi n g bee n o r de r ed to e x a m i n e t he sto m a ch o f the de ce a sed , deposed a lso , th a t t he food which wa s fo un d the r e h a d bee n t a ke n fo ur ho ur s be fo r e his d e a t h Fi n di n g t ha t n o p r oo f o f the m ur de r c o uld be p r o c ur ed , t he c a pi t o ul ha d r e co u r se to a m o n i t o ry o r ge n e r a l i n fo r m a t io n , in w hi ch the c r i m e w a s t a ke n for g r a n t ed , a n d a ll pe r s o n s we r e req ui r ed to give s uch e s t im o n y a g a i n s t it a s t he y we r e a ble , p a r tic u l a r izi n g the p oi n ts t o w hi ch t hey we r e to r ecites , th a t La Va isse wa s co m m issio n ed b Thi s s eak p : . . - . . - ’ . ’ ’ . . . . Fox ’ s B O OK o r MA RT Y RS 139 . pro t est a n t s to be their e x ec utio n e r in o r d i n a r y whe n a ny o f thei r ch ild r e n we r e to b e h a n ged fo r ch a n gi n g their religio n ; it rec i t es a lso , th a t w he n t h e p r otest a n ts th us h a n g thei r chil d r e n , they co m p el t he m to k n eel , a n d o n e n an r so n h a d e see o f t h e in t e i r o a t o r ie s wa s , w h e t h e i p y g A n t ho n y C a l a s k n eel be fo r e his fa t he r whe n he str a n gled h im ; it r e ci t es like wise , t h a t A n t ho n y died a Rom a n C a i r es evide n ce o f his c a tholi cis m t h o lic , a n d r eq u These ridi c ulo us opi n io n s b ei n g a dopted a n d p ublished by the p r i n cip a l m a gistr a t e o f a co n side r a ble c ity , the ch ur ch o f G e n ev a tho ug ht itsel f obliged to se n d a n a ttest a ti o n o f i ts a bho r re n ce o f op i n io n s s o a b o m i n a ble a n d a bs u r d , a n d o f its a sto n ish m e n t th a t t h ey sho u ld be s us d r a n k a n d o ffi ce s ch opi io s by pe so s hose e c t e o f u n n r n w p r eq u i r ed the m to h a ve mo r e k n o wledge a n d b ette r j udgm e n t Ho weve r , b e fore this m o n ito r y wa s p ublished , the m ob ha d got a n otio n th a t A n tho n y C a l a s w a s the n e x t d ay t o h a ve e n te r ed i n t o the fr a ter n ity o f the W hite P e n ite n ts The c a pito ul i m m edi a tely a dopted this opi n io n a lso , wi t ho u t the le a st e x a m i n a tio n ,a n d o r de r ed A n tho n y s b ody to b e b ur ied in the m iddle o f S t Stephe n s ch urch ,whi ch wa s a cco r d i n gly do n e ; fo r t y p r ies t s a n d a ll the W hite P e n ite n t s a ssisti n g in t h e fun e r a l p r o cessio n A short ti m e a ft e r the i n te r m e n t o f the de ce a sed , the Wh ite P e n ite n ts pe r fo r m ed a sole m n se r vi ce for h im in thei r ch a p el the chur ch wa s h un g with whi te ,a n d a t o m b wa s r a ised in the m iddle o f it , o n the top o f w hi ch wa s pl a ced a h um a n skeleto n , holdi n g in o n e h a n d a p a per , ” on whi ch wa s writte n , Abj ur a t io n o f heresy , a n d in th e othe r a p a l m , t h e e m ble m o f m a r tyrdo m The F r a n cisc a n s pe r formed a service o f the s a me ki n d fo r h im the n e x t d a y ; a n d i t i s e a sy to i m a g in e h o w mu ch th e m i n ds o f the p eople were i n fl a med by this s tr a n ge folly o f the ir m a gistr a tes a n d p r iests Still the c a pito ul co n t i n ued t h e p r ose c uti o n w ith unr e le n ti n g seve r ity a n d tho ugh the gr i e f a n d distr a cti o n o f the fa m ily , whe n he fi r st c a m e to the ho use , were a lo n e suffi cie n t to h a ve co n vi n ced a n y re a so n a ble b ei n g th a t they we r e n ot the a utho r s o f the eve n t whi ch they de e r ed , y e t h a vi n g l bli cly ilty u a ttested th a t t hey were gu , p p i n his m o n i t o r y , w i t ho u t p r oo f, a n d n o p r oo f comi n g in , he tho ught fit to co n de m n t he un h a ppy fa ther , mother the . . . ’ ’ . . . . 1 40 Fox ’ B O OK o r s M A RT Y RS . b rother , frie n d , a n d serv a nt , to the to r t u r e ,and t them pu a ll i n to iro n s , o n the 1 8th o f Novemb er C a si n g wa s . rele a sed , upo n p r oo f th a t he wa s n o t in C a l a s ho use t ill a fter A n tho n y wa s de a d F r o m these dre a d ful p r o ceedi n gs the s ufferers a ppe a led to the p a rli a me n t , which i m m edi a tely took cog n iz a n ce o f the a ffa i r , a n d a n n ulled the se n te n ce o f the c a p ito ul a s ir reg ul a r ; b ut the p r ose c utio n still co n ti n ued As soo n a s the tri a l c a m e o n , the h a n g m a n , wh o h a d bee n ta ke n to C a l a s ho use , a n d sho wn the foldi n g doors a n d the b a r , deposed , th a t it wa s i m p ossible A n tho n y sho uld h a n g hi m sel f a s wa s p r ete n ded A n other wit n es s s wo r e , th a t he looked thro ugh the keyhole o f C a l a s door in to a roo m , whe r e he s a w m e n r un n i n g h a stily to a n d fr o A t hi r d s wore , t h a t his w i fe h a d told h im , a wo m a n n a med Ma un d r il h a d told h e r ,th a t a ce r t a i n wo m an u n k n o wn h a d d ecl ar ed she he a rd t he c r i es o f A n tho n y C a l as a t the fur the r e n d o f the city Fro m this a bs ur d evide n ce the m aj o r ity o f the p a rli a me n t were o f op i n io n , th a t the priso n e r s w ere g uilty , a n d the r e fo r e orde r ed the m to b e t r ied by the c r i m i n a l co urt lo use o f To u The r e wa s a m o n g those who p r esided a t the tri a l o n e sed the p op ul a r pr eju L a B o r de , wh o h a d ze a lo usly espo u di ces ; a n d tho ugh it wa s m a n i fest to de m o n str a ti o n t h a t the priso n e r s were e ithe r a ll i n n o ce n t o r a ll g uilty ,he voted th a t the fa the r sho uld fi r st s uffe r the to r t ur e , o r di n a r y a n d e x tr a o r di n ar y , to discover hi s a cco m pli ces , a n d be the n b r oke n a live upo n the wheel ; to rece ive t he l a st str oke r n t to a shes r s , a n d the n t o be b u whe n he h a d l a i n t wo ho u r r e n ce o f s ix othe r s thr e e In this opi n io n he h a d the co n c u r e a lo n e t wo we r e o f op i n io n th a t they were fo r the to rt u sho uld e n d e a ve ur to a sce r t a i n o n the spot whethe r A n tho n y co uld h a n g hi m sel f or n o t a n d o n e voted to a cquit the pri A fte r lo n g deb a te s the m aj o r ity wa s fo r the tortur e so n e r a n d wheel , a n d p r ob a bly co n de m n ed the fa ther by wa y o f e x peri m e n t , whethe r he wa s g uilty o r n o t , hopi n g he ld , in the a go n y , co n fess the c r i m e , a n d a cc use the wo u othe r p r i so n e r s , whose fa te ,the r e fore ,t hey s uspe n ded It is , ho we v e r , ce r t a i n , th a t if they h a d evi d e n ce a g a i n st t he ld h w e j us t i fied the se n te n ce they pro fa ther th a t wo u ld h a ve just i n ce d a g a i n st h im th a t very e vide n c e wo u nou ’ . . ’ . ’ . . . . . . F o x s B O OK ’ or r r ns M tu . ge n tle m a n , wh o , a t fi r st , co ul d o n ly pity a n d r el ieve him t d a r i n g t o j udge o f the rigo ur e x e r c ised a g a i n st h is witho u S ho r tly a fter , o n e o f the fa ther , m other , a n d b r others brothers , wh o wa s o n ly b a n ished , l ike wise th r e w hi m sel f i n to the a rms o f the sa m e pe r so n , who , fo r mo r e th a n a r ed o f the i n n o m o n th , took a ll possible m e a n s to be a ss u ce n ce o f thi s fa m ily But whe n he wa s o n ce co n vi n c e d , he tho ught hi m sel f obliged in co n scie n ce t o e m ploy his r se , his p e n , a n d his credit , to r ep a i r the fr i e n ds , his p u d ges o f To u lo use ,a n d to h a ve fa t a l m ist a ke o f the seve n j u the p r oceedi n gs r e v ised by the ki n g s co un sel This r e visio n l a sted t h r ee ye a r s , a n d a t t he e n d o f th a t ti m e ,fi fty r t o f Re q u e s ts un a n i m o usly de cl a red m a ste r s o f the C o u the whol e fa m ily o f C a l a s i n n o ce n t , a n d r e co m m e n ded sti ce o f his m aj esty The d uke the m to the be n evole n t j u l , wh o n eve r let slip a n oppo r t un ity o f s ign a li d e Cho ise u zi n g the g r e a t n ess o f his ch a r a cte r , n o t o n ly a ssisted this un fo r t un a te fa m ily w ith m o n ey fr o m his o wn p ur se ,b ut o b ity o f livr es fr o m t h e ki n g t a in e d fo r the m a g r a t u The a r r et whi ch j usti fi ed the fa m ily o f C a l a s , a n d ch a n ged the i r fa te ,wa s sig n ed o n th e 9 t h o f Ma r ch , 1 7 6 5 The 9 th o f Ma r ch , 1 7 6 2 , wa s the very d a y o n whi ch the i n n o ce n t a n d vi r t uo us fa the r o f th a t fa m ily h a d b ee n e x e All P a ris r a n in c r o wds to see the m co m e o ut o f cu t ed p r iso n , a n d cl a pped their h a n ds fo r j oy , while the te a rs stre a m e d do wn the i r cheeks a . . ’ . . . . . . PART IV C H A PT ER 1 . elt ies of t he I n u s it ion Or ig in , P r og r es s , a n d C r u i q His tory of th e I n quisition . W H E N the re fo r m ed religio n bega n to di ffuse the p e w ight o f the gospel thro u gho ut E ur ope , the bigoted Ro ma n Fox ’ s BOOK or MA R T Y R S . 1 41 3 r e o f t he fr a u ds a n d a b uses o f Ca thol i cs fe a r i n g t he e x pos u the i r ch ur ch , deter m i n ed to le a v e n othi n g un a tte m p t ed t o c r ush the Re fo r m a tio n in its i n fa n cy ; pope I n n oce n t III is i t o r s , o r pe r so n s t he r e fo r e i n stit u ted a n um b e r o f in qu wh o we r e to m a ke i n q u i r y a fte r , a pp r ehe n d , a n d p un ish t he pro fessors o f th e r e fo r m e d fa ith At th e he a d o f these P u l S l t OI S wa s o n e Do m i n i c , wh o wa s c a n o n ized by the q tho r it y the m o r e r espe ct a ble pope , in o r der to r e n de r h is a u He a n d t h e o t he r i n q uisito r s visi t ed the v a r i o us Ro m a n C a t h o lic co u n t r ies ,a n d t r e a ted the p r otest a n ts with the u tmos t s e v e r ity : b u se t at le n g t h the p o p e n o t fi n di n g the m so u fu l a s he h a d e x p e cted , r esolved u po n the est a bl ish m e n t o f fi x ed a n d r eg u l a r co ur ts o f i n q uisitio n ; the fi r st o ffi ce o f whi ch wa s est a blished in the city o f To u lo use , a n d D o m i n ic be c a m e the fi r st i n q u isito r . . ‘ . . C r uelti es of th e I n qui s i t i o n . Co ur t s o f i n q uisiti o n we r e a lso e r e cted in seve r a l ot he r co un t r ies ; b ut the S p a n ish i n q uisitio n be c a m e the m os p o w er fu l a n d the m ost d r e a d ful o f a n y Eve n the k in gs o f S p a i n t he m sel v es t ho u gh a r bit r ar y in a ll othe r respe cts , , we r e t a u ght to d r e a d it s po wer ; a n d the ho r r id c r uelties e x e r ci sed by the i n quis itio n , co m pelled m ul t it ud es , wh o di ffe r ed in opi n io n fr o m the c a tholi cs , c a r e fully t o co n ce al t h ei r se n t i m e n t s The Do m i n i c a n s a n d F r a n cisc a n s were “ — . . 144 ' Fox B s OO K o r M ART Y n s . most ze a lo us o f a ll the m o n ks : these , there fore , the pope in v as t e d with a n e x cl usive r ight o f p r esidi ng ove r a n d m a n a gi n g the di ffe r e n t co ur ts o f in quis n io n The fri a r s o f those t wo o r de r s we r e a l wa ys selected fr om t he ve r y d regs o f the peo p le , a n d the r e fo r e we r e n o t m u ch tro ubled with scr u ples o f co n sci e n ce ; they we r e obl iged by t h e r ules o f thei r r espe ctive o r de r s to le a d ve r y a uste r e live s , whi ch r e n de r ed their m a n n e r s u a lified n so ci a l , a n d better qu the m fo r the i r b a r b a ro us e m plo y m e n t The pope g a ve the i n q uisito r s the most unlimite d p o wer s as j u dges deleg a ted by him , a n d i m m edi a tely represe n ti n g his pe r so n : they w e r e pe r m it t ed to e x co mm un i c a te , or se n te n ce to de a t h who m they tho ught proper , upo n th e slightest i n fo r m a t i o n o f he r esy ; we r e a llo wed to p ublish crus a des a g a i n st a ll whom they dee m ed he r eti cs , a n d e n te r i n to le a g ues with sove r eig n p r i n ces to j o m tho se c r us a des with thei r forces Ab o ut the y e a r 1 244 , thei r p o wer wa s fu r the r i n c r e a sed by the e m pe r o r F r ede r i c IL , wh o de cla r e d hi m sel f the prote cto r a n d fr ie n d o f a ll i n q u isitors , a nd p u blished t wo c r uel edi cts ,v iz : th a t a ll hereti cs wh o co n ti n ued ob sti n a te sho uld b e b ur n t ; a n d th a t a ll wh o r e ld b e i m priso n ed fo r li fe T his ze a l in the e m pe n t e d sho u e p e ro r fo r the i n q uisitors a n d the Ro m a n C a tholi c pers u sio n , a r ose fr om a report whi ch h a d bee n p r op a ga te d thro ugho ut E ur ope , th a t he i n te n ded to tur n Ma ho m et a n the em pe r o r the r e fo r e j udi ci o usly determ i n ed by t l e height e lty , to sho w his a tt a ch m e n t to p ap er y o f bigotry a n d cr u The o ffi ce r s o f the i n q uisiti o n a r e th r ee i n q ui sito r s , o r j udges , a p r o cto r fi sc a l , t wo sec r et a r i es , a m a gist r a te , a m esse n ger , a re ceive r , a g a ole r , a n a ge n t o f co n fisc a te d possessi o n s , a n d seve r a l a ssesso r s , co un sellors , e x ec utio n r geo n s , doo r kee pers , fa m ili a rs , a n d v i e r s , physi ci a n s , s u si l ers , wh o a r e a ll s wo r n to p r o fo un d secre cy The c h ie f a cc u s a t io n a g a i n st those who a r e s ubj e ct to t his t r ib un a l i s he r esy , which co m p r ises a ll th a t i s spoke n o r writte n a g a i n st a n f t h a r ti cles o f the c r eed , o r t h e t r a ditio n s o e y r ch The o t he r a r ti cles o f a c c us a tio n o f the Ro m ish ch u a r e r e n ou a sio n , a n d b e n ci n g the Ro m a n c a tholi c pe r s u lie v i n g th a t pe r so n s o f a n y othe r r eligio n m a y be s a ved ,o r e ve n a d m i t ti n g t h a t the te n ets o f a n b u t p a pists a r e in y the le a st re a so n a ble The r e ar e two other thi n gs whi ch ucur the most severe p un ishme n ts , v iz : to d isa p pr o e of the . . ' . . . ‘ . . - . . . ' . Fo x ’ s n o o n o r M A RT Y RS . us a ti o n is o fte n l a id a g a i n st h im fo r o n ly p r e t e n d i n g to b e a p a pist , a n d the co n se q u e n ce is a co n fis c a t i o n o f his e f fe ct s , a n d the loss o f his li fe if he co m pl a i n A de fe n ce is o f l i ttle us e to the priso n e r ; for a s us pi cio n o n ly is deemed s uffi cie n t c a use o f co n de m n a tio n , a n d the g r e a te r his we a l t h the g r e a ter his d a n ge r Most o f the in ’ ru a r e o w i n g to the i r r a p a city : they de i c elties u s i t or s q s t r oy li fe to possess the p r ope r ty ; a n d un d er p r e t e n ce o f ze a l , pl un de r i n d ivid ua ls o f the i r righ t s A p r iso n e r o f t he i n qu isitors is n ever a llo wed to se e the fa ce o f his a c cu s e r , o r a n y o f the wit n esses a g a i n st h im , b u t eve r y n i e t hod is t a ke n by thre a ts a n d to r t u r es t o oblige h im to a cc u se hi m sel f If the j ur isdi ctio n o f the i n q uisi t io n be n o t full y a llo w ed , ve n ge a n ce is de n o u n ced a a i n st s u ch a s c a l l it in g q uestio n ; o r if a n y o f its o fli c e r s a r e opposed , t hose wh o opp ose the m a r e a l m ost cert a i n to b e s ufi e r e r s fo r thei r te m e r i ty the m a x i m o f the i n q uisi t io n bei n g to st r ike te r r o r , a n d a we those wh o a r e the o bj ects o f its po w e r i n to o b e d ie n c e High bi r th , disti n guished r a n k , o r e m i n e n t e m ployme n ts a r e n o p r ote ctio n fr o m its s e ve r e t ie s ; a n d it s lo west o ffi ce r s c a n m a ke the most e x a lted n ob lem a n t r e m ble a t their a utho r i t y S uch a r e the ci r c um st a n ce s whi ch s ubj e ct a pe r so n to the r a ge o f the i n quisiti o n ; a n d the modes o f b egi n n i n g the p r ocess a r e , 1 to p r oceed by i m p ut a tio n , o r prose c ute o n co mm o n repo r t ; 2 by the i n fo r m a tio n o f a n y i n di ffe r e n t pe r so n wh o chooses to i m p e a ch a n othe r ; 3 o n isi t he i n fo r m a tio n o f spies wh o a r e r et a i n ed by the i n q u t i o n ; a n d , 4 o n the co n fe ssio n o f the p r iso n e r hi m sel f The i n q uisi to r s n e v er fo r get o r fo r give ; le n gth o f ti m e c a n n ot e ffa ce thei r r ese n t m e n ts ; n o r c a n t he h um b lest co n cessio n s o r m ost libe r a l p r ese n ts obt a i n a p a rdo n they c a r r y the desi r e o f r eve n ge to t he g r a ve , a n d wish t o n a ve both the p r ope r ty a n d lives o f those wh o h a ve o ffe n d ed t he m He n ce , w he n a pe r so n o n ce a cc used to the ih u i t i a fte r esc a pi n g , is r et a ke n , p a r do n is n e x t to a n i s n o , q s a tio n b e gi ve n the ih i m possib i lity If a posi t i v e a cc u tio n e r , who t a ke s a qu is it o r s di r e ct a n e i der to the e x ec u be u r o f fa m ili a i s with him to a ssist in the e x e c e rt i n m a n an d W i fe , sb or cu a t h e r , s o n , b r othe r , sister , h u ti n F p l . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . m ust q uie t ly s ub m it ; n o n e d a r e r esist o r e v e n spe a k a s ld s ubje ct them to the s a me p un ish m e n t a s tn e ith e r wo u F o x s B O O K o r M AR T Y R S ’ . 1 47 No r esp ite is a llo wed ,b ut the p riso n r s r ried a wa y h u sl m s t a nt a n e ou y This d r e a d ful e n gi n e o f ty r a n n y m a y a t a n y ti me be in pp e r n t r y w he r e the c a tholi cs h a v e the u tr o d u c e d i n t o a co u l o ught we to b e ,who a r e n o t a n d he n ce ,h o w c a r e fu ha n d c ur s d wi t h s uch a n a r b i t r a r y co ur t , to p r eve n t its i n tro ~ d uctio n bj e ct , a n eleg a n t a ut hor In t r e a ti n g o f t his s u p a t he t ic a lly s a ys , Ho w ho r r id a s ce n e o f p e r fid y a n d in m a n i ty W h a t ki n d o f co m m un i ty m ust th a t b e whe n ce hu g r a tit ude , love , a n d m ut ua l fo r be a r a n ce wi t h r eg a r d t o hit at mu st th a t t r ib un a l be m a n fr a ilti es a r e b a n ished ! t whi ch obliges p a r e n ts n o t o n ly to e r a se fr o m the i r m i n ds the r e m e m b r a n ce o f thei r o wn child r e n , to e x ti n g uish a ll those kee n se n s a t io n s o f te n de rn ess a n d a ffe cti o n whe r e t eve n to e x t e n d thei r i n h u r e i n spi r es t he m , b u wi t h n a t u se r s , m a n ity so fa r a s to fo r ce the m to co m m e n ce t hei r a cc u e n tly to be co m e t he c a use o f the c r uelties in a n d co n seq u W h a t ide a s o ught we to fo r m to o ur flict e d up o n the m selves o f a t r ib un a l w hi ch obliges child r e n n ot o n ly to stifle eve r y so ft i m p ul se o f g r a t i t ude , lo v e , a n d respe ct , d ue to those who ga v e the m b i b , b ut eve n fo r ces the m ,a n d t h a t un de r the m ost r igo r ous pe n a lties , to b e spies ove r thei r isito r s a re n ts , a n d t o discove r t o a set o f m e r ciless i n q u p t h e c r i m es , the e r r o r s , a n d e v e n the little l a p ses to w hi ch they a r e e x posed by h um a n fr a il ty ! In a wo r d , a t r ib un a l whi ch w ill n o t pe r m it r el a t i o n s , w he n i m p r iso n ed in it s ho r r id d un geo n s , to give e a ch o t he r the s uc co ur s , or pe r fo r m the d u ties which r eligio n e nj oi n s , m ust be o f a n in fer h a l n a t u re W h a t diso r de r a n d co n fusi o n m ust s uch co n d uct give r ise to in a te n de r ly a ffec t io n a te fa m ily An e x p r essio n i n n o ce n t in i t sel f, a n d , pe r h a ps , b ut too t r ue , s h a ll , fro m a n i n d isc r eet ze a l o r a p a n i c o f fe a r , give ih fi n i t e un e a si n ess to a fa m i i y ; sh a ll r u i n it s pe a ce e n t i r e l y, a n d pe r h a ps c a u se o n e o r m o r e o f its m e m b e r s to b e t he un h a ppy vi cti m s o f the most b a rb a ro us o f a ll t r ib un a l s W h a t dist r a ctio n s m ust n e cess a rily b r e a k fo r th in a ho use whe r e t h e h u sb a n d a n d wi fe a r e a t v ar i a n ce , o r the child r e n loose a n d w i cked ! W i ll s uch child r e n sc r uple to s e c r ifi ce a fa t he r w ho e n de a vo u r s t o r est r a i n the m b y his e x hort a t io n s , by r ep r oo fs , o r p a t e r n a l co r r ecti o n s ? \Vill t he v n o t r a ther , a ft e r pl u n de r i n g his ho u se t o s upport their e x tr ava ga n c e a n d riot , re a dily deliver u their u nh a ppy p pa d e voted vi ctim ' e . . e ' . . 1 48 Fox ’ s B OO K or MA RT Y RS . re nt to a ll the h orrors o f a tr ib un a l fo un ded o n the b la cke m inj u stice ? A rioto us h usb a n d , o r a loose wi fe , ha s a n e a s y oppo r t un ity , a ssi s t ed by me a n s o f t he pe r se c ut io n in q ues ti o n ,to rid t he m selves o f o n e who is a che ck to the i r vi ces , by deliveri n g h im or her up to the rigo urs o f the i n q ui ” s iti o u W he n the i n q uisitors h a ve t a ke n umbra ge a g a i n st a n in n o ce n t perso n , a ll e x pedie n t s a re u sed t o fa cili ta t e his co n d e m n a t io n ; fa lse o a ths a n d testi m o n ies a r e e m ployed to prove the a cc used t o be g uil ty ; a nd a ll l a w s a n d in s t it u tio n s a r e s a c r ificed t o t he b igo t e d reve n ge o f p a p a cy W he n a pe r so n a cc used is t a ke n ,his t r e a t m e n t is d e plo r a ble The g a o le r s fi r st begi n by se a r chi n g h im fo r books a n d p a pe r s whi ch m i ght t e n d to his co n v i cti o n , or fo r in m e n ts which m ight b e e m ployed in sel f m u r der or st r u e sc a pe , a n d o n this p r e t e x t they e x e n r o b him o f his w e a r W he n he ha s b ee n se a r ched a n d r obbed ,he in g a pp a rel I n n o ce n ce o n s uch a n o cc a si o n is is co m m i t ted to p r iso n i n a n i nn o a we a k reed ; n o thi n g bei n g e a sier th a n to r u ce n t pe r so n The m ildest se n te n ce is i m p r iso n me n t fo r li fe ; yet the in q uisi t o r s p r oce e d by d eg r ees a t o n ce s ub t le , slo w, a n d cr uel The g a ole r fi r s t o f a ll i n si n ua t es hi m sel f i n to t he priso n e r s fa v o ur , by p r e t e n di n g to wish him well a nd a d vise h im well a n d a m o n g othe r p re t e n d ed ki n d hi n ts , t ells h im to pe t i t i o n fo r a n a u d it W he n he is b r o ugh t be fore the co n sis t o r y , t he fi r st d e m a n d is , W h a t is yo ur r e q uest To t hi s t he pr iso n e r ve ry n a t ur a lly a n s we r s ,t h a t h e w o uld h a ve a he a r i n g H e r e up o n o n e o f t he i n q uisi t o r s Y o ur he a r i n g i s this ; co n fess t he t r ut h , co n ce a l re p li es , ” r m e r cy No w , if t he p r iso n er n o t hi n g , a n d r ely o n o u m a ke a co n fessio n o f a ny t r i fli n g a ffa i r , they i mm e d i a t ely n d a n i n di c t m e n t o n it ; if he is m u t e t hey sh u t h im up fo u t ligh t , o r a n y food b u t a sc a n t y a llo wa n ce o f bre a d witho u a n d wa te r , t ill his o bs t i n a cy is o v e r co m e ; a n d if he d ecl a r e he is i n n oce n t ,t hey to r m e n t him till b e e i t her die wi t h t he p a i n o r co n fess hi m sel f g uil ty O n the r e e x a mi n a tio n o f s uch a s co n fess , they co n a ll a , o uh a ve n o t bee n si n cere , y o ut ell n o t a ll ; tin u s Y y y st be o ukeep m a n y t hi n gs co n ce a led , a n d there fore m u y ” rem a n ded to \ o ur d ungeo n \Vhe n th ose who h a ve stoo d te ar e c a lled tor r e -e x a m i n a tio n ,if they co n ti n ue s ile nt mu . . . - . . . . ’ . “ . . . - . 1 50 F ox ’ s no o k m ‘ ni t zt x ‘ ut s . fold : a n d t hi t he r , fr o m se ve n in t he m or n m g t ill t he e ve n gh t c r i m i na ls o f bo t h se x es , a ll the i n q uisi m g , were bro u tio n s in the ki n gdo m se n di n g thei r p r iso n ers t o Ma d r id T we n ty me n a n d wo m e n o f these p r iso n e r s , wi t h o n e r e r n ed fi fty Je ws n eg a d e Ma ho m et a n ,w e r e o r de r ed to be b u a n d J e we s s e s , h a vi n g n eve r b e fo r e bee n i m p r iso n ed , a n d r epe n ti n g o f their c r i m es , were se n t e n ced t o a lo ng c o n fi n e m e n t , a n d to we a r a y e llo w ca p ; a n d t e n othe r s in di c t ed fo r big a my ,wi t chc r a ft ,a n d othe r c r i m es , we r e s e n thes t e n c e d to be w hipped , a n d t he n se n t t o t h e g a lleys l a s t wo r e la r ge p a s tebo a r d c a ps ,wi t h i n scrip t i o n s on the m h a vi n g a h a lter a bo ut their n e cks , a n d torches in thei r . h a n ds . co ur t o f S p a i n wa s p r ese n t The g r a n d i n quisito r s ch a i r wa s pl a ced in a so r t o f tr ib un a l fa r a bove t h a t o f t he ki n g The n obles he r e a cted the p a r t o f t he sheri f s o ffi ce r s in E n gl a n d , le a di n g s uch c r i m i n a ls a s we r e to b e b ur n e d , a n d holdi n g t he m w he n fa s t bo u n d with thi ck co r ds ; the rest o f the cri m i n a ls were co n d ucted by the fa m ili a rs o f the i n q ui O n this sole m n o c c a sio n the whole ’ . . f’ s mo n . A m o n g those who we r e to s uffer wa s a yo un g Je wess o f e x q uisite be a uty , o n ly se v e n tee n ye a r s o f a ge B ei n g o n th e s a m e side o f the sc a ffold whe r e the q u ee n wa s se a ted , she a dd r essed h e r , in hopes o f obt a i n i n g a p a r do n , in the follo wi n g p a theti c s p ee ch : G r e a t q uee n will n ot yo ur roy a l p r ese n ce be o f so m e se r v ice to m e in m y m iser a ble co n d itio n ? H a ve reg a r d to my yo uth ; a n d , oh co n s ider t h a t I a m a bo u t to die fo r p r o fessi n g a r eligi o n i m b ibed fr o m m y e a r liest i n fa n cy He r m aj esty see m ed g r e a tly to pity he r distr ess , b ut t urn ed a wa y h e r eyes , a s she di d n o t d a r e to spe a k a wo r d i n beh a l f o f a pe r so n wh o h a d bee n decl a r ed a he r eti c by the i n q uisi t io n Ma ss n o w b eg a n , in the m idst o f whi ch the priest c a m e fr om the a lt a r pl a ced n e a r the sc a ffold , a n d se a t ed hi m s el f i n a ch a i r p r e p a r ed fo r th a t p u T he n t h e chie f in r pose u i i t o r desce n ded fr o m the a m hi t he a t r e , d r essed in h 1 s s q p cope , a n d h a vi n g a m i t r e o n his he a d A fte r bo wi n g to the a l t a r he a d va n ced to wa r d the ki n g s b a lco n y , a n d we n t u p t o it , a t t e n ded by so m e o f his o ffi ce r s , c a r r yi n g a c r os s a n d th e gospels , wi t h a book co n t a i n i n g the o a t h by whi ch t he kin gs o f S p a i noblige the m selves to p r ote ct t h e c a t ho . . . ’ . ’ ’ wo v s B O O K o r M t R t VRSI ' 75 ] ' . lic fa i th , t o e x t 1r p a t e h e r e t i cs , a n d s u ppo r t wi t h a ll t heir tio n s a n d dec r ees o f the i n q ui s itio n O n p o wer the prose c u th e a ppro a ch o f the i n q u isi t o r , a n d o n h is prese n t i n g this b ook to the ki n g , his m aj es t y rose u p , b a r ehe a ded , a n d s w o r e to m a i n t a i n the o a th , w hi ch w a s r e a d to h im by o n e ed st a n d n sell ors : a ft e r w hi ch the ki n g c o n t in u o f hi s co u isito r h a d ret ur n ed to his pl a ce ; whe n the in g till the i n q u se c r et a r y o f the holy o ffi ce m o un ted a so r t o f p ulpit , a n d n sello r s a n d t h e whole a d m i n iste r ed a l ike o a th to t he co u The m a ss wa s be gun a bo ut t welve a t n oo n ,a n d a sse m bly did n o t e n d till n i n e in the eve n i n g , be i n g p r o t r a cted by a p r o cl a m a tio n o f the se n te n ces o f the s eve r a l c r imi n a ls , d o n e a fter whi ch we r e a ll se p a r a t ely rehe a r sed a lo u Ne x t follo wed the b ur n i n g o f the t we n ty - o n e a n o t he r ffe r i n g t h a t ho r rid m e n a n d w o m e n , w hose i n t r epidity in s u de a th wa s t r uly a sto n ishi n g : so m e th r ust t he i r h a n ds a n d n tless fo r tit u de , a n d feet i n to the fl a m es with the m os t d a u ch r esol utio n th a t a ll o f the m yi elded to thei r fa te w i t h s u ch he r oi c m a n y o f t he a m a ze d spect a to r s l a m e n t ed t h a t s u The sit ua tio n o f ls h a d n o t b een m or e en lig h t en e d ! so u the ki n g wa s so n e a r to th e c r i m i n a ls , th a t the i r d y i 1g gr o a n s we r e ve r y a udible to h im : he co uld n o t , h o we w r, be a bse n t fr o m t his d r e a d ful sce n e , a s it is e s t ee m ed a r ligio u s o n e ; a n d his co r o n a t io n o a t h obliges h im to give a s a n ctio n by h is p r e s e n ce to a ll the a cts o f the tri buna l . . . ' . I nq u is ition of P or tu gal ga l The i n quisitio n o f P ort u . ctly upo n a simil a r pl a n to th a t o f Sp a i n , h a vi n g b ee n i n stituted a b o ut the s a m e ti m e , a n d p ut un de r the s a m e r eg ul a tio n s , a n d the p r o ceedi n gs n e a r ly r ese m ble e a ch othe r The ho use , o r isi t io n is a n oble edi fi ce It c o n r a t he r p a l a ce , o f t h e i n q u t a i n s fo ur co ur t s , e a ch a b o ut fo r ty feet squa r e ,r o un d whi ch t th r ee h un d r ed d un geo n s o r cells The d ungeo n s a r e a bo u n d floo r ar e fo r the lo west cl a ss o f p r iso n e r s , o n the g r o u pe r io r a n d those 0 11 t he se co n d floor a r e fo r p e r so n s o f s u The g a lle r ies a r e b uilt o f fr eest o n e , a n d hid fr o m ra n k v ie w b oth w i t hi n a n d w itho u t by a do uble wa ll o f a b o ut S o e x te n si v e is the whole p r iso n , a n d it fi fty feet high co n t a i n s so m a n y tur n i n gs a n d wi nd i n gs , th a t n o n e b ut those well a c qua i n t ed wi t h 1t c a n fi n d th e way t nr o ugh i ts 18 ex a . . . . . i52 F ’ o x s B O O K o r MAn r vns ' ‘ . rio us a ve n ues The a p a rtme n ts o f the chie f in q uisit o r ar e s a c io u s an d eleg a n t the e n t r a n ce is th r o u g h a l a rge p g a te , whi ch le a ds i n to a co urt -y a rd , ro un d whi ch a r e seve r a l ch am bers , a n d some l a rge s a loo n s fo r the ki n g , roy a l fa m ily , a n d t he rest o f the co u rt to st a n d a n d obse rve t he e x ec ut io n s d ur i n g a n A uto d a F é A testoo n ( seve n pe n ce h a l f pe n n y E n gli sh mo n ey ) is a ll o we d eve r y priso n er d a ily ; a n d t he p r i n cip a l g a ole r , a ccomp a n ied by t wo other o ffi cers , mo n thly visits eve r y priso n er to i n q ui r e ho w he wo uld h a ve his a llo wa n ce l a id ou t This visit , ho wever , is o n ly a m a tter o f fo r m ,fo r the g a oler us ua lly l a y s o ut the mo n ey a s he ple a ses , a n d c o m m o n ly a llo ws the priso n er d a ily 3 porri n ger o f broth , h a l f a p ou n d o f bee f, a s m a ll pie ce o f bre a d ,a n d a t r ifli n g por tio n o f cheese S e n ti n els wa l k a b o ut co n ti n ua lly to liste n if the le a st n oise is he a rd , they c a ll to a n d t h r e a te n the priso n er ; if t he n oise is repe a ted , a severe be a ti n g e n s u es The fol lo wi n g i s a fa ct a priso n e r h a vi n g a vi ole n t co ugh , o n e o f the g uards c a me a n d o r dered him n o t to m a ke a n o ise to whi ch he replied t h a t it wa s n o t in his p o we r to fo r be a r The co ugh i n cre a si n g ,the g ua r d we n t i n to the cell ,st r ipped t h e poor cre a t u r e n a ked , a n d b e a t h im so u n merci fu lly th a t he soo n a fter died S ometi m es a p r iso n er p a sses m o n ths witho ut k n o w i n g o f wh a t he is a c c u sed , o r h a vi n g the le a st ide a whe n he is to be tr ied The g a oler a t le n gth i n fo r m s h im , th a t he mu st p etiti o n fo r a t r i a l This ce r e m o n y b ei n g go n e th r o ugh ,he i s t a ke n fo r e x a m i n a tio n W he n they come to the door o f the tr ib un a l , the g a oler k n ocks th r ee ti m es , to give the j udges n oti ce o f thei r a pp r o a ch A b ell is run g by o n e o f the j udges , whe n a n a tte n d a n t ope n s the door , a d m its the priso n e r , a n d se a ts h im o n a stool The p r iso n e r is the n orde r ed by the preside n t to k n eel do wn , a n d lay his right h a n d upo n a b ook , whi ch is pre s e n ted to h im close sh u t This bei n g co m plied with , the estio n is p ut to him : W ill y o upro m ise to follo wi n g q u co n ce al the se crets o f the holy o ffi ce , a n d to spe a k the ” Sho uld he a n s wer in t he n eg a tive , he is re m a n d truth 2 ed to his cell , a n d c r uelly tr e a ted If he a n s we r in the a ffi r m a tive , he is ordered to b e a g a i n se a ted , a n d t h e e x a mi n a t io n p r o cee d s ; whe n the p r eside n t a sks a V a r iety o f va . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 54 o F x ’ s B OO K O F MART YRS . thi n g t h a t m ight o ffe n d the i n quisi t io n ,or to a d va nce 8 syll a ble t ha t m igh t b e n e fit the p r iso n e r Th o ugh the i n q uisi t ors a llo w the to r t ur e to be used o n ly th r ee ti m es , y e t a t those th r ee it is so se v e r ely i n fli cted th a t the p r iso n er either d ies un de r it , o r co n ti n ues a l wa y s a fte r a c r ip p le The follo wi n g is a desc r iptio n o f the se ve r e to r m e n ts o cc a sio n ed by the to r t ur e , fr o m the a cco un t ffe r ed it the th r ee r espe ctive ti m es , b u o f o n e wh o s u t h a pp ily s ur vived it s c r uelties The p riso n e r , o n r e fusi n g to co m ply with the i n i q uito us de m a n ds o f the i n q uisito r s , by co n fessi n g a ll the c r i m es they ch a r ged h im w i t h , wa s i m m edi a tely co n veyed to the to r tur e r oo m , which , to p r eve n t t he cries o f the s uffe r e r s fr o m bei n g he a r d by the o t he r p r iso n e r s , is li n ed w ith a ki n d o f q uil t i n g whi ch co v e r s a ll the c r evi ces a n d de a de n s the so un d The p r iso n e r s ho r r o r wa s e x tr e m e o n e n te r d de n ly he wa s s u rr ou in g this i n fe r n a l pl a ce , whe n s u n d ed by s ix wr etches , wh o a ft e r p r e p a r i n g t h e tortur es , s t r ipped h im n a ked to his d r a we r s He wa s the n l a id upo n his b a ck o n a ki n d o f st a n d , elev a ted a fe w feet fr o m the doo r They b eg a n by p utti n g a n i r o n coll a r ro un d his n eck , a n d a r i n g t o e a ch foot , whi ch fa ste n ed h im to the st a n d His l i m b s bei n g th us st r etched o ut , they wo un d t wo r opes n d e a ch t h igh , whi ch ropes n d e a ch a r m , a n d t wo ro u r ou bei n g p a ssed un der the s c a ffold , th r o ugh holes m a de fo r th a t p ur pose , we r e a ll dr a wn tight a t the s a m e i n st a n t o f ti m e by fo ur o f the m e n , o n a give n sig n a l The p a i n s c ceeded we r e i n toler a ble ; the ropes , whi ch i mm edi a t ely s u gh the p r iso n e r s t thr ou which we r e o f the s m a ll size , c u flesh to the b o n e , m a ki n g the blood g ush o ut a t e ight d if A s he pe r sisted in n o t m a ki n g a ny c o n fe s fe r e n t pl a ces sio n o f wh a t the i n q uisi to r s r eq ui r ed ,the ropes were dra wn r ti m e s s u ccessi v ely in this m a n n e r fo u A physi ci a n a n d a s ur geo n a tte n ded , a n d o fte n felt h is e m ples , in o r der to j udge o f the d a n ge r he might b e in ; res were fo r a s m a ll t i m e s uspe n d by whi ch m e a n s his to r t u ‘ ffi ci e n t oppo r t u n ity o f r e cove r i n g e d , t h a t he m ight h a ve s u his sp i r its to s ust a i n e a ch e n s ui n g to r tur e D ur i n g this e x t r e m ity o f a n g u ish , while t he te n de r fr a m e is bei n g to r n , a s it we r e ,in pieces ,while a t eve r y p o r e it feels t h e s h a r p l is j ust re a dy t o est p a n gs o f de a th , a n d the a g o n ized s o u any . . . - ‘ ’ . . . . " . ’ . . . Fo x ’ s s o o n o r M A RT Y RS 1 55 . bu rst fo r th a n d q ui t its wr etched m a n si o n , the m im st er s o f the i n q ui s i t io n h a v e t h e obd ur a cy to look o n w i t ho ut e m e ti o n , a n d c a l m ly t o a dvise the p oo r d is t r a cted c r e a t ur e t o co n fess his i m p ut ed g uilt , o n doi n g which they tell him he m a y o b t a i n a fr ee p a r do n , a n d receive a bsol u ti o n All a l w i t h the priso n e r , w hose t his , ho weve r , w a s i n e ffec t u s n ess o f i n n o mi n d wa s s t r e n g t he n ed by a s w eet co n sci o u ce n ce a n d t h e di v i n e co n sol a t io n o f r eligio n W hile h e wa s t h us s uffe r i n g , the physici a n a n d s ur geo n we r e so b a r b a r o u s a s to de cl a r e th a t if he died un de r the to r t u r e he w o u ld b e g uil ty by his obsti n a cy o f sel f m ur de r In sho r t , a t t he l a st t i m e o f the r opes b ei n g d r a wn t i ght , h e g r e w so e x ceedi n gly w e a k by the s t epp a ge o f t h e c ir cu l a tio n o f h is blood , a n d t h e p a i n s he e n d ur ed , th a t he fa i n ted a wa y , u po n w hi ch he wa s un loosed a n d c a r r ied b a ck to hi s d u n geo n These i n h um a n wr etches fi n d i n g th a t the to r t ur e in flic t ed , a s a b ove des c r ibed , i n ste a d o f e x t o r ti n g a d is co ve r v fr o m t h e p r i so n e r , o n ly se r ved the mo r e fr e q u e n tly t ci t e his s up pl ic a t io n to He a ve n for p a t ie n ce a n d p o wc pe r seve r e in t r ut h a n d i n tegr i t y , we r e so b a r b a r o us , in s ix weeks a ft e r , a s to e x pose h im t o a n o t her ki n d o f to r t u re m o r e severe if possi ble t h a n the fo r m e r ; the m a n n e r o f i n flicti n g whi ch wa s a s follo ws t hey fo r ced his a r m s b a ck wa r ds , so th a t the p a l m s o f his h a n ds w e r e t u r n ed o u t wa r d behi n d h im whe n by m e a n s o f a r op e t h a t fa ste n ed t he m r n ed by a n e n gi n e , togethe r a t the wr ist , a n d which w a s t u they d r e w the m by deg r ees n e a r e r e a ch othe r , in s uch a m a n n er th a t the b a ck o f e a ch h a n d to u ched a n d stood e x a c t ly p a r a llel to e a ch othe r In co n seq ue n ce o f this v io t e n t co n to r tio n b oth hi s sho ulde r s we r e dislo c a ted , a n d a co n s ide r a ble q ua n t ity o f blood iss ued fr o m his m o ut h This tort ur e wa s r epe a ted th r i ce a fte r whi ch he wa s a g a i n t a ke n to the d un geo n a n d delive r ed to the physi ci a n a n d s ur geo n , who , in setti n g the dislo c a ted b o n es , p ut h im t o the m ost e x q uisi t e to r m e n t Abo ut t wo mo n ths a fter the seco n d to r tur e , the priso n e r bei n g a li t t le r ecove r e d , wa s a g a i n orde r ed to the tortur e ro o m , a n d the r e m a de to un de r go a n o t he r ki n d o f p un ish me n t The e x ec utio n e r s fa s t e n ed a thick i r o n ch a m twi ce ro un d his b ody ,whi ch c r ossi n g upo n hi s stom a ch , termi n a t e d a t the wr i st s They th e n p l a ced h im wit h h1 s b a c k . . - . . ' . . . . . 1 56 F ’ o x s n o o n o r MA RT YRS . g a i n st a th ick b o a r d , a t e a ch e x tremity whe r eo f was a p ulley , thro ugh whi ch the r e r a n a r ope th a t c a ught the e n ds o f the ch a i n a t his wrists The n the e x e cuti o n er s tretchi n g the e n d o f this rope ,by me a n s o f a r oller pl a ced ised his stom a ch in a t a dist a n ce behi n d h im ,p r essed o r b r u propo r tio n a s the e n ds o f the ch a i n were d r a wn tighter They tort ur ed h im in this m a n n er to s uch a deg r ee th a t his lde r s we r e quite dislo c a t ed The y wrists a s well a s his sho u were ho weve r soo n set b y th e s u rgeo n s b ut the b a rb a ri ans n o t yet s a tisfied with th is i n fer n a l c r u elty , m a de h im im medi a tely un dergo the l ike tort ure a seco n d ti m e ,whi ch he s ust a i n ed ,( tho ugh ,if possible ,a t te n ded wi t h kee n e r p a i n s ,) with e q u tio n He wa s the n a g a i n a l co n st a n cy a n d resol u re m a n ded to his d un geo n , a tte n ded by the s urgeo n to dres s his b r uises a n d a dj ust the p a r ts dislo c a ted ; a n d here he co n ti n ued till the ir A uto d a Fé , or g a ol d elive r y , whe n he wa s h a pp ily disch a rged It m ay be j udged , fr o m t he be fo r e m e n tio n ed rel a tio n , 1 d r e a d fu l a go n y the s ufle r e r m ust h a ve e n d ured Most so m uch wa s he br uised a n d p b s were disj oi n ted a s to b e u n a ble fo r so m e weeks to li ft his h a n d to his m o uth , a n d his b ody bec a m e gre a tly s welled fr o m the i n fl a mm a tio n c a used by s uch fr eq ue n t dislo c a tio n s A fte r his disch arge he felt the e fle c ts o f th is cruelty for the r e m a in d e r o f his l i fe , be i n g fr eq u e n tly seized w ith th r illi n g a nd e x cr u ci a ti n g p a i n s to whi ch he ha d n ever bee n s ubj ect till a ft er he h a d the mi s fo r t un e to fa ll i n to the po wer o f the m e r c iless a n d bloody i n q u isi t io n The un h a ppy fe m a les w h o fa ll i nto t h ei r h a n ds h a ve n ot t h e le a st fa v o u r sho wn the m o n a cco u n t o f the so ft n ess o f thei r s e x , b ut a r e tortur ed with a s m uc h seve r ity a s the m a le p r iso n ers , w ith th e a dditi o na l m o r t ifi c a t ion o f h a vi n g th e m ost s ho cki n g i n de ce n cies a dded to t he most s a v a g e b a r b a ri t ies S ho uld the a b ove me n tio n ed modes o f tortur in g force a c o n fessio n fr o m the p r iso n er , he is re m a n ded to his ho r rid du n geo n , a n d le ft a p r ey to the m el a n choly o f his si t u a ti o n , to the a n g uish a r is i n g fr om wh a t he h as s uffe r e d ,a n d to the dre a d ful ide a o f fut ur e b a rb a r ities S ho uld he r e fu se to co n fess , he is in the s a m e m a n n er r e m a n ded t o his d un geo n , a n d str a t a ge m is used to d r a w fr o m him wh a t t he tor t u re fa ils to do A comp a n io n is a llo wed to a t te nd a . . . . ' " . . . . . . ‘ o x s B OOK o r 158 F tra um a. These , there fo r e a r e o r de r ed to be a ltered ,a n d s uch a ltet e t io n s go u n de r the n a m e o f co r r ec t io n s There is a c a t a log ue o f co n de m n ed books a n n ua lly pub lis he d , u n de r the th r ee di ffe r e n t he a ds o f ce n s u r es a l r e a d y me n t io n e d , whi ch bei n g p r i n ted o n a l a r ge sheet o f p a per , 1s h u ng u bli c a n d co n sp ic uo us pl a ces p in the m ost p u A ft e r whi ch peo p le a r e obliged to dest r oy a ll s uch books n de r the fir st ce n s u r e , a n d to kee a s co m e u p n o n e b elo n g r es ,u n less the e x cep t i o n a ble ing t o the other t wo ce n s u as p s a ges h a ve b ee n e x pun ged ,a n d the co r r e c tio n s m a de , a s in e i t he r c a se disobedie n ce wo uld b e o f the m ost fa t a l c o n s e q ue n ce ; fo r the possessi n g o r r e a di n g the p r osc r ibe d bo oks a r e d eemed very a t r oc io us c r i m es The p ublishe r o f s uch books is us ua lly r ui n ed i n hi s cir um s t a n ce s , a n d so m eti m es oblige d to p a ss the r e m a i n der isi t i o n o f his li fe in t h e i n q u W he r e s uch a n a bs ur d a n d detest a ble syste m e x ercises e n ce o v e r t he li t e r a t ur e o f a n a t io n , c a n it s de a de n i n g i n fl u r r ised t h a t t h e g r osses t i n o r a n ce a n d the mo s we b e s u p g bigo t ed s up e r stitio n p r e v a il ? Ho w c a n th a t p eople b e co m e e n l ig hte n ed a m o n g who m t he fi n est p rod uctio n s o f ge n i us a r e p r ohibited , a ll d isc ussio n p r eve n ted , the mos t i n n o ce n t i n q ui r ies li a ble to m isco n s t r ucti o n a n d p un ish m e n t , the m a te r i a ls for thi n ki n g p r e s c r ib e d , a n d eve n t h ou t h itsel ch a i n ed do wn a n d c he cked by th e fe a r o f l ts f g esc a pi n g i n t o e x pressio n , a n d th us b r i n gi n g cert a i n a nd c r uel p un ish m e n t o n h im wh o h a s d a r ed to e x e r ci se his r e a so n , t h e n oblest gi ft o f h is Al m ighty C r e a to r ? S urely e v e r y well wishe r to t h e h um a n r a ce m us t r ej oi ce in the do w n fa ll o f t his m os t b a r b a r o us a n d i n fe r n a l o f a ll tri b u~ tra ls s t vi e w wi t h i n dig n a ti o n a n d a bhorre n ce the a nd m u i t o us a tt e m pts n o w m a ki n g to r e est a blish it in t ho se in i q u u n der its s way r nhe n t r ie s w hi ch so lo n g grc ne ed u y co u . . . c . t - ' i ox ’ s Bo o n or C H AP mx nr vns . T ER IV . Ba r ba rt t zes ex er cised by t he I n quis iti on s of Sp a in a m: ' P or t u al g . F RANC I S RO M A N E S , a n a tive o f S p a i n ,wa s employe d b y the m e r ch an ts o f An t werp to tr a n s a ct so m e b us i n ess fo r them a t B r e m e n He ha d b ee n ed uc a ted in the Romis h pe r s ua si o n , b ut go i n g o ne d a y i n to a pro t e st a n t c h urc h ,h e ck wi t h the t r ut hs whi ch he he a r d , a n d begi nn i n g wa s st r u to pe r ce i v e the e r r o r s o f popery , b e deter m i n ed to se a r ch rt her i n to the m a t te r P e r usi n g the s a c r ed scri p t ur es , fu a n d the wr iti n gs o f so m e p r o t es t a n t di v i n es , he pe r ceived s we r e the p r i n ci pl e s whi ch he h a d for m e r ly ho w e r r o n eo u e m b r a ced ; a n d r e n o un ced t h e i m posi t i o n s o f pope r y fo r the doc t r i n es o f t he r e fo r m ed ch ur ch , in whi ch rel igio n i n e p ur i ty Resol v i n g t o thi n k o n ly a ppe a r ed in a ll i ts ge n u died religio us t r ut hs m o r e o f his eter n a l s a lv a t io n , he s t u th a n tr a de , a n d p ur ch a sed b ooks r a the r th a n m e r ch a n dise , co n vi n ced t h at the ri ches o f the body a r e t r ifli n g to t h ose o f the so ul He the r e fo r e r esig n e d his a ge n cy to the m e r ch a n ts o f A n t we r p , givi n g the m a n a cco un t a t t h e s a m e ti m e o f his co n v e r sio n a n d t he n r esolvi n g , if possible ,to co n ver t his p a r e n t s , he we n t t o S p a i n fo r t h a t p ur pose ; isi t o r s , he bu t t he A n t w e r p m e r ch a n t s wr i t i n g to the i n q u po n , i m p r iso n ed fo r so m e t i m e , a n d the n c o n wa s seized u r n t a s a he r e t i c He wa s led t o the pl a ce d e m n e d t o be b u t io n in a g a r m e n t p a i n ted ove r with de v ils , a n d sf e x ec u t u po n his he a d by wa y o f de r isi o n na d a p a per m i t re p u As he p a ssed by a woode n cross o n e o f the prie ts b a de t he a bsol u tely re fused s o to do , s a yi n g , him k n e el t o i t, b u ” H a vi n g b ee n It is n o t fo r Ch r i s t i a n s to w orshi p wood n a pile o f w ood t h e fi r e q u l o i ckly re a ched him a ced u p p dde n ly ; the p r iests whe r e upo n he li ft ed u p his he a d s u thi n ki n g he m a n t to re c a n t ,o r dered him to be t a ke n do wn Fi ndi n g , ho w eve r , th a t t hey we r e m is t a ke n , a n d th a t he po n the s t ill r e t a i n ed his co n s t a n cy , he wa s pl a ced a g a i n u r e a s lo n g a s he h a d li fe a n d vo ice re m a i n i n g , he ile he w , p s e pt rep e a t i n g t he seve n th p s a l m . . . . . . s . e . . sex 5 s o o n o r MA RTY RS Horr id Tr ea ch er y of a n I n quiszt or A l a dy , with her t wo d a ughters a nd her n i e c e , we re u p prehe n ded a t S eville fo r pro fessi n g t he protest a n t religi o n They we r e a ll put to th e to r t ure a n d whe n th a t wa s o ve r isi t o r s se n t fo r the yo un ge st d a ughter , pre o ne o f the i n q u te n ded to sy m p a th ise wi t h her a nd pity her s uffe r i n gs the n b i n di n g h imsel f with a solem n o a th n o t to betr a y her , he s a id , If y o uwill disclose a ll to me ,I promise y o uI will pro c ur e t he d i sch a r ge o f yo ur mothe r ,s is t e r , co usi n , a n d yo ur ” sel f Ma de co n fi de n t by his o a t h ,a n d e n t r a pped by pro m ises , she r eve a led the whole o f the te n ets they pro fessed ; wh e n t he pe rj u red wretch , i n ste a d o f a cti n g a s he ha d s w or n ,i m m e d i a t ely o r dered her to b e put to the r a ck ,s ay in g , No w y o u h a ve reve a led so m uch I will m a k e y ou ” Re fu reve a l more si n g , h o wever , t o say a n y thi n g fur ther , they we r e a ll ordered to b e b urn t : which se n te n c e wa s e x ec u t ed a t the n e x t A u to d a Fé The keeper o f the c a stle o f Tri a n o , b elo n g i n g t o t he isitors o f S eville ,h a ppe n ed to b e o f a disposi t io n mor e in q u m ild a n d h um a n e th a n is us ua l wi th perso ns in his si t ua ti o n H e g a ve a ll the i n d ulge n ce he co uld to the priso n e r s , a nd sho wed the m every fa vo ur in h is po wer , wi t h a s m uch se cre cy a s possible At le n g t h , ho wever , t he i n q uisitors b ec a m e a cq ua i n t ed with his ki n d n ess , a n d dete r m i n ed to p un ish him seve r ely fo r it , th a t o t he r g a ole r s m igh t be de t o rre d fr o m sho w i n g the le a s t t r a ces o f th a t co m p a ssio n gh t to glo w in the b r e a s t o f eve r y h um a n be i n g whi ch o u W i t h t his vie w t hey i m m edi a t ely th r e w him i n t o a d is m a l d un geo n ,a n d used him w i t h s uch d r e a d ful b a r b a r i ty t h a t he los t his se n ses H is d eplo r a ble si t ua t io n , ho w e v e r , p r o c ured r ; fo r , fr a n ti c a s he wa s , they b r o ugh t him h im n o fa vo u t o d a Fé , to the u s ua l pl a ce o f fr o m p r iso n , a t a n A u p un ish m e n t , wi t h a s a n be n ito ( or g a r me n t wor n by c r imi t his n e ck H is se n te n ce wa s n a ls )o n , a n d a rope a bo u the n r e a d , a n d r a n t h us th a t he sho uld he pl a ced upo n a n gh t he ci t y , r ecei v e t wo h un d r ed s t r i p es , a nd a s s , led t h r o u t l n be co n de m n ed fo r s ix ye a rs t o t he g a lleys This un l p p y , fra n t i c w r e t ch ,j u s t a s t hey we r e a bo ut t o begi n his p un ish m e n t , s ud d e n ly s p r un g fr o m t he b a ck o f t he a ss , broke t he co r ds t h a t bo und h im s n a t ched a s word fr o m o ne a r ds , a n d d a n g e r o u sly wo un ded a n o ffi cer o f the of the g u . v . . . . . . . . o . 162 F o ’ x s se wa s stripped ho u B O O K o r MA RT YR S . an d whe n t hey h a d t a ke n every thi ng r n ed the key to hi s wi fe a wa y , they r et u Abo ut fo ur d a ys a ft e r his co mm it m e n t , Mr Ma rti n wa s . . told he m ust be se n t to G r a n a d a to be t r ied ; he e a r n estly begged t o see his wi fe a n d child r e n be fo r e he we nt , b ut this wa s de n ied Bei n g d o ubly fette r ed , he wa s m o un ted le , a n d set o ut to wa r d G r a n a d a By t he wa y the on a mu m ule t h r e w him upo n a ro c k y p a r t o f the ro a d , a nd a lmost broke his b a ck r n ey o f three O n his a r r iv a l a t G r a n a d a , a fte r a j o u d a ys , he wa s det a i n ed a t a n in n till it wa s d a r k , fo r they n ever u t a n y o n e i n to the i n q u isi t io n d ur i n g d aylight At p n ight he wa s t a ke n t 0 t he p r iso n , a n d led a lo n g a r a n ge o f g a lle r ies t ill he a r r ived a t a d un geo n The ga ole r n a iled up a b o x o f b ooks , belo n gi n g t o him , whi ch h a d bee n b r o ught fr o m Ma l a g a , s ayi ng , t hey m ust r e m a i n in th a t st a t e t ill the lo r ds o f the i n q uisitio n chose to i n spe ct the m , fo r p r iso n e r s we r e n o t a llo wed t o r e a d books He a lso took a n i n ve n to r y o f e v e r y t hi n g whi ch Mr Ma r t i n ha d a bou t him , eve n t o his v e r y b utto n s ; a n d h a vi n g a sked s q uestio n s , he a t le n gth him a gre a t n um be r o f fr i v olo u g a ve him these o r de r s Yo u m us t obse r ve a s g r e a t s t n o t spe a k ,n o r s ile n ce he r e a s if y o uw e r e de a d ; y o um u W his t le , n o r si n g , n o r m a ke a n y n oise t h a t c a n b e he a r d ; st a n d if y o uhe a r a n y b ody c ry o r m a ke a n o ise , y o u m u ” be s t ill a n d s a y n o t hi n g upo n p a i n o f t wo h un d r ed l a shes Mr Ma r t i n a sked if he m ight h a ve li be r t y to wa lk a bo ut the r oo m the g a oler r eplied he m igh t ,b ut it m ust b e ve r y so ft ly A ft e r giv i n g him so m e wi n e , b r e a d , a n d a fe w It wa s fr osty t s ,the g a ole r le ft h im t ill t h e m o r n i n g wa l n u n geo n w e r e be twee n t wo a n d we a t he r , the w a lls o f t h e d u thr ee fee t t hi ck , t he floo r wa s b r i cke d , a n d a g r e a t de a l o f gh a hole o f a bo ut a foot in le n gth , a n d wi n d c a m e t h r o u The fi ve i n ches in b r e a d t h , whi ch se r ved a s a w i n do w n e x t m o r n i n g t h e g a ole r c a m e to l ight his l a m p , a n d b a d e H e t he n took him ligh t a fi r e in o r de r to d r ess his di n n e r him t o a t ur n , or s uch a wheel a s is fo un d a t the d oo r s o f co n ve n t s , whe r e a pe r so n o n t he o t h e r side t ur n s the p r o vi s io n s r o un d He ha d t he n give n h im h a l f a p o un d o f n ch n ds o f b r e a d , so m e k id n ey be a n s , a b u mu tt o n , t w o po u o f r a isi n s , a n d a pi n t o f w i n e , w hich wa s t h e a llo uan c e . . . . ‘ . . . ‘ . . . . . . . [3 0 q . l 1 63 \l . He h a d like wise t wo po un ds o f ch arco a l , an e a rthe n stove , a n d a fe w othe r a r ti cles t a week he wa s o r de r ed t o a n a ud ie n ce ; he fo l In a bo u lo wed the g a ole r , a n d co m i n g to a l a r ge roo m s a w a m a n e n in a n d a n o t her w it h a c ifi x e s s itti n g bet wee n t wo cr u p his h a n d , wh o was , a s he a ft e r wa r d le a rn ed , the secret a r y The chie f lo r d i n q uisitor wa s the pe r so n betwee n the t wo t si x ty ye a rs o f a ge cr u cifi x e s , a n d a p p e a r ed to be a b o u He o r de r ed Mr M to si t do wn up o n a little s t e e l th a t A fr ivolo us e x a m i n a tio n the n took pl a ce ; fro n t ed him es t i o n s r el a ted to h is fa m ily ,their religio n , & c , a n d the q u his o wn te n ets o f fa ith The p r iso n er a d m itted th a t he isi t o r th a t the r eligio n o f was a p r o t est a n t , told the i n qu Christ a d m itted o f n o pe r se c ut io n , a n d co n cl uded with s a yi n g th a t he hoped to r e m a i n in th a t religio n He un de r t a n y thi n g se r io us be i n g a l we n t five e x a m i n a tio n s w itho u le g d a g a i n st h im In a fe w d a ys a fter he wa s c a lled to his si x th a u die n ce , whe n , a ft er a fe w i m m a te r i a l i n te r r og a to r ies ,the i n q uisito r told h im t h e ch a r ges a g a i n st him sho uld be r e a d , a n d th a t he m ust give a n i mm edi a te a n d prompt a n s wer to e a ch r e s e c t ive ch a r ge p The a cc us a t io n s a g a i n st hi m we r e the n r e a d they a mou n ted to t we nt y s ix , b u t were p r i n cip a lly o f the m ost t r ivi a l n a t ur e , a n d the g r e a ter n um ber wholly fa lse , o r , if fo u n ded o n fa c t s , so dis t o r ted a n d pe r verted by the m a li c e o f his a cc u se r s , a s to be a r little rese m bl a n ce to the r e a l o cc ur r e n ces to whi ch they r el a ted Mr Mar ti n a n s wered the whole o f the m fi r m ly a n d disc r eetly , e x posi n g their we a k n ess , a n d dete cti n g t hei r fa lsehood H e wa s the n re m a n ded to his d un geo n ; wa s sh a ved o n Whi ts un eve ,( sh a vi n g bei n g a llo wed o n ly thr ee times in the y e a r ,) a n d the n e x t d ay o n e o f the g a ole r s g a ve him so m e fr a n ki n ce n se to b e pu t i n to the fi r e , a s he wa s to rece ive a visi t fr o m the lo r ds o f the i n quisi t i o n T wo o f them a c c o r d in gly c a m e , a sked m a n y t r i vi a l q u estio n s , co n cl udi n g the m a s us ua l , with , W e will do y o ua ll the servi ce we ” ca n Mr Ma r ti n co m pl a i n ed g r e a tly o f thei r ha vi n g p r o m is e d him a l a wy er to ple a d hi s c a ue W he n i n ste a d o f a ” p r ope r per so n , s a id he , the r e wa s a m a n whom y o u c a lled a l a wye r , b ut he n eve r spoke to m e , n or I to him If all yo u r l a wy e rs are s o q uie t in t his co un tr y , th ey a r e for thr ee d a ys . . . . . . . . . . e . . - . . . - . . . s 16 4 F ’ o x s no o k MA RT Y RS or . q uietest in the wo r ld , fo r he h a r dly s a id a n y thi ng b u ” ‘ yes a n d n o to wh a t yo ur lord shi p s a id T o whi ch o n e o the i n q uisito r s gr a vel y r eplied , L a wyers a r e n ot a llo wec to spe a k here At this the g a oler a n d se c r et a ry we n t o n n geo n to l a u gh , a n d Mr Ma r t i n co uld sc a r ce r e o f the d u se fra i n fr o m s m ili n g in the i r fa ces , to t hi n k th a t his c a u wa s to be de fe n ded by a m a n who sc a r ce d a r ed to ope n S ome ti m e a fte r he wa s o r dered to d r ess hi m sel f his lips ve r y cle a n : a s so o n a s he wa s r e a dy o n e o f the g a olers c a me a n d told h im th a t he m ust go w i t h h im ; b ut th a t first he m ust h a ve a h a n dkerchie f t ied a bo ut h is eyes He n o w e x pe cted the t o r t u re bu t a fte r a n other e x a m i n a tio n wa s rem a n ded to his d u n geo n Ab o ut a m o n th a fte r wa r d , he h a d a rope put ro un d h is n eck , a n d wa s led by it to t h e a lt a r o f t h e g r e a t ch u r ch He r e his se n te n ce wa s p r o n o un ced ,whi ch wa s ,th a t fo r the c r i m es o f whi ch he stood co n vi cted , the lo r ds o f the holy o ffi ce h a d o r dered h im to be b a n i shed o ut o f the do m i n io n s of S a in , u po n the pe n a lty o f t wo h un d r ed l a shes , a n d p bei n g se n t five ye a rs to the g a lleys a n d th a t he sho uld a t p r ese n t receive t wo h un d r ed l a shes thro ugh the st r eets o f t he ci t y o f Gre n a d a Mr Ma r ti n wa s se n t a g a i n to his d un geo n th a t n igh ,a nd t he n e x t mor n i n g the e x e c u ti o n er c a m e ,st r ipped h im , tie d his h a n ds together ,p ut a rope a bo ut hi s n eck , a n d led hi m ou t o f the p r iso n He wa s the n m o un ted o n a n a ss , a n d r e ceived his t wo h u n d r ed l a shes , a m ids t the sho u ts a n d pel t i n gs o f t he people He re m a i n ed a fo r t n ight a ft er th is H e r e he wa s i n g a ol , a n d a t le n g t h wa s se n t to Ma l a g a ld be se n t o n bo a rd a n t in g a ol fo r so m e d a ys ,til l he co u pu E n glish shi p w hi ch h a d n o soo n e r h a ppe n ed , t h a n n e ws wa s b r o u ght o f a r up t ure b e t wee n En gl a n d a nd S p a i n ,a nd t h a t ship , wi t h m a n y othe r s ,w a s stopped Mr Ma r t i n ,n ot n e in t o n b o ard g co n side r ed a s a priso n er o f wa r , wa s p u of a H ambu r g h t r a de r , a n d hi s w i fe a n d chil d re n soo n c a m e to h im , b ut he wa s obliged to p ut up wi t h the loss o f his e ffects , whi c h h a d bee n e mbezzled by the i n qu i the . “ . . . . . . . t . . . . . s mo n . . H is c a se wa s p ublished by the desi r e o f S e c r et a r y Cr a ggs , the a r chb isho p s o f C a n t e r b ur y a n d Y o r k , t he b is hops o f Lo n do n , W i n ches t e r , Ely , No r w ich , S a rem , 65 F OX 5 no o n on MA RT R S Y . th is sa rc a sti c m ess a ge : To c o n v in r e y o uo f t he r su bst a n ti a ne cessity o f p a yi n g the m o n ey , 1 h a ve se n t fo u me n t s to yo ur college , d r a wn fr o m the syste m o f m ili argu t a r y logi c ; a nd , the r e fo r e , hope y o uwill n o t n eed a ny ” fu rthe r a d m o n iti o n to dire ct yo ur co n d uct The Jes ui t s , gre a tly perple x ed a t these p r ocee di n gs desp a tched a n e x p r ess to co ur t to the ki n g s co n fesso r ,who ch m ore wa s o f thei r o r de r ; b u t the d r a goo n s we r e m u e x peditio us in pl un de r i n g a n d d o i n g m ischie f th a n the co urie r in his j o ur n ey : so th a t t he J es uits , see i n g every thi ng go i n g to r ui n , tho ught p r ope r to a dj ust the m a tter r n o f t h e m esse n ger a n d p a id the m o n ey b e fo r e the r e t u The A ug usti n es a n d C a r m elites , t a ki n g wa r n i n g by wh a t ha d h a ppe n ed t o the J es u its , p r ud e n tly we n t a n d p a id t he m o n ey , a n d by t h a t m e a n s es c ped t h e st u dy o f m ili ta r y ght logi c by t h e d r a goo n s a rgu m e n ts , a n d o f b ei n g t a u O n the othe r h a n d , the Do m i n ic a n s , who a r e a ll a ge n ts isitio n , i m a gi n ed th a t t h a t ve r y ci r c um st a n ce o f the i n q u wo u ld be their protec t i o n ; b ut they we r e m ist a ke n , for M De Leg a l n eithe r fe a r ed n o r respe cted the i n q u isi tio n The chie f o f the Do m i n i c a n s se n t wo r d to t he m ili ta ry co mm a n der , th a t his o r de r wa s p oo r ,a n d h a d n o t a ny ” mo n ey wh a teve r to p a y the do n a t i v e ; F o r , s a id he , the whole we a lth o f the D o m i n i c a n s co n sists o n ly in the silver im a ges o f the a pos t les a n d s a i n ts which a r e pl a ced in o ur ch ur ch , a n d to r emove whi ch wo uld be a c ” co un ted s a c r ilege This i n si n ua tio n wa s me a n t to te r ri fy the Fre n ch com m a n der ; he ho we v e r se n t wo r d th a t the silve r i m a ges ld m a k e a d m i r a ble s ubsti t utes fo r m o n ey , a n d wo uld wo u b e more in ch a r a cte r in hi s possessi o n th a n in th a t o f t he ” F o r , s a id he , D o m i n i c a n s the m selves ; while y o u posse s s the m , they st a n d up in n i ches ,useless a n d m otio n less ,witho ut b ei n g o f the le a st be n efit to m a n ki n d ; b ut l s e fu wo e n they co m e i n to m y possessi o n , they sh a ll b e u I w ill put the m in moti o n ; fo r I i n te n d to h a ve the m ” co in ed , whe n they ma y tr a vel l ike the a postles The i n q uisito r s we r e a sto n ished a t this t r e a t m e n t ,which they n eve r e x pe cted to r e ce i ve ,eve n fr o m c r o wn ed he a ds s im a ges t hey the r e fo r e dete r m i n ed to delive r the i r p r e cio u in a sole m n p r o cessio n , th a t they m ight e x cite t he n ic a n fri a rs wer e a n i n su r rectio n m eople to The Do i p with . ' . . a . . . “ . . . . r o x s B O OK o r MA RT Y RS 1 67 ’ . cordi n gly ordered to m a r ch to De L eg a l s ho use , with the silver a postles a n d s a i n ts , in a m o ur n ful m a n n er , ha vi n g lighted t a pe r s wi t h the m ,a n d b itte r ly cry i n g a ll the ” he r esy 1 wa y , He r esy W he n M De L eg a l he a r d o f these pro ceed i n gs , he o r de r ed fo ur co m p a n i es o f g r e n a die r s to li n e the s t r eet se ; e a ch g r e n a dier wa s o r dered to whi ch led to his ho u h a ve his lo a ded fuzee in o n e h a n d , a n d a lighted t a per in the othe r : so th a t the t r oops m ight ei t her r epel fo r ce w i t h r to the fa rci c a l ce r e m o n y The fr i a rs fo r ce , o r d o ho n o u did a ll they co uld to r a ise a t um ult , b ut t he peo p le we r e too m uch a fr a id o f the t r o ops ; the silver i m a ges we r e th ere fo r e del i ve r ed up t o M D e L eg a l ,wh o se n t them to the m i n t to b e coi n ed i s i t o r s ho we v er , dete r m i n ed to e x co m m un i c a te T he i n q u M De Leg a l , un less he wo uld r ele a se the i r p r e cio us s a i n ts fr o m i m p r i so n m e n t in t he m i n t be fo r e they w e r e melte d do wn The F r e n ch co m m a n de r a b sol ut ely r e fused to do po n which th e i n q uisi t o r s d r e w up the fo r m o f e x t his , u co mm un i c a tio n , a n d orde r ed their se c r et a ry to go a nd re a d it to him This co mm issio n the sec r et a r y p un ct ua lly pe r forme d , n i c a tio n delibe r a tely a n d disti n ctly a n d r e a d the e x co m m u The F r e n ch co m m a n de r he a r d h im w i t h g r e a t p a tie n ce , ld a n s we r it the n e x t d a y a n d poli t ely told h im he w o u As soo n a s th e s e cr et ar y wa s go n e , M D e L eg al o r dered his o wn sec r et a r y to p r e p a r e a fo r m o f e x co m m un i c a tio n e x a ctly like th a t se n t by the i n q uisi t io n : b ut i n ste a d o f his n a m e , to p ut in those o f the i n q uisitors The n e x t m o r n i n g he o r de r ed fo ur r egi m e n ts un der a r m s , a n d co m m a n ded the m to a cco m p a n y his secret a r y , The se c r et a r y we n t a n d a ct a cco r di n g to his di r e ctio n to t he i n quisitio n , a n d i n sisted up o n a d m itt a n ce ; whi ch , aft e r a g r e a t d e a l o f a lterc a t io n ,wa s gr a n t ed As soo n a s he e n t e r ed , he r e a d , in a n a u dible voi ce , the e x co mm un i c a tio n se n t by M De Leg a l a g a i n st the i n q uisito r s They we r e a ll p r ese n t a n d he a r d it with a sto n ish m e n t They c r ied o ut a g a i n st De Leg a l , a s a he r e t ic ; a n d s a id this wa s a m ost d a r i n g i n s u lt a g a i n st the C a t ho li c fa ith But , to s ur prise t he m still m o r e , the F r e n ch se c r et a ry told the m , they m u st r e m ove fr o m their p r ese n t l odgi n gs ; fo r the Fre n ch co m m a n de r wa n ted to q ua r te r his tr oops t h e re . ’ ac . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . 1 68 F ’ o x s B O O K o r M A R T Y RS . the most com m odio us pl a ce in the wh ole c ity O n this the i n q uisitors e x cl a i m ed lo u dly , whe n the se cre ta ry p ut the m un de r a str o n g gua rd , a n d se nt them t o a pl a ce a ppoi n ted by M De L e g a l to re ceive t hem Here , fi n di n g thei r th r e a ts dis r eg a r ded , they begged th a t the y might be permitted to reti r e fr o m the city ,t a ki n g with them thei r priva te p r ope r ty , whi ch wa s gr a n ted , a n d t hey im medi at ely set o ut fo r Ma d r id ,whe r e they m a de the m ost b it ter co m pl a i n t s t o the ki n g ; b ut t he mo n a r ch told the m n o co uld n o t g r a n t t he m a ny red r ess , a s the i nj ur ies they ha d rece ived we r e fr o m t he troops o f his g r a n d fa the r ,the ki n g o f F r a n ce , by whos e a ssist a n ce a lo n e he co u ld be firmly e s t a blished in his ki n gdo m In t he m e a n t i m e , M De Leg a l set ope n a ll the doors o f the i n q ui s itio n , a n d rele a sed the priso n ers , who amo un ted in the whole to fo u r hu ndred a n d a m o n g these we r e s ix t y bea u t if u l y ou n g w o men , wh o fo r m ed a s er a g lio for the th r ee p r i n cip a l i n q uisito r s Thi s discove r y ,w hi ch l a id ope n the e n or m ity o f the in is it o r s , g r e a t ly a l a r m ed t he a r chb ishop , who desired M qu D e L eg a l to se n d the wo m e n to his p a l a ce , a n d he wo u ld ta ke proper c a r e o f t he m a n d a t t he s a m e ti m e he p ub lis he d a n e cclesi a sti c a l ce n s u r e a g a i n st a ll s u ch a s sho uld ridi c ule or bl a m e the holy i n q uisiti o n But the F r e n ch com m a n de r se n t w o r d to the a rchb ish op ,th a t t h e p r iso n e r s ha d e ither r a n a wa y , or were sec urely co n ce a led by t hei r fr ie n d s , or his o wn o ffi ce r s ; th a t it wa s i m poss ible fo r him to se nd the m b a ck a g a i n ; a n d , t he r e fo r e , the i n q uisitio n h a v i n g co mm itted s uch a t r o ci o us a ctio n s , m ust n o w p ut up r e a n d sh a m e wi t h thei r e x pos u O n e o f t he l a dies t h us delive r ed fr o m c a ptivity wa s a fter wa rd m a rr ied to the F r e n ch o ffi cer wh o ope n ed th e door S he rel a ted m a n y s in o f he r d u n ge o n a n d r ele a sed her g ul a r ci r c um s t a n c es r es p ec t i n g t he h o ly f a th er s to he r h usb a n d a n d t o M G a v i n ,who a ft e r wa r d m a de t hem p ubl i c ” The Ma s t er K ey to P ope r y in his wo r k e n t i t led Fro m t he fo r ego i n g n a r r a t ive it will be pe r ceived t ha t the i n q uisi t o r s , un de r the e x t e r i or g a r b o f s a n c t i ty a n d sel f de n i a l , a re g uil ty o f t he g r e a t est e n o r m ities L ust , p r ide , el ty , ar e t hei r p r edo m i n a n t p assio n s ; a n d a v a r i ce , a n d c r u ch is the bli n d n ess a n d b igot r y o f the del uded peop le su ov e r whom they e x t e n d thei r despoti c s wa y , th a t n ot a as it wa s . . . ’ . . . . . . . . . . . 1 70 Fo x ’ no o n s on A T YRS M R . r e a t a n a sce n de n cy o v er the m i n d o f the k i n g med so g g t e sl a ve to s u pe r s t i t io n ,t h a t he s a c r ifi c e o who wa s a n a b sol u the feeli n gs o f n a t ur e to t he fo r ce o f bigot ry ,a n d fro m fe a r isi t io n , p a ssed s e n te n ce r r i n g t h e a n ge r o f the i n q u of i n cu o f d e a t h o n his o n ly s o n The p r i n ce ha d w h a t wa s ter med a n i nd ulge n ce ; th a t IS , he w a s pe r m i t t ed to choose t he m a n n e r o f h is de a t h H e chose bleed i n g a n d t he ho t b a t h ; w he n the vei n s o f his a r m s a n d legs b e i n g o pe n e d ,he e x pi r ed g ra d ua lly ,fa l l isi tors , a n d the b e in g a m a r t y r to the m a li ce o f the i nq u s otted bigotr y o f his fa ther a . . . C H A PT ER III . ti on s i n B ohemia a n d G er ma ny P er s ecu . Tu n se v e r ity e x e r cised by the Ro m a n c a tholics over the re fo r m ed Bo he m i a n s , i n d uced t he l a tt e r to se n d t wo m i r l a y m e n to Ro m e , in the ye a r 9 7 7 , to see k n is t e r s a n d fo u red r ess fr o m t he po p e A fte r so m e del a y t hei r r e q uest T wo t hi n gs wa s g r a n t ed , a n d t he i r g r i e v a n ces r ed r e s s ed . . p a r t i c ul a r we r e pe r m i t t ed to t he m , t o h a ve d i vi n e a ge , a n d t o gi v e t he cu s e r v i ce in t hei r o w n l a n g u p in t h e s a cr a m e n t t o t h e l a i ty The dis p ut es , h o we v e r ,soo n b r oke cceedi n g popes e x e r t i n g a ll t he i r p o we r to ou t a g a i n , t he s u res um e t hei r ty r a n ny ove r t he m i n ds o f t he Bohe m i a n s ; a n d t he l a t t e r , w i t h g r e a t spi r i t , a i m i n g to p r ese r ve the ir s li be r t ies r e ligio u S o m e ze a lo us fr ie n ds o f the gospel a pplied to Ch a rles , n cil fo r a n in k i n g o f B ohe m i a , A D 1 3 7 5 , to c a ll a co u q ui r y i n to the a b uses th a t ha d c r e pt i n to the ch ur ch ,a n d t o gh r e fo r m a t io n Ch a r les , a t a loss ho w to m a ke a tho r o u p r o ceed , se n t to t he po p e fo r a d v ice ; the l a t t e r , i n ce n sed P un ish seve r el y those pr e a t the a ffa i r , o n ly r eplied , ” s um pt uo us a n d p r o fa n e he r e t i cs The k m , a cco r di n gly , b a n ished eve ry o n e who ha d bee n co n ce r n ed i n t he a pp li c a t i o n ; a n d t o sho w his ze a l fo r the po pe , l a i d m a n y a d d it io n a l res t r a i n ts u po n the re fo r m ed Ch r isti a n s o f the nt r y cou The ma r t y r dom o f Jo h n Hu ss a n d Jero m e o f Pr a gue in . . . . . “ . . " ’ Bo x s no o n o n M A RT YRS 17 ] . re a tly i n cre a s ed the i n dig n a t i o n o f t he beli eve r s , a n d g a ve g se T hese t wo g r e a t a n d p io us me n a n i m a tio n to their c a u n cil o f C o n st a n ce , we r e co n de m n ed by o r der o f t he c o u whe n fi ft y ei gh t o f t he p r n ci pa l B oh e m i a n n obili t y i n t e r posed in t heir fa vo ur Neve r t heless they we r e b ur n t ; a n d n c il o f C o n s t a n ce , n c t i o n wi t h t he co u the po p e , in co nj u o r de r ed the Ro m ish cle r gy e v e r y whe r e t o e x co m m un i c a te rmu r ed a t their fa te a ll wh o a dop t ed t hei r op i n i o n s , o r m u e n ce o f these o r de r s g r e a t co n t e n t i o n s a r ose b e In co n seq u t wee n the p a pis t s a n d r e fo r m ed Bohe m i a n s , wh ich pr o t io n a g a i n s t t h e l a tt er At P r a g ue ce d a viole n t perse c u du lt wa s e x t r e m ely se v e r e ,t ill a t le n gt h the r e fo r me d ,d r i v e n t o despe r a tio n , a r m e d t he m selves , a tt a c k ed the se n a te ho use , a n d c a s t t w el v e o f its m e m b e r s ,wi t h t he spe a ker , The pope he a r i n g o f this we n t to ou t o f the w i n d o w s Flo r e n ce a n d p ubli cly e x co m m un i c a t e d t h e r e fo r m ed Bo h e m ia n s , e x ci t i n g t he e m pe r o r o f G e r m a n y , a n d a ll othe r ki n gs , p r i n ces , d ukes ,& c , t o t a ke up a r m s in o r d er t o e x tir p a t e t h e whole r a ce p r o m isi n g , by wa y o f e n co ur a ge m e n t , fu ll r e m issio n o f a ll si n s t o t he m os t w icked p e r so n wh o sho u ld kill o n e Bo he m i a n p r otes t a n t The r es ul t o f t h is w a s a bloo d y i t a r : fo r se v e r a l popish p r i n ces u n de r took t he e x t i r p a t io n o r a t le a st e x p ulsio n , o f the pr o s c r ibed p eo p le while t he B ohe m i a n s , a r m i ng the m selve s , p r ep a r ed t o repel the m in t he m os t v igo r o us m a n n e r The o n is n a r m y p r e v a ili n g a g a i n s t t he p r o t es t a n t fo r ces a t the p b a tt le o f C ut te n b ur gh , t hey co n v eyed thei r p r i so n e r s to th r ee d ee p mi n es n e a r t h a t t o w n , a nd t h r e w se v er a l h un d r eds i n t o e a ch , where they pe r ished in a m iser a b e ma nner A b igoted po pish m a gistr a te , n a med P i chel , seized twe n t v fe u r pro t est a n t s , a m o n g w ho m wa s his d a ugh t er s ou s ba nd O n thei r a ll co n fessi n g t he m selves o f t he r e fo r m ed r el igi o n , he se n te n ced t he m to be d r o w n ed in the ri ver Abbis O n t he d a y o f the e x ec ut io n a g r e a t c o n co ur s e o f people a tt e n de d ; a nd Pic he l s d a ugh t e r t h r e w h ersel f a t he r f at he r s fee t , bede wed the m w i t h t e a r s , a n d implored him to p a rdo n h e r h u sb a n d The o bd ura t e m a i n o r fo r h i m , c h ild , he s t r a t e ste r n ly r eplied l n e r cede t , g ” is a hereti c ,a vile he r eti c To w hich s he n obly a n s we r ed , W h a tever his fa ults m ay b e ,o r ho we ve r his opi n io ns may di ffer fro m yo u rs , he is still m y h usb a nd , a tho ught . - i . . . . . . . l . ’ - . . ’ . ’ . . F o x s BOOK o r ’ ma n n e r; like this sho uld a lo n e emp loy my whole ” D i c he l fle w i n t o a vi ol e n t c o n sider a t io p a s s io n, a n d s a id "b um m a d ! c a n n o t y o u ,a ft e r his d ea t h n a ve a ” t\ o , s ir , r e p lie d she , my much wo r t lue r h ub a n d l a ffe c t io n s a r e fi x ed u p o n h im , a n d de a t h i t s el f sh a ll n ot ” d is s ol v e my m a r r i a ge vo w P ichel , ho w e ve r , co n t i n ued ln fi e x ib le , a n d o r de r ed t he p r iso n e r s t o be t ied w i t h t heir h a n ds a n d feet behi n d t he m , a n d in t h a t m a n n e r t h r o wn i n to the r ive r This bei ng p ut i n t o e x ec ut io n , the y o un l a dy wa t ched her oppo r t un i ty , le a ped i n t o the wa ves , a n d em b ra ci n g t he body o f her husb a n d , bo th s un k toge t her which at a i t me n . . " s . ' r . . t ion by t h e E mp er or F er d in a n d P er s ecu . The em peror Fe r di n a n d , wh o se h a tr e d to the protest a n ts was u n li m i t ed , n o t thi n ki n g he h a d s u ffi cie n tly o p p r essed the m , i n s t it ut ed a hig h co ur t o f r e fo r m e r s , upo n the pl a n o f t he i n q ui s itio n , w i t h t his d itfc r e n ce , t h a t the to r e m o v e fr o m pl a ce t o pl a ce The r e fo r m e r s we r e g r e a ter p a r t o f this co ur t co n sis t ed o f J e s uit s , a n d fr o m its A t t e n ded by a bo d y o f d ecisi o n s t h e r e w a s n o a p p e a l r o f B ohe m i a ,a n d seldo m e x a m i n e d tr oops t hey m a de t he t o u ffe r ed the soldie r s t o m u r de r the t su o r s a w a p r iso n e r ; b u p r o t es t a n t s a s they p le a sed , a n d the n to m a ke report o f the m a t t e r a fte r wa rd The fi r s t wh o fell a vi c t i m to thei r b a r b a r ity wa s a n si c k in bed , a ged m i n is t e r , who m t hey killed a s he la y Ne x t d a y t h e y r obbed a n d m ur de r ed a n o t he r , a n d soo n lpi t a fte r sho t a t hi r d wh ile p r e a c h i n g in his p u They r ziv is h e d t h e d a ugh te r o f a p r o t es t a n t be fore h is They tied a fa ce , a n d t he n t o r t ur ed h e r fa t he r t o d e a t h An r n t the m m i n is t e r a n d his w i fe b a ck to b a ck a n d b u o t he r m i n is t e r t hey h un g upo n a c r oss be a m ,a n d m a ki n g a A ge n t le m a n t hey fi r e un de r h im , b r oi led h im to de a t h h a cked i n t o s m a ll pieces ; a nd they filled a yo un g m a n s w r n fi e o h i g po der setti g to i t ble his n d a n w h u w t u t , m , h e a d to pieces r gy , h t e a i n s t a r n he i p i ci p l ge bei g di ected cle a r n a r r Bu t t g r o t m r w n t n a m hey seized pio s p otest i is e ho they t r u a , t m e a t ed d a ily fo r a m o n t h , in the follo wi n g m a n n er : they h im m n d a l ced idst the a n d d e r ided ocked m a m h i m , pa th e y spit in h is fa ce a n d pi n ched him in v a r io us p a rts o f . . . . . . - . ’ . 17 4 ’ Fo x s B O OK o r MAM r e s . r a sked m any un n e cess a r y a n d i m p e r ti n e n t q uest ions, whi ch so e x a spe r a ted o n e o f the n oble m e n , th a t he e x cl a i m ed , ope n i n g his b r e a st a t the s a m e ti m e , C ut here , t the lo v e o f re s e a r ch m y he a r t , y o ush a ll fi n d n o t hi n g b u ligio n a n d li b e r t y : t hese we r e the m o t ives fo r whi ch I d re w ” my s w o r d , a n d fo r those I a m wil li n g to d ie As n o n e o f the p r iso n e r s wo uld r e n o un ce their fa i t h , o r a ck n o wle d ge the m selves in erro r ,t hey we r e a ll pro n o u n ced g uil t y ; t he se n te n ce wa s , ho w eve r r e fe r r ed to the e m W he n t h a t m o n a r ch h a d r e a d thei r n a m es , a n d the pe ro r s a t i o n s a g a i n st the m , he p a ssed j udg m e n t o n a ll, b ut a cc u r ki n ds , in a d i ffe r e n t m a n n er ; hi s se n t e n ces bei n g o f fo u viz : de a t h , b a n ish m e n t , i m p r iso n m e n t fo r li fe , a n d im priso n m e n t d ur i n g ple a s ur e T we n ty o f the m bei n g o r de r e d fo r e x e c ut io n , were i n fo r m ed they might se n d fo r Jes ui t s , m o n ks , or fr i a r s ,to p r ep a re fo r t hei r a wful ch a n ge , bu n i c a t io n w i t h protest a n t s wo u ld b e pe r t t h a t n o co m m u m itt e d the m This p r o pos a l they r ej e c t ed , a n d s t ro ve a ll they co uld to co m fo r t a n d chee r e a ch o t her upo n the s o The m o r n i n g o f t he e x e c utio n bei n g a r le m n occ a si o n ri v ed ,a c a n n o n wa s fi r ed a s a sig n a l to b r i n g the p r iso n e r s fro m the c a s t le to t he p r i n cip a l m a r ke t pl a ce , in whi ch sc a ffolds we r e e r e cted , a n d a body o f t r oops d r a wn up to a tte n d The p r iso n e r s le ft the c a stl e , a n d p a ssed wi th dig n i ty , co m pos ure , a n d chee r ful n ess ,t h r o ugh s o ld ie r s ,J e s ui t s , priests , e x ec ut io n ers , a tt e n d a n ts , a n d a p r odigio us co n co ur se o f people a sse m bled to see the e x i t o f t hese de voted m a rtyrs l n p ursua n ce o f t hei r se n t e n ce the whol e t we n ty we r e behe a de d , mee t i n g de a t h wi t h a fortit ud e se in whi ch they s uffe r ed wo r t hy o f the c a u ne s . . . . x . . - . . . Accoun t of J o hn H uss . J oh n Huss wa s b or n in the vill a ge o f Hus se n itz , in B0 he rn i a , a bo ut t he ye a r 1 3 80 H i s p a r e n t s g a ve h im t he best ed uc a t io n t hey co uld bes t o w, a n d h a v i n g a cq uir ed a toler a ble k n o wledge o f t he cl a ssi cs , a t a p r iv a te sch o ol ,he n i v e r si ty o f P r a g u e , whe r e the po we r s 01 wa s se n t t o t h e u dy soo n re n dered him h is m i n d a n d his dilige n ce in s t u co n s pi c uo us I n 1 4 08 , he co mm e n ced b a chelor o f d ivi n ity , a n d wa s cc e s sively chose n p a stor o f the ch ur ch o f B ethl e h e m in su . . . F ’ o x s B o o k o r MA RT YRS _ 75 . The d ut o f these st a t io n s he d isch a r ged wi th g r e a t fidel i ty , a n d bec a m e a t le ng t h so co n spi c uo us fo r t he bold n ess a nd t r uth o f his p r e a chi n g t h a t he a t t r a c t ed the n o t i ce a n d r a ised the m a lig n i ty o f t he pope a n d his c r e a t ur es H is i n fl ue n ce i n t he un ive r si ty wa s ve r y g r e a t ,n o t o n ly o n a cco u e n ce ,a n d e x e m pl a ry l i fe , n t o f his le a r n i n g , eloq u bu nt o f so m e va l u a ble p r i v ileges he t a lso o n a cco u ha d ob t a i n ed fr o m t he ki n g in beh a l f o f th a t se m i n a r y T he E n glis h r e fo r m e r , W i ckli ff e , h a d so ki n dled the light o f r e fo r m a t io n , t h a t it beg a n to ill um i n e the d a r kest H is d oc tr i n es we r e co r n e r s o f p o p e r y a n d ig n o r a n ce e c e ive d i n B ohe m i a wi t h a vid i ty a n d ze a l , by g r e a t n u m ne r s o f p eo p le , b u l a r ly a s Joh n B a s s , t by n o n e so p a r t i c u a n d his fr ie n d a n d fello w m a r tyr , Je r o m e o f P r a g u e The r e fo r m is t s d a ily i n c r e a si n g ,t he a r chbisho p o f Pra gue r t he r sp r e a d i n g o f W i ck iss ue d a de c r ee t o p r eve n t t he fu liffe s wr i t i n gs T h i s , ho we ve r , h a d a n e ffe c t q ui t e the la te d t he co n ve r t s r e v e r s e t o w h a t he e x p e c t ed , fo r i t s t im u to g r e a t e r ze a l , a nd a t le n g t h a l m ost t he whole un ive r sity un i t e d in p r o m o t i n g the m S tr o ngly a t t a ched t o t he doc t r i n es o f lVic kliffe , H us s st r e n uo us l y o p posed t he d e c r ee o f the a r chb isho p , wh o , ll fr o m t he p o p e a ut ho r izi n g n o t wi ths t a n di n g , o b t a i n e d a b u h im t o p r e v e n t t h e p u blishi n g o f VVic kliffe s wr i t i n gs in his p r o v i n ce By v i r t ue o f t his b ull , he p r o ceeded a g a i n st fo u r do c t o r s , wh o h a d n o t deli ve r ed u p so m e co p ies , a n d a i n s t t hese r ohi b i t ed t he m fr o m p r e a chi n g Ag p p r o ceed i n gs , H uss ,wi t h so m e o t he r m e m be r s o f t he un ive r si ty , p r o t es t ed , a n d e n t e r e d a n a pe a l fr o m t he se n t e n ces o f t he a r chbisho p p T he po p e n o soo n e r he a r d o f t his , t h a n he g r a n t e d a c o m mis s i o n t o c a r d i n a l C olo n n a , t o c it e J oh n Hu s s t o a pp e a r r t o f Ro m e , to a n s we r a cc u s a t io n s l a id a g a i n st a t t h e co u F r o m t his a pp e a r a n ce , H uss h im , o f p r e a c hin g he r esies r e d in desi r ed t o b e e x c u s e d , a n d so g r e a t ly wa s he fa v o u ee n , t he n obili ty , Bohe m i a , t h a t ki n g V in ce s la u s , t he q u a n d t he u n iv e r s i ty , d esi r ed the po e t o d ispe n s e w i t h s u ch p a s a lso th a t he w o u ld n o t s uffer t he ki n g an a p p e a r a n c n d er t he a cc u s a t io n o f he r es y , b ut d o m o f Bohe m i a to l ie u pe r m it the m t o p r e a ch t he gospel wi t h fr eedo m in thei r pl a ces o f worshi p Three p r octors a ppe a r e d fo r B a ss be fo re c a rdina l Pr a g u e , a n d cle a n a n d r e c t o r o f t he un i ve r si ty . . . . - . ’ . . ’ . . . . V . 1 76 F r ie s o x s n o o n o r lux u ’ . Co lo n n a They m a de a n e x c use fo r his a bse n ce a n d sai d , they were r e a d y to a n s we r in his beh a l f But t h e c a rd i n a l d e cl a red him co n t um a cio u s , a n d a cco r di n gly e x c o m m u ni ca t e d hi m O n t his t h e p r o ctors a ppe a led to t h e pope , w ho a ppo in ted fo u r c a r d i n a ls to e x a mi n e t he p r o cess t hese co m missio n ers co n fi r m ed the se n te n c e o f the c a rdi na l, a n d e x te n ded the e x co m m u n i c a tio n , n o t o n ly t o H u ss , bu t to a ll his fr ie n d s a n d fol o we r s H ss u t he n a ppe a le d l nj u fr o m this u st se n te n ce to a fut ur e co un cil , b ut wi t ho ut su ccess a n d ,n ot wi t hst a n di n g so seve r e a d e c r ee , a n d a n e x p ulsio n fr o m his ch ur ch in P r a gue , he reti r ed to Hus se n itz , his n a tive pl a ce , where he co n t i n ued to pro mulg a te the t r uth , b oth fr o m the p ul pit , a nd wi t h the pe n He he r e co m pile d a t r e a tise , in whi ch he m a i n t a i n ed , ld n o t b e a bsol ute t h a t re a d i n g the b ooks o f protest a n ts co u ly fo r bi d de n H e wr ote in d e fe n ce o f W ick liffe s book o n the Tri n ity a nd boldly d ecl a r ed a g a i n st the vi ces o f the pope , the c a r di n a ls , a n d the cle r gy o f t hose co r r upt ti m es Besides these , he w ro t e m a n y o ther b ooks a ll o f whi ch were pe n n ed with s u ch st r e n gth o f a r g ume n t , a s gre a tly fa ci l it a ted the sp r e a di n g o f hi s d o ctri n es In E n gl a n d the persec u tio n s a ga inst t he protest a n ts ha d bee n c a rried o n fo r some ti m e wi t h r ele n tless c r uel ty They n o w e x te n ded to G er m a ny a n d B ohe m i a , whe r e H uss , a n d Je r ome o f P r a g ue , we r e p a r t ic ul a r ly si n gled ou ffer in the c a u t to s u se o f religi o n n cil In the m o n th o f Nove m b er , 1 4 1 4 , a ge n er a l co u wa s a sse m ble d a t Co n st a n ce , in Ger m a n y , fo r t h e p u rpose te t he n e x is t i n g b et wee n three pe r o f deter m i n i n g a disp u “ so n s wh o co n t e n ded fo r t he p a p a l t hro n e Joh n H uss wa s s um m o n ed t o a ppe a r a t this co un cil a n d to d ispel a n a p p r ehe n sio n s o f d a n ge r ,t he e m pe r or se n t y him a s a fe co n d u ct ,givi n g h im pe r m issio n freely to com e to , a nd r et ur n fr o m the co un cil O n r e cei vi n g this i n fe r m a tio n , he told the pe r so n s who delive r ed it , Th a t he d esire d n o thi n g more th a n to p u rge hi m sel f p ubli cly o i , . . ~ . . . ’ . . . . . . - . “ Th s w J h p p s d a d t up b y th I t li s ; G g y b y ch d c t b y t h S p i ds T h c u c l c t u d f ur d B th F s i w h ch th s st l w s w c t d t c ush t h p t st t s y d p os d d obl g d t fly t h m s t h us c m s b g P p J h w s t h i m ; m g w h ich w h t t m p t t p is h i p d p ov d g c s r,h s b i g g am s t e , h t , m ud d ul t r, n d g ui l ty f u n n a tu l fi en e e ren e an ea r , n o e o n r e a e so i ra n, er e , o en e i e as e a in e n o a i . n o e an ar e an a on a o e i r , ere e n a a a a a e se e , ever e e ’ en c ro , er e , r e e o o r an re or , i on in e o ro e an n e e o ei n o is a e o e r er an a o er e . ri e ei n on s re a e o Fo x ’ s Bo o k or Ma n t r a s . r nt to a shes ; whi ch orders we re m a in s to b e d u g u p a nd b u ob eyed . I n t h e m e a n ti me the n ob ili ty o f B ohe m i a a n d P ol a n d us e d a ll t hei r i n t e r es t fo r Il us s a n d so fa r p re v a i led a s to p r e ve n t his be i n g co n de m n ed un he a r d ,whi ch ha d b e e n r e solved o n by t he co m m issio n e r s a ppoi n t ed to t r y h im Be f or e his t r i a l t ook pl a ce , his e n e m ies e m p loyed a F r a n cisc a n fr i a r ,who m igh t e n t a ng le h im in hi s wo r d s ,a n d the n a pp e a r a g a i n s t him This m a n , o f g r e a t i n ge n ui ty b t le ty , c a m e t o h im in t h e ch a r a c t e r o f a n idio t , a nd a nd s u e s t e d t o b e t a u h t his w i th s ee m i n g si n ce r i ty a n d ze a l , r eq u g Bu s s soo n d isco v e r ed him , a n d t old h im t ll u d oc t r i n e s t h a t h is m a n n e r s wo r e a g r e a t se m b l a n ce o f si m pli ci t y ; es t io n s d i s co ve r ed a d e p t h a n d d esig n b e bu t t h a t his q u yo n d t he r e a ch o f a n idio t l i e a ft e r w a r d fo un d t his p re te n ded fool t o be Did a co , o n e o f t h e d eepes t lo gi ci a ns in L o m b a rd y At l e n g t h he wa s b r o ught b e fo r e t h e co un cil , w he n t he a r t icles e x hi b i t ed a ga i n s t him we r e re a d : t hey we r e u p wa r ds o f fo r t y in n um ber , a n d chiefly e x t r a cted fr o m his “ n ) r i t i gs w O n his e x a m i n a t i o n bei n g fi n i s hed he w a s t a ke n fro m the co ur t , a n d a r e s ol ut io n wa s fo r m ed by t he c o un cil to b ur n him a s a he r e t i c , un less he r e t r a cted H e wa s t he n c o m m i tt ed to a fi l t hy p r iso n , whe r e , in t he d a y t i m e , he w a s so l a de n wi t h fe t t e r s o n his legs t h a t he could h a r dly mo v e ; a n d e v e ry n igh t he wa s fa s t e n ed by h is h a n ds to a ri n g a g a i n s t t he wa lls o f t he p r iso n ed so m e d a ys in t his s i t ua ti o n , in which t ime Il e co n t i n u m a n y n oble m e n o f Bo he m i a i n t e r ceded in his beh a l f They d r e w up a pe t i t io n fo r his r ele a se , w hi ch wa s p r e se n t ed t o t he co un cil by seve r a l o f t he m os t ill us t r io us no bles o f Bohe m i a n o t wi t hs t a n di n g which , so m a n y e n e m ies r t , t h a t n o a t t e n t io n w a s s s in t h a t co u a i d t o it ,a n d ha d l l u p he p e r s ec ut ed r e fo r m e r wa s co m pelle d t o be a r w i t h t he p un i s h m e n t i n flic t e d o n h im by t h a t m e r c iless t r ib un a l Sh o r t ly a ft e r t he pe t i t io n wa s pr ese n t ed , fo ur b i s hop s an d t wo lo r ds were se n t by t he e m pe r o r to the p r iso n , in . . . . . . . . . Th t th d j dg c gs h g c m a y fm m a u m en t o f h i s w r it i n , w e e re iv e h e w as o n d e m n e : “ An e Vl l a n d a w i k ed m e o f t h e a i t i c i es fo r w i a e rea p op e i s n o t t h e s er h ch ucc e sso r o f Pe t er , b ut o f J ud a s d Po x s n o o k or EH RT Y RS 1 79 . der to p rev a il o n H uss to m a ke a re c a n t a ti o n But he s o f h a vi n g a ll e d G o d t o w i t n ess t h a t he wa s n o t co n s cio u p r e a c he d o r w r i t t e n a n y t hi n g a g a i n s t his t r ut h , o r t he fa i t h rc h The d e p ut ies t he n r ep r ese n t ed o f t h e o r t h o d o x ch u t ho r i t y o f t he co u n cil ; t o w hic h th e g r e a t w i d o m a n d a u H us s r e pli e d , Le t t he m se n d t he m e a n es t pe r so n o f t h a t co un c il , w ho c a n co n v i n ce m e by a r g ume n t fr o m t he wo r d ” l su b m i t my J udg m e n t t o h im This o f G o d , a nd l wu pio us a n s we r ha d n o e ffec t , be c a use he wo uld n e t t a ke t he n cil u po n t r us t , wi t ho ut the le a s t s h a t ho r i ty o f t h e co u au m e n t o ffe r ed The dep ut ies , t he r e fore , d o w o f a n a r gu ld m a ke n o i m p r essio n o n him , dep a r t ed , fi n d i n g t hey co u gre a t ly a s t o n ishe d a t t he s t r e n gt h o f hi s resol ut io n ght b e O n t he 4 i h o f J uly he w a s , fo r t he l a s t ti m e , b r o u fo r e t he co un cil A ft e r a lo n g e x a m i n a t i o n he wa s desi r ed to a bjur e , whi c h he r e fused w i tho ut t he le a st hesi t a t io n The b i ho p o f Lodi t he n p r e a ched a se r m o n , t he t e x t o f ” whi ch w a s , Le t t he body o f s in be des t r oyed , ( co n ce r n in g t he d es t r uc t io n o f he r e t ics ,) t h e p r olog u e to h is ih te nded p un is hm e n t A ft e r t he close o f t he ser m o n his dg fa t e w a s d e te r i i i in d , his vi n di c a tio n rej ec t ed , a n d j u m e nt p ro no u n ce d The co un cil ce n s ur ed him fo r bei n g o b s t in a t e a n d i n c o r r i g i b l e , a n d o r d a i n ed , Th a t he sho uld be deg r a d e d fr o m t h e p r ies t hood , his b ooks p ubli cly b ur n t , a n d hi m sel f d elive r ed t o t h e sec u l a r po we r H e r ecei v ed the se n t e n e w i t ho ut t he le a st emotio n ; a n d a t t he close o f it he k n eeled do w n w i t h his eyes li ft e d to wa rd he a ve n , a n d , w i t h a ll t he m a g n a n i m i t y o f a pri m i tive m a r t yr , t h us e x cl a i m ed Ma y thy i n fi n i t e m ercy ,O my G o d ! p a rdo n t his i nj us t i ce o f mi n e e n e m ies Tho u k i i o we s t t h e i nju s t ice o f m y a cc us a t io n s : h o w de fo r m ed wi t h c r i m es I h a ve bee n r ep r ese n t ed ; ho w I h a ve b e e n op p r essed wi t h wo r t hless w i t n esses , a n d a fa lse c o n d e m n a t io n ; y e t , 0 m y God ! le t t h a t mercy o f t hi n e , w h ic h n o t o ngu e c a n e x p r ess ,p r e v a il wi t h thee n o t to a ve n ge m y ” wr o n gs These e x celle n t se n t e n ces we r e r eceived a s s o m a n y e x p r es s i o n s o f he r esy , a n d o n ly t e n ded to i n fla m e his a dve r a r ies A cco r di n g ly , t he b ishop s a ppoi n t ed by the co un cil ,s t r i p ped h im o f his p r ies t ly g a r me n ts deg ra ded him , a n d p ut a p a p e r m i t r e o n his he a d , o n wh ich were p a i n t ed devi ls , wi t h t h is i n sc r i p t io n : A ri ng le a d e r o f he r e t i cs or . c . s , . . . . . s . o . “ . c . . s . “ . 1 80 ’ Fo x s B O OK o r MA RT YR S . Th is mo ck er y wa s re ceived by the heroi c m a r tyr with a n a ir o f u n co n cer n , whi ch a ppe a red to give h im dig n ity ra ther t h a n disg r a c e A se r e ni ty a ppe a r ed in his looks , which i n d i c a t ed t h a t his so u l h ad cut o ff m a ny st a ges o f a tedi o us j o ur n ey in her way to the re a l m s o f everl a sti n g ha ppi n ess The cere m o n y o f degr a d a ti o n b ei n g over , the bisho p s del ive r ed h im t o t he e m pe r o r , who co m m it t ed h im to t he c a re o f t he d uke o f B a v a ri a Hi s books we r e b ur n t a t t he g a t es o f t he ch urch a n d o n the 6 t h o f J uly he wa s led t o th e s u b ur bs o f Co n s t a n ce , to b e b ur n t a live W he n he ha d re a ched the pl a ce o f e x ec ut io n , he fell o n hi s k n ees , s un g seve r a l port io n s o f the P s a l m s , looke d s t e a d fa s t ly t o wa r d he a ve n , a n d r epe a ted , I n to thy h a n ds , 0 Lo r d ! do I co mm i t m y s p i r it : tho uh a st redee m ed m e , ” 0 most good a n d fa i t h fu l God As soo n a s t he ch a i n wa s put a b o ut h im a t the st a ke ,he s a id , w i t h a s m ili n g co u n te n a n ce , My Lo r d Jes us Christ wa s b o u n d w i t h a h ar de r ch a i n th a n this fo r my s a ke , wh y ” the n sho uld I be a sh a m ed o f this old r usty o n e 1 W he n the fa gots we r e piled a r o un d h im , the d uke o f ” B a v a r i a desired h im to a bj ur e No , s a id he , I n ever pre a ched a ny d o c t ri n e o f a n evil te n de n cy ; a n d wh a t I ” t a ught with m y lips I n o w se a l wi t h my blood He the n s a id t o t h e e x e c u ti o n er , Yo u a r e n o w goi n g to b ur n a a ge , ss sig n i fyi n g oos e in the B ohe m i a n l a n g u g o o s e, ( H u ) g bu ry y o u wi ll h a ve a s wa n who m y o uc a n t in a ce n t u ” n eithe r ro a st n o r boil If this were spoke n in prophe cy , he m ust h a v e m e a n t Ma r t i n L uther , who flo ur ished a bo ut a ce n t u r y a fte r , a n d wh o h a d a s wa n for his a rms A s soo n a s the fa gots were lighted , the he r o i c m a r tyr su n g a hy m n w ith so lo u d a n d cheer ful a voi c e , th a t he wa s he a rd thro u gh a ll the cra ckli n gs o f the comb ustibles , a n d the n oise o f the m u lti tu de At le n gth h is voi ce was n terr u te d by the fla me s , whi ch soo n e ri od to his p u t a p p . . . . . . . . . . . ife . Accoun t of J er ome of P r ag ue . Th is hero in the c a use o f tr uth , wa s b or n a t Pra gue ,a nd ed uc a ted in it s un i ve r sity , whe r e he soo n b ec a m e d is t i n a vm ed H u i h d his le r i e ce comple t s e f r n g a n d eloq u n n o a g g r ox ° B OO K O F m ar inas s . The co un cil ,a ft e r e x pre s s in thei r oblig a t io n s t o t h e d u ke desi r ed him t o se n d t h e , g p r iso n e r i m m ed i a t ely t o Co n s t a n ce He wa s , a cco r d i n gly co n v eyed t hi t he r in i r o n s , a n d o n his wa v wa s m e t by t he elec t or p a l a t i n e , who c a us ed a lo n g c ha i n t o b e fa s t e n ed to him , by whi ch he w a s d r a gge d , like a wild be a s t , t o t he C lois t e r , whe n ce , a fte r a n e x a m i n a t io n , he wa s co n veyed t o a t o we r , a n d fa s t e n ed t o a blo ck , wi t h his legs i n s t ocks In this m a n n er he re m a i n ed ele v e n d a ys a n d n igh t s , till b e co m i n g d a n ge r o usly ill in co n se q ue n ce , his pe r se c ut o r s , in o rde r to g r a t i fy t heir m a li ce s t ill fa r t her , relieved h im l s ta t e fro m t h a t p a i n fu H e re m a i n ed co n fi n ed t ill the m a r ty r do m o f hi s fr ie n d H uss ; a ft e r w hi ch , h e w a s b r o ugh t fo r t h a n d t h r e a t e n ed wi t h i m m edi a t e to r m e n t s a n d d e a t h if he r e m a i n e d o b s t i nat e Te r r ified a t t he p r e p a r a t i o n s w hi ch he behel d , he , in a m o m e n t o f w e a k n ess , fo r go t his r esol u t io n , a bj u r ed his d o c t t in e s , a n d co n fessed t h a t H u ss m e r i t ed his fa t e , a nd e n ce t h a t bo t h he a n d W ickli ffe we r e he r e t i cs In co n se q u o f t his , h is ch a i n s we r e t a ke n o ff, a n d he w a s t r e a t ed m ore ki n dly ; he wa s , ho we v e r s t ill co n fi n ed , b ut in ho pes o f li b e r a t io n But his e n e m ies s uspe c t i n g his si n ce r i ty , pro posed a n o t her fo r m o f r e c a n t a t io n t o be d r a wn up a n d p r o posed to him To this , ho w eve r , he r e fused t o a n s w er e x cept in p ubli c , a n d wa s a c co r di n gly , b r o ugh t be f or e t he co un cil , whe n , t o t he a sto n ish m e n t o f his a udi t o r s , a n d t o the glo r y o f tr uth , he r e n o un ced his r e c a n t a t io n , a n d re q uested pe r m issio n to p le a d his o wn c a use , whic h wa s r e sed ; a n d t he ch a r ges a g a i n st h im we r e r e a d , in whi ch fu he wa s a cc us e d o f be i n g a de r ide r o f t he p a p a l d ig n i ty ,a n oppose r o f the p ope , a n e n e m y to the c a r di n a ls , a p e r se t o r o f the p r el a t es , a n d a h a t e r o f t he Ch r is t i a n r eligio n cu To these ch a r ges Je r o m e a n s w e r ed w i t h a n a m a zi n g t io n a n d st r e n gth o f a r g u ment A fter which force o f elo c u he wa s re m a n ded t o his pr iso n The thi r d d a y fr o m this his tri a l w a s b r o ught o n , a n d H e w a s p r ep a r e d fo r his d e wi t n esses we r e e x a m i n ed gh he h a d bee n n e a rly a ye a r sh ut up in fe n ce , a l t ho u l o a t hso m e p r iso n s , dep r i v ed o f t he li gh t o f d a y , a n d a l most s t a r v ed fo r w a n t o f co m m o n n e cess a r ies But his spi r i t so ar ed a bo v e t hes e dis a d v a n t a ges The most bigo t ed o f t he a s s e m b lv we r e un willi ng he ho w to p r oceed with Je r o m e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fo x ’ s no o n or ma n r vn s . ho uld b e he a rd , d r e a di n g the e ffe ct o f eloq ue n ce in the c a use o f t r ut h o n t h e m i n ds o f t he most prej udi ced At le n gt n , ho w e v er , it w a s c a r r ied by t he m aj o r ity , th a t he sho uld h a v e libe r ty to p r oceed in his de fe n ce ; whi ch he b eg a n in s uch a n e x a l t ed s t r a i n , a nd co n t i n ued in s uc h a to r re n t o f elo c ut i o n , th a t the most obd ur a t e he a rt was m elte d , a n d the m i n d o f s u pe r sti t io n seemed t o a dm it a ra y o f co n vic t io n B igotry , ho weve r , prev a iled , a n d h is tri a l b ei n g e n ded , he re ceived t he s a m e se n te n ce a s h a d bee n p a ssed upo n his m a rt y r ed co un t ry m a n , a n d wa s , in the us ua l st yle o f popish d upli ci ty , deli vered over t o t h e c i v il po wer ; b ut be i ng a l a ym a n , he ha d n o t to un dergo the ceremo n y o f deg r a d a tio n T wo d a ys hi s e x e c u tio n wa s d el a yed in h opes th a t he wo u ld rec a n t ; in whi ch ti m e t he c a r di n a l o f Flore n ce used hi s ut m ost e n de a vo ur s to b r i n g h im o v e r But t hey a ll a l : Je r ome was resolved to se a l his doc p r o v ed i n e ffe c t u t ri n e w i t h his blood O n his wa y to the pl a ce o f e x e c u ti o n b e s un g se ver a l hy m n s ; a n d o n a r r ivi n g t he r e he k n elt do wn a n d p r a yed ferve n tly He e mb r a ced t he s t a ke wi t h g r e a t cheer fu l n ess a n d resol u tio n ; a n d whe n the e x e c uti o n er w e n t behi n d h im to set fi r e to the fa gots , he s a id , Come he r e , a n d ki n dle it b e fo r e my eyes ; for h a d I bee n a fr a id o f i t , I ha d n o t come here , h a vi n g h a d so m an y opport u n itie s t o ” e sc a pe W he n the fl a mes e n veloped h im , he s un g a hym n ; a n d the l a st wo r ds he wa s he a r d to s ay , were , This s ea l in ” fla me s I o ffer Christ , to the e 1 s . . . . . . . . . C H A PT ER IV . t ion s i n G er ma ny G en er a l P er s ecu . MA R TI N L UTH E R ,by un m a ski n g popery ,a n d by the vigo u r with whi ch he p r osec u ted his doct r i n es , c a used the p a p a l t hro n e to sh a ke to its fo u n d a t io n S o te r r ified wa s t he po pe a t h is r a pid s uccess ,t h a t b e dete r m i n ed , in orde r to i st o n his his a r e e r , t o e n g a ge t h e e m pe r o r , C h a r le s V c p . 184 F o k s B O OK o r Mx nr vn s ’ . cheme o f utterly e x ti r p a ti n g a ll wh o h a d embr a c e d the re form a tio n To a cco m plish whi ch , he g a ve t he empero r ° c r o wn s ; p r o m ise d t o m a i n t a i n 1 000 foot , a n d r i n g a c a m p a ig n ; a llo w 5 000 ho r se , for s ix mo n t hs , or d u ed the empe r o r to re cei v e o n e h a l f o f t he reve n ues o f t he clergy in Ge r m a n y d ur i n g the w a r ; a n d pe r m i t t ed h im to pledge t he a bbey l a n ds fo r c r o wn s , to a ssist in Th us pro m p t ed a nd s up po rt ed ,t he c a rryi n g o n hos t ili t ies empero r , w i t h a he a r t e a ger b ot h fr o m i n t e r est a n d p reju di ce fo r the c a use , un de r t ook t h e e x t i r p a t io n o f t he pr o t e s t a n t s ; a n d fo r t his p u r pose r a ised a for m id a b le a rm y in G e r m a n y , S p a i n , a n d I ta ly T he p r o t est a n t p r i n ces in the m e a n time we r e n o t idle ; bu t fo r m ed a po wer fu l co n fe d e r a cy , in o r d er t o repel t he i m pe n di ng blo w A g r e a t a r my wa s r a ise d , a n d t he c o m m an d give n t o the elector o f S a x o n y a nd t he l a n dg ra ve o f Hesse The i m peri a l fo r ces were co mm a nded by t he empe r or in pe r so n , a n d a ll E ur ope wa i t ed in a n x io us s us pe n se t he eve n t o f t he wa r At le n gt h t he a r m ies met , a n d a despe r a te e n g a ge m e n t e n s ued , in whi ch the p r otest a n t s we r e d e fe a ted , a n d t he ele c t o r o f S a x o n y a n d l a n dg r a ve o f Hesse , bo t h t a ke n p riso n ers This c a l a m ito us s t r oke wa s s uc ceeded by a pe r se c ut io n , in whi ch t he m ost ho r r ible c r uel t ies w re in flic t e d o n t h e p r otes t a n t s , a n d s uffe r ed b y t he m wi t h a fo r t it u d e whi ch religio n o n ly c a n i m p a r t A mo n g o t he r s , H e nr y Y oes a n d Joh n Esch were a p pro he n ded a n d b r o ugh t to e x a m i n a t io n whe n , co n fessi n g a n d de fe n di n g t hei r a dop t io n o f t he t e n e t s o f L ut he r ,t hey we r e b o t h co nde m n ed t o t he fl a m es , a n d soo n a fter s uffe r ed wi t h the fo r t i t ude o f re a l Ch r is t i a n s An eloq ue n t a n d p io us p r e a cher , n a med He n ry S t ut phe n , wa s t a ke n o ut o f his bed a t n igh t ,a n d co m pelled to wa lk b a r e foot a co n side r a b le w a y ,so t h a t his fee t were t e r c t o r s s a i d , in de r ib ly c u t O n d e s ir in g a ho r se , his co n d u risio n , A ho r se fo r a he r e t i c ! n o , n o , he r e t i cs m ay go ” b a r e foo t O n a r r i v i n g a t t he pl a ce o f des ti na t io n , he wa s c o m d e m n e d to b e b ur n t ; a n d while s uffe r i n g in th e fla m es he wa s c u t a n d sl a shed in a t e r r i ble m a n n er Ma n y we r e m ur d e r ed a t l l a lle Middleb ur g h [ 0 n g t a ke n by a ss a ul t , a ll t he p r o t es t a n ts we r e p ut to th e sw o r d Gre a t n um b e r s w e r e a lso b ur n ed a t Vi e n n a s . . . . . . . e . . ‘ . . . . . . 186 . r ’ o x s n o o n o n MA RT YRS . p r a c t ice So m e o f t hese a r e so un p a r a llele d r sel v e s ob liged t o m e n ti o n t h e m t h a t w e feel o u In H esse C a ssel so m e o f t h e t r oops e n t e r ed a hospi t al , in w hich w e r e p r i n cip a lly m a d w o m e n , w h e n s t r ippi n g al l t h e p t o r w r e t ches n a ked , t hey m a d e t he m r u n a b ou t th e t t he m t o d e a t h st r ee t s fo r t hei r di v e r s io n a n d t he n p u In P o m e r a n i a , so m e o f t h e i m p e r i a l t r oo ps e n t e r i n g a sm all t o w n , seized up o n a ll t h e yo un g w o m e n a n d gi r ls o f up w a r d o f t e n ye a r s , a n d t he n pl a ci n g t hei r p a r e n t s in a ci r cle , t hey o r d e r ed t he m t o si n g p s a l m s , w hile t h ey o r else t hey s w o r e t hey w o u ld ra v i shed t hei r child r e n t t he m t o p ieces a ft e r w a r d Th ey t he n t ook a ll th e cu m a r r ied w o m e n w h o h a d yo un g child r e n , a n d t h r e a t e n ed , if th ey did n o t co n s e n t t o t h e g r a t i fic a t io n o f t hei r l us t s , t o b ur n t hei r child r e n be fo r e t hei r fa ces ,in a l a r ge fi r e w hich r p ose th ey h a d ki n dled fo r t h a t p u A h a n d o f Tilly s soldie r s m e t w i t h a co m p a n y o f m e r ch a n t s belo n gi n g t o B a sil , w h o w e r e r e t ur n i n g fr o m th e g r e a t m a r ke t o f S t r a sbo ur g , a n d a t t e m p t e d t o s ur r o un d t t e n le a v i n g t h ei r p r ope r t y t he m ; a ll esc a ped , ho w e v e r ,b u beh i n d The t e n w h o w e r e t a ke n be gged h a r d fo r t heir li v e s , b ut t h e soldie r s m ur de r ed t he m , s a yi n g , Yo um ust die bec a use y o ua r e he r e t ics , a n d h a v e go t n o m o n ey Vh e r e v e r Tilly c a m e , t h e m os t ho r r id b a r b a r i t i es a n d ‘ fa m i n e a n d c o n fla gr a t io n c r uel dep r ed a t io n s e n s ued ma r ked his p r o gr ess H e des t r oye d a ll t h e p r o v isio n s he co uld n o t t ak e w i t h him , a n d b ur n t a ll t h e t o w n s be fo r e h e le ft t he m ; so t h a t m ur de r , p o v e r t y , a n d desol a t io n follo w ed e n o r m 1t 1e s i n . . . - , , . , . . ’ , . . . him . P e a ce , a t le n g t h chiefly t h r o ugh th e m e d i um o f E n gla n d , w a s r e s t o r ed t o G e r m a n y a n d t h e p r o t e s t a n t s fo r se v e r al ye a r s e nj oyed t he fr ee e x e r cise o f t hei r r eli g io n p r o t es t a n t s w e r e , E ve n a s l at e a s 1 7 3 2 a b o v e co n t r a r y t o t h e t r e a t y o f \ Ve s t p h a lia , d r i v e n fr o m t h e a r ch bisho p r ic o f S a lt z b ur g , in t h e de p t h o f w i n t e r , w i t h sc a r ce clo t h es t o co v e r t he m , a n d w i t ho ut p r o v i si o n s These r o t es t a n t n t r i es , a n d sel eop e e i g r a t ed t o v a r io u s p co u l m p ld e njoy t h e fr ee e x e r cise o f t le d in pl a ces w he r e t hey co u r s t i t io n an d p a p a l d e s pe t he r r li g io n , fr ee fr o m popish s u i , , . , . e o o tt s m . ’ F o x s 11 0 0 1: MA R T YR S or . t ions in til e Neth er la n d s P er secu . f hc glo r io us li ght o f th e gos el sp r e a di n g o v e r e v e r y p as t 0 1 t h e co n t i n e n t , a n d ch a s i n g t he n ce t h e d a r k n i ht p g o f i g n o r a n c e , i n c r e a se d t h e a la 1 11 1 o f t he pope , w h o u r ged 0 e m p e r 0 1 t o co m m e n ce a pe r s e c ut i o n a g a i n s t th e pro pe r s t i t i o us te st a n t s w he n m a n y t ho us a n ds fell m a r t y r s t o s u a m o n g w ho m w e r e t h e f l m a lic e a n d b a r b a r o us bi go t r y lo w i n g A p 1 o us p r o t es t a n t w id o w , n a m ed W i n de n ut a , w a s a p p r ehe n ded o n a cco un t o f h e r r eli gi o n , w he n se e r a l m o n k s un success fully e n de a v o ur ed t o p e r s ua de h e r o r ec an t Th ei r a t t e m p t s , h o w e v e r , p r o v i n g i n e ffec t ua l , a R o m a n c a th o lic l a dy o f he r a cq u a i n t a n ce de s i r ed t o b e a d m i tt ed to n geo n in w hich she w a s co n fi n ed , p r o m isi n th e d u g to ex e 1 t h e r sel f t o w a r d i n d u ci n g t h e p r iso n e r t o a bjur e h e r r e li g io n On bei n g a d m i t t ed t o th e d un ge o n , she did h e r ut m o s t t o p e r fo r m t h e t a sk sh e h a d un de r ta ke n b ut fi n di n g Vin d e lut a , if h e r e n d e a v o ur s fr ui t le s s , she s a id , D e a r ‘ y o uw ill n o t e m b r a ce o ur fa i t h , a t le a s t keep t h e t hi n gs w hi ch y o up r o fe s s sec r e t W i t hi n yo ur o w n b oso m ,a n d s t r i v e ” r li fe To w hi ch t he w ido w r eplied , t o p r o lo n g yo u Ma d a m , y o uk n o w n o t w h a t y o us a y fo r w i t h t h e he a rt we b eli e v e t o r igh t eo usn ess , b ut w i t h t h e t o n gue co n fe ssio n ” n t o s a l v a t io n S t i ll h oldi n g h e 1 fai t h a g a i n st i s m a de u e v e r y e ffo r t o f t h e po w e r s o f d a r k n ess , h e r good s w e r e co n fisc a t e d , a n d she w a s co n de m n ed t o b e b ur n t At t h e l a ce o f e x ec ut io n a m o n k p r ese n t ed a c r oss t o he r , a n d ila d e h e r ki ss a n d w o r s hip G od To w hi ch sh e a n s w e r ed , I w o r ship n o w oode n God ,b ut th e e t e r n a l God w ho i s in he a v e n S he w a s t he n e x ec ut ed , b ut a t t h e i n t e r cessi o n o f t h e be fo r e m e n t io n ed l a d y , it w a s gr a n t ed t h a t she sho uld b e s t r a n gled b e fo r e t h e fa go t s w e r e ki n dled At Gole n , t w o p r o t e s t a n t cle r gy m e n w e r e b ur n t a t r a des m a n o f A n t w e r p n a m ed N i chol a s , w a s t ied u iii a p s a ck , t h r o w n i n to t h e r i v e r a n d d r o w n ed ; a n d P is t o rius , a n a c c o m h s h e d s chol a r a n d s de nt, w as c t u a r r ied t o th e p m a rk e t o f a D ut ch v ill a ge a n d b ur n t A m i n is t e r o f th e r e fo r m ed c h ur c h w a s o r de r ed t o a tt e n d h e e x ec u t io n o f si x t ee n p r o t es t a n t s w h o w e r e t o b e b e h e a ded This ge n t le m an p e r fo r m ed th e m el a n choly o ffi ce wit h gr e a t p r op r ie t y , e x ho r t e d t he m to repe n t a n c e , an d th e ‘ o . v t . . o “ . . . . ” . . . . t . 1 88 ' Fox s B OO K o r MA R T Y RS . s A e the co o m f r t in t h e m e r cies o f t h ei r Rede em e r m g t t o th e s oo n as t hey w e r e behe a ded , t h e m a g is t r a t e c r ied o u e x ec ut io n e r , The r e is a n o t he r r e m a i n i n g y o um us t b e he a d t h e m i n i s t e r ; h e c a n n e v e r d ie a t a be t t e r t i m e t h a n w i t h s uch e x celle n t p r ecep t s in hi s m o ut h a n d s uch l a ud a ” H e w a s a cco r di n gly behe a ded ble e x a m ples be fo r e him gh m a n y o f t h e R o m a n C a t holics t he m s el v es r e p r o t ho u b a t ed t his piece o f t r e a che r o us a n d un n ece ss a r y b a r b a r i t y G eo r ge Sche te r a m i n i s t e r o f S a lt z b ur g, w a s co m m i t t ed l his f lock i n th e tr u t h o f th e ospe e t in t o p r i s o n fo r i s t r u g g W hile in c o n fi n e m e n t he w r o t e a co n fessio n o f his fa i t h ; soo n a ft e r w hich he w a s co n de m n ed , fi r s t t o be b ehe a de d , r n t t o a shes , w hich se n t e n ce w a s a o a n d a ft e r w a r d t o b e b u t io n u t in e x e c u c o r d in l gy p P e r ci v a l , a le a r n ed m an o f Lo uv ia n a , w a s m ur de r ed l n p r i so n ; a n d J us t us In s p a r g w a s behe a ded fo r h a v i n g Lu th e r s se r m o n s in his posses s io n Giles T o lle m a n , a c ut le r o f B russel s , w a s a m a n o f sin ro ar hu m w u l H e a n i ty a n d pie t y a s a p r ehe n d ed a s a p g p tes t an t , a n d m a n y a tt e m p t s w e r e m a d e b y t he m o n ks t o p e r s ua de h im t o r ec a n t O n ce , b y a ccide n t a fa i r o p p o r t u n it o f esc a i n g fr o m p r i so n o ffe r e d i t s el f t o him b u t of p y w hi ch h e did n o t a v a il hi m sel f B ei n g a sked t h e r e a s o n , h e r eplied , I w o uld n o t d o t h e keepe r s so m uc h i nj ur y st hav e a s t h ey m u a n s w e r ed fo r m y a bse n ce h a d I got ” W he n he w a s se n t e n ced t o be b ur n t he fe r v e n t ly aw a y t h a n ked God fo r a ll o w i n g h im , by m a r ty r do m , t o glo r i fy hi s n a m e O b se r v i n g a t t he p la ce o f e x ec ut io n a g r e a t q ua n t i t y o f fa go t s , h e d esi r ed t h e p r i n cip a l p a r t o f t he m mi gh t b e gi v e n t o th e poo r , s a y i n g , A s m a ll q ua n t i t y ” w i ll s uffice t o co n s um e m e The e x ec uti o n e r o ffe r ed t o st r a n gle h im b e fo r e t h e fi r e w a s li g h t ed , b u t he w o u ld n o t c o n se n t , t elli n g h im t h a t h e did n o t fe a r t h e fla m es an d , i n deed , he g a v e up t h e ghos t w i t h s uc h co m pos ur e a m idst them , t h a t he h a r d ly see m ed se n sible o f p a i n In F l a n de r s , a bo ut 1 5 4 3 a n d 1 5 4 4 , t h e p e r sec uti o n r a ged w i t h g r e a t v iole n ce Ma ny w e r e doo m ed t o p e r p e tu a l i m p r iso n m e n t o t he r s to pe r pe t ua l b a n ish m e n t ; b ut th e gr e a t e r n u m be r w e r e p u h t t o de a t h ei t he r b a n gi n y g d r o w n i n g , b urn i n g , t h e r a c k , o r b ur yi n g a li v e Joh n de B o s c a n e , a ze a lo us p r o t es ta n t w a s a p p r e he n d ed On his t r i a l he un d a u in th e ci t y o f A n t w e r p n t e dl y av . , . . . ' . . . . ’ . . , . , . , . . . . . , . , . 19 0 F ox ’ s no o x or MA R T Y RS . e v e r y ch a r ge b r o ught a g a i n t hi m , ” B ut , s a i d t h p r o v i n g his doc t r i n e fr o m th e gospel j ud ge , w i ll y o u d ie fo r t he fa i t h y o u p r o fess ? I am ” o die , r eplied oo mans, b u t a l so t o n o t o n ly w illi n t C g s uffe r t h e ut m o st s t r e t ch o f i n v e n t i v e c r ue lt), fo r i t : a ft e r w hich m y so ul sh a ll r ecei v e it s co n fi r m a t io n f o m God h im ” B ei n g co n de m n ed , he sel f, i n t h e m id s t o f e t e r n a l glo r y tio n , a n d died w i t h w e n t chee r fully t o t h e pl a ce o f e x e c u C h r i st i a n fo r t i t ud e a n d r esi g n a t io n ma n ly fi rm n es s to . “ . a . Asss a s ina tion of the P r ince of Ora ng e . Ba l t a z ar G e r a r d , a n a t i v e o f F r n ch e C o m t e , a bi ogo t ed r io u s K o m ari C a t holic , t hi n ki n g t o a d v a n ce his o w n a n d fu fo r tun e a n d th e p opi sh c a use by o n e desp e r a t e a c t , r esol v e d a up o n th e a ss a ssi n a t io n o f t h e p r i n ce o f O r a n ge H a vin g p r o v ided hi m se lf W i t h fii e a r m s , h e w a t che d t he p r i n ce a s he p a ssed t h r o ugh t h e g r e a t h a ll o f h is p a l a ce t o di n n e r , r i n cess o f O r a n ge , o h The p a n d de m a n d ed a p a ss o r t P se r v i n g in his t o n e o f v oi ce a n d m a n n e r som e t hi n g c o n tu se d a n d si n u g l a r , a sked w h o he w a s , s a yi n g , she d id n o t The p r i n ce a n sw e r ed , it w a s o n e like hi s co un t e n a n ce t h a t de m a n d ed a p a sspo r t , w hich he sho u ld h a v e p r ese n t ly No t hi n g fur t he r t r a n spi r ed un t il a ft e r di n n e r w he n o n t h e etur n o f t h e p rin ce a n d p r i nces t h r o ugh th e s am e h a l i . . . . Ci r . F o x s uo o x ' or MA R T Y RS 1 91 b eh i n d o n e o f th e p ill a r s , fi r e d a t th e p r i n ce : t h e b a lls e n t e r i n g a t t h e le ft side , a n d p a ssi n g g h t h e r i gh t , w o un ded in thei r p as s a ge t h e s t o m a c h thr ou The p r i n ce h a d o n ly po w e r to s ay , L o r d a n d vi t a l p a r t s ” h a v e m e r cy up o n m y so ul ,a n d up o n t his poo r p eople , a n d i m m edi a t e ly e x pi r ed The de a t h o f t his v i r t uo us p r i n ce , w h o w a s co n si de r ed un i v e r s a l so r r o w as t h e fa t he r o f his p eo ple , sp r e a d The a s s a s s m w a s im t t h e U n i t ed P r o v i n ces t h r o ugho u t to de a t h m ed i a t e ly t a k e n , a n d r ecei v ed se n t e n ce to b e p u in t h e m os t e x e m pl a r y m a n n e r ; y e t s uch w a s his e n t h us ia s rr ffe r i n g fo r it , h fo r hi s c r i m e , t h a t w hile s u a n d bli n d n ess s a id , W e r e I a t libe r t y I w o uld rep e a t th e c o olly ” sam e m be r s fel l v ic t i m s t o In d i ffe r e n t p a r t s o f F l an de r s n u popi sh j e a lo usy a n d c r uel t y In th e ci t y o f Va le n ce in l a r , fift y se v e n o f t h e p r i n cip a l i n h a bi t a n t s w e r a r t i cu but che r e d in o n e d ay fo r r e fusi n g t o emb r a ce th e Rom i sh s upe r s t i ti o n ; besi d e w ho m , gr e a t n um be r s r em a in ed in co n fi n e m e n t t ill t hey p e r ished di e f om a ssa s sm , r . . . “ . . - . C tz om Pcr s ccu m Ita ly H A P T ER V . i n {71 0 s ix teen t k r i es cen t u a nd s even teen th . r t h co m m e n ced a In th e ye a r 1 5 6 0, p op e P i us th e F o u gen e r a l p e r sec ut io n o f t h e p r o t es t a n t s t h r o ugho ut t he I t a li an s t a t es ,w he n g r e a t n um be r s o f e v e r y a ge , s e x , a n d co n di t io n , s u ffe r ed m a r t y r do m C o n ce r n i n g t h e c ruel t ies p r a c t is e d u po n t his occ a sio n , a le a r n ed a n d h um a n e R o m an c at holi c t h us sp e a ks in a le t t e r t o a n ob le m a n I c an n ot , m r d , fo r be a r lo disclosi se n m n ti m e n t s y g y w i t h r espec t t o t h e pe r sec ut i o n n o w c a r r yi n g o n I t hi n k it c r uel a n d un n ecess a r y I t r e m ble a t th e m a n n e r o f put ti n t o d e a t h , as it r ese m bles m o r e t h e sl a u gh e r o f c a l v es t g a n d shee , t h a n m a n bei n g s the e x e c u I w ii ti on o f h u p r el a t e t o yo u r lo r ds h ip a d r e a d ful sce n e , o f w hi ch I w a s m ysel f a n eye -w i t n ess : se v e n t y p r o t es t a n t s w e r e CO O p e o in on e fil t hy d u n eo n t o ge t he r ; t h e e x ec u t io n e r w e n t p g . . . - 192 Fo x ’ s 11 0 011 A T M R YR S or . on g t he m , picked o ut o n e fr o m a m o n g th e re st bli n d fold ed h im , led h im o ut t o a n O pe n pl a ce be fo r e th p r iso n , a n d c ut his t h r o a t w i t h th e g r e a t es t co m po s ure 111 am k Bu t cher y of s even ty Pr o tes ta nts . He t he n c a l m y w a lked i n t o th e p r iso n a ga i n , b loody as he w a s , a n d w i t h t h e k n i fe i n his h a n d selec t ed a n o t he r , a n d d esp a t che d h im i n th e s a m e m a n n e i a n d t his , m y lo r d , he r epe a t e d t i l l t he w hole n um be i w e r e p ut t o de a t h I le a v e it t o y o u r lo r d shi p s f e li n gs t o j ud ge o f m y se n s a t io n s u po n t h e o c c a sio n ; m y t e a r s n o w w a sh t h e p a pe r upo n w h i ch I gi v e y o ut he r e ci t a l A n o t he r t hi n g I m us t m e n t ion , t h e p a t ie n ce w i t h w hi ch t h ey m e t d e a t h : t hey se e m ed a ll r e si gn a t io n a n d pie t y , fe r v e n t ly p r a yi n g t o God a n d ch ee r fu lly e n co un t e r in g t hei r fa t e I c a n n o t r e flec t w i t ho u t sh u d d e r i n g , h o w t h e e x ec u t i o n e r held t h e bloody kn i fe b e t w ee n his t ee t h ; w h a t a d r e a d fu l fi gur e h e a p pe a r ed , a ll co v e r ed w i t h blood , a n d w i t h w h a t un co n ce r n he ” e x ecuted his b a i b ar o us o ffice l . ’ e . O . t ions i n P ied mo n t Per s ecu . E a r ly in th e se v e n t ee n th ce n t ur y , Pope C le me n t th e f Ei h t h se n t m issio na r ie s in t h e v a lleys o P ied m o n t , w itl g a N e w to i n d u ce th e p r otes t a n t s t o r e n o un ce t hei r r e li gio n 194 Fo x ’ s B O OK o r MA RT Y RS . force , a n d if the wr etched p a re n ts resisted they were 1111 medi a tely m u rdered . The d uke o f S a v oy , in o r der to gi ve fo r ce to the pe r se c u t io n , c a lled a ge n e r a l a sse m bly o f the Ro m an c a tholic n obili t y a n d ge n t r y , w he n ce iss u e d a sole m n edi ct a ga i n st the re for m ed , co n t a i n i n g m a n y he a ds , a n d i n cl u di n g sev e ra l r e a so n s fo r e x ti r a t i n g t he m , a m o n g which the follo w p mg were the p r i n cip a l The p r eser v a tio n o f t he p a p a l a u th o r ity ; th a t the ch u r ch livi n gs m ight be a ll u n der o n e m ode o f gover n m e n t ; to m a ke a u ni o n a m o n g a ll p a rties ; in ho n o u r o f a ll the s a i n ts , a n d o f the cere m o n ies o f the c hur ch o f Rome This wa s follo wed by a m ost cr uel order , p ublished o n J a n ua ry 2 5 , 1 6 5 5 , wh i ch de c r eed th a t every fa m ily o f the r e fo r m ed r eligio n , o f wh a teve r r a n k , r esidi n g in L u cer n e , St Giov a n n i , B ibi a n a ,C a m p iglio n e , St Se co n do , Lucer n ett a , La T o r re , F e n ile , or Br ic he r a ss io , sho u ld , W ithi n th r ee d a ys a fter the p ubli c a tio n the r eo f, dep a rt fr om their h a bit a tio n s to s uch pl a ces a s were a ppo i n ted by the d uke , o n p a i n o f de a th a n d co n fisc a tio n This o r der p r od uced the g r e a test dis t r ess a mo n g the un h a ppy obj e cts o f it , a s it wa s e n forced with the gre a test severity in the dep t h o f a ve r y seve r e wi n te r , a n d the peo ple w e r e d r ive n fr o m their h a b i t a tio n s a t the time a ppoi n t ed ,witho ut e ve n sufli c ie nt clo t hes to co v e r the m by wh i ch n t a i n s thro u gh the severity o f m a n y pe r ished in t he m o u the we a ther or fo r wa n t o f food Those who r e m a i n ed b e hi n d a fte r the p ubli c a t io n o f the dec r ee ,we r e m urde r ed by th e popish i n h a bit a n ts , o r shot by the t roops ,a n d the most horrible b a r b a r i t ies we r e pe r petr a ted by these r a th a us ,e n co u r a ed by t he Rom a n c a tholi c priests a n d m o n ks , o f g whi ch the follo wi n g m a y se r ve a s a speci m e n Ma rt h a Co n s t a n t i n e , a b e a uti ful yo un g wo m a n , wa s first tt i n g o ff her b r e a sts These r a vished , a n d the n killed by c u some o f the soldiers fr ied , a n d set be fore thei r co m r a des , t k n o wi n g W h a t they we r e W he n wh o e a t the m w i t ho u they h a d do n e e a t i n g , th e othe r s told the m wh a t they h a d e n ce o f whi ch a q ua r r el e n m a de a me a l o f, in co n se q u s ued ,a n d a b a t tle took pl a c e S eve r a l we r e killed in the fr a y , the gr e a te r p a r t o f who m we r e t hose co n cer n ed in the m a n d e cept ion ho r r id m a ss a c r e o f the wo m a n ,a n d t he i n h u o n the ir co mr a de s , . . . . . . . . . . ’ vo x s B OOK o r MA RTY RS . P e t er S i m o n ds ,a p r otest a n t o f a b o ut eigh ty ye a r s o f a ge , wa s tied n e c k a n d heels , a n d t he n t h r o w n d o wn a p i eci i ce r his fa ll t he b r a n c h o f a t r ee c a u gh t hold o f t he I p s pe n ded him in t he m i d wa y , so t h a t he la n r o es a n d s u p uis he d fo r se ve r a l d a ys , t i ll he p e r i s hed o f h un ger nou n ce his r eligio n , the sol e Es a y G a r c in , r e fu sin t o r g le ,t hey ha d d ie r s c u t hi m i n t o s m a ll p ie ces , s a y i n g in r idic u n in ce d him A wo m an , n a m ed A r m a n d , wa s to r n li m b fr o m li m b , a nd t he n the r espec t ive p a r ts were h u ng u on p he d ge S e ve r a l m e n , wo m e n , a n d child r e n were fl un g fr o m the rocks a n d d a shed to pieces A m o n g ot he r s ,Ma gd a le n Be r t i n o , a p r o t es t a n t wo m a n o f L a To r r e ,wa s s t r i p ped n a ke d , he r he a d tie d be t wee n h e r legs , a n d she wa s the n th r o w n do wn a p r e ci pi ce Ma r y Ra y m o n d e t , o f the s a m e t o wn , ha d h e r flesh sliced fr o m h e r bo n es t ill she e x pi r ed Ma g d a le n P ilo t , o f Vill a r o , wa s c ut t o pieces in the c a v e o f C a s t o lu st s ; An n C ha r b o n ie r e h a d o n e e n d o f a s t a ke th r u up he r body , a n d t he o t he r e n d be i n g fi x ed in the g r o un d , she wa s le ft in t h a t m a n n e r to p e r ish a n d Ja cob P e r r i n , the elde r o f the ch ur ch o f Vill a r o , wi t h D a vid , his b r o ther , wa s fl a yed a live G iov a n n i A nd r e a Mich ia lin , a n i n h a b it a n t o f La Tor r e with fo u r o f his childre n ,wa s a pp r ehe n de d th r ee o f the m we r e h a cked to p i eces be fo r e him , the soldie r s a s k i n g h im , a t the de a t h o f eve r y child , if he w o u ld r ec a n t ,which he co n s ta n t ly r e fused O n e o f the soldie r s the n took up th e l a s t a n d the yo u n gest by t h e legs ,a n d p u tti n g th e s a m e estio n to the fa t he r ,he r e plied a s be fo r e ,whe n the i n b u qu ma n b r u te d a shed o ut the child s b r a i n s The fa ther , ho we v e r , a t t h e s a m e m o m e n t st a r t ed fr o m the m ,a n d fled th e soldie r s fi r ed a ft e r him , b u t m issed hi m ; a n d he esc a to the Alps , a n d the r e r e m a i n ed co n ce a led Giov a n n i Pe la n c h io n ,o n re fusi n g t o a bj ur e his fa ith ,wa s tied by o n e leg to the t a il o f a m ule , a n d d r a gged thro ugh the s t r eets o f L uce r n e , a m id t h e a ccl a m a tio n s o f a n i n h um a n mob ,wh o kep t s t o n i n g h1 m , a n d c ry 1 n g o ut , He ” is possessed o f the devil They the n took him to the rive r side , chopped o ff his he a d , a n d le ft th a t a n d his b ody un b ur ied , up o n the b a n k o f t he river A b e a uti ful child ,t e n ye a r s o f a ge , Ma gd a le n F o n t a i n e , was r a vished a nd m u r dered by the soldiers A n other girl . . . o . . . . . . ’ . . . . . . l of abo F ox i s BO O K OF MA RTY RS . ut t he s a m e a ge , they r o a s t ed a live a t Vill a No va p oor wo m a n he a r i n g the soldie r s we r e co m i n g t o wa r d se , s n a t che d up t h e c r a dle in whi ch her in fa n t s o n h e r ho u The soldie r s , wa s a sleep , a n d fled t o wa r d the woods ho weve r , s a w a n d p ur s ued her , whe n she ligh t e n ed hersel f by p utt i n g do wn t he c r a dle a n d child , which the soldie r s m r de r ed the i n fa n t ,a n d c o n n o soo n e r c a m e t o , t h a n t h e u y rs u i t , fo un d , t h e m o ther in a c a ve , whe r e in g t he p u t in u t her to a to m s t hey fi r st r a vished , a n d the n c u J a cobo Mi cheli n o , chie f e lde r o f the ch ur ch o f Bo b b ie , a n d seve r a l o t he r p r otest a n ts ,we r e h u ng u p by hooks fi x e d in thei r flesh , a n d le ft so to e x p i r e Gi o va n n i Ro s t a gn a l, a ve n e r a ble p r o t est a n t , u p wa r d o f fo ur sco r e ye a r s o f a ge , t o ff,a n d the flesh c ut fr o m his bo d y , h a d his n ose a n d e a r s c u and a . . . ill he bled to de a t h D a n iel S a le a go a n d his wi fe , Giova nn i D ur a n t ,Lo d wich D ur a n t ,B a r tholo m e w D ur a n t , D a n iel Revel , a n d P a ul t hs s t u ffe d w i t h g u R ey n a rd , h a d t hei r m o u n po wder whi c h bei n g set fi r e to , thei r he a ds we r e bl o wn to pie ces J a cob Bir o n e , a s chool m a ste r o f Ror a t o , wa s st r ipped n a ked ; a n d a ft e r h a vi n g b ee n so e x pose d , h a d the n a ils o f his toes a n d fi n ge r s t o r n o ff with r e d hot pi n ce r s , a n d holes b o r ed t hro ugh his h a n ds wi t h the poi n t o f a d a gge r He n e x t h a d a co r d t ied r o un d his m iddle , a n d wa s led thr o u gh the st r eets wi t h a soldie r o n e a ch si d e o f h im At eve r y t ur n i n g the soldie r o n hi s r i d e h a n d side c ut a g a sh in h is flesh , a n d the soldie r o n his le ft h a n d side st r u c k h im wi t h a bl u dgeo n , b o t h s a yi n g ,a t the s a m e i n st a n t , W ill ” y o ugo to m a ss ? W ill y o ugo to m a ss 2 He still r eplied in t h e n eg a t i v e ,a n d b ei n g a t le n g t h t a ke n to the b r idge , they c ut o ff his he a d o n the b a llust r a d e s ,a n d th r e w b oth th at a n d his b o d y i n to the ri ve r P a ul G a r n ie r , a pr o t es t a n t beloved fo r his piety , h a d his eyes p ut o ut , wa s the n fl a yed a live , a n d b ei n g d ivided i n t o r i n ci r p a r t s , his q u a r te r s we r e l ced o h p fo u a o n f u r o f t e p ses o f L ucer n e He bo r e a ll his s ufferi n gs with the p a l ho u m ost e x e m pl a r y p a tie n ce , pr a ised God a s lo n g a s he co u ld s p e a k , a n d p l a i n ly e vi n ced the co ur a ge a r isi n g fr o m a c o n fi d e n c e i n God D a n iel C a r do n , o f Ro c a p p ia t a , b e in g a pprehe n ded by s o m e soldie r s , they c u T wo poor old bli n d t o fl h is he a d r n t a liv e ; a n d a wid o w wo me n , of S t G iov an n i , we r e b u t . . - . . - - . . . ' . . 1 98 F o x s B O O K o r M A RT Y R S ’ . ged him to p r i so n , whe r e they co n fi n e d h im til l b e pe r n ge r , a fte r whic h t hey th r e w his co r p s e in to t h e i s he d o f h u street be fo r e the p r iso n , a n d it wa s d evo ured by dogs Joseph P e n t wa s se ve r ed in t wo ; Ma r g a ret S o r e t ta wa s sto n ed to de a t h ; a n d A n to n io Be r ti n a h a d hi s h e a d cl e ft a s un de r . . M a 1 ty 1 d o m qf F r a n cz s G r os s Fr a n cis G r oss h a d his flesh slo wly c ut fr o m his body i n to s m a ll p ieces , a n d p ut i n t o a dish b e fo r e h im ; t wo o f hi s child r e n w e r e m i n ced be fo r e his sight , whi le his wi fe elties p r a ctise d wa s fa ste n ed t o a post , to b ehold these c r u sb a n d a n d o ffs p r i n g The to r m e n te r s ,a t le n gth , o n her h u ti r ed o f e x e r c is in g thei r c r uelties ,de c a p it a ted b oth h usb a n d a n d w i fe The S ie ur Tho m a s Mar gh e r fled to a c a ve , whe r e bei n g discovered ,the soldie r s sh ut up the mo uth ,a n d he pe r ished J udith Re ve lin , w ith seve n child r e n , were wi t h fa m in e r dered in thei r b eds ba r b a ro usly m u J a cob B e se n o wa s co mm a n ded to p r a y to the s a i n t s , si n g the soldie r s be a t him v iole n t ly with b lud wh i ch he r e fu t he co n t i n u i n g ste a dy to his geo n s to m a ke him co m ply ,b u fa i t h , they fi r ed a t h im W hile in t h e a go n ies o f de a th they ” c ried to h im , W ill y o u pr a y t o t he s a i n ts l to wh i ch b e ” N o i whe n o ne of the sold iers ,wit h a b road answe r e d . . . . . r s wo r d , clove h is fe r in gs o x s B O O K o r M A R T Y RS 199 ’ . he a d as un der , an d put a n end to his su f . in , b e i n g a t A yo un g wom a n n a med S u s an n a Cia cqu empted to b e r a vished by a s oldi e r , m a de a sto ut re sist ggle p ushed h im o v er a pre cipi ce , a n ce , an d in t he stru whe n he wa s d as hed to pie ces by the fa ll H i s co mr a des im m ed i a tely fel l up o n h e r w ith their s words a n d cut her t o a to m s Giov a n n i P u l li n s b ei n g a pprehe n ded a s a protest a n t by the soldiers , wa s ordered by the m a rq uis o f Pia n ess a to be e x e c uted in a pl a ce n e a r the co n ve n t W h e n bro ught to the g a llo ws sever a l mo n ks a tte n de d to pers ua de him to r e n ce his religio n Bu no u t fi n di n g him i n fle x ible ,t he y co m m e n ded the e x e c utio n er t o per for m his o fli ce ,whi ch he did , a n d so l a u n ched t he m a r tyr i n to the world o f glory P a ul Cle m e n t ,a n elde r of the ch ur ch o f Ross a n a ,b ei n g ri n g mo n a stery , a pp r ehe n ded by the mo n ks o f a n eighb o u wa s c a r ried to the m a rket pl a ce o f t h a t to wn , where some p r otest a n ts ha d j ust b ee n e x e c uted O n b eholdi n g the de a d bodies , he s a id c a lmly , Yo um a y kill the b ody , b ut y o u c a n n ot prej udi ce the so ul o f a tr ue b eli ever with respect to the d r e a d ful spe ct a cles which y o uh a ve h ere sho wn m e , r ed , th a t God s ve n ge a n ce will overt a ke y o um ay r est a ss u the m urde r ers o f those poor peopl e , a n d p un ish the m fo r ” the i n n o ce n t blood they h a ve sp ilt The mo n ks were so e x a sper at ed a t this reply ,th a t they o r dered him to b e h un g di r e ctly : a n d while he wa s h a n gi n g the s oldiers a m use d themselves by shooti n g a t the b ody D a n iel Ra m b a ut , o f Vill a ro , the fa ther o f a n umerous fa mily , wa s seized , a n d w ith sever a l others , committed to the go a l o f Pa y s a n a He r e he was visited by sever a l p r iests , wh o , with co n ti n ua l import un ities , str ove to per a de h im to t u r n p a p ist , b ut this he pe r emptorily re fused , su a n d the pries t s fi n di n g his resol u tio n , a n d e n r a ged a t his a n s w e r s , deter m i n ed to u h i m to the most horrible tor t p tures , in the hope o f o v ercomi n g his fai th they there fore o r de r ed o n e j oi n t o f his fi n gers to b e c ut o il every d ay , till a ll the fi n ge r s were go n e ; they the n p r o ceeded in the s a m e m an n e r wi t h his toes ; a fter wa r d they a lte r n a tely c u t o ff, d a ily , a h a n d a n d a fe e t ; b u t fi n di n g th a t he bor e h is ffe r i n gs with the most u su n co n qu er a ble fortit ude ,a nd m a i n ta in e d his fa ith with ste a d fa st resol u tio n ,they st a bbed him . . . . . . - . “ ’ . . . " 2 00 Fox to t he ’ s hea rt , an d the n B oo n or MA RTY RS g a ve his b ody to b e devo ure d by dogs P eter G a bri e l e , a protest an t ge n tlem an o f co n sider a bl e emi n e n ce , be i n g se ized by a t r oop o f soldiers , a n d re fusi n g to re n o un ce his religio n , they hun g sever a l b a gs o f gun po wde r a bo ut his b ody ,a n d the n setti n g fire to them ,ble w . him u p . A n tho n y ,the s o n o f S a muel C a t ier is , a poor d umb la d a n d e x tre m ely i n o ffe n sive , wa s c u t to p ie ces by a p a r ty o f the troops ; a n d soo n a ft er the s a m e r u fli a n s e n tered t he ho use o f P ete r Mo n ir ia t , a n d c ut o ff th e legs o f the whole fa mily , le a vi n g them to bleed to de a th , they bei n g u n a ble to a ssist e a ch other in th a t mel a n choly plight D a n iel B e n e ch b e i n g a ppreh e n ded ,h a d his n ose sl it ,a n d his e a r s cut o ff a fter whi ch he wa s divided i n to qua r ters , a n d e a ch q u a rte r h u ng u p o n a tree Ma r y Mo n i n o h a d h e r ja w b o n es broke n ,a n d wa s the n le ft to l a n g u ish till she wa s st a r ved to de a th Ma ry Pe la n ch ion , a wido w,o f the to wn o f Vill a r o ,wa s s eized by a p a r ty o f the I r ish b r ig a d es , who h a vi n g b e a t her cr uelly , a n d r a vished he r , d r a gged her to a high b r idge n g her whi ch crossed the ri v er , a n d st r ippi n g her n a ked , h u by the legs to the bridge , with h e r h e a d do wn wa r d to wa rd the wa ter , a n d the n goi n g in t o b o a ts ,they shot her Ma r y Nigr i n e , a n d he r d a ughter , a poor idiot ,we r e c ut to pieces in the woods , a n d the ir bodies le ft to be devo ur ed by wild be a sts : S us a n n a B a les , a wido w o f Vill a ro , wa s s a n n a C a lvio , r un mm u r e d a n d st a rved to de a t h ; a n d S u n i n g a wa y fr o m so m e soldiers , a n d hidi n g he r sel f in a b a r n , they set fi r e to the str aw ,by whi ch she wa s b ur n t to de a t h r n t P a ul Arm a n d wa s D a n iel B erti n o , a child , wa s b u ha cked to pieces D a n iel Mic h ia lin o h a vi n g his to n g ue pl ucked out , wa s le ft to pe r ish in t h a t co n ditio n a n d An d re o B erti n o , a l a m e a n d very old m a n , wa s m a n gled in a most sho cki n g m an n er , a n d a t le n gth ha d his belly ripped op e n , a n d hi s b o wel s c a rried a b o ut o n the po i n t o f a ha l . . - . . ° . he r d . A protest a n t l a dy n a med Co n st a n ti a Bello n e was a p prehe n ded o n a c co un t o f her fa ith , a n d a sked by a priest ld re n o un c e the devil a n d go to m a ss to wa i ch if she wo u I wa s bro u ght up in a religio n by whi ch 1 sh e replie d , ght to re n o un c e the devi l ; b ut sho uld i was a l wa ys ta u 202 Fo x ’ s n o o n o r MA R T Y R S . in t o a p ool o f st a g na n t wa ter , an d compelled ,by me a ns o f pi t c h-fo r ks a n d sto n es , to d uck do wn the ir he a d s ti ll they ffo c a ted with the ste n ch wer e s u A n um be r o f soldiers a ss a ulte d the ho use o f Josepl~ G ar n ie r o ,a n d b e fo r e they e n tered ,fir ed in a t the wi n do w, a n d shot Mr s G a r n ier e , wh o was a t th a t i n st a n t s uckl i n g her child S he begged them to sp a re the li fe o f the i n fa n t, whi ch they p r o m ised to do , a n d se n d it i mm edi a tely to a r se They the n seized the h usb a nd Rom a n c a tholi c n u a n d h a n ged him a t his o wn door , a n d h a vi n g shot the W i th r o ugh the he a d , le ft her b ody welteri n g in its blood Is a i a h Mo n do n , a n a ged a nd pio us protest a n t , fled fro n the merciless pe r se c uto r s to a cle ft in a ro ck , where he s uffered the m ost d r e a d ful h a rdship s ; for , in the midst o f the wi n te r he wa s fo r ced to lie o n the b ar e sto n e , witho ut ld scr a tch up a n y cove r i n g ; his food wa s the roots he co u n e a r his mise r a ble h a b it a tio n , a n d the o n ly wa by hi ch w y he co u ld proc ur e dri n k , wa s to put s n o w in his m o uth till i t m elted He r e , ho weve r , so m e o f t he soldie r s fo un d him a n d a fter h e a ti n g h i m u n me r ci fu lly ,they drove h im to wa r d L ucern e , go a di n g him a ll the wa y w ith the poi n ts o f their s words B e i n g e x ceed i n gly we a ke n ed by his m an n e r o f livi n g ,a n d e x h a us t ed b y the blo ws he ha d re ceive d , he fell d o w n in the ro a d They a g a i n b e a t him to m a ke hi m pr o ce e d ,till o n his k n ees he i m lo r ed the m to t h im o u t of p pu hi s m ise r y This they a t l a st a g r eed to do ; a n d o ne o f the m sho t h im th r o ugh the he a d , s ayi n g , There , he r etic , . . . . . . . . . . t a ke thy req uest To s c r ee n the m selves fr om d a n ger , a n um be r o f m e n , wome n , a n d child r e n fled to a l a r ge c a ve ,whe r e they c o n ti n n ed for so m e weeks in s a fety , t wo o f the m e n go i n g by ste a lth to p r o c ure p r ovisio n s These we r e , ho weve r , o n e d a y wa tche d , by whi ch the c a ve wa s discove r ed , a n d soo n a fter a t r oop o f Ro m a n c a t holics a ppe a r ed b e fore it Ma n y o f these we r e n eighbo ur s a n d i n ti m a te a cq ua i n t a n c e a n d some eve n r el a ti o n s to those in the c a ve The pro t e s t a n t s , the r e fore , c a m e o u t a n d i m plo r ed the m by t h t ies o f hospit a li t y a n d o f blood , n o t to m u rder the m Bu th e b igoted wr e t cu e s told the m they co u ld n o t sho w a n} m e r cy to he r etics , a n d , the r e fo r e , b a de the m a ll pr e p a r t to die He a ri n g this , a n d k n o wi n g the obd ur a cy o f the i e n e m ies , t he protesta nts fell on their k n ee s, li fte d t he i ” . . . . ' . r ox ' s BO OK or MA R T YRS 203 . he a rts t o h e a ve n , a n d p a tie n tly a wa ited th e ir fa te ; whi ch the p a p ists soo n de cided by c utti n g them to p ie c e s . H er o ic D efen ce of t h e P r otes ta n ts of R om s . The blood o f t h e fa ith ful be i n g a l m ost e x h a usted in all the to wn s a n d vill a ges o f P iedmo n t , there rem a i n ed b u t o n e pl a ce th a t h a d bee n e x e m pte d fr o m the ge n e r a l sl a u gh ter T his wa s the lit t le co mm o n a lty o f Ro r a s ,wh i ch stood up o n a n e m i n e n ce ke o f S a voy s Of this o n e o f the d u o ffi ce r s determi n ed , if possible , t o m a ke h im s el f m a ster ; wi t h th a t vi e w he det a ched th r ee h u n dr ed m e n to su r pr i se it The i n h a b it a n ts , ho wever , h a d i n tellige n ce o f the a p a G ia n a v e l, a pro a ch o f these troops , a n d c a pt a i n Josh u b r a ve protest a n t o ffi ce r , p ut hi m sel f a t the he a d o f a sm a ll body o f the citize n s , a n d wa i ted in a m b usc a de to a tt a ck the e n e m y in a n a rro w p a ss a ge , the o n ly pl a ce by w hi ch the to wn co uld be a pp r o a ched As soo n a s the t r o ops a ppe a red , a n d h a d e n tered the p a ss a ge , the prote st a n ts co m m e n ced a w ell dire cted fire a g a i n st the m , a n d kept themselve s co n ce a led b e hi n d bu sh e s A gre a t n umber o f the soldiers were kill ed , a n d the rest re ceivi n g a co n ti n ua l fi r e , a n d n ot see i n g a ny to w ho m they might ret u r n it , m a de a pre ci p it a te r et r e a t The me m b e r s o f this little co m m un ity i m med i a tely se n t a me m ori a l to the m a rq u is o f Pia n n e s s a , a ge n er a l o ffi cer o f the d u ke , st a ti n g , Th a t they we r e sorry to b e un der the n e cessity o f t a ki n g up a rm s ; b ut th a t the s e cr e t a p pro a ch o f a b ody o f troops , witho ut a n y p r evio us n oti ce se n t o f the p ur pose o f the ir co m i n g , h a d gr e a tly a l a r m ed the m ; th a t a s i t wa s thei r c usto m n eve r to s uffer a n y o f he milit a ry to e n ter their little co m m un ity , they h a d r e ld do so a g a i n ; b ut in a ll p e lle d fo r ce by fo r ce , a n d sho u othe r respe cts they p r o fessed the m selves d ut i ful , ob edie n t, a n d loy a l s u bj e cts to thei r sove r eig n the d uke o f S a v oy The m a r q uis , in o r der to del ude a n d s ur pri se them , e u swe r e d , Th a t h e wa s p e r fe ctly s a tisfied with th eir b eh a v i e nt ,for they h ad do n e right a n d eve n re n dered a se r vi ce , to th e ir co u n try , a s the m e n wh o h a d a tte m pted to p a ss the defile were n ot his troop s , b ut a b a n d o f d e sper a t e ro bb ers , wh o h a d for so m e ti m e in fested thos e p a ts, . ’ . . . - . . ‘ . r 204 F o x s B O O K o r M A R T Y RS ’ . ri n g co un t r y To give b e e n a terror to the n e ighbo u r to his tre a che r y , he p ublishe d a pro cl a m a a g r e a ter co lo u tio n to the s a m e p ur pose ,e x p r ess ive o f th a n ks to the c i t i ze n s o f Ro r a s The ve r y d a y a fte r , ho wever , he se n t five h un dred m e n t o t a ke possessio n o f the to wn , w hile the people , a s h e tho ugh t ,we r e l u l led i n to sec u r ity by h is a r tifice C a pt a i n G ia na ve l,h o we ver ,wa s n o t th us to be de ce ived ; sc a de fo r these troop s he , there fo r e , l a id a seco n d a m b u a n d co m pelled the m to r eti r e wi th g r e a t loss Foiled in these t wo a ttempts , the s a n g ui n a ry m a r qui s determi n ed o n a thi r d , still m o r e fo r m id a ble b ut ,with h is a nd . . . . pli city , he p ublished a n othe r p r o cl a m a tio n , dis us ua l d u o wn i n g a ny k n o wledge o f the se co n d a tte m pt He soo n a fter se n t seve n h un d r ed chose n m e n upo n t h e e x peditio n , wh o , in sp ite o f the fire fr o m the p r otest a n ts , r de r fo r ced the defile , e n te r ed Ror a s , a n d beg a n to m u eve r y pe r so n they m et w ith , w itho ut d isti n cti o n o f s e x o r C a pt a i n G ia n a v a l,a t the he a d o f his fr ie n ds ,tho u gh a e g he h a d lost the de file , dete r m i n ed to disp ute the p a ss a ge thro ugh a fortified p a ss th a t led to the r i chest a n d best p a rt He r e he s ucceeded , by keep i n g up a co n o f the to wn tio n , hi s m e n b e in g all a l fire , w hic h did g r e a t e x ec u t in u good m a rks m e n The Ro m a n c a tholi c co m m an der wa s a sto n ished a n d dism a yed a t this oppositio n ,a s b e i m a gi n ed th a t he h a d s urm o un ted a ll di f fic ulties He ,ho weve r ,st r ove to fo r ce the p a ss , b ut bei n g a ble to b r i n g up o n ly twelve red m e n in fr o n t a t a ti m e , a n d the protest a n ts b ei n g se c u by a b r e a st wo r k , he s a w a ll his hopes fr ustr a ted E n r a ged a t the loss o f so m a n y o f his t r oops , a n d l o f d isgr a ce if he persisted in a tte m pti n g wh a t fe ar fu ght it wise r to retre a t a ppe a r ed so i m p r a cti c a ble , he tho u Un willi n g , ho wever , to withdr a w his m en by the defile n t o f the d a n ge r ,b e de a t whi ch he h a d e n te r ed ,o n a cco u s ig n ed to r e t r e a t to w a rd Vill a r o , by a n othe r p a ss c a lle d gh h a rd o f a cce s s ,wa s e a sy o f desce n t Pia m p r a ,whi ch ,tho u Here ,ho wever ,he a g a i n felt the dete r m i n ed b r a ve r y o f c a p t a i n G ian a ve l, wh o h a vi n g posted his little b a n d here gr e a tly a n n oyed the t r oops a s they p a ssed , a n d eve n p ur ed thei r re a r till they e n tered the ope n co un try su The m a r quis o f Pia n essa , fi n di n g a ll his a ttempts b a f fled , a n d a ll h is a r tifi ces d isc ov er ed , resol ve d to thro w o ff . . . . . . . . . 2 06 F OX s B O OK o r A T YRS M R . s ain ts To d eli v e r up t hei r m i n is t e r s a n d sch o olm as te r s To go to co n fessio n To p ay lo a n s fo r t h e deliv e ry o f so u ls fr o m p ur ga t o r y ; an d t o gi v e up C a p t a i n G ia n a ve l r ch a t disc r e t io n a n d t h e elde r s o f t h e ch u The b r a v e i n h a bi t a n t s , i n di gn a n t a t t hese p r opo sa ls , an ‘‘ sw e r e d Th a t soo n e r t h a n co m ply w i t h t he m t hey w o uld s uffe r t hei r es t a t es t o b e seized , t hei r ho uses t o be b ur n t ; ” n d t hemse v e s t o b e m u r de r ed E n r a ged a t t his , th e m a r quis se n t t hem th e follo w i n g la co n i c le tt e r th e . . . . . . To t7ze obs tina te Her etics of Rom s . Yo u sh al l h a ve yo ur r e ques t , fo r the tr oop s se n t a a i n st o u h a v e s t r ic t i nj u n c t io n s t o pl un de r , b ur n an d g y k i ll PIANE S S A ’ “ . . The t h r ee a r m ies w e r e a cco r di n gly p ut in m o t io n , a n d t h e fi r s t a tt a ck o r de r e d t o b e m ad e by t h e r ocks o f Vill a r o th e seco n d by t h e p a ss o f B a n o l , a n d t h e t hi r d by t h e de g file o f L uce rn e As m i gh t b e e x p ect ed , fr o m th e s upe r io r i t y o f n um b e r s , t h e t r oop s g a i n ed th e r ocks , p a ss , a n d defile , e n t e r ed th e t o w n ,a n d co m m e n ced t h e m os t ho r r i d dep r ed a t o n s M en ii r n t , r a cked t o de a t h , o r c u t hey h a n ged , b u t t o p eces wo m e n they r i ped op e n , c r ucified , d r o w n ed , o r t h r e w fr o m p th e p r ecip i ces a n d child r e n t hey t ossed up o n spe a r s , t t hei r b r a i n s m i n ced , c ut t hei r t h r o a t s , o r d a shed o u On n ,on e n d r ed a n d u t h e fi r st d a to w h o f t hei r a in i n g th e y g ffe r e d i n t hi s m a n n e r t w e n t y si x su Ag r ee a bly t o t h e o r de r s o f th e m ar quis , t hey like w ise p l un de r ed t h e est a t e s , a n d b ur n t th e ho uses o f th e p eople Se v e r a l p r o t es t a n t s , ho w e v e r , m a de t hei r esc a pe un d e r ct o f th e b r a v e G ia n a v e l, w hose w i fe a n d chi ld r e n th e co n d u w er e u n de r n fo r t u n a t ely m a de p r iso n e r s , a n d se n t t o T u r in u a str on g u ar d g The m a r q ui s , t hi n ki n g t o co n que r a t le a st th e m i n d o f G ian a v e l, w r o t e h im a le tt e r , a n d r ele a sed a p r o t es t a n t p r ison e r t h a t he m i gh t c a r r y it t o h im The co n t e n t s w e r e, t h a t if th e c a p t a i n w o u ld e m b r a ce th e Ro m a n c a t holi c r e ligio n , he sho uld be i n de m n ified fo r a ll his losses si n ce th e ld c om m e n ce m e nt o f t h e w a r his w ife an d child r e n sho u . . . . . , . . ~ . F ox s BO O K o r M A RT Y R S ’ 2 07 . he i m m edi a t ely r ele a sed , a n d hi m sel f ho n o ur a b ly p r o ke o f S a v oy s a r m y ; b ut if he r e fused t o m e t e d in t h e d u r e o s a ls m a de t o h im , hi s W i fe a n d child r e n a ccede t o t h e p p sho uld b e p ut t o de a t h ; a n d so l a r ge a r e w a r d sho uld b e m o f his v e n t o ta ke h im , de a d o r a li v e , t h a t e v e n i so e g o w n co n fide n t i a l fr ie n ds s h o uld , fr o m th e gr e a t n ess o f t h m , be t e m p t ed t o be tr a y h im su To t his G ia n a v e l r e t ur n ed t h e follo w i n g a n s w e r ’ , . My L O RD MA RQ UI S . The r e i s n o t o r m e n t so gr e a t , o r de a t h so c r uel , th a t I w o uld n o t p r e fe r t o the a bj ur a t io n o f my r eli gi o n ; so t h a t p r o m ises lose t hei r e ff ec t s , a n d m e n a ces do b u t s t r e n th g e n m e in m f a i th y W i t h r espec t t o my w i fe a n d child r e n , m y lo r d , n o t hi n g c a n b e m o r e a fflic tin g t o m e t h an t h e t ho u gh t s o f t hei r co n fin e m e n t , o r m o r e d r e a d ful t o m y i m a gi n a t io n , t h an t hei r s u ffe r i n gs an d v iole n t de a t h I kee n ly feel a ll t h e t e n de r se n s a t io n s o f a h u sb a n d a n d a p a r e n t ; I w o uld suf fe r a n y t o r m e n t to r esc ue t he m ; I w o ul d die t o p r ese r v e the m B ut h a v in g s a i d t h us m uch , m y lo r d , I a ss u re o ut h a t y r ch a se o f t hei r li v e s m u th e p u s t n o t b e th e p r i ce o f m y s a l v a t io n Y o u h a v e t he m in yo ur p o w e r it i s t r ue ; b ut m y co n sol a t i o n I S ,t h a t yo u r p o w e r is o n ly a t e m p o r a r y au t ho r i t y o v e r t hei r bodies : y o u m a y des t r oy th e m o r t a l p ar t ,b ut t hei r i m m o r t al so uls ar e o ut o f yo ur r e a ch a n d w ill li v e he r e a ft e r t o b e a r t e s t i m o n y a ga i n t y o ufo r o ur c r uel t ies I th e r e fo r e r eco m m e n d t he m an d m ysel f t o Go d , a n d p r a y fo r a r e fo r m a t io n in yo u r he a r t J O S HUA G IANAVEL . . . . v s . . . H e then w i t h his follo w e r s r etir ed t o th e Al 3 , w he r e , bei n g a ft e r w ar d j oi n ed by se v e r a l p r o t est an t o flibe r s ,w i th a co n side r a ble n um b e r o f fugiti v e p r o t e st an t s , th ey c o n j o in t ly de fe n ded t he m sel v e s , a n d m a de se v e r a l s uccess fu a tt a cks u po n t h e R o m a n C a t h oli c t o w n s a n d fo r ces c ar r y in g t e r r o r by th e v a lo u r o f t h ei r e x p loi t s a n d t h e b old n ess o f t hei r e n t e r r ises p N eve r theless , th e disp r op o r t io n be t w ee n th ei r fo r ce s an d t hose o f t hei r e n e m ies w a s so g r e a t th a t n o r e a so n a bl e e x e c ta t io n s co u b e e n t e r t a i n ed o f t hei r u ld l t im a t e success p . , ' 2 08 F O X S B OO K o r M A R T YR S ’ . w h i ch in d u ced m a n y p r o t es ta n t p r in ces a n d s ta tes ,in v a r io n s p a r t s o f E ur op e , t o i n t e r es t t he m sel v es in fa v o ur o f r a geo u s s uffe r e r s fo r r eli gi o us an d ci v il lib e r t y t hese c o u A m o n g t hese in t e r cesso r s ,t h e p r o t esta n t c an t o n s o f S witz e r l a n d e a r ly dis t i n gui shed t he m sel v es an d a s th ei r m edi w a s r ej e c t ed by t h e d uke o f S a v oy , t hey r a i sed c o n a t i on m s o f m o n ey , by p r i v a t e s u bsc r ip t ion s , fo r th e Bi d e r a b le s u a ssis t a n ce o f t h e b r a v e de e lie f o f t h e fu i t i v es a n d t h e g fe n de r s o f t h ei r n a t i v e v a lleys No r did t hey li m i t t h e iJ ki n d n ess t o p ec un i a r y r elie f ; t hey de sp a t ched a m esse n ger r p o se o f p r oc u t o t h e U n i t ed Pr o vi n ces , fo r th e p u r in g su b ch go v e r n me n t t s c r i t io n s , an d t h e i n t e r fe r e n ce o f t h e D u p in fa v o ur o f th e P ied m o n t es e , b o t h o f w hich t h ey a t le n gt h ob t a i n e d They t he n m a de a n o t he r a t t e m p t t o p r e v a il o n ke o f S a v oy t o gr an t h is p r o t e st an t s ubj ec t s lib er ty t he d u o f co n scie n ce , a n d t o r es t o r e t h e m t o t hei r a n ci e n t p r i n le g e s ; b ut this , a ft e r m uch e v a sio n o n th e p a r t o f t he d u ke , a l so fa iled B ut th a t G o d w hom t h ey w o r shipp e d in p ur i t y o f spi r i t , n o w r a ised t he m u a m o r e po w e r fu l ch a m pio n in t he per p This s o n o f O li v e r C r o m w ell , L o r d P r o t ec t o r o f E n gl an d e x t r a o r di n a r y m a n , h o w eve r c r i m i n a l in th e me a n s by w hich he ob t a i n e d p o w e r , ce r t a i n ly d ese r v es th e p r a ise o f ha v i n g e x e r cise d it w i t h di gn i t y a n d fi r m n e ss a n d if hi s usur p a t io n b e ce n sur e d , it m ust b e a ck n o w led ge d t h a t h e r a ise d E n gl a n d t o a st a t io n a m o n g t h e n ei gh b o ur i n g po w e r s t o w h ich it h a d n e v e r b e fo r e a t ta i n e d F r o m t h e s t seized , he dic ta t ed t o th e m os t t h r o n e w hich he h a d j u r op e o a n d n e v e r w a s hi s i n fl u e t e n t m o n a r ch s o f E u n ce p m o r e j us t ly e x e r cised t h a n in b eh a l f o f t h e p e r secut e d p r o t es t a n t s o f Pied m o n t H e c a use d s ub sc r ip t io n s t o b e t E n lan d in t h ei r fa v o u r h e se n t a n s e t o n foo t t h r o u ho u g g e n v oy t o t h e co ur t o f F r an ce , an d w r o t e t o a ll th e p r o r op e , t o i n t e r e st t he m in t h e s a m e te s ta n t p o w e r s o f E u a t che d a n a m b a ss a do r t o th e co u ood c au se H e d esp r t of g Tur i n ,w h o w a s r ecei v e d w i t h gr e a t r esp ec t by t h e d uke , w h o p r e t e n ded t o j us t i fy his t r e a tm e n t o f t h e Pie d m o n n de r th e p r e t e n c e o f t hei r b ei n g r eb ellio u s t ese , u B ut C r o m w ell w o ul d n o t s uffe r h im sel f t o b e t r i fled his am b a ss a do r gav e th e d uke t o un de r s t an d th a t if wi t h n e o c ia tio n fa iled , ar m s w o u ld b e h a d r e co u r se t o an d a s g tch gov e r nme nt th e k in gs o f D e n m ar k an d S w ede n ,th e D u . ~ . . . . . . . . . , Fox ’ s B O OK o r MAwr vRs . g m e n te d with a re in fo rc e le ct e d a l a rge a r my , which b e a u ccess fu m e n t o f Fre n ch a n d S wiss t r oops ; a n d wa s s o s u in seve r a l e n g a ge m e n ts a g a i n st the protest a n ts , th a t t he l a tte r , des p a i r i n g o f s uccess , co n se n ted to lay do wn thei r it the co unt r y ,o n h is solem n pro m ise o f s a fety a r m s a n d qu fo r themselves , thei r fa m ilies , a n d p r ope r ty . No soo n er were they d is a r m ed , th a n the tre a chero us p a pists , a cti n g upo n their m a x i m th a t n o fa ith is to b e kept with hereti cs , m a ss a c r ed a l a rge body o f the m , in cold blood , witho ut d isti n ctio n o f a ge o r se x : a n d b urn t an d n t r y in eve r y di r e ctio n a va e d the co u g The ho r r o r s p e r p e t r a t e d b y these fa ithless a n d b igo ted mo n s t ers a l m ost e x ceed beli e f W e w ill n o t we a r y a n d disg ust o ur r e a de r s with the r ec it a l s uffice it to s a y , th a t eve r y v a r iety o f r a pi n e , l ust , a n d c r uelty , wa s e x h a usted by these de m o n s in h um a n sh a pe Those p r o t est a n ts who n a te e n o u gh t o esc a pe , fo un d a n a syl um in the w e r e fo r t u S wiss c an to n s a n d in Ger m a n y , whe r e they we r e tr e a te d k i n dly a n d l a n ds g r a n ted to the m fo r thei r r eside n ce The n a t ur a l co n seq ue n ce o f these ho r r ible p r o ceedi n gs wa s ,th a t the fr u it ful v a lleys o f P ied m o n t we r e depop ul a ted a n d desol a te a n d the b a r b a r o u s m o n ster wh o h a d c a used this dev a st a tio n , n o w feeli n g its ill e ffects , t r ied , by a ll m e a n s in his po we r , to d r a w Ro m a n C a tholi c fa m ilies fro m r ope , to repeople t h e v a lleys , a n d to c u lti a ll p a rts o f E u v a te the fields whi ch h a d bee n bl a sted by the m alig n a n t b r e a t h o f bigo t r y S o m e o f the e x iles , in the me a n while ,a n i m a ted by th a t a r wa r m th in thei r love of c o u n tr hi ch glo w s ith pe c u li w w y b r e a sts , dete r m i n ed to m a ke a n a tte m pt to reg a i n a p a r t Ac o f thei r n a t ive v a lleys , or to perish in t h e a tte m pt n dred o f the m , wh o h a d resided d u rin c o r d in gly , n i n e h u g their e x ile n e a r the l a ke o f Ge n ev a , crossi n g it in the t resist a n ce , a n d seizi n g t wo n ight , e n te r ed S a voy witho u villa ges obt a i n ed p r ovisi o n s , for whi ch they p a id , a n d im ke h a d n ot ice medi a tely p a ssed the river Arve ,be fore the d u n try o f their a r r iv a l in the co u W he n he be c a m e a cqua i n ted with this , he w a s a sto n is he d a t the bold n ess o f the e n te r prise , a n d desp a tche d a rd the d e file s a n d p a sse s ; w hich , h o wever, tr o op s to g u mbers of we r e a ll forced by the protest a n ts , a nd gre a t nu the S a vo va r d troo ps de fe a t ed . ‘ . . . . . . . ’ Fox s B O OK o r M Aa r v a s 2 1] . Ala rmed by this i n tellige n ce a n d st ill m o r e by a repor t th a t a g r e a t body of the e x iles wa s a dv a n ci n g fro m B r a n de n b ur g to s uppo r t those a l r e a dy in S a v oy ,a n d th a t m a ny pr o t est an t st a t e s m e a n t t o a ssist the m i n t heir a t te m pts to r e ga i n a footi n g in their n a tive co un t r y , the d uke p ublish e d a n e di ct by which h e restored the m to a ll thei r for m e r p r ivileges This j ust a n d h um a n e co n d uct was , ho wever , so di s ple a si n g to th a t b igoted a n d fe r o c io us tyr a n t , Lo uis X I V ke o f S a voy t o o f F r a n ce ,t h a t he se n t a n o r de r to the d u e x ti r p a t e e v e r y p r o t es t a n t in his do m i n io n s a n d t o a ssist him in t h e e x e c u tio n o f thi s ho rr ible p r oj e ct , o r to p un i sh him if he w e r e u n w illi n g t o e n g a ge in it , M C a t in e t w a s m en de sp a tched a t t he he a d o f a n ar m y o f This i n sole n t di c t a t io n i r r i t a t ed the d uke ; he de te r m i n ed n o lo n ge r t o be t he sl a ve o f t he F r e n ch ki n g , a n d soli ci ted t h e a id o f t he e m pe r o r o f Ge r m a n y a n d the ki n g o f S p a i n , w h o se n t l a r ge b odies o f t r oo p s to his a ssist a n ce B e i ng a lso n ed , a t hi s o w n r e q u oi est ,by the p r o t est a n t a r m y , he j hesi t a t ed n o lo n ge r to decl a r e wa r a g a i n s t F r a n ce ; a n d in the c a m p a ig n whi ch fo llo wed , hi s p r o t est a n t s ubj e cts w e r e o f i n fi n i t e se r vi ce by t heir v a lo u r a n d r esol u tio n The Fr e n ch t r oops we r e a t le n g t h d r i v e n fr o m P ie d m o n t , a n d t he he r oi c p r o t est a n ts we r e r ei n s t a t ed in t hei r fo r m er p os sessio n s ,t hei r a n ci e n t p r ivileges co n fi r m ed , a n d m a n y n e w o n es g r a n t ed to t he m The e x iles n o w r et ur n ed fr o m G e r m a n y a n d S witze r l a n d a n d we r e a c co m p a n ied by m a n y F r e n ch r e fu gees , whom the c r uel perse c uti o n s o f L o uis h a d d r i v e n fr o m their n a tive l a n d in se arch o f the t ole r a t io n d e n ied to t hem a t ho m e Bu ri a ted t t his i n fu bigot , n o t y e t gl utted wi th reve n ge , i n sisted o n thei r b ei n g e x pelled fr o m P ied m o n t ; a n d the d u ke o f S a voy , a n x ious fo r pe a ce , w a s co m p elled to co m p ly with t hi s m ercile ss de m an d , be fo r e t h e F r e n ch ki n g w o u ld sig n t h e t r e a t y T he wa n de r e r s , t h u s d r ive n fr o m t h e so u ght th o f Eu r ope , so u a n d fo u n d a n a syl u m fr o m the hos p i t a li t y o f the electo r o f Br a n d e n b u r g , a n d co n soled the m sel v es fo r the loss o f a ge n i a l cl i m a te a n d a delight ful co un t r y ,in the e nj oy m e n t o f the more s ubst a n t i a l blessi n gs o f libe r t y o f co nsc ie n ce a nd of r o ve rt r it rec u y p y . . . . . . . . . . 2 12 Fo x ’ s B OOK o r M A RT Y RS PART V . s es wh is k led t o t h e Ref or ma t i on Ca u . C H A PT ER I . l r in t i d e A es e P o es d u d r a t i on o t h h e M Usu g f p g p . IN the pre cedi n g p age s we h a ve h a d o cc a sio n t o tre a t oi the rise a n d pro gr ess o f popery , fr om the comme n ce m e n t s ur p a tio n s to the te n th ce n tur y From this pe r iod , o f its u till the re form a tio n wa s a tte m pted by VVickliffe ,the a b o m i n ch r isti a n he r eti cs i n c r e a se d n a t io n s o f these a r ch a n d u ~ w ith r a pid st r ides , till a t le n g t h a ll the sove r eig n s o f Eu r ope were co m pelled to do the m the m ost servi le hom a ge I t wa s in the reig n o f E dg a r ,ki n g o f E n gl a n d , th a t m o n ks we r e fir st m a de spirit u a l m i n isters , tho u gh co n tra r y to the de c r ees a n d c ustom o f the ch urch ; a n d in the time o f this sove r eig n they were a llo wed to m a rry , the r e b ei ng n o la w Il ftp id d in g it , b e fo r e the p a p a cy o f Grego ry VII ’ . . . To rel a te the ty r a n n ic a l i n n ov a tio n s upo n the religi o n ri n g the s p a ce o f more th a n three h un d r ed o f Ch r ist d u ye a rs ,wo uld b e the provi n ce o f a writer o n chur ch history , ite i n comp a tible with o ur li m its S uffi ce it to s ay , a n d i s qu th a t s c a r cely a foreig n war o r civi l b r oil co n vulsed E ur ope d ur i n g th a t pe r iod , wh ich did n o t o r igi n a te in the i n fe r n a l a r t ifi ce s o f popes , m o n ks , a n d fr i a r s They fr eque n tly fell vi cti m s to thei r o wn m a chi n a tio n s fo r ,fr o m the ye a r 1 004 , m a n y popes died viole n t de a ths : seve r a l we r e poiso n ed ; Sylveste r wa s cut to p ie ces by his o wn people ; a n d the reig n s o f his s uccesso r s w ere b ut short Be n edict , wh o succeeded Joh n XX L , tho ught proper to resist the e m pe ror He n r y III ,a n d pla ce in his room P eter , ki n g o f Hun g a r y b ut a fte r wa r d bein g a l armed by the s uccess o f He n ry , he s o ld his se a t to G r a t ia n us , c a lled G r egory VI At this ti m e the r e were th r ee pope s in Rome , a ll st r ivi n g a g a i n st e a ch other fo r the s u p r e m e p o wer , viz B e n edict I X , Sylveste r III a n d G r ego r y VI But the empero r Henry ,comi ng to Rome ,dis pl a ced these three mo ns ters at . . . . . . . . ’ Fo x s B OO K or MARTYfi S . Su bmis s i o n of th e E mp er or Hen r y I V t o t h e P o e p . To s uch a hei ght h a d p a pa l i n so le n ce n o w a t t a i n ed ,t he : o n the e m pe r o r He n r y I V r e fu si n g to s ub m i t t o so m e de crees o f po p e G r ego r y VII , the l a t te r e x co m m un ic a t e t mm , a n d a bsolved a ll his s ubj e cts fr o m t he i r o a th o f a lle gia n ce to h im ; o n this he wa s dese r ted by the n obili ty , a n d d r e a di n g the co n seq u e n ces , tho ugh a b r a ve m a n , he b m issi o n He a cco r di n gl y fo u n d it n e cess a r y to m a ke his s u s iu m , whe r e the p o p e th e n r ep a i r ed to the city o f C a n u wa s , a n d we n t b a r e fo oted wit h his w i fe a n d child to t he r e he r e m a i n ed fr o m m o r n i n g to n ight fa sti n g , te he a w ; g h um bly desi r i n g a bsol utio n , a n d c r a v i n g to be let in But ed th us t hr ee d a ys n o i n gress bei n g give n h im , he co n ti n u t ogethe r ; a t le n g t h a n s w e r c a m e ,th a t h is holi n ess h a d yet n o leis ur e to t a lk wi t h him The e m pe r o r pa t ie n tly wa ited wi t h i n the dep t h o f w i n te r h At le n gt h his r e ou t the wa lls ,tho u g quest wa s gr a n ted , th r o ugh t h e e n t r e a ti es o f Ma tild a , t he po p e s p a r a m o ur On the fo ur th d a y , bei n g let in , fo r a toke n o f his tr ue r epe n t a n ce , he yielded to the po pe h a n ds his c r o wn , a n d co n fessed hi m sel f un wo r t hy o f the e m pi r e ,if he eve r a g a i n o ffe n ded a g a i n st the pope , desi r The pope n g fo r th a t ti m e to be a bsolved a n d fo r give n ld n ei t he r fo r give him ,n or rele a se t he bo n d a n s we r ed ,he w o u n ic a t i o n , b u t u p o n co n d it on th a t he wo uld of his e x com m u . . . . . . ’ . ’ . . s F o x s no o n o r MA RT Y RS 2l b ’ . bide by his a rb itre m e n t in the co un c il ,a n d un de r go s uch pe n a n ce as he sho uld e nj oi n h im ; th a t he sho uld a n s we r s a t io n s l a id a g a i n st him , a n d th a t t o a ll obj e ctio n s a n d a cc u he sho uld n ever seek reve n ge ; th a t it sho uld b e a t t h e pope s ple a s ur e whe t h er his ki n gdo m sho uld be restored o r Fi n a lly , th at b e fo r e the tr i a l o f his c a use , he sho uld no t s ur p the a utho r ity s e his ki n gly or n a m e n ts , n o r u n eithe r u b to gove rn n o r to e x a ct a n y o a th o f a llegi a n ce fr o m his s u These t hi n gs bei n g p r o m ised to the pope b y e c t s , &c ; po n fr om e x co mm un i n o a th , the emperor was rele a sed u a ’ . . i za t io n . rr en d er s his C r own t o t h e P op e K i ng J o h n s u . The a sce n de n cy o f the popes wa s n ever mo r e fully evi n o e d th a n by a rem a r k a ble fa ct in t he history o f E n gl a n d K i n g Joh n h a vi n g i n c ur r ed the h a t r ed o f his b a r o n s a n d people by his cruel a n d ty r a n n i c a l m e a s ures ,they took a r m s a g a i n st h im , a n d o ffe r ed the cro wn to L o u is , s o n o f the F r e n ch ki n g By seizi n g the possessio n s o f the clergy , Joh n h a d a lso fa lle n un de r the disp l e a s ure o f the pope , n de r a n i n te r di ct , a n d wh o a ccordi n gly l a id the ki n gdo m u bj e cts fr o m thei r a llegi a n ce Al a r m ed a t a bsolved his s u t his the ty r a n t e a r n estly s u ed for pe a ce w ith hi s holi n ess , hop i n g by his m edi a tio n to ob t a i n fa v o ur a ble t er m s fr o m n de r s to terr i fy t he m i n to s u b m is t h e b a ro n s , o r by his th u He m a de the m ost a bj e ct s uppli c a tio n s , a n d the s io n r ch , pope , eve r w illi n g to i n c r e a se the p o we r o f the ch u s e n t c a r di n a l Pa n d u lf a s leg a te to the ki n g a t C a n te r b u ry , to who m Joh n r esig n ed hi s c r o wn a n d do m i n io n s a n d the c a r di n a l , a fter r et a i n i n g the c r o wn five d a ys in toke n o f pos sessio n , r et ur n ed it to the ki n g o n co n ditio n o f h is m a ki n g a ye a r ly p a y m e n t o f o n e tho u s a n d m a r ks to the cour t o f Ro m e , a n d holdi n g the do m i n io n s o f E n gl a n d a n d Ir ela n d in f a r m fr o m the pope Bu t if Joh n e x pe cted a n y be n efit fr om this m ost disgr a ce fu l t r an s a ctio n , he wa s dis a ppoi n ted a n d i n ste a d o f e nj oy in g the cro wn whi ch he h a d so b a sely s u r r e n dered a n d r e ce iv e d a g a i n , the short rem a i n de r o f his li fe wa s d ist u r bed by co n ti n u al in su r re ctio n s , a n d he a t l a st e ither died o f grie f, or by poiso n a d m i n istered to him by a mo n k o f the co n v e n t of S win e z he a d in L i n col n shire The l a tte r c a u se . . . . . . 216 Fo x ’ s 80 3 K or a r va s . ss ig n ed by m a n y histo r i a n s , a n d we a r e to ld th a t the k ing, s uspe c t i n g so m e fr ui t , whi ch wa s p r ese n t ed to h im a t the a bove co n ve n t t o be po i s o n ed ,o r dered the m o n k who bro u ght it t o e a t o f it , whi ch he did , a n d died in a fe w ho urs a fte r a f . An E mp er or tr od d en un d er f oot by th e P op e . The p a p a l us ur p a tio n s we r e e x te n ded to every p a rt o f rop e In Ge r m a n y , the e m peror F r ed e r i c wa s c o m Eu m e lle d to s u b i t to b e trodde n u n der the feet o f P ope p Ale x a n de r ,a n d d a r ed n o t m a ke a ny resist a n ce In En g l a n d , ho wever , a spi r it o f rese n t m e n t b r oke o ut in v ar io us r eig n s ,in co n seq u e n ce o f the opp r essio n s a n d hor r ible co n d uct o f those a n ti chr isti a n bl a sphe m e r s , whi ch co n ti n ued wi t h mo r e o r less vi ole n ce till the ti m e o f the gre a t W ick li d e , o f whom we sh a ll spe a k more fu lly in the follo wmg a ges p . . - ' . Ac cou nt o f W ick lifi e, a n d of t h e Ma r ty r s wh o saf er e in d ef en ce of h is D o ctr in es . The fi rst a tte m pts m a de in E n gl an d to wa r d the re form a r ch , took pl a ce in t h e reig n o f Ed wa rd III t io n o f the ch u t A D 1 3 5 0, whe n Joh n W icklilfe a ppe a red Thi s a bo u e a r ly st a r o f t he E n glish ch ur ch wa s p ub li c r e a der o f di vi n ity in the un ive r sity o f O x fo r d , a n d by the le a rn ed o f hi s d ay , wa s a cco un ted deeply ve r sed in t heology , a n d a ll kin ds o f philosophy Thi s e v e n his a dve r s a rie s a llo w ed , . . . . . W a lde n , his b itterest e n e my , wr iti n g to pop e Ma r t i n , lly a sto n ished a t hi s stro n g a r s a ys , t h a t he w a s wo n de r fu r i t y w hi ch he h a d g a ther tho u m e n t s ,with the pl a ces o f a u g ed , w ith the vehe m e n ce a n d fo r ce o f his re a so n s , &c At the t ime o f his a ppe a r a n ce the gr e a test d a r k n ess perv a de d S c a r cely a n y thi n g b ut the n a m e o f Chris t h e ch u r ch r e m a i n ed ; hi s t r u e doctri n e be i n g a s fa r un k n o wn to the most p a rt ,a s his n a m e wa s co m m o n to a ll As to fa ith ,c o n se o f the la w, t h e o ffi ce o f Chris t s ol a tio n , the e n d a n d u ou r i m pote n cy a n d w e a k n ess , the g r e a t n ess a n d stre n gt h e wo r ks , g r a ce , a n d free j usti fic a tio n by fa i th o f s in , o f t r u whe r e i n C h r isti a n i t y co n sists , they we r e e ither n um o wn or dis r eg ar ded S cript ur e le a r n i n g a n d d ivi n ity were kn o wn b u t to a fe w, a n d th a t in the schools o n ly wh ere as . . . . . 2 18 F ’ o x s B O OK o r MA RT Y RS . seco n d time , W i ckli ffe e x pl a i n ed to the m his se n ti me n ts w ith reg a r d t o the s a c r a me n t o f the e uch a r ist , in p a pists ; fo r whi ch t he o p positio n to the belie f o f the b ishops o n ly e nj oi n ed h im s ile n ce , n o t d a ri n g a t th a t tim e to pro ceed to g r e a t er e x t r emities a g a i n st him in g a . W icklif e Tr a n s la tes the B ible . W icklifle p ayi n g less rega rd to the i nj un ctio n s o f the n ti n u r om u ty to God co ed to p lg a te o is h o s th a n to h is d u , p his doctri n es , a n d g r a d ua lly to un ve il the tr uth to the eyes H e wrote sever a l books , which , a s m a y b e sup of me n po sed , g a ve g r e a t a l a r m a n d o ffe n ce to the cle r gy But God r a isi n g h im up a p r ote cto r in the d uke o f L a n c a ste r , he wa s se c u r e fr o m thei r m a li ce He t r a n sl a ted the B ible i n to E n glish , whi ch a m id the ig n o r a n ce o f the ti m es , m a y be co m p a red to the s un b r e a ki n g fo r th in a d ar k n igh t T o this B ible he p r efi x ed a b old p r e fa ce , wherei n he reflected o n the i mm or a lities o f t he cle r gy , a n d co n de m n ed the w o r ship o f s a i n ts , i m a ges , a n d t h e co r por a l p r ese n ce o f Ch r ist in the s a cr a m e n t : b u t wh a t g a ve the gre a test o ffe n ce to the p r iests ,wa s ,his e x ho r ti n g a ll people to re a d the s cri p t ures in whi ch the testimo n ies a g a i n st a ll those corr uptio n s a ppe a red so st r o n gly Ab o ut the s a m e ti m e the co m mo n people ,go a ded to des e r a t io n by the opp r essio n s o f the n ob ility a n d cle r gy ,rose p in a r ms a n d co m m itted g r e a t dev a st a tio n ; a nd , a m o n g othe r pe r so n s o f d is t i n cti o n , they p ut to de a th S i m o n o f S udb ur y , a r chb isho p o f C a n t e r b ur y He w a s s ucceeded by W illi a m Co ur t n ey , who wa s n o less dilige n t th a n h is p r edecessor h a d bee n in a tte m pti n g to root o ut h er eti cs Not withst a n di n g a ll o p posi t i o n , ho weve r , V Vic klifi e s se ct i n c r e a sed , a n d d a ily g r e w t o g r e a te r fo r ce , un ti l the t i m e th a t W illi a m B a r to n , vi c e ch a n cello r o f O x fo r d , wh o h a d the whole r ule o f t h a t un ive r si t y , a ssisted by so m e m o n a s ed a n edi ct , p r ohibi t i n g a ll pe r so n s un der a t ic do ctors , iss u he a vy pe n a lty , fr o m a sso ci a ti n g the m selves w i t h a n y o f W icklilfe s fa vo ur e r s ; a n d t h r e a te n i n g W i c kli ffe hi m sel f with e x com m u n i c a t io n a n d i m p r iso n m e n t , u n less b e , a fte r three d a ys c a n o n ic a l a d m o n i t io n o r wa r n i n g , d id repe n t and a m en d Upo n this \Vicklitfe wished t o a ppe a l to t h e king, b u t the d u ke o f L an c a ste r fo r b a de h im ; where ' . . . . , . . . ' - ’ . ’ ’ Fox s s o o n o r M ART Y R S 21 9 . po n he wa s fo r ced a g a i n to m a ke co n fessi o n o f hi s d ue u a li f i n g his a ssertio n s , he tr i n e ; in whi ch co n fessio n , by q u y mitiga ted the r i g o u r o f his e n e m ies S t ill his follo w e r s g r e a tly m ul t i p lied Ma n y o f the m , in d e e d ,wer e n o t m e n o f le a r n i n g ; b u t bei n g wr o u ght upo n by t h e co n v i c t io n o f p la i n r e a so n , t hey w e r e t h e m o r e In a sho r t t i m e his doct r i n es st e a d fa st in t h ei r pe r s u as io n m a de a g r e a t p r og r ess , b e i n g n o t o n ly espo u sed by v a s t nu m bers o f the s tu de n ts o f O x ford , b ut a lso by m a n y o f t h e n ob ility , p a r tic u l a rly by the d uke o f L a n c a ste r a n d lo r d P e r cy , e a r l m a r sh a l , as be fo r e m e n t io n ed l Vi c kliffe m a y th u s b e co n side r ed a s the g r e a t fo un de r o f the r e fo r m a t i o n in E n gl a n d He wa s o f Me r to n col lege in O x fo r d , where he t ook his do cto r s deg r ee , a n d be c a m e s o e m i n e n t for his fi n e ge n io us a n d g r e a t le a r n i n g r y , h a v i n g fo u t h a t S i m o n Islip , a r chb ishop o f C a n te r b u nd ed C a n t e r b ur y college , n o w Ch r ist ch ur ch , in O x fo r d , a p poi n ted him r e cto r ; wh ich e m ploy m e n t he filled wi th un i ve r s a l a pp r ob a tio n ,t ill the de a t h o f the a r chb ishop L a n g hol m , s uccesso r to Islip , b ei n g desi r o us o f fa vo uri n g t he mo n ks ,a n d i n trod uci n g the m i n to the college , a ttemp te d to re m o v e W i ckli ffe , a n d p ut W oodh a ll , a m o n k ,in hi s pl a ce Bu t the fello ws o f the college b ei n g a tt a ched to W i ckli ffe , wo u ld n o t co n s e n t to this N e vertheless , t he a ffa i r bei n g c a r r ied to Ro m e W i ckli ffe wa s de p r ived in fa vo ur o f W ood h a ll This did n o t a t a ll lesse n the rep ut a tio n o f the fo r m e r ,eve r y o n e pe r ceivi n g it w a s a ge n e r a l a ffa i r , a n d th a t th e m o n ks did n o t so m u ch st r ike a t W ic kliffe s pe r so n , a s a t a ll the se c u l a r p r iests wh o we r e m e m bers o f the college An d , i n deed , they w e r e a ll t ur n ed o ut t o m a ke r oo m fo r th e m o n ks S ho r t ly a fte r W i ckli ffe wa s p r ese n ted to the livi n g o f L utt e r wo r t h , in t h e co un t y o f L e icest e r , whe r e he r e m a i n ed un m olested till his de a t h ,whi ch h a ppe n ed D e c e m b e r 3 1 , 1 8 85 Bu t a ft e r the b ody o f this good m a n ha d l a i n in the g r a ve fo r ty o n e ye a r s ,his b o n es we r e t a ke n up by the dec r ee o f the sy n od o f C o n st a n ce ,p ubli cly b ur n t a n d his a shes t h r o wn i n to a r i v er The co n de m n a t io n o f his d octri n e did n o t p r eve n t it s sp r e a d i n g a ll o v e r the ki n g d o m , a n d wi t h s u ch s uccess , t h a t a cco r d n g to S pel m a n , t wo m e n co u ld n o t be fo un d together ,a nd o n e n ot a Lab ” lard or W ickliffi te . . . . . ’ . . ' . . ' ’ . . . - . i “ . ’ 220 Ma nr vns rex s s oon o r Tenets of . W icklif e . The follo wi n g a r e a mo n g the a rticles o f Wickli ffe which were co n de m n ed a s here t i c a l : The s ubs t a n ce o f m a teri al bre a d a n d wi n e doth re m a in m t h e s a cr a m e n t o f t h e a l t a r a ft e r the co n se cr a tio n The a ccide n t s do n ot r e m a i n v it h o ut t he s ubj e c t in the s a m e s a cr a m e n t , a fte r t he co n se cr a tio n Th a t Ch r ist is n o t in t h e s a c r a me n t o f the a lt a r tr uly a n d r e a lly , in his p r oper a n d co r por a l pe r so n Th a t if a b ishop or a p r iest b e in de a dly s in , he doth n o t o r der , co n se c r a te ,n o r b a ptize Th a t if a m a n b e d uly a n d truly co n t r ite a n d pe n ite n t , a ll e x terior a n d o u ter co n fessio n i s b ut s uperfl uo us a n d um pro fit a ble un to h im Th a t it is n o t fo un d or est a blished by the gosp el , th at C h r ist did m a ke or o r d a i n m a ss If the pope b e a reprob a te a n d ev il m a n , a n d co nse que n tly a m e m b er o f the devil , he h a th n o po we r by a ny m an n e r o f m e an s give n un to him over fa ith ful Christi a n s Th a t si n ce the ti m e o f Ur b a n the S i x th ,there is n o n e to b e r e ceived for pop e , b ut eve r y m a n is to liv e a fter the m a n n e r o f the G r eeks , un de r his o wn la w Th a t it i s a g a i n st the s cript ur es , th a t e cclesi a sti c a l m i ld h a ve a n y te m po r a l possessio n s n is t e r s sho u Th a t n o prel a te o ught to e x co m m un ic a te a ny m a n e x cept he k n e w hi m fi r st to be e x com m un ic a te o f God Th a t he who d oth so e x co m mun i c a te a n y m a n ,is thereby hi m sel f e ither a he r eti c o r e x co mm un i c a ted Th a t a ll s uch w hi ch do le a ve o ff p r e a chi n g or he a ri n g th e wo r d o f God , o r p r e a chi n g o f the gospel fo r fe a r o f e x co m m un i c a tio n , they a r e a l r e a dy e x co mm un ic a ted , a n d dg m e n t sh a ll b e co un ted a s t r a itors un to in the d ay o f j u . . . . . . . . . . . Go d . Th a t it is l a wful for a ny m an e i t her de a co n o r p r iest , to t a utho r ity o r lice n s e o f o r e a ch the w ord o f God , w i t ho u the a pos t oli c see or a n y othe r o f his c a tholi cs Th a t so lo n g a s a m a n is in de a dly s in ,he is n either b isho p n o r p r el a te in the ch ur ch o f God W i ckl i ffe wr ote sever a l wo r ks , whi ch in the ye a r 1 4 1 0 r n t a t O x ford ,the a bbo t o f Shre wsb ury be i n g t he n we re b u . . 22 2 Fox ’ s B OOK o r M A R T Y RS . this st a t ute t h a t the e c clesi a sti c a l co urt co n dem ned Willi a m S a ut re a b ove m e n ti o n ed of . I ncr ea s e of W ich lif e s D octr ine ’ . Not withst a n di n g the oppositi o n o f the popish cle r gy , ic kliffe s do ct r i n e co n ti n ued to sp r e a d g r e a tly in He m ) tV IV s reig n , eve n to s u ch a deg r ee , th a t t he m aj o r i ty o f the ho u se o f co m m o n s we r e i n cli n ed to i t ; whe n ce they prese n ted t wo p etiti o n s to the ki n g , o n e a g a i n st the cle r gy r o f the L oll a r ds The fi r st set a n d the othe r i n fa vo u fo r th , th a t the cle r gy m a de ill u s e o f thei r w e a lth , a n d co n s um ed the i r i n co m e in a m a n n e r q uite di ffe r e n t fro m the i n te n t o f the do n o r s th a t the i r r eve n ues we r e e x cess ive , a n d co n se q ue n tly th a t it w o uld be n e cess a ry to lesse n the m ; th a t so m a n y est a t es m ight e a sily b e seized a s ld p r ovide for 1 5 0 e a r ls a t the r a te o f 3 000 m a r ks a wo u y e a r e a ch , 1 5 00 b a r o n s a t 1 00 m a r ks e a ch , 6 2 00 k n ights a t 4 0 m a r ks , a n d 1 00 hos p it a ls ; th a t by this m e a n s the s a fety o f the ki n gdo m m ight b e b ette r provid ed fo r , the poo r bette r m a i n t a i n ed , a n d t he cl e r gy m o r e d evoted to thei r d uty In the se co n d petitio n the co m m o n s p r a y ed , th a t the s t a t ut e p a ssed a g a i n st the L o ll a r ds ,in the se co n d ye a r o f this reig n , m ight b e r epe a le d , o r q ua lified with so m e r es t r ictio n s As it wa s the ki n g s i n te r est to ple a se the cle r gy , he a n s we r ed t he co m m o n s ve r y sh a r ply , th a t ld n o r wo uld co n se n t to the i r petitio n s An d b e n eithe r co u w ith r eg a r d to the L oll a r d s , he d e cl a r ed he wi shed the t o f the l a n d To p r o v e the he r e t i cs we r e e x ti r p a ted o u tr uth o f t his , he sig n ed a wa r ra n t fo r b ur n i n g Thom a s B a d by ’ ’ . . . ’ . . . . Ma r ty r d om of Th oma s B a d by i n th e y ea r 1 4 09 . Thom a s B a dby wa s a l ay m a n ,a n d by tr a de a t a ilo r He wa s a r r a ig n ed in the ye a r 1 4 09 , o n the ch a r ge o f heresy , gh fo r h a vi n g e mbr a ced the se n ti m e n ts o f W i ckli ffe Tho u s t a n di n g a s it w e r e a lo n e ,he m a de a b old de cl a r a ti o n o f his f a i t h a n d e x cl a i m ed a g a i n st the idol a tr y a n d impio u s pr a c , ti ces o f the Rom a n ch urch ; tho ugh his li fe wa s p ro m ised h im , together w ith a n a n n u a l pe n si o n o u t o f the ki n g s ry , o n co nditi on o f re c a n ti ng,he n obly reje cted the t r ea s u . . ’ ’ Fo x s 223 B O O K o r ma n r va s . re , a n d died like a fa i t h fu l soldie r o f Ch r ist , co mm e n d l to his c a r e He wa s b ur n ed in a tub at S mith mg hi s so u field off v . . M a r ty r d om of J oh n B a d by . Ma r ty r d om of S ir J ohn O ld ca s tle . The pe r se cutio n s o f the L oll ar ds in the reig n o f He n y V , we r e o wi n g to the c ruel i n s t ig a tio n s o f the cle r gy ,wl to ho ught th a t t he m ost e ffect ua l w a y to check the p r o gr t 85 o f \Vic kliffe s doct r i n e , w o u ld b e to a tt a ck the t he n ch" f p r otector o f it , v iz : S ir Joh n O ldc a s t le , b a r o n o f C ob ha m ; a n d to pe r s u a de the ki n g t h a t the L oll a r ds w e r e e u ga ged in co n spi r a cies to o v e r tur n the st a te It wa s eve n re p o r ted th a t they i n te n ded to m u r de r the ki n g , together with the p r i n ces , his bro t he r s , a n d m ost o f the lo r ds spi r i tua l a n d te m p o r a l , in h e p e s th a t the co n fusio n which m ust n ecess a r ily a r ise in the ki n gdo m , a ft e r s u ch a m a ss a cr e , wo u ld pro v e fa vo ur a ble to thei r r eligi o n Upo n this a fa lse ru mo ur wa s sp r e a d , th a t S ir Joh n O ldc a stle h a d got toge ther m e n in St Giles in the F ields , a p l a ce th e n o ve r g r o wn w ith b u she s The ki n g hi m sel f we n t thither at mid n ight , a n d fi n di n g n o m ore th a n fo ur s core or a hun dred po n a religio us a ccount , p erso n s , wh o we r e p r iv a tely m e t u Som e o f them bei n g he fell up o n them a n d killed m a n y : . t ’ * . . . . ’ . . . F ’ o x s B O OK o r MA RT Y RS . te rwa rd e x a m i n ed , we r e pr ev a iled upo n ,by promise s o r thre a ts , to co n fess wh a teve r their e n e m ies desired ; a nd these a cc used S ir Joh n O ldc a stle The ki n g he r e upo n t ho ught him guilty ; a n d in th a t b e lie f set a tho us a n d m a r ks upo n h is he a d ,with a p r o m ise o t perpetua l e x e m ptio n fr o m t a x es to a ny to wn whi ch sh o uld se c ur e h im S ir Joh n wa s a pp r ehe n ded a n d imp r iso n e d in the To wer ; b ut esc a pi n g fr o m t he n ce he fled i n to W a les , where he lo n g co n ce a led h i m sel f Bu t b ei n g a fte r wa rd seized in Po wisla n d , in No r th W a les , by lo r d P o wis , he wa s b r o u ght to Lo n do n , t o the g r e a t j oy o f the cle r gy , wh o were highly i n ce n sed a g a i n st him ,a n d r esol v ed to s a c r ifi c e h im , to st r ike a te r r o r i n t o the r est o f the L oll ar ds t ir Joh n wa s o f a v e r y good fa m ily , h a d bee n she r i ff o f n der He n r y I V , a n d s u mm o n ed to p a r li a e r t fo r d s h ir e u He m e n t a m o n g the b a r o n s o f the r e a l m in th a t reig n ha d b e e n se n t beyo n d the s e a , with the e a r l o f A r u n del , to a ssist the d uke o f B ur g un dy a g a i n st the F r e n ch In a wo r d , he wa s a m a n o f e x tr a o r di n a ry m e r it , n o t with s t a n d in g whi ch he wa s co n de m n ed t o b e h a n ged u by the a is t w p with a ch a i n , a n d b u r n t a live This most b a r b a r o us s e n ted a m id the c ur ses a n d i m p r ec a tio n s o f t e n ce wa s e x e c u the pri ests a n d mo n ks , wh o used the i r utm ost e n de a vo ur s to p r eve n t the people fr o m pr a yi n g for h im S uch wa s the tr a gi c a l e n d o f S ir Joh n O ldc a stle , wh o le ft the wo r ld tio n a n d co n st a n cy th a t a n s we r e d pe r fectly wi t h a resol u to the b r a ve spi r it w ith whi ch he h a d ever m a i n t a i n ed the c a use o f truth a n d o f his God N ot s a tisfied with his si n gle de a th ,the clergy i nd uced the p a r li a m e n t to m a ke fr esh st a t utes a g a i n st the Loll a r ds It wa s e n a cted a m o n g other t hi n gs th a t whosoever re a d the scri ptures in E n glish sho uld fo r feit l a n d , ch a ttels , goods , a n d li fe , a n d b e co n de m n ed a s hereti cs to God , e n e m ie s to the c r o wn , a n d tr a ito r s to t he ki n gdo m th a t they sho uld a ry ; a n d th a t , if they n o t h a ve the b e n efit o f a n y s a n ct u co n t in ued ob sti n a te , o r rel a psed a fter b ei n g p a rdo n ed , they sho uld fi r st be h a n ged fo r tr e a so n a g a i n st the ki n g , r n e d for he r esy a g a i n st God This a ct wa s a n d the n b u t i o n wa s r a ise d n o soo n er p a ssed , b u t a vi ole n t persec u sever a l o f them were b urn t a l ive , a ga in st the L oll a rds ; t o me u h a n d o h w a e n o to dom t ers er k d e i e w e e n t h k fl g g , af . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . 22 6 ’ Fox s s oon or M A R T YRS . ri di n g fa ster whe n i n his comp a n y ,wa s sl a in o n the s pot by the po pe s order Th us did these demo n s in h um a n form to r m e n t e a ch othe r fo r the sp a ce o f thirty -n i n e ye a rs , unt il the co un cil o f C o n st a n ce ’ . . P r og r ess of the Refor ma tion in t h e Reig n of Henry VIII T he re a der will do u btles s a tte n d t o the tra n s a cti o n s r e corded in thi s reig n ,wit h pe c uli a r in terest It wa s in t his period th a t God , thro ugh the i n strume n t a lity o f the ki n g . liber a ted E n gl a n d from the p a p a l yoke , a nd it be c a me as it were a religi o us wo r ld depe n d a n t o n i tsel f The wa rs betwee n the t wo ho uses o f Y o r k a n d Lan cas ter h a d prod uced s uch fa t a l revol utio n s , a n d thro wn En g l an d i n to s uch fr e que n t co n v ulsio n s , th a t the n a tio n , with gre a t j oy , h a iled the a ccess io n o f He n r y VIL , to the thro n e ,who b ei n g himsel f desce n ded from the ho use o f se La n c a ste r , by his m a r r i a ge with the heiress o f the ho u o f Y o r k , fr eed the m from the fe a r o f a n y fu rther civil Bu t the cove t o u s n ess o f his te m per , the severity war s sy o f the ho use o f Y ork , o f his m i n isters , a n d his j e a lo u m a d e h im s o ge n e r al ly odio us to hi s people , th a t his de a th wa s little l a m e n ted He n r y VI II s ucce eded , with a ll the a dv a n t a ges he co uld h a ve desi r ed ; a n d his disgr a ci n g E m p so n a n d D ud ley , the cruel m i n iste r s o f his fa ther s a v a ri cio us des ig n s his a ppoi n ti n g r estit utio n to be m a de o f the s um s th a t h a d bee n unj ustly e x a cted o f the people a n d h is o r de r i n g jus tice to be do n e o n those r a p a cio us mi n isters , g a ve a ll peo ple hopes o f h a ppy ti m es ; a n d whe n m i n isters by the ki n g s o r de r s w e r e co n de m n ed a n d e x ec uted fo r i n v a di n g the liberties o f the people , un de r the cove r t o f the ki n g s prerog a tive , it m a de the n a ti o n co n cl ude th a t they sho uld he r e a ft er live se c ur e un der the protectio n o f s uch a pri n ce , a n d th a t the v iole n t re m edies o f p a r li a me n t a ry j u dg m e n ts sho uld b e n o m ore n ecess a r y , e x cept a s in this c a se , to co n firm wh a t h a d b ee n do n e b e fore in the ordi n a ry co urts i ce of u st j The ki n g a lso , e i t her from the m a g n i fice n ce o f his o wn te mpe r , o r the observ a ti o n he ha d m a de o f the ill e ffe ct s ted his re wa rds a n d la r o f his fa ther s p a rsi m o n y , dist r ib u u l s n es s e w it a n n me a s u r d b o ty s o t he q i ck h u e u t h a ; y g . . . . ’ . ’ ’ . ’ B OOK o r una r m s ’ rox s 2 27 . pe n ded those tre a s ures ,whi ch hi s fa ther ha d le ft ; b ut till the ill e ffe cts o f this a p pe a r ed , it r a ised in his co urt bj e cts the gre a test hopes p ossible o f a pri n ce whose a nd su fir st a ctio n s sho wed a n e qua l mi x t ure o f j ustice a n d ge ex ne r o s ity . The ki n g h a d b ee n ed uc a ted with more th a n ordi nary c a re le a r n i n g b e i n g the n i n i t s d a wn i n g ,a fter a n ight o f lo n g a n d gross ig n or a n ce ,his fa the r h a vi n g give n orders th a t b ot h hi s elder brother a n d he sho uld b e well i n str ucted in The le a r n i n g the n most in credi t m a tte r s o f k n o wledge a m o n g the cle r gy wa s the schol a sti c a l d ivi n ity , which , by btlety , r e co mm e n ded itsel f to c ur io us perso n s ; a sho w o f s u it a ble to a v a i n a n d co n te n tio us temper , a n d bei n g ve r y s u a g r eed best with hi s dispositi o n ; a n d fu rt her , i t b ei n g likely to d ra w the most fl a tte r y , b e c a m e the chie f s ubj e ct d ies ,in which he gr e w n o t o n ly to b e em in e n t for o f hi s st u a pri n ce , b u t h e m ight re a lly h a ve p a ssed fo r a le a r n ed He delighted m a n h a d his q u a l ity bee n n eve r so m e a n rity o f the L a t in to n gue , a n d un de r stood p h ilo s o in the p u phy , a n d wa s so gre a t a m a ste r in m usi c ,th a t he co m posed He wa s a bo un ti ful p a t r o n to a ll le a r n ed m e n ,m ore well t ar t ic u lar ly to E r a s m u s a n d Po ly d o r e Vi r gil , a n d delighted nu ch in those ret ur n s whi ch h un gr y s chol ars m a ke to t o f m e a su re , a n d libe r a l p r i n ces ; fo r h e loved fl a ttery o u he h a d e n o ugh o f it to h a ve s ur fe ited a m an o f a n y modesty ; fo r a ll the world , b oth a t ho m e a n d a b r o a d , co n te n ded ld e x ceed most i n de ce n tly in setti n g o ut his wh o sho u pr a ises The cle r gy c a rried i t ; for a s he h a d merited si n g the i n terests o f the m ost a t their h a n ds , b oth by es p o u p a p a cy , a n d by his e n te r i n g t h e lists w ith L uther , so those th a t hoped to b e a dv a n ced by those a rts , we r e a s little t o f me a s u re, a s he wa s in a sh a m e d in m a g n i fyi n g him o u re ceivin g their gross comme n d a tio n s . . . . . . C h a r a ct er of C a r d in a l W o lsey . O ne of the most rem a rk a ble m e n o f this , or perh a p s o f He wa s o f me a n a n y other a ge , wa s C a r di n a l W olsey e x t r a ctio n , b ut possessed g r e a t a b ilities , a n d h a d a wo n ’ a ti n g hi m sel f i n to me n s fa vo u r d e r fu l de x terity in i n si n u He h a d b ut a l it t le ti m e bee n i n t r od uced to the ki n g b e fo re he obt a i n ed an e n tire a s c e n d e n c v over him , a n d the d ir e c . . ‘ 228 Fox ’ s B o o k o r M ARTY a s . t ion o f a ll his a ffa ir s , a n d fo r fi ftee n ye ars co n ti nued to b e the m ost absolut e fa vo ur ite ever k n o wn in E n gl an d He ch s et o n his ple a s ures a n d ha d a s a w th e ki n g wa s m u gre a t a ve r sio n to b usi n ess , a n d the other co un sello r s bei n g un willi n g to b e a r the lo a d o f a ffa irs , were tro ublesome to n sels ; b u h im , by p ressi n g him to gove r n by his o wn co u t W olsey k n e w the m ethods o f fa vo urites b etter , a n d s o wa s n o t o n ly e a sy , b u t a ssist a n t to the ki n g in his ple a s u res , and u n dertook to free him fr o m the t r o u ble o f gover n me n t , a n d to give him leis u r e to follo w his a ppetites He wa s m a ster o f a ll the o ffi ces a t ho m e , a n d tre a ti e s a bro a d , so th a t a ll a ffa i r s we n t a s he di r e cted them He soo n b ec a me ob n o x io us to p a r li a m e n ts , a n d there fore t r i ed bu t o ne d u ri n g his m i n ist r y ,where the s upply was gr a n ted so s c an tily , th a t a fterwa rd he chose r a the r to r a is e mo n ey by lo a n s a n d b e n evole n ces , th a n by the fr ee gi ft o f the people in p a r li a m e n t He in time b ec a m e so sc a n d a lo us fo r h is ill life , th a t he gre w to be a disg r a ce to his p r o fes sio n ; fo r he n o t o n ly se r ved the k in g , b ut a lso sh a red r es He w a s fi r st m a de b ishop o f with him in his ple a s u To ur n a y in Fl a n ders , the n o f L i n col n , a fter th a t he wa s pro m oted to th e see o f Y o r k , a n d h a d b oth the a bb ey o f S t Alb a n s , a n d the b ishopri c o f B a th a n d W ells in com ~ me n d a m ; the l a st he a ft e r wa rd e x ch a n ged fo r D ur e s m , and u po n Fo x s d e ath he quitted D ur e sm , th a t he m ight t a ke W i n chester ; a n d b esides a ll this , the ki n g by a sp e ci e l g r a n t g a ve h im po wer to dispose o f a ll the ecclesi a s t i c a l p r e ferme n ts i n E n gl a n d ; so th a t in e ffe ct he wa s the pop e o f the B r itish wo r ld , a n d n o d o ubt b ut b e copied skil fully e n o ugh a fte r those p a tte r n s th a t we r e set h im a t Ro m e B ei n g m a de a c a r di n a l , a n d setti n g up a leg a ti n e co ur t , he fo un d it fit for his a m b iti o n to h a ve the gre a t se a l like wise , th a t there m ight be n o cl a shi n g b et wee n r isdictio n s t hose t w o j u He h a d in o n e wo r d , all the qua lit ie s n e cess a r y fo r a gr e a t m i n ister ,a n d a ll the vi ce s u s ua l in a gre a t fa vo u rite The m a n n er o f promotio n to b ishoprics a n d a bb eys wa s t he n the s a m e th a t h a d t a k e n pl a ce ever si n ce the i nvesti tur es by the ri n g a n d st a ff we r e t a ke n o ut o f the h a n ds o f pri n ces Upo n a v a c a n cy the ki n g seized o n a ll the t e m r a lit ie s , a n d gr an ted a lice n s e for a n ele ctio n , with a o p s e ci al re comme n d a tio n of the w n ; o b ei n g r e e o s h r p p . . . . . . ’ . . . . ’ 23 0 r ox s B O O K o r mx nr m . r d ; for , n otwithst a n di n g the de cre es fo r resid en ce bishops did n o t reside a t their c a thed r a ls ; a n d si n ce no d ec r ee did bi n d till it wa s re ceived ,thi s co n ce r n i n g im mu n ity , which wa s n ever rece ived in E n gl a n d did n o t b in d A fter they h a d fully a rg ued the m a tter , the l a ity were o f o pi n io n th a t St a n dish h a d the b est o f the a rgum e n t : a n d there fore moved the ki n g th a t the bi s hop s might be ordered Bu t they to m a ke the a bbot pre a ch a re c a n t a tio n ser m o n r e fu sed to do it , a n d s a id they were bo un d by the ir o a ths S t an dish wa s upo n thi s m uch t o m a i n t a i n h is opi n io n h a t ed by the cle r gy ,b ut the m a tter wa s d r opp ed yet the c l ergy c a rri ed the poi nt , for the la w wa s n o t co n ti nue d o bs e ve . . . Hun I mp r is one d f or Her esy , a nd Mu r d er ed . Not l o n g a fter this , a n eve n t o cc urred th a t wa s prod uc t ive o f gre a t co n se q u e n ces Rich a r d Hun , a merch a n t in Lo n do n , wa s s ued by his p a r ish p r iest for a m ort ua ry in th e leg a te s co u r t ; o n this , his fr ie n ds a dvised him to s u e th e priest in the te m po r a l co u rt fo r a pr ae m un i r e fo r bri n g in g the ki n g s s u bj e cts b e fo r e a foreig n a n d illeg a l co urt This i n ce n sed the cle r gy so m uch th a t they co n t r ived his des t ructio n A c cordi n gly ,he a r i n g th a t he ha d W ick liffe s B ible in hi s ho use , he wa s upo n th a t p ut in the b ishop s priso n for heresy ; b ut b ei n g e x a m i n ed upo n s un dry a rt i cles , he co n fessed so m e thi n gs , a n d s ub mitted hi m sel f to me r cy ; upo n whi ch they o ught , a c cordi n g to the la w, to h a ve e nj o i n ed h im pe n a n ce , a n d disch a rged h im , this b ei n g his fi r st c r i m e ; b u ld n o t be p r ev a iled o n by t he co u the ter r o r o f this to let his s uit fa ll in the te m por a l co urt so o n e n ight his n e ck wa s broke n with a n i r o n ch a i n , a n d he wa s wo u n ded in othe r p a rts o f his b ody , an d the n k n it u t th a t he h a d p in hi s o wn girdle , a n d it wa s give n o u t the co r o n er s i n q u ha n ged hi m sel f ; b u est , by e x a m i n i n g th e body , a n d by sever a l othe r evide n ces , p a rti c u l a r ly by the co n fessio n o f the s um n e r , g a ve their ve r dict th a t he rde r ed by the b ishop s ch a n cello r ,Dr Ho r sey ,a nd wa s m u the s um n e r , a n d the b el l ri n ger The spirit ua l co ur t pro n w ith a ll c e e d e d a g a i n st the de a d body , a n d ch a r ged Hu the heresy in VVickliffe s pre fa ce to the B ible , be c a us e n d in his possessi o n ; so he wa s co n de m n ed as th a t wa s fo u r nt The i nd igna tio n of th e a h e retic , a n d his b ody wa s b u . ’ ’ . ’ . ’ ’ ’ . - . ’ . r o x s B O OK o r ma n m ’ 23 ] s le wa s r a ised to the highest p itch a g a in st th is a ct io n , in whi ch t h e y i m pli c a ted the whole body o f the clergy , s t b a rb a ro u whom they est e emed n o m ore their p as to r s , b u m urderers The r a ge we n t so high th a t the bishop o f L o n do n compl a i n ed th a t he wa s n ot s a fe in his own ho use The b ishops , ch a n cellor , a n d s um n er were i n dicted a pri n ci p a ls in the m ur der In p a rli a me n t a n a c t p a sse d, resto r i n g H un s childre n ; b ut the co m mo n s se n t up a bill co n cer n i n g his m ur der , which wa s l a id a side by the pe e rs a l lo r ds h a d the m aj o r ity where the spi r i t u The cle r gy looked o n the oppositio n th a t St a n dish had n ities as th a t whi ch g a ve rise to Hu n s m a de to the ir i m m u fi rst s uit a n d t he co n vo c a tio n cited him to a n s wer fo r his co n d uct ; b ut he cl a imed the ki n g s prote ctio n , s i n ce he t o n ly ple a ded in the k i n g s n a m e ha d do n e n othi n g , b u The cle r gy prete n ded they did n o t prose c ute him for h is ple a di n g , b ut fo r so m e o f his di v i n i t y le c t ur es ,-co n tr a r y to r ch , whi ch the ki n g wa s b o u n d to t he libe r ty o f the ch u t the te m por a l lord s , m a i n t a i n by his coro n a ti o n o a th : b u the j u dges , a n d the co m mo n s p r a yed t he ki n g a lso to m a i n t a i n t h e l a ws a cco r di n g to his coro n a tio n o a th , a n d to give S t a n d ish h is p r o te ctio n The ki n g upo n t hi s be i n g in gre a t pe r ple x ity ,req ui r ed Vey sy ,a ft e r wa r d b ishop o f Ex e po n his co n scie n ce a n d a llegi an ce the truth t e r , t o decl a r e u His o p i n io n wa s a g a i n st the i mm un ity ; in th a t m a tte r so a n other p ubli c he a r i n g b ei n g a pp oi n t ed , S t a n dish wa s sed fo r te a chi n g , Th a t the i n fe r ior orders o f the a cc u cle r gy we r e n ot s a c r ed ; th a t the ir e x e m ptio n wa s n ot n ded o n a d ivi n e right , b u t th a t the l a ity might p u n ish fo u rch did n o t b i n d t ill t hey t hem ; th a t the c a n o n s o f th e ch u dy o f the c a n o n la w wa s were re ce ived ; a n d th a t the stu ” O f these he de n ied so m e , a n d j u s t ified other useless p a rti c u l a rs Ve y sy b ei n g r equired to gi v e his O p i n io n ,a l a t the l a ws o f the ch u Th r ch did o n ly oblige w he r e e ed , g they we r e re ceived : a s the law o f the celib a cy o f t he c lergy , re ce ived in the W est , d id n o t b i n d the Greek ch ur ches th a t n ever rece ived it : so the e x e m ptio n o f t he ” cler k s n ot b e i n g re ce ived , did n ot b i n d in E n gl a n d The a ve their opi n io n n e x t , w hich w a s , u dges g Th a t those j So who prose c uted St an dish were a ll in a p r re m u n ire rt bro k e up Bu the c ou t in a n other h e a ri n g , in t h e pr e op e p . . s . ’ . ’ ’ ’ . . . “ . . . . . . 23 2 Fo x ’ s B OOK o r MA RT Y R S . c the gre a test p a rt o f both n o uses o f p a rli a m e nt ,th e c a rd i n a l s a id in the n a m e o f th e cle r gy , Th a t tho ugh they i n te n ded to do n othi n g a g a i n s t the k in g s prerog a tive , the tryi n g o f cle r ks see m ed to b e co n t r a r y to the libert t e y y r ch , w hic h they were b o u n d by the ir o a th s t o o f the c hu ” S o they pr ayed th a t the m atter might b e r e ma i nt a i n ferred to the pope The ki n g a n s wered th a t h e tho ught S t a n dish ha d nu fu lly : the bishop o f W i n chester s a id he s wer e d the m ld n ot st a n d to his Op i n io n a t his peril S t a n dish Upo n wo u t h a t s a id , W h a t c a n o n e po o r fr i a r do a g a in st a ll t he ” The a rchbishop o f C a n t e r b ur y s a id, cle r gy o f E n gl a n d 2 S o m e o f the fa t hers o f the ch ur ch h a d s uffe r ed m a r tyr ” p o n th a t a cco un t ; b ut the chi e f j ustice replied , d om u Th a t m a n y holy ki n gs h a d m a i n t a i n ed th a t la w, a n d ” In co n cl u sio n t he ma n y holy b ishops h a d obeyed it ki n g de cl a red th a t he wo uld m a i n t a i n his rights ,a n d wo uld n ot s u bmit the m to the de c r ees o f the ch urch othe r wi se th a n a s his a n cesto r s h a d do n e Ho r sey wa s a pp oi n ted to b e b r o ught to hi s t r i a l fo r H un s m ur de r , a n d up o n h is ple a di n g n o t g uilty , n o evide n ce w a s to b e bro ught , a n d s o he w a s to b e disch a r ged The disco n te n ts o f t he people gre a tly i n c r e a sed a t this , a n d very m uch d isposed them to a ll th a t w a s do n e a fte r wa rd , fo r ove r thro wi n g the e c c le s i as t ic a l ty r a n n y This wa s t he first dis a gr eeme n t b et wee n the cl e r gy a n d l a i ty in this ki n g s re ig n In a ll othe r po i n ts he wa s at this ti m e a tt a ched to the pope s i n te r ests , who se n t him the co mm o n co m pli m e n ts o f roses , a n d s uch othe r t r ifle s by whi ch th a t see h a d tre a ted p r i n ces so lo n g a s child r e n Bu ght so m uch o n the ki n g s v a n ity t n o co m pli m e n t wr o u ” De fe n de r o f the F a ith , se n t hi m by pope as the title o f po n the b ook whi ch he wrote a g a i n st L ut her co n Le o u cer n in g the s a cr a me n ts se n e o f ’ . . . . . ’ . . ’ . ’ . ’ . P r og r es s of Lu th er s D octr in e ’ x . The rise a n d progress o f the doctri n es o f L u ther a re well k n o wn ; the s c a n d a lo u s s a le o f i n d ulge n ces g a ve th e first o cc a sio n to a ll th a t follo wed b et wee n hi m a n d the rc h o f Rome ; m whi ch , had no t the corrupt ions a nd chu 23 4 Fo x ’ s Bo ox or MA RT Y RS . d r e w upo n him all th a t fl a tt ery co uld i n ve n t to e x tol it ; yet L uthe r ,n ot d a un ted b y s uch a n a n t a go n is t , a n s w e r ed it , a n d t r e a ted h im a s m u c h belo w the respe ct th a t wa s d ue to a ki n g , a s his fla t t e r e r s h a d r a ised h im a bove it T i n d a l s t r a n sl a t io n o f the Ne w Testa m e n t , with n otes , dre w a s evere co n de m n a tio n fr o m the cle r gy , the r e bei n g n othi n g in w hi ch t hey we r e m o r e co n ce r n ed , h a n to keep the people u n a cq u a i n t ed w ith th a t b ook Th us m uch m a y se r ve to sho w the co n ditio n o f a ffa i r s in r ch a n d st a te ,w he n the p r o cess o f the En gl a nd b oth in ch u in g s divo r ce wa s first set o n foot ” fe n der o f the F a ith , ’ . . . ’ . His t or y of H en ry s Ma r r ia g e wit h C a th a r in e ’ . As this i n cide n t i s so repl ete with co n seq ue n ce s , a p ar la r rel a tio n o f its c a u t icu se w ill n o t , it is pres um e d ,b e n u a ccept a ble to the re a d e r He nr y VII ha d e n tere d i n to a fir m a ll i a n ce wi t h Fer di ma n d o f S p a i n , a n d a g r eed o n a m a tch b et wee n his so n , pri n ce Arth ur , a n d C a th a r i n e , the I n fa n t a o f S p a i n S he c a m e i n to E n gl a n d , a n d wa s m a r ried in Nove m ber ; b ut They we r e o n the se co n d o f Ap r il a fte r , the p r i n ce died n o t o n ly bedded in ce r e m o n y t h e n ight o f the m a r r i a ge , ed s t ill to lodge togethe r ; a n d the p r i n ce g a ve bu t co n t i n u o cc a sio n to beli eve th a t t h e m a r r i a ge w a s co n s u mm a te d The ki n g b ei n g un willi n g to resto r e so gre a t a po r tio n d uc a t s , wh i ch the p r i n cess bro ught a s her as do wry , p r o posed a se co n d m a tch for h e r wi t h his yo un ge r s o n He n r y W a r h a m obje cted a g a i n st the l a wful t F o x , b ishop o f W i n chester , w a s fo r it ,a n d n es s o f it ; b u the opi n io n o f the pope s a utho r ity wa s the n so well e st a ght a di s pe n s a tio n fr o m Rome wa s b lish e d ,t ha t it wa s tho u s uffi cie n t to re m ove a ll obj e cti on s Accordi n gly ,o n e was obt a i n ed ,gro un ded upo n the desire o f the t wo yo un g per so n s to m a r r y togethe r , a n d fo r th e preserv a tio n o f pe a ce bet wee n the cro wn s o f E n gl a n d a n d Sp a i n The pope wa s the n a t wa r with Lo ui s the T wel fth o f Fr a n ce , a n d so wo uld re fuse n othi n g to the ki n g o f Eng l a n d , bei n g ,perh a ps ,n o t un W 1lh n g th a t p r i n ce s sho uld co n ch m a r r i a ges , by whi ch the legiti m a tio n o f the n t 1 a ct s u e depe n di n g o n the p ope s d ispe n s a ti o n ,they wo ul d be iss u the reby obli ged i n interest to s upport th a t a u thority Up on . . . . . . ’ . . ’ . Fo x 8 B O OK or am a r r as 28 5 ' . his a mar r ia g e fo llo wed , the pri n ce be i n g yet un der a ge ; bu t t he sa me d ay i n whi ch he be c a m e o f a ge , he did , by his fa t her s o r ders , m a ke a protest a tio n th a t he retr a cted lled hi s m a r r i a ge a nd a nn u He n r y the Seve n th , o n his de a th b ed , ch a r ged hi s s o n to bre a k it o ff e n ti r ely ,be i n g pe r h a ps a pp r ehe n s ive o f s uch si o n upo n a co n tr ove rted s uccessi o n to r n o f co n fu a ret u r i n g the wa r s o f the ho u ses o f th e cro wn , a s h a d bee n d u t a fte r his fa t he r s de a th , He n r y Yo rk a n d L a n c a s t e r ; b u th e Eigh h b e i n g the n e ightee n ye a r s o f a ge , m a r ried he r : she b o r e h im two so n s ,wh o died soo n a ft e r t hey w e r e bor n ; d a ughter , Ma r y , a fte r wa r d quee n o f E n gl a n d a a nd After t his the q uee n co n t r a cted s o m e dise a ses th a t m a d e her un a ccept a ble to the ki n g ; who , a t the s a m e ti m e b i ples o f co n scie n ce w i t h reg a r d n n i n g to h a ve so m e scr u g to the l a wful n ess o f his m arr i a ge , de te r m i n ed to h ave the ffa ir i n vestig a ted t ’ . ’ t . e a . l es c on cer n in s Ma r r ia e i Th e K ing s s cr u h g g p ’ . He see med to la y the gre a te st weight o n the p rohibit io n in the levitic a l la w, o f m a r ryi n g the b rothe r s wi fe , a n d i n a s s wr iti n gs , he fo un d ne in g co n ve r s a n t in Tho m a s Aq u th a t he a n d the o t he r school m e n looked o n those l a ws a s m o r a l , a n d foreve r b i n di n g ; a n d co n seq ue n tly the pope s d ispe n s a tio n wa s o f n o fo r ce , si n ce his autho r ity we n t n o t so fa r a s t o dispe n se with the l a ws o f G od All t he bi sho s o f E n gl a n d , Fi s her o f R o cheste r o n ly e x cepted , decl a r d un der thei r h a n ds a n d se a ls , th a t they j udged the m a r ri a g e un l a wful The ill co n se q ue n ce s o f wa r s th a t m ight fo llo w upo n a do ubt ful ti tle to the c r o wn , w ere a lso m uch co n s 1 It i s n o t p r ob a ble th a t He n r y s a ffe ctio n fo r a ny d ered other l a dy w a s t he o r igi n o f these pro ceedi n gs ; b ut r a th er po n the p oi n t o f b ei n g freed o f th a t , co n ceivi n g hi m sel f u his fo r mer m a r r i a ge , he g a ve free scope to his a ffectio n s which set tled o n A n n e B oley n T his l a dy wa s b o r n in t he ye a r 1 507 , a n d a t seve n ye a r s o f a ge wa s se n t to F r a n ce , where she re m a i n ed t welv e ye a rs , a n d the n re t ur n ed to E n gl a n d She wa s m uch a d m i r ed in b oth co ur ts , wa s m o r e b e a uti ful t ha n a n d mo r e cheer fu r a ce fu l l th a n disc r eet S he w a n t ed , g no ne o f t he c ha rms o f wit or perso n a n d mu st h av e had ’ ’ ’ p . e . . ’ . . . . 23 6 ’ “ Fo x s B O OK o r MA RT Y RS . ordi n a ry a ttr a ctio n s , si n c e she co uld so o ng re tai n her pl a ce in s uch a ki n g s a ffec tio n K n ight , the n secret a ry o f st a te , wa s s e n t t o Ro m e to prep a re t he pope to g r a n t a dispe n s a tio n from the forme r m a r r i a ge K n ight m a de a p p li c a tio n to the pope in the m ost Se cret m a n n er he co u ld , a n d ha d a m ost fa vo ura ble a n s we r , fo r the po p e p r o m ised fr a n kly to dissolve th e m a rr i a ge ; b u t a n other pro m ise b ei n g e x a cted o f him by the e m pe r or C h ar les V , n ephe w o f C a th a ri n e , n o t to p r o cee d in th a t a ffa i r , he wa s r ed uced to gre a t str a it s , bei n g the n a t his m e r cy , a n d yet unwilli n g to o ffe n d the ki n g o f E n gl a n d : he the r e fo r e studi ed to g a i n ti m e , a n d pro m ised th a t if the ki n g wo uld h a ve a little p a tie n ce , he sho uld n o t o n ly h a ve th a t whi ch he a sked , b ut e very thi ng th a t wa s in his po wer to gr a n t S o m e sc r uples were m a de co n cer n i n g the b ull th a t wa s d e m a n d e d ,t ill,b y g r e a t p r ese n ts ,it wa s a t le n gth obt a i n ed ; a n d the n the pope sig n ed a co mm issio n fo r W olsey to try the c a use a n d judge i n it , a n d a lso a dispe n s a tio n ,a n d p ut t he m in K n ight s h a n ds , b u t w i th te ar s pr a yed h im th a t there might b e n o proceedi n g s upo n them ,t ill the emperor were p u ti n g his reve n ge upo n t ou t o f a c a p a city o f e x e c u ld o wn thi s a ct him , a n d whe n ever th a t we r e do n e he w o u sti ce whi ch he did in the ki n g s fa vo ur of j u The pope wa s a t this time o ffe n ded with C a r di n a l W ol sey ; fo r he un derstood th a t d ur i n g his c a ptiv ity W olsey e to get hi m sel f chose n vi c a r o f t he ha d bee n in a n i n t r ig u p a p a cy ,a n d wa s to h a ve s a t a t A v ig n o n ,which m ight h a ve p r od uced a n e w schis m S t a p h ile us , de a n o f the Rot a , be i ng the n in E n gl a n d , w a s p r eva iled o n by the p r o m ise o f a b ishopri c , a n d a r e co m m e n d a tio n to a c a r di n a l s h a t , to p r o m ote the ki n g s a ffa i r ; a n d by him the c a r d i n a l wrot e to the pope ,in a most e a rn est s t r a i n ,fo r a desp a tch o f thi s bu si n ess ; a n d he desire d th a t a n in di ffe r e n t a n d tr a ct a ble c a rdi n a l m ight b e se n t over , wi th a full co m m issi o n to j o i n with him a n d to j u dge the m a tter ; p r opos i n g C a mp egic to the ki n g s a m b a ss a do r s a s the fittest m a n The c a r di n a l in h s lett e r s to C a s sa li, who wa s in gre a fa vo u r w ith the po n ti ff, o ffe r ed t o t a ke the b l a me o n h is o wn so u l , if the pope wo uld g r a n t thi s b ull ; a n d with a n e a r n est n ess , a s he ar ty a n d wa r m a s c a n b e e x pressed in wo rd s ,he press ed the thi n g, a n d a d d ed ,th a t if the p ope ex tr a . ’ . . . . ’ ’ . . ’ ’ ’ . ' F o x s B OO K o r M ARTYRS ’ s he desp a tched a co ur ier to G a r d in er , the n o n his way to Rome ,with l a r ge directio n s h o w to m a n a ge the e le cti o n ; it wa s r e cko n e d , th a t o n t he ki n g o f Fr a n ce j oi n i n g he a rtil y wi t h He n r y , o f w hi ch he see m ed co n fi de n t , t here were re , a n u o n ly s ix c a r di n a ls w a n ti n g to m a ke the ele ctio n s u m s o f m o n ey , a n d othe r re wa rds , th a t were to b esides s u b e distrib u te d a m o n g them , he wa s to give the m a ssur a n ce ld b e divided a mo n g th a t t h e c a r di n a l s p r e fe r m e n t s sho u t he m These we r e the se c r et m ethods o f a tt a i n i n g th a t l i t ll : a n d i n deed it wo u ld p uzzle a m a n o f a n ordi n a r y d e gree o f c r ed u lity , to t hi n k th a t o n e ch ose n by s uch m e a n s co u ld p r es um e to b e Ch r ist s vic a r , a n d the i n fa llib le judge o f co n t r oversies The re covery , ho wever , o f t he pope ,p ut a n e n d to those i n tr ig ues thi ’ . t i ‘ ’ . . Th e Queen app ea ls t o th e P op e . At le n gth t he leg a tes b eg a n the p r ocess , whe n the q uee n protested a g a i n st t he m a s i n co m pete n t j ud ges They ,how eve r ,p r o ceeded a cco r di n g t o th e for m s o f la w, a ltho ugh the q uee n h a d a ppe a le d fr o m t he m to the pope ,a n d obj e c t ed a like t o t he pl a ce , t o the j ud ges ,a n d he r l a wye r s : y e t n ced h e r co n t um a cio us , a n d we n t o n to e x a t hey p r o n o u mm a tio n o f h e r m a r ~ m i n e wi t n esses , chiefly a s t o t he co n s u i e ge w ith p r i n ce Arth ur B ut n ow, si n ce the p r ocess wa s th u s goi n g o n ,the e m pero r s a ge n ts p r essed t he pope ve he m e n t ly fo r a n a vo c a t io n , a n d a ll possible e n de a v o u rs we r e us e d by the ki n g s a ge n ts to hi n de r i t ; it wa s told h im , th a t t h e r e wa s a t r e a t y o n foot be t w ee n t he ki n g a n d the L n t h e r a n p r i n ces o f G e r m a n y po n de cl a r i n g him a n d th a t u sel f so p a r ti a l a s t o g r a n t t he a vo c a t io n ,t hi s wo ul d ce r t a i n ly be co n cl uded But the pope t ho ugh t t he ki n g so fa r e n g a ged r in the poi n t s o f r eligi o n , th a t he wo uld n o t b e in ho n o u p r ev a i led upo n t o un ite wi t h L uther s follo we r s he did n o t , the r e fore , i m a g i n e th a t the e ffe c t s o f his g r a n ti n g the a vo c a ld be so fa t a l a s wa s r e pr ese n te d I n co n cl usi o n , t i o n wo u the r e fo r e , a fter the e m peror h a d e n g a ged to h im to res t o r e his fa m ily t o the gove r n m e n t o f Flo r e n ce ,t he pope r esol v e d blish his t r e a ty wi t h him : he t old t he E n glish a m b a s to p u bo t h be c a use a ll the la w s a d c r s t h a t he wa s fo r ced t o it l d n o t be de n ied , a n d t h a t he co uld vers told hi m it co u n d e d h im or r ro u n ot resist the e mperor s fo r ces , whi ch s u . r . ’ ’ . ’ . ’ . Fox ' s B O OK o r MA R T Y R S 23 9 . h a n ds Their e n de a vo ur s to g a i n a little time by de itless a s t hei r o t he r a r ts h a d bee n , for o n a s wer e a s fr u y the 1 5 th o f J uly the pope sig n ed it , a n d o n the 1 9 th s e n t it by a n e x press m esse n ge r to E n gl a n d The leg a tes , C a m p e gio in p a r ti c ul a r , d r e w o ut the m at ter by a ll t he del ays they co uld co n t r i v e ,a n d g a i n ed m uch time At l a st , se n te n ce b ei n g to b e p r o n o un ced , C a m n ci n g it , a dj o u r n ed t h e co u i ste d p rt till f r o n ou i o n a o e , p g O ctobe r , a n d s a id th a t they bei n g a p a rt o f the co n si sto r y , st obse r v e thei r ti m es o f v a c a tio n This g a ve the ki n g mu a n d hi s co u r t g r e a t o ffe n ce w he n they s a w wh a t wa s like to be the iss u e o f a p r o cess o n w hi ch his m aj esty wa s s o ch be n t , a n d in whi ch he wa s so fa r e n g a ged , b oth in mu ho n o ur a n d i n terest Th e ki n g gover n ed himsel f upo n t his o cc a sio n with m o r e te m per t h a n wa s e x pe c ted : h e lis m is s e d C a m p e gio civilly , o n ly his o ffi ce r s s e ar n e d h is o ffe r s whe n he we n t b eyo n d s e a , w i t h desig n , as wa s t ho u ght , to see if the dec r e t a l b ull co uld b e fo un d W o l e w a s n ow u p o n t h e p oi n t o f b ei n g disg r a ced , tho u gh y the ki n g see med to tre a t hi m with all his former co n a ll . . . . . , c . . s fid e n ce . O HA T E R I l l. Accoun t of Cr a nmer . AT this period Dr Cr a n m er , a fello w o f Jes us Colle ge . C a m b r idge , meeti n g a cci d e n t a lly w ith G a r di n er a n d Fo x a t W a lth a m , a n d e n te r i n g i n to disco ur se upo n the r oy a l m a r r i a ge , s u ggested t h a t the ki n g sho uld e n g a ge the chie f un ive r sities a n d divi n es o f E ur ope to e x a m i n e the l a wful n ess o f his m a r r i a ge ; a nd if they g a ve their resol u tio n s a g a i n st it , the n i t be i n g ce r t a i n th a t the pope s dis p en s a t io n co u ld n o t de r og a te fr o m the la w o f God , the m a rr ia ge m u st be de cl a r ed n ull This n ovel a n d r e a s o n a b le s cheme they pr e posed to the k in g , wh o wa s m u ch ple a sed with it , a s he s a w this wa y wa s b etter in itsel f an d wo u ld m orti fy the p ope C r a n m e r wa s a cco r di n gly s e n t fo r , a n d o n co n ve r si n g w ith him , the k i n g co n ceived a h i h op in i o n both o f h is le a r n i n g a n d r de e u n ce as ll w , g p in ’ . . 240 o “ F x ’ B OOK o r MA RTY RS s . prob i ty a n d s i n cerity ,wh i ch took such ro ot in his mi n d , th a t n o a rti fi ce s n or c a l u m n i e s were e ver a b l e t o t o mo ve it a s o f h is . W olsey is d isg r a ced . Fro m this mo m e n t b eg a n t he decli ne o f Wolsey The gre a t se a l wa s t a ke n fr o m h im a n d give n to S ir Thom a s More : a n d he wa s s ued in a pr ae m un ire fo r h a vi n g hold the leg a ti n e co ur ts by a foreig n a uthority , co n t r a ry to the la ws o f E n gl a n d : he co n fessed the i n di ct m e n t , ple a de d ign o r a n ce , a n d s ub mitted hi m sel f to the kin g s mercy ; so m n t p a ssed o n h im : the n wa s hi s ri ch p a l a ce a n d u dg e j roy a l fur n it ure sei zed o n for t h e roy a l us e ; yet the ki n g re cei v ed hi m a g a i n i n to his prote cti o n , a n d resto r ed to him the te m p o r a lities o f the sees o f Y ork a n d W i n chester a n d a b ove in pl a te a n d other goods Arti cles we r e , ho we v er , pre ferr ed a g a i n st him in the ho u se o f lords , w he r e he h a d b u t fe w fr i e n ds ; b u t C r o m well , wh o L 1a d b ee n his se c r et a r y d id so m a n a ge the m a tter in the ho u se o f co m m o n s th a t i t c a m e to n othi n g Thi s fa ili n g , his e n e m ies p r o c u r ed a n o r de r to b e se n t to him to go i n to Y o r ksh i r e : thithe r he we n t in gre a t st a te , w ith o n e hu n d r ed a n d si x ty ho r ses i n h is t r a i n , a n d s eve n ty two a rts follo wi n g h im There he lived so m e ti m e b ut the ki n g bei n g i nfo r m ed th a t h e wa s p r a ctisi n g with the p ope a n d the e m p eror , se n t the e a r l o f No r th u m b e r l a n d to a r re st him fo r high t r e a so n a n d b r i n g him up to L o n do n O n the way he s i cke n ed , a n d died a t L ei ceste r , m a ki n g g r e a t protest a tio n s o f his co n st a n t fidelity to the ki n g , p a r la r ly in the m a tte r o f h is divo r ce : a n d w ishi n g he tic u ha d served God a s fa ith fu lly a s he h a d d o n e the ki n g ; fo r the n he wo uld n o t h ave c a s t n im o ff in his gr a y h a i r s a s r ites a r e the ki n g h a d d o n e wo r ds th a t d ecli n i n g fa vo u a p t to refle ct o n , b u t seldom rem e mb e r in the height o f the ir fort u ne . ’ . . - . “ . Th e Un iver s ities d ecla r e a g a in s t t h e K ing s Ma rr iag e ’ The ki n g n o w i n te n di n g to p r oceed in the m e t h od pr o posed by Cr a n m e r , se n t to O x fo r d a n d C a m bridge to pro ure their co n cl usio n s At O x fo r d it wa s r e ferred by t he c . 2 42 F ’ o x s B O OK o r MA RT YRS . tio n and to give the ir j udg m e n t a ccordi n g to t hen c on sc ie n ces ; a n d a ft er th r e e weeks st udy , the gre a ter p ar t a greed o n this l th a t the k i n g s m ar r i a ge wa s unla wfu ” a n d th a t the po e co u ld n ot dispe n se with it At O rle a n s , p A n giers , a n d To u se , they determi n ed to the s a m e lo u rpose pu C a lvi n tho u ght the m a rri a ge n ull , a n d all a greed th at t he pope s dispe n s a ti o n wa s o f n o fo r ce Os ia n d er wa s e m ployed to e n g a ge t h e L uthe r a n divi n es , b ut they were a fr a id o f n g the e m peror n e w g r o u n ds o f disple a s u ivi re g Me la n ct ho n tho ught the la w in Levitic us wa s dispe n s a ble a n d th a t the m a rri a ge might be l awfu l ; a n d th a t in thos e m a tters st a tes a n d pri n ces m ight m a ke wh a t l a ws the y ple a sed ; a n d tho ugh the divi n es o f L eipsi c a fter m ucl di sp uti n g a b o ut it , did a g r ee t h a t those l a ws were mor a l ld n eve r b e bro ught to j usti fy the d ivorce with y e t they co u t he s u bse q ue n t m a r r i a ge ; b ut the pope wa s mo r e co m pli a n t , for he o ffered to C a ss ali to gr a n t the ki n g dispe n s a t io n for h a vi n g a n other wi fe , with whi ch the I m peri a list see m ed n o t diss a tisfied The ki n g s c a use bei n g thus fo r ti fi ed by so m a n y resol u ti o n s in his fa vo ur , he m a de m a n y members o f p a rli a m e n t in a p r orog a tio n ti me sig n a lette r to the p ope , co m pl a i n in g th a t n ot withst a n di n g the gre a t merits o f the ki n g , the u stice o f hi s c a u se a n d the i m port a n ce o f it to the s a fety , j o f the ki n gdo m , yet the pope m a de still n e w del a ys the y the r e fore pressed him to desp a tch it speedily , other wi se they wo uld b e fo r ced t o seek other remedi es , tho ugh they were n o t w illi n g to d r i ve thi n gs to e x tre m ities till it wa s un a void a ble The letter wa s sig n ed by t he c a r di n a l ,t he a rc h b i s h op o f C a n te r b u ry , fo ur b ishops , t we n ty -two a b bots , forty t wo peers ,a n d eleve n co m mo n ers T o this the pope wrote a n a n s we r : he took n oti ce o f the veheme n ce o f thei r s ty le : h e fr eed hi m sel f fr o m the imp ut a tio n s o f i n gr a ti tude a n d i nj ustice : he a ck n o wledged the ki n g s g r e a t m e r its ; a n d s a id he ha d do n e a ll he co uld in his fa vo u r : he h a d g r a n ted a co mm issio n ,b ut co uld n o t re fuse to r e ceive the q uee n s a ppe a l ; a ll the c a rdi n a ls with o n e co n se n t j u dged th a t a n a vo c a tio n was n ecess a ry S i n c e th a t time the del a ys lay n ot w ith h im , b ut with the ki ng ; th a t he wa s re a dy t o pro ceed , a n d wo uld br in g it ’ i . . ’ . . ‘ . . ’ . - . _ ’ ’ . o r x s B O OK o r ’ MA RT YR S 2 43 . speedy a n iss ue a s the i m port a n ce o f it wo uld a dmi of ; a n d for thei r thre a te n i n gs they we r e n ei t her a gr e e a b le t o t hei r w isdo m , n or thei r r eligio n The ki n g , n ow disg us t ed a t his depe n de n ce o n the pop e ed a p r o cl a m a t io n a g a i n st a n y t h a t sho uld p ur ch a se , is s u blish a n y b ull fr o m Ro m e co n t r ar y to his b r i n g ove r , o r p u au t h o r t ty : a n d a ft e r t h a t he m a de a n a bs t r a c t o f a ll t h e r ea so n s a n d a u tho r ities o f the fa the r s o r m ode r n wr ite r s a g a i n st his m a r ri a ge blished b oth in L a ti n a n d , to b e p u En glish B oth sides h a vi n g prod uced the stre n gth o f their c ause , it e wd e n t ly a ppe a r ed th a t ,a cco r di n g to the a utho r ity give n to t h e t r a d itio n in the ch u rch o f Ro m e ,the k i n g h ad cle ar ly th e r ight o n his side A m idst these disp utes the q uee n co n ti n ued firm to h e r r esol u tio n o f le a vi n g the m a tte r in the pope s h an ds , a n d wo u ld n o t li ste n to a n y p r o p os it io n s fo r r e fe rr i n g the m a tter to t he a r b itr a tio n o f a n um be r chose n o n b oth sides The k i n gs o f E n gl a n d cl a i m ed the s a m e l a titude o f po wer in e cclesi a sti c a l m a t t ers , a s the Ro m a n empe r o r s h a d e x e r cised be fore the fa ll o f th a t e m p i r e : a n cie n tly they h a d by thei r a utho r ity divided bishopri cs ,gr a n ted the i n vestit ur es , a n d m a de l a ws rel a ti n g b oth to e cclesi a stic a l c a uses a n d perso n s W he n the popes beg a n to e x t e n d thei r po we r b eyo n d th e li m its a ssig n ed t he m by t h e c a n o n s , gr e a t oppositi o n a rose to t he m in E n gl a n d ; b ut they m a n a ged the a dv a n t a ges th ey fo un d , eithe r fr o m t h e we a k n e ss or ill ci r c u m st a n ces o f p r i n ces so ste a dily , th a t a t le n gth they s u bd ued t he w o r ld : a n d if they h a d n ot by t heir c r u el e x a cti o n s so o p p r essed the cle r gy , th a t t hey we r e dr i ve n to seek shel t e r u n de r t h e cove r t o f the tem po r a l a utho r ity , the world wa s so ove r whel m ed by s upe r nd c r ed ulity , th a t n o t o n ly t he w hol e spi r it ua l s tit io n po wer , out eve n the te m po r a l a utho r ity o f t h e p r i n ce s wa s likely t o n a v e fa lle n un de r popish tyr a n n y But the dis co n te n t ed cle r gy s uppor t ed the se c ul a r po wer a s m uch a s they h a d b e fore a dv a n ced th a t o f the p a p a l B o n i fa ce VIII h a d r a i sed his pr et e nt io us to th a t i m p ude n t pit ch th a t he e cl a r ed a ll po we r both e c clesi a s tic a l a n d civil wa s d e r l v e d fro m h im ; a n d this he est a blished a s a n a r t i cle o f faith n ecess a ry to s a lv a tio n ; o n which he an d h is su ccessor took up o n them to dispose o f all e ccl e si a sti c al ' e as . . . ’ . . a . . . d s 24 4 ’ Fo x s B o o k o r MAnr m s f . b e n e fi ce s by their b u lls a n d prov sio n s To restr a in t hes e i n v a sio n s o f the r ights o f p r i n ces ,l a ws we r e m ade in En g l a n d , whi ch co n de m n ed the m for t he future : b ut n o pu n is h m e n t be i n g de cl a r ed fo r the tr a n sg r esso r s , the co u rti e r s a t Ro m e we r e n o t fr ighted a t so ge n e r a l a la w : so th a t these a b uses still co n ti n ued : b ut in the r ei gn o f Ed war d III , a m o r e seve r e a ct wa s m a de , by which a ll t n a t t r a n s re , gr e s s e d we r e to b e i m p r iso n ed , to be fi n ed a t ple a s u a n d to fo r fe it a ll their b e n e fi ce s . . . Th e C lerg y s u ed in a P r wmu mr e ' These lo n g for gotte n st a t utes were n ow revived , to b r i n g the cle r gy i n to a s n ar e : it wa s desig n ed , by the ter ror o f t h is , to fo r ce the m i n to a n e n ti r e s ubmissio n , a n d to oblige the m t o r edee m the m sel ves by the gr a n t o f a co n s id e r a b le s u bsidy They ple a ded ig n o r a n ce ; it wa s a p ubli c e r r o r , a n d they o ught n o t the r e fo r e to be p un ished fo r it To this it wa s a n s we r e d , th a t the l a ws whi ch they h a d tr a n sgr essed we r e still in fo r ce , a n d so n o ig n or a n ce co uld e x c use the vi ol a tio n o f the m The co n vo c a tio n o f C a n t e r b ur y m a de the i r s ub m issi o n ,a n d in their a ddress to the ki n g , he wa s c a lled the p r o t e c t o r a n d s up r e m e he a d o f t h e ch u r ch o f E n gl a n d ; a n d b u t so m e obj e cti n g to th a t , it wa s a dded , in s o fa r a s it is a g r ee a ble to the la w o f ” Ch r ist This wa s sig n ed by n i n e b ishops , fi fty a bb ots a n d p r io r s , a n d the g r e a te r p a r t o f the lo w e r ho u se : a n d to with i t t hey o ffered the ki n g a s ubsidy o f p r o c ur e his fa vo ur , a n d p r o m ised for the fut ur e n o t t o m a ke n or e x ec ut e a ny co n stit uti o n s wi t ho ut hi s li ce n ce The co n vo c a ti o n o f Y o r k did n o t p a ss this so e a sily ; they obj e cted to the word h ea d , a s a g r eei n g to n o n e b ut Chr i st ; whe r e upo n the ki n g wr ote the m a lo n g e x p o st u la t o r y le tter , a n d told the m with wh a t li m it a ti o n s those o f C a n terb ur y h a d p a ssed th a t title ; upo n whi ch they a ll s ub m itted , a n d o ffered whi ch wa s a ccepted ; a n d thus the clergy were a g a i n rece ived i n to t he ki n g 8 pr o ta c tion ,an d p a rdo n ed . . . . . . 2 46 Fox ’ B OOK o r s M A RT Y R S . tor ,to e x c use the k i n g s a ppe a r an ce , upo n s uch gro und s ld be fo un ded o n the c a n o n la w, a n d upo n the privi as c o u leges o f the cr o wn o f E n gl a n d The I m pe r i a lists p r esse d t the w iser c a rdi n a ls , wh o t a e p ope to give se n te n ce , b u o bse r ved th a t the n a ti o n wo uld a dhe r e to the ki n g , if he sho uld b e p r ovoked to sh a ke o ff the pope s yoke ,s uggested n sels m ilde r co u sio n ,the pop e see m ed to fa vo ur the ki n g s e x I n co n cl u po n which the I m pe r i a lists m a de gre a t cu s a t o r y ple a , u co m pl a i n ts But t his a m o un ted to n o m o r e , th a n th a t the ki n g wa s n o t b o un d to a ppe a r in pe r so n : the r e fo r e the c a r d i n a ls , wh o we r e in his i n te r est , a d v ised the ki n g to se n d ove r a p r o x y fo r a n s we r i n g t o the m e r its o f the c a use Bo n n e r wa s a lso se n t to E n gl a n d t o a s s ur e the ki n g , th a t ch in the F r e n ch i n terest ,th a t he t h e p ope w a s n o w so m u m ight co n fide n t ly r e fer his m a tte r to h im At t h a t ti m e t he ki n g se n t fo r the spe a ker o f t he ho use n d the p r el a tes we r e b u o f c o m m o n s , a n d told h i m he fo u t ha l f s u bj e cts ; fo r t h e y s wo r e a t thei r co n sec r a ti o n a n o a th to the pope , i n co n siste n t w ith thei r a llegi a n ce a n d o a th to him By t he i r o a th to the po pe , they s wo r e to be in n o co un cil a g a i n s t h im , n o r to discl ose his sec r e t s ; b ut to tho r ities o f the m a i n t a i n the p a p a cy , a n d t h e r ights a n d a u r ch o f R o m e , a g a i n st a ll m e n In thei r o a t h to the chu ki n g , they r e n o un ced a ll cl a uses in thei r b ulls co n t r a r y to the ki n g s r oy a l dig n ity , a n d s wo r e to b e fa ith ful to h im , a n d to live a n d die w ith him a g a i n st a ll o t he r s , a n d to keep his co un sel a ck n o wledgi n g th a t they held thei r b ishop r i cs o n ly o f h im It wa s evide n t they co uld n o t keep b oth those o a ths , in c a se o f a b r e a ch betwee n the ki n g a n d t he Bu e b r oke o ff t he co n s ult a tio n s o f p ar t t he p l ag u p ope S oo n a fte r , S ir Tho m a s More , see lia m e n t a t this ti m e R m m n g o n so fa st , desi r ed le a ve t re w ith o e co i in g a r u u p to la y do wn his o ffi ce , whi ch wa s upo n th a t co n fe r r ed on dley Mo r e wa s s a tisfied with the ki n g s S i Tho m a s A u ke pi n g up the l a ws fo r me r ly m a de in oppositio n to the p a p a l e n c r o a chme n ts , a n d so ha d co n c ur r ed in the s uit o f the p r ae m un ire b ut n e w the m a tter we n t fur ther , a n d n ot bei n g a ble to keep p a ce with the kin g s me a s u re s ,b e re tu r ne d to a p r iv a te l ife sa . ’ . ’ . . . . . . ’ . . . ’ r . e ’ F o x s s o o n o r M A RT Y RS ’ 247 . I n ter view of t he K ing s of E ng la n d a n d F r a nc An i n terv ie w soo n foll o wed be t wee n the ki n g s o f Fr a n c e a n d E n gl a n d ; in which ,Fr a n ci s pro m ised He n r y to s o nd him in his s u it ; e n co ur a ged h im to pro ceed to a s e a l m a rr i a ge w itho u red hi m o f his a ssist t del a y ; a n d a ssu a n ce a n d s u ppo r t : m e a n time ,the pope o ff ered to the kin g , t o se n d a leg a te to a n y i n di ffe r e n t pl a ce o u t o f E n gl an d ,to for m t h e pro cess , r eservi n g o n ly the givi n g se n te n ce to hi ms el f ; a n d proposed to h im , a n d a ll pri n ce s , a ge n er a tr u ce , to b e follo wed by a ge n er a l co un c il The ki n g a n s wered , th a t s uch wa s the prese n t st a te o f the a ffa i r s o f E urope , th a t it wa s n o t s e as o n ab le to c al l a ge n e r a l co un cil ; a n d th a t it was co n tr a ry t o his pr e r oga tive to se n d a p r o x y to a ppe a r a t Rome ; th a t by the de cr ees o f ge n er a l co un cils , a ll c a uses o ught to b e j udged o n the pl a ce a n d by a p r ovi n ci a l co un cil ; a n d th a t i t was fi t te r to j udge it in E n gl a n d ,th a n a ny whe r e else : a n d th a t by h is co r o n a tio n o a th he wa s b o un d to m a i n t a i n the di gui ties o f his c r o wn , a n d the rights o f h is s ubj e cts a n d n ot to a ppe a r b e fore a ny fo r eig n co ur t S ir Thom a s Ell iot wa s , there fore , se n t over w ith i n str u ctio n s , to mov e th a t the c a us e might b e j udged in E n gl a n d ' n n . . . ma r r ies Ann e B o ley n . S oo n a fter this ,the kin g m a rried A n n e B oley n ; Ro w l a n d L ee ( a fter wa rd b i shop o f C ove n try a n d Lic hfi e ld ) o ffi ci a ted , n o n e be i n g p r ese n t b ut the d uke o f Nor fo lk ,a n d her fa ther ,m other , brother , a n d Cr a nm er It wa s tho ught th a t the forme r m a r r i a ge bei n g n ull , the ki n g m ight pro ~ ce e d to a n other : a n d perh a ps t h ey hop ed ,th a t a s the pop e ha d for m erly proposed this m ethod , so he wo u ld n ow a p prove o f it But tho ugh t he pope h a d j o i n ed hi m sel f t o Fr a n ce , ye t he wa s still so m uch in fe ar o f the e m p eror , t h a t he d ar ed n ot provoke him A n ew c it a tio n wa s there fore iss u ed o ut , for the ki n g to a n s wer to the quee n s com pl a i n ts ; b ut He n ry s a ge n ts protested , th a t their m a ster was a sovereig n p r i n ce , a n d E n gl an d a fr e e ch u r ch , over wh ic h the p op e h a d n o j u st a uthority a n d th a t the ki n g co u ld e x pe ct n o j usti ce at Ro me ,where t he em per or s po wer wa s so gre a t . . . ’ ’ ’ . 24 8 F ’ o x s B OOK o r MA RT Y RS . Th e P a r lia men t con d emn s App ea ls t o Rome . At th i s ti m e , the p a rli a m e n t m e t a g a i n ,a n d p a s s ed a n a n d e n a ct in , th a t a c t , co n dem n i n g a ll a ppe a ls to R o m e g the n ce forth a ll c a uses sho uld b e j udged withi n the ki ngdom , ll e f an d th a t se n te n ce s give n in E n gl a n d were to h a ve fu ted a n y ce n s ur es from Rome we re fe et : a n d a ll th a t e x e c u to i n c ur the p a i n o f pr aem un ire . r C r a n mer ma d e Ar c hb i s h op of C a n ter bu y . Wa rh a m , a r chb ishop o f C a n terb ur y , h a vi n g d ied the p r e cedi n g ye a r , wa s s ucceeded by C r a n me r wh o wa s the n in Germ a n y , disp u ti n g in the ki n g s ca use with some o f the e m pero r s d ivi n es The ki n g r esolve d to a dv a n ce him to t h a t dig n ity ,a n d se n t h im wo r d o f it , th a t so he m ight m a ke h a s t e ove r : b u t a p r o m oti o n so fa r a b ove his tho u ghts , e a n d pr i ha d n o t its co m m o n e ffe ct o n h im : he h a d a t r u m it ive s e n se o f so gre a t a ch a r ge ; a n d i n ste a d o f a spi r i ng to it fe a r ed it a n d r et ur n i n g ve r y sl o wly to E n gl a n d ,used r s to b e e x c u a ll his e n de a vo u sed fr o m th a t a dv a n ce m e n t B ulls we r e se n t fo r to Ro m e , in o r de r to his co n se cr a tio n wh ich the pope gr a n te d , a n d o n the 3 0th o f Ma rch , C r a n mer wa s co n secr a ted by the b ishops o f L i n col n ,E x eter The o a th to the pop e wa s o f h a rd diges a n d St As a ph tio n to h im He there fo r e m a de a p r otest a ti o n , be fore he took i t , th a t he c o n ce ived hi msel f n o t b o un d up by it ty to God ,to his n a n y thi n g th a t wa s co n t r a ry to his d u n try ; a n d this b e repe a ted whe n he k i n g , o r to his co u took it ’ ’ . - . . . . . . The K ing s Ma rr ia g e con d emned by the C on voca ti on ’ . e stio n s b e fore t h em ; T he co n vo c a tio n h a d the n two q u ’ the fi rst wa s , co n ce r n i n g the l a wful n ess o f the ki n g s m a r ’ r ia ge , a n d the v a lidity o f the pope s dispe n s a tio n ; the other wa s , o f m a tte r o f fa ct ,whethe r Pri n ce Arth ur h a d c o n s umm a ted the m a r ri a ge F o r t he fi r st , the j udgme n ts n ive r sities were re a d ; a n d a fter a lo n g de o f n i n etee n u b a te , there be i n g t we n ty -three o n ly in the lo wer ho use , r teen were a g a i n st th e m a rri a g e , seve n fo r it , a n d t wo (b u b io usly In t he upper ho use S t o ke slv,b isho o t voted d u . . p 250 Fo x ’ s B O OK o r MA RT Y RS . h e rsel f ; a n d so resolved , th a t n o n e sho uld s erve a b out her who d id n ot tre a t her a s quee n At Ro m e the c a rdi n a ls o f the Imperi a l fa ctio n compl a i n e d mu ch o f the a tte m pt m a de o n the pop e s po wer , a n d urged him to pro ceed to ce n s ur es But there wa s o n ly se n te n ce give n , a n ullin g a ll th a t the a rchb ishop o f C a n te r b ur y h a d do n e ; a n d the ki n g wa s req ui r ed un der p a i n o f e x com m un i c a tio n , to pl a ce thi n gs a g a i n in the st a te in whi ch the ) form e r ly were a n d this n otifi c a tio n wa s a ffi x ed at D u n ki r k The ki n g se n t a n e m b a ssy to the Fre n ch mo n a rch , who wa s the n setti n g o ut to Ma r seilles , to meet the p on e the ir err a n d wa s to d iss ua de him from the j o ur ne , u n less the pope p r o m ised He n ry s a tis fa ctio n Fr a n ci s y sa id h e wa s e n g a ged in ho n o u r to go o n ; b ut a ss ured them he v e nld m i n d the ki n g s co n cern s with a s m u ch ze a l a s if they were his o wn on . ’ . . ’ . B ir th of the P r in ces s E liz a b eth . e e n bro ught forth a d a ughter , a fter In S eptemb er the q u ee n Eliz a beth a n d the ki n g h a vi ng wa rd the re n o wn ed q u be fo r e de cl a r ed l a dy Ma r y p r i n cess o f W a les ,d id n o w the s a m e for he r : tho ugh , si n ce a s o n might e x cl ude her fr o m it , she co uld n ot b e he ir a pp a r e n t , b ut o n ly heir pr e s um p tive to the c r o wn The eve n t ful mo m e n t wa s n ow a t h a n d ,whe n the in ci de n t sho uld t a ke pl a ce th a t wo uld c ause the sep a r a tio n o f E n gl a n d fro m the Ch ur ch o f Rome There was a se c r et Fr a n cis , th a t if ki n g a gree m e n t b et wee n the pope a n d He n y wo uld r e fe r his c a use to the co n sistory , e x cepti n g o n ly the c a r di n a ls o f the Impe r i a l fa ctio n , a s p a rti a l , a n d wo u ld in a ll other thi n gs retur n to his ob edi e n ce to the see ld b e give n in hi s fa vo ur o f Ro m e , th e se n te n ce sho u Whe n Fr a n cis retur n ed to P a r is , he se n t over the b ishop o f th a t city to the ki n g , to tell wh a t he h a d obt a i n ed o f t he p e p e in his fa vo u r , a n d the te r m s o n whi ch it wa s pro m is e d ; th is wr o u ght so m uch o n the ki n g , th a t b e pre s e n tl m u n whi ch the bi shop o f P a ris co se ted to the po n n : y gh it wa s n ow in t he m iddle o f wi n ter , we n t to Rome tho u e n ce Upo n h i s a r r iv a l there ,the m a tter see m ed n co n se q u po n the k in g s se nd i ng gre ed ; for it wa s pro m is ed , th a t u . . r . ‘ . ’ p ox s B O O K o r M A R T YRS 1 . pro mise un der h is h a n d , to pl a ce thi n g s in the ir former st a te , a n d hi s orderi n g a p r o x y to a ppe a r for him , j udge s sho uld b e se n t to C a m br a y fo r m a ki n g the pro cess , a n d the n se n te n ce sho uld be give n Upo n the n oti ce give n o f this a n d o f a d a y fi x ed fo r the ret ur n o f the co ur ier , the ki n g desp a tched him with a ll possible h a ste a n d n o w the b usi n ess see m ed a t a n e n d But the co urier h a d the s e a a n d Alps to p a ss , a n d in wi n ter it wa s n o t e a sy to obser v e The a ppoi n ted d ay c a me , a nd a li m ited d ay so e x a ctly n o co u r ier a r rived upo n whi ch the imp e ri a list s g a ve o ut th a t the ki n g wa s a b usi n g t he pope s e a si n ess a n d pressed him veheme n tly to p r o ceed to a se n te n ce : the b ishop o f P a ris req uested o n ly a del a y o f s ix d ays But the desig n o f the i m peri a l ists w a s to hi n de r a reco n cil ia tio n ; for if the ki n g h a d bee n set r ight with the pope , there wo uld h a v e bee n so po werful a le a gue form ed a g a i n st the empe r o r , a s wo u ld h a ve fr ustr a ted a ll his m e a sure s a n d there fore it was n e cess a ry fo r his p oliti cs to embroil them Se du i n g p r i n ce , the pope , c e d by the ar t ific e o f this i n tr igu co n t r a ry to his ordi n a r y pr ude n ce , br o ught the m a tter b e fore the co n sisto r y ; a n d there the i m peri a li sts h a vi n g the m aj ority , i t wa s drive n o n with so m u ch pre cipit a tio n , th a t they did in o n e d a y th a t whi ch , a ccordi n g to form , sho uld h a ve occ upied th r ee They g a ve the fi n a l se n te n ce ,de cl a red the ki n g s m ar ee n C a th a r i n e good , a n d re q uired hi m to live r ia ge with q u wit h her a s hi s wi fe , other wise they wo u ld pro ceed to ce n s ures T wo d ays a fte r t his ,the co ur ier c a m e with the ki n g s s ub m issi o n in d ue for m he a lso b r o ught e a r n est lette r s fr om F r a n cis in the ki n g s fa vo ur Th is wro ught o n a ll the i n di ffere n t c a r di n a ls , a s well a s those o f the ch th a t they pr a yed the p ope to r e Fr e n ch fa ctio n , so m u c a ll wh a t wa s do n e A n e w co n sistory wa s c a lled ; b ut rged , with gre a ter veheme n ce th a n eve r , t h e i mp e r i a lists u th a t they wo uld n ot give s uch sc a n d a l to the world a s t o rec a ll a de fi n itive se n te n ce p a st o f the v a lidity o f a m ar ch a dv a n t a ges by their n u r ia ge , a n d give the he r eti cs s u ste a di n ess in m a tters o f th a t n a t ur e f it wa s the re fore ca r ried , th a t the fo r mer se n te n ce sho uld t a ke pl a ce , a n d the e x e cutio n o f it be co m mitted to t he emperor W he n th is wa s k n o wn in E n gl a n d , it determi n ed the ki n g in his re s o lu t io n o f s h a ki ng o ff the p a p a l yo k e ; in whi ch he had a . . . ’ . . . ’ . ’ ’ . . . 25 2 F OX 8 s o on or a n ten n as . ma de s o gre a t a progress , th a t t he p a rli a m e n t ha d p as se d a ll the a cts co n cer n in g it , b e fo r e he re ceived the n e w fro m Ro m e fo r b e j u dged th a t th e b est way to se c ure hi s c ause wa s to let Rom e s e e his powe r ,an d with wh a t vigo ur he c ou l d m a k e wa r s . C H AP T E R I V Arg umen ts f or r ej ecting the P op e s p ower ’ . IN E n gl an d the fo u n d a tio n s o n whi ch the p a p a l a u th o rity wa s b uilt , h a d b ee n e x a mi n ed w ith e x t r a ordi n a ry c a re o f l a te ye a r s a n d sever a l b ooks w ere wr itte n o n th a t s ubj e ct It wa s de m o n str a ted th a t all the a p ostles were m a de e qu a l in the po wers th a t Chri st g a ve the m , a n d h e . o fte n co n de m n ed thei r co n tests a b o ut s upe r iority ,b ut n ever decl a red in S t P ete r s fa vo ur S t P a ul withs tood h im to n is fa ce , a n d re cko n ed hi m sel f n o t i n fe r ior to him If th e dig n ity o f a perso n le ft a ny a uthority with the city in which he s a t ,the n A n tio ch m ust c a r r y it a s well a s Rome ; a n d Je r u s a le m , where Ch r ist s uffered ,wa s to b e pre ferred t o a ll t h e wo r ld , for it wa s t r u ly the mother ch urch The o ther pr ivileges a scribed to St P eter , were e ither o n ly a p r e cede n ce o f o r de r , or we r e o cc a sio n ed by hi s fa ll , a s ” th a t i nj un cti o n , Feed my sheep , it b ei n g a restori n g him to the a postoli c a l fu n ctio n S t P eter ha d a lso a li m ited provi n ce , the circ umcis io n , as St P a ul h a d the un cir cum c is io n ,o f fa r gr e a ter e x te n t ; whi ch sho w ed th a t P ete r wa s n o t co n side r ed a s t h e u n i v e r s a l p a sto r S eve r a l sees , a s Ra v e n n a , Mil an , a n d Aq uilei a , pr e te n ded e x e m p t io n fro m the p a p a l a ut h ority Ma n y En g lish b i shops h a d a sse r ted th a t the popes h a d n o a utho r ity a g a i n st the c a n o n s , a n d to th a t d ay n o c a n o n the pop e m ade wa s bi n di n g till it wa s received ; whi ch sho wed t he pope s a utho r ity wa s n o t believed to b e fo un ded o n a d i vi n e a uthority : a n d the co n tests whi ch the ki n gs o f E n gl a n d r es , bishops h a d h a d with the popes co n ce r n i n g i n vestit u do i n g hom a ge , a ppe a ls to Ro m e ,a n d the a utho r ity o f p a p a l b ulls a nd provisio n s , sho wed th a t the pope s po wer wa s beli eved to b e s ubj ect to l aws and c ustom , and s o n ot d e ’ . . . . - . . . . . . . ’ ’ 254 r ox ’ s B OOK o r ur ns MA . pope s po wer o f dispe n si n g ; a n d th a t a s n o n e c ou ld dis pe n se with the l a ws o f God , so t he ki n g a nd p ar li a me n t o n ly ha d t h e authority o f dispe n si n g with the l a ws o f t he la n d ; a n d th a t there fo r e s u ch lice n ses or dispe n s a tio n s a s s e , sho u ld be fo r the fut ure gr an ted by were formerly in u the t wo a rchb ishops ; some o f these were to b e co n fi r med un de r the gre a t se a l ; a n d they a ppoi n ted th a t t her e a fte rse with Rome ,o n those s ubj e cts sho uld ce a se a ll i n terco u They a lso decl a red th a t they did n o t i n te n d to a lter a ny a r t i cle o f the c a thol i c fa ith o f Ch r iste n dom , or o f th a t which was d e cl a red in the script u re n e cess a ry to s a lv a tio n They co n fir m ed a l the e x emptio n s gr a n ted to m o n a steries he popes , b u t su bj e cted them to the ki n g s visit a tio n , a n d g a ve the ki n g a n d hi s co u n cil po wer to e x a mi n e a n d r e ( o r m all i n d u lge n ces a n d p r ivileges gr a n ted by the p ope This a ct s ubj e cted the m o n a steries e n ti r ely to the k i n g s thority , a n d put the m in n o s m a ll co n fusio n Tho se au wh o lo ved the re for m a tio n r ej o iced b oth to see the pope s po wer rooted o ut ,a n d to fi n d the s cript ure m a de the st a n d a r d o f religio n A fter thi s a ct ,a n other p a ssed in b oth ho uses ,in s ix d ays ti m e ,witho ut a n y oppositio n , set tli n g the s uccessio n o f the c r o wn , co n fir m i n g the se n t e n ce o f divo r ce ,a n d the ki ng s m a r r i a ge with q u ee n A n ne , a n d de cl a r i ng all m a r ri a ges l n l a wfu wit hi n the d egrees p r ohi bited by Moses to b e u a ll th a t h a d m a rri e d withi n them were a ppo i n ted to b e d i e illegiti m a ted ; a n d t he s uccessio n v o r ce d , a n d their iss u to t he cro wn wa s settled upo n the ki n g s i ss ue by the pre se n t q uee n , or , in de fa ult o f th a t , to the k i n g s right hei r s All we re r eq ui r ed to s we a r to m a i n t a i n the c o n fo r ever te n ts o f th is a ct ; a n d if a ny re fused to s we a r to i t , o r sho uld s a y a ny thi n g to the sl a n der o f the ki n g s m a r r i a ge , d ged g u ilty o f m isprisio n o f tre a so n , a n d he was to b e j u to b e p un i she d a cco r di n gly Ab o ut th is ti m e o n e P hillips compl a i n ed to the ho use o f s in g him c r uelly c omm o n s o f t he bishop o f L o n d o n , for u po n s usp i cio n o f heresy t he co m m o n s se n t up in p r iso n u p etitio n to the lords , b ut re ceived n o a n s wer ; they h e re fo ne se n t so m e o f thei r me m b e r s to the b ishop ,desi r t in a g a i n st him : b u t ng hi m to a n s wer the c o m pl a i nt s p u se o f lords with it ; a n d they with a i n ted the ho u h e a c qu co n se n t V )t€ d th a t n o n e o f their ho use o ught to a p ’ . . . ’ . ’ . ’ . ’ ’ ’ . ’ . t ' Fox ’ B OOK o r s MA RT Y RS . r or s e a n s we r to a n y co m pl a i n t a t the b a i o f the ho u p lar O n which the co mm o n s l et this p a rti c u o f co m mo n s c a se fa ll , a n d se n t up a b ill , to whi ch the lords a gr eed regul a t i n g the p r o ceedi n gs a g a i n st heretics ; r epe a li n g t he s ta t ute o f H e n r y IV ; a n d de cl a r in g th a t n o n e were to be co mm itted fo r heresy b ut upo n a prese n t m e n t m a de b y sed fo r spe a ki ng t wo wit n esses ; n o n e were t o b e a cc u n ded o n ly u po n t he pope s a g a i n st t h i n gs th a t w e r e g r o u c a n o n s ; b a il wa s to b e t a ke n fo r hereti cs , a nd He y w er e ught to tri a l in ope n co urt ; a n d if up o n co n vic ~ to be b r e , or we r e rel a pses , they we r e to t o n they d id n o t a bj u This wa s r n t ; the ki n g s writ bei n g first o bt a i n ed Le b u a g r e a t che c k to the bishops t yr a nn y , a n d g a ve g e a t s a t is fa c t io to t h e fr i e n ds o f the re fo r m a t io n The co n vo c atio n se n t in a s ub m iss io n a t the s a me time, b y whi ch they a ck n o wledged , th a t a ll the co n vo c a tio n s o ught to b e a sse m bled by the k i n g s wr it ; a n d p r o m i sed t e a n y c a n o n s witho u t t h e ki n g s n eve r to m a ke n o r e x e c u They a lso desi red , th a t si n ce m a n y o f the r e ceived a sse n t c a n o n s we r e fo un d to b e co n tr a r y to the ki n g s p r e r og a tive a n d the l a ws o f t he l a n d ,the r e m ight be a co m m ittee ,n a med by the ki n g ,o f thi r ty tw o , the o n e h a l f o ut o f b oth ho uses o f p a rli a m e n t , a n d t h e othe r o f t h e cle r gy , e m po we red to l a te them , a s t hey sho uld see c a use T hi s a b r og a te o r r eg u wa s co n fi r m ed in p a rli a m e n t ; the a c t a g a i n st a ppe a ls wa s re n e wed a n d a n a p pe a l wa s a llo wed fr o m the a r chb ish o p to the ki n g , upo n whi ch the lo r d ch a n cell o r wa s to gr a n r t o f deleg a tes a co m m issi o n fo r a co u A n o t he r a c t p a ssed fo r r eg ul a t i n g the ele ctio n s a n d co n lls fr o m Ro m e s e c r a t i o n s o f b ishops , co n de m n i n g a ll b u po n a v a c a n cy the ki n g S h OUl J a n d a ppo i n ti n g th a t u r ld by a m issive a n t a li ce n se fo r a n ele ctio n , a n d sho u g etter sig n i fy t he p e r so n s n a m e who m he wo uld h a ve a n d w ithi n t welve d a ys a fte r these w e r e delivere d , chose n t he de a n a n d ch a pte r , o r p r io r a n d co n ve n t ,we r e r eq u ired to ret ur n a n ele ctio n o f the pe r so n n a m ed by the ki n g un der their se a ls The b ishop ele ct wa s upo n th a t t o s we a r fe a lty a n d a writ wa s to b e iss ued o ut fo r his co n s ua l m a n n er ; a fte r th a t he wa s to d o s e cr a tio n in the u po n whi ch b oth the te m por a lities a n d h o m a ge to the ki n g , u i i r it u a li e s were to b e restore d , a n d bishops were to e x t p r is d ict ion s a s they h a d do n e b e for e er cise t h eir ju All ea . . ’ r o . ’ . ’ r n . ’ ’ . ’ - . . . . . ‘ ’ . . ° . 9 36 F ox who tr a n sgres s e d n 1 re mu ’ B OO K s or MA R T Y R S . this a ct were m a de guilty o f a prac . A p r iv a t e a ct p a ssed ,dep r ivi n g c a rdi n a l C a mpe gio an d J ero m e de G ia nucc ii o f the b ishop r ics o f S a lisb ury a nd W o r cester : the re a so n s give n fo r it were , be c a use they did n o t r eside in thei r di o ceses , for pre a chi n g the l a ws o f God , a n d keepi n g hospit a lity , b ut lived a t the co ur : o f Ro m e , a n d d r e w £ 3 000 a ye a r o u t o f the ki n gd om W hile t hese me a s ur es we r e p ur s ui n g by the gove r n m e n t , Ti n d a l o f A nt werp ,who h a d bee n co m pelled to flee fr o m E n gl a n d ,by the a ssist a n ce o f seve r a l others tra n sl a ted the Ne w Test a m e n t i n to E n glish , a n d improved every opp e r n it tu y o f se n d i n g the m fr o m t he n ce to E n gl a n d , by m e a n s o f which the mi n ds o f the people were p r ep a ri n g fo r the ch a n ge t h a t wa s soo n to follo w . S t or y a n d Jlf a r ty r d om of Th oma s B ilney . Tho m a s B il n ey wa s b r o ught up a t C a m bridge from a ch ild O n le a vi n g the un ive r sity he pre a ched in sever a l pl a ces ; a n d in his ser m o n s sp oke with gre a t b old n es s This wa s a g a i n st the p r ide a n d i n sole n ce o f t h e cle r gy d uri n g t h e m i n istr y o f c a r di n a l W olsey , wh o , he a r i n g o f his a tt a cks , c a us ed him to b e seized a n d i m p r iso n e d O vercome w ith fe a r , B il n ey a bj u red ,wa s p a rdo n ed , a n d r et u rn ed to C a m b r idge in the ye a r 1 5 3 0 Here he fell i n to g r e a t ho r ro r o f mi n d ,in co n se q ue n ce o f his i n st a b ility th He b ec a m e a sh a m ed o f himsel f, a n d de n i a l o f the t r u bi tterly r epe n ted o f his s in , a n d g r o wi n g st r o n g in fa ith, r esolved to m a ke some a to n e m e n t by a p u bli c a vo wa l o f n is a post a cy , a n d co n fessio n o f his s e n ti m e n ts To pre p a re hi m sel f fo r hi s t a sk , he st udied t he sc r ipt ures with deep a t te n t io n fo r t wo ye a r s a t the e x pi r a tio n o f whi ch he itted the un iversity , we n t i n to N or folk , where he a g a i n qu a n d d o wn th a t co u n ty a g a i n s t wa s bor n , a n d p r e a ched u p idol a tr y a n d s upe r stitio n ; e x ho r ti n g the people to a goo d l i fe , to give a l ms ,t o b elieve in Ch r ist , a n d to o ffer up their so uls to him in the s a cr a m e n t He ope n ly co n fessed nis and u si n g n o pre c a uti o n a s o wn s in o f d e n y in g the fa ith he we n t a b o ut , wa s s oo n ta ke n by the b ishop s o fii ce r s , c o n dem n ed as a rel a pse , a nd degr a d e d S ir Thom a s More r n him P a rker , a fter wa rd a r ch sent d o wn the wr it t o b u . . . . . . . ’ . . 258 F O X S n o o n o r M A RT Y RS uffered a lso the s a me fa te a t Y ork . Upo n th e se pro ce e d in gs ,the p a rli a m e n t co m pl a i n ed to the ki n g ; b u t this d ic n ot che ck the s a n g u i n a r y p r o ceedi n gs o f the clergy O n Ba i n h a m ,a co u n s ellor o f the Te m ple , wa s t a ke n o n su s i p cio n o f he r esy , whipped in the p r ese n ce o f sir Tho m a s More , a n d a ft er wa r d r a cked in the To wer , yet he co uld ght o n to a cc use a ny , b ut thro ugh fe a r he a h n o t b e w ro u r ed f t r , bei n g dis ch a rged , he wa s in w u A er this ho eve , j gr e a t tro uble o f mi n d , a n d co uld fi n d n o quiet till he we n t p ubli cly to ch urch , whe r e he ope n ly co n fessed his si n s , a n d de cl a r ed t he tor m e n ts he felt in his co n s cie n ce for wh a t he h a d do n e Upo n thi s he wa s a g a i n se ized o n ,a n d co n de m n ed fo r h a v i n g s a id th a t Tho m a s B e cket wa s a m ur de r e r , a n d wa s d a m n ed if he did n o t repe n t a n d th a t in the s a c r a m e n t , Ch r i s t s b ody wa s r e ce ived by fa ith ,a n d n o t che wed w ith the teeth S e n te n ce wa s p a ssed upo n him ,a n d he wa s b ur n t S oo n a fte r this More delive r ed up the g r e a t se a l , in co n se que n ce o f whi ch the re for m e d pre a chers h a d a short respite Bu tio n wa s soo n revived , a n d its r a ge t the perse c u stoppe d n o t a t the livi n g ,b ut ve n tur ed itsel f eve n o n the de a d L ord T r a cy m a d e a will , by which he le ft his so ul to God , in hopes o f m e r cy th r o ugh Ch r ist , witho ut t h e help o f a ny s a i n t a n d there fore he decl a r ed th a t he w o uld le a ve n othi n g fo r so ul m a sses This will , be i n g bro ught to the bishop o f L o n do n s co urt to h e proved a fte r his de a th , provoked the clergy so m uch th a t he was co n de m n ed a s a hereti c , a n d a n o r de r wa s se n t to the ch a n cello r o f W o r o t he we n t beyo n d his i n st r u o este r to r a ise his b ody : b u tio n s , a n d b urn t it , whi ch co uld n o t b e j usti fi ed , si n ce the de ce a sed wa s n ot a rel a pse T r a cy s he ir s ued h im fo r it rn ed o ut o f his pl a ce ,a n d fi n ed £ 4 00 a n d he w a s t u The clergy pro cl a i m ed a n i n d ulge n ce o f forty d a ys p a r rn i n g o f a hereti c , d o n to a ny th a t c a r r ied a fa got to th e b u elty m ight seem the m o r e m e r ito r io us t h a t so cr u The re form ed n o w e nj oyed a respite o f two ye a rs ,whe n the cr a fty G a rd i n er represe n ted to the ki n g th a t it wo ul d te n d m uch to n is a dv an t a ge if he wo uld t a ke some o c c a sio n to sho w his h a tred o f heresy A ccordi n gly a yo ung ma n n a med F rith was c hose n for a s acr ifi ce t o th i afln ted se al fo r reli gio n s . . ' e . . . ’ . . . . - . ’ ’ . . . . s . ’ F ox s B OOK o r M A R T Y RS 25 9 . r ed b t rt Th e Ref or mer s f a vou y he C ou . ob ility a n d ge n t r y were ge n e r ally well s a t is fi e d t the b ody o f with the ch a n ge in e cclesi a sti c a l a ffa irs ; b u the people , bei ng more un de r the p o we r o f the p r iest s bj e c t It wa s s a id wer e filled with g r e a t fe a rs o n t h e s u a m o n g them th a t the ki n g n o w j oi n ed hi m sel f to he r eti cs ; th a t the quee n , Cr a nm e r , a n d C r o m well , fa vo ured the m It wa s le ft free to disp u te wh a t were a rti cles o f fa ith , a n d wh a t were o n ly the de c r ees o f popes ; a n d the most im n der the prete n ce th a t ort a n t ch a n ges m ight b e m a de , u p t hey o n ly rej e cted those op i n i o n s whi ch we r e s u pp orted b y tho r it y h e p a p al a u The mo n ks a nd fr i a rs sa w themselves le ft at t he ki n g s mercy Their b ulls co uld be n o lo n ger use ful to the m The tr a de o f n e w s a i n ts , or i n d ulge n ces wa s no w a t a n e n d ; they h a d a lso so m e in ti m a tio n s th a t Cro m well wa s formi n g a p r oj e ct for s u gh t p pr e ss s in g the m ; so they tho u it n ecess ar y for their o wn prese r v a tio n to e m b r o il the ki ng s a ffa i r s a s m uch a s wa s possible : there fo r e , b oth in co n fessi o n s a n d disco urses , they l a b o ured to i n fuse i n to the peopl e a dislike o f his p r o ceedi n gs : b ut these pr a c tices a t home , a n d the i nt r igues o f c ar di n a l P ole a b r o a d , the libels th a t were p ublished ,a n d the r ebelli o n s th a t were r a ised in E n gl a n d ,wro ught so much o n the ki n g s te m per , t a tu r a lly i mpe r io u s a n d b oistero us , th a t he b e c a me too p r o n e to a cts o f seve r ity , a n d hi s n e w title o f h ea d of t h e r ch seemed to h a ve i n cre a sed his fo r m er v a n it , a n d ch u y m a de him fa n cy th a t a ll his s ubj e cts were b o un d to reg u l a te t hei r belie f by the me a s ur es he set the m The b ishops a n d a b b q t s did wh a t they co u ld to fr ee the ki n g o f a ny a lo u e sies he m ight h a ve of the m ; a n d o f their o wn a ccord j be fore a n y law ua s m a de a b o ut it ,swore to m a i n t a i n his s uprem a cy Th e n . . . ’ . ’ ’ _ . . C r o mwell ma d e Vica r G ener a l . The firs t a ct o f his n e w po wer wa s the m a ki n g Crom well vi c a r ge n er a l , a n d visiter o f a ll the m o n a steries a n d ch urches o f E n gl a n d , with a deleg a tio n o f the ki n g s s u m a cy to him he r w a s a lso e m p o we r ed to give commi s ~ e p s ions s u Lalte rn to h imself a nd a ll wills , whe r e the es ta te - ’ 1360 r ox ’ s ec o n o r M A R T Y RS . was 1 n v a l u e a b ove £2 00, we r e to b e proved i n his c ourt Th is wa s a fter wa r d e n l a r ged : he wa s m a de the k in g s v icegere n t in e c clesi a sti c a l m a tte r s ,ha d the pre cede n ce o f a ll perso n s e x cept the roy a l fa m ily a n d hi s a u thority wa s in a ll po i n ts the s a me a s h a d b ee n for m erly e x ercised by the pope s leg a t es P a i n s were t a ke n to e n g a ge a ll the cle r gy to de cl a re fo r the s up r e m a cy At O x ford a p ubli c dete r m i n a tio n wa s m a de , to whi ch eve r y memb er a sse n ted , th a t the p op e h a d no m ore a u tho r ity in E n gl a n d th an a ny other fo1 e ign b ishop The F r a n cis c a n s a t Rich m o n d m a de so me oppo sitio u; they s a id , by the r ule o f St F r a n cis , they were b o un d to obey the holy see The b isho p o f Lich fi eld told them th a t a ll the b ishops in E n gl a n d ,a ll the he a d s o f ho u ses ,a n d the m ost le a r n ed divi n es h a d sig n ed th a t pro positio n S t Fr a n cis m a de h is r ule in It a ly , where t he b ishop o f Ro m e wa s m etrop olit a n , b ut th a t o ugh t n ot t o e x te n d to E n gl an d : a n d it wa s sho wn th a t the c h a p t e cited by them wa s n ot wr itte n by h im , b ut a dded si n ce yet they co n ti n ued positive in their re fus a l to sign it ’ ’ . . . . . . . . Gen er a l vis ita ti on of t he Mon a s ter ies . It wa s well k n o wn th a t the m o n ks a n d fri a rs , tho ugh they co m plied with the ti m e , yet h a ted thi s n e w po wer o f the ki n g s ; th e people we r e a lso st a r tled a t it : so o n e Dr Leighto n , wh o h a d bee n in W o ls ey s se r vi ce with Cro m well , p r oposed a ge n e r a l visit a ti o n o f a ll the religio u s o uses in E n gl a n d ; a n d tho ught th a t n othi n g w o uld r e co n cile the n a tio n so m uch to the ki n g s s upre m a cy , a s to see so m e good e ffe ct flo w fr o m it O thers deemed this wa s to o bold a step , a n d fe a red i t wo u ld p r ovoke the reli gio n s orders too m uch Y et it wa s k n o wn th a t they we r e g uilty o f s uch disorders , a s n othi n g co uld so e ffe ctua lly che ck a s i n q ui r y C r a n mer led the wa y to this b y a me t r o p o lit ic al visit a ti o n , fo r which he obt a i n ed the ki n g s li ce n se ; he took c a re to see th a t the pope s n a me wa s s tr u ck o ut o f a ll t he o ffi ces o f the ch urch , a n d th a t the kin g s s uprem acy wa s ge n er a lly a ck n o wledged In O ctober the ge n e r a l visit a tio n o f the mo n a sterie s wa s n ; a n d the vis i te r s were i n str u be gu cted to i n q uire whethe i se s h a d the ir full n umber a ccordi n g to the ir fo un the ho u ’ . ’ n ’ . . ' . ’ ’ ’ . 2 62 ’ Fo x s B O O K o r MARr vns ' , D over , foll owed the ir e x a m ple An d in the fo llo win g ye a r r others m a de the like s urre n ders fo u . . D ea th of Q ueen C a th a r in e . ee n ar y 8, 1 5 3 6 , qu On J a n u C a th a ri n e died She h a d b ee n resol ute in m a i n ta i n i n g her title a n d st a te , s ayi n g , th a t si n ce the pope h a d j udged her m a rri a ge wa s good ,s he wo u ld die r a t her th a n do a n y th i n g to p r ej udi ce it S he d e s 1 r e d to b e b u r i ed a m o n g the O o s e r v a n t fri a rs , wh o h a d m ost st r o n gly s uppo r ted h er , a n d s u se ffe r ed fo r her c a u S h e o r de r ed 5 00 m a sses to b e s a id fo r her so u l ; a n d th a t o n e o f h e r wo m e n sho u ld go a p ilgrim a ge to o ur l a dy o f Wa lsi ngha m , a n d give t wo h un d r ed n obles o n her wa y to 1 1e poor n d de a th a ppro a chi n g , she wr ote t e n h e fo u ghter to his c a re t o the e mperor , re co mm e n ded her d a u a lso to the ki n g , w ith thi s i n s c r i ptio n , My d e a r lord , ” ki n g , a n d h u sb a n d S he fo r g a v e h im a ll the i njuries he l h a d do n e her ; a n d w ished h im to h a ve r eg a r d to his so u S he re com m e n ded her d a ughter to his prote cti o n , a n d de sir ed h im to b e ki n d to her th r e e m a ids , a n d to p ay her serv a n ts a ye ar s wa ges ; a n d co n cl uded with , Mi n e eyes ” desi r e y o ua b ove a ll thi n gs S he e x p ired a t K i mb olto n , in the fi ftieth ye a r o f her a ge ,h a v i n g b ee n thi r ty th r ee ye a rs S he wa s devo ut a n d e x e m pl a r y ; p a tie n t a n d in E n gl a n d ch a ri t a ble Her vi r t ues a n d her s uffe r i n gs cre a ted a n e s tee m fo r her i n a ll r a n ks o f people The ki n g ordere d her to b e b uried in the a bbey o f P ete r bo r o ugh , a n d wa s so m e wh a t a ffe cted a t her de a t h b ut t he n a tur a l b a r b a r ity ch re m o r se o n o f his temper p r eve n ted h im fro m feeli n g m u t h e refle ctio n th a t he h a d e m b i t te r ed the e x iste n ce o f a wo m a n wh o loved a n d revere n ced him The s a me ye a r the p a r li a m e n t co n firmed the a ct e m po weri n g thirty two perso n s to revise the e ccles i a sti c a l a ws ; b u t n o time bei n g li mited fo r fi n ishi n g it , it h a d n o The chie f b usi n ess o f this sessi o n , wa s the sup e ffe ct p r essi n g of a ll mo n a steries whose reve n ues d id n o t e x cee d The a c t sets fo r th the gre a t disorders o f £2 00 a ye a r t hose ho uses , a n d the m a n y un s uccess ful a tte m pts m a de t o re form the m The religio us th a t were in them we r e o r de r ed to b e pl a ced in the g r e a ter ho uses ,a n d th e re ve n ue s n g wa s a l so emp o we red t o wa k e v n h k m The ki e t o t e i g g . . ‘ . ' . . . . ’ “ / . - . . . . - ‘ . . . ’ o x s B O OK o r MA RT YRS r 2 63 . o un d a tio n s o f s uch o f the s uppress e d ho uses a s h e ple a sed , whi ch were in a ll thr ee h un d r ed a n d seve n t y This p a rli a me n t ,a fter s ix ye a rs co n ti n ua n ce ,wa s n o w d is s olved ne w f . A Tr a n s la ti on of th e B i b le p r op os ed . In a co n vo c a tio n whi ch sat a t thi s ti me , a motio n wa s m a de fo r tr a n sl a ti n g the B ible i n to E n glish ,whi ch ha d bee n ’ t p r o m ised whe n Ti n d a l s t r a n sl a tio n wa s co n dem n ed , b u wa s a fte r wa rd l a id a side by the cle r gy a s n either n e c e s s a r y n or e x p e die n t It wa s s a id , th a t t hose whose o fli c e it wa s to te a ch the people the wo r d o f G o d ,did a ll they co uld to s up p r es s it Mo se s ,t he p r ophets ,a n d t he a pos t les wrote in the v u lg a r to n g ue Ch r ist di r e cted t he peo ple to se a r ch the sc r i pt ur es ; an d a s soo n a s a n y n a tio x . . co n vert ed to the Ch r is t i a n r eligio n , the B ible wa s tr a n sl a ted i n to thei r l a n g ua ge ; n or wa s it eve r t a ke n o ut o f t h e h a n ds o f the pe o ple , till the C h r i sti a n r eligio n so corrupted , th a t it wa s dee m ed i m poli t i c to t r ust the m ld so m a n i festly discove r those er with a book , which w o u r o r s ; a n d the lege n ds , a s a r eei n g better with those a b u ses , g we r e r e a d i n ste a d o f t h e w o r d o f God C r a n m e r tho ught th a t p utti n g the B ible in the people s h a n ds wo uld b e the m ost e ffe ct ua l m e a n s fo r p r o m oti n g th e r e fo r m a tio n a n d the r e fo r e m oved th a t the k in g m ight b e Bu t G a r di n e r , a n d all the other p a rty pr a yed to orde r it o pp osed this vehe m e n tly They s a id a ll the e vtr a va ga n t o p i n io n s l a tely bro a ched in Ge r m a n y a r ose fr o m the i n di s c r e et u se o f the sc r ipt u r es S o m e o f those opi n io n s were a t this t im e disse m i n a ted in En gl a n d , bo t h a g a i n st the di vi n it y a n d i n c a r n a tio n o f Ch r is t , a n d the use ful n ess o f t he s a cr a m e n ts They the r e fo r e a r gued , th a t d uri n g these dist r a ctio n s the us e o f the sc r ipt ur es wo uld p r ove a g r e a t s n a r e , a n d p r oposed th a t i n ste a d o f t he m ,th a t there m igh be so m e sho r t e x p osit io n o f the Chris t i a n r eligio n p ut in to the people s b a n d s whi ch m ight keep t he m in a cert a i n s ubj e cti o n to the k i n g a n d t h e c hr r c h But in sp ite o f the ir a r g ume n ts , t he q uestio n o f the t r a n sl a tio n wa s c a rr ie d 11 the co n vo c a tio n in the a ffi r m a tive The co urti ers were m uch di vided o n this poi n t ; som e s a id if the ki n a ve w a y to it , he wou v e r b e a bl e g ld n e , g wa s . ’ . . . . ’ . - . . £6 4 ’ Fo x s B OO K MA RT Y RS or . ter th at t o gover n his people , a nd th a t they wo uld b re al i n to m an y divisio n s B ut o n the othe r h a n d ,it wa s m a i n ld m a ke the di ffere n ce b et we e n fa i n ed , th a t n othi n g wo u the p e p e s po wer a n d the ki n g s sup r e m a cy a ppe a r m ore e m i n e n tly , th a n fo r the o n e to give the people the fr ee us e o f the word o f God ; while the oth e r kept the m in d a rk n ess , a n d r u led the m by a bl i n d ob edie n ce It wo uld d o m uc h a lso in e x ti n g uish i n g the i n te r ests th a t either the pope o r the m o n ks ha d a mo n g the peo pl e T h e B ible wo u ld te a c h the m ,th a t they h a d bee n lo n g de ce ived b y im postur es ,whi ch ha d n o fo un d a tio n in the scriptures Thes e re a so n s , stre n gthe n ed by the q uee n s r ep r e se n t a ti o n s to the ki n g , pre v a iled so fa r with h im , th a t he g a ve o r der for set ti n g a b o ut this i m po r t a n t a ffa ir wi t h a ll possible h a st e ; a n d withi n three ye a r s the i m p r e ssio n o f it wa s fi n ished The p op ish p a r ty s a w, wi t h dis a ppoi n t m e n t a n d c o n cer n ,th a t the q uee n wa s the g r e a t obst a cle to thei r desig n s S he gre w n o t o n ly in the ki n g s esteem , b ut in the love o f the n a tio n D ur i n g the l a st n i n e mo n ths o f her li fe sh e best o wed a b ove in a l m s to the poo r , a n d see m ed to delight in do i n g good S oo n a fter C a th a r i n e s de a th , A n n e b o r e a de a d s o n , wh i ch wa s believed to h a ve m a de n fa vo u r a ble i m p r essi o n o n t h e k in It a s a lso s m i nd w an u g co n sidered , th a t n o w q uee n C a th a r i n e wa s de ad ,the ki n g might m a r r y a n othe r , a n d r eg a i n the fr ie n dship o f the pope a n d the e m pe r o r , a n d th a t t he iss u e by a n y othe r m a r r i a ge wo u ld n eve r be q uestio n ed W i th these r e a so n s o f st a te the ki n g s a ffe ctio n s j oi n ed : fo r he wa s n ow in love ( if so he a r tless a m o n ste r wa s c a p a ble o f feeli n g love )with J a n e S eymo ur , w hose dispo siti o n wa s te m pe r ed b e twee n the gr a vity o f C a th a ri n e a n d t h e g a yety o f A n n e The l a tter used a i possible a rts to r e in fla m e his dyi n g a ffe ctio n ; b ut he wa s we a r y o f h e r , a n d the r e fo r e dete r m i n ed o n he r d e st r uctio n to e ffect whi ch he soo n fo un d a p r ete n ce L a dy Ro c hford , wi fe to the brothe r o f A n n e , b a sely a cc u sed her s b a n d o f a cri mi n a l hu i n terco urse w ith h is sister ; a n d Nor r is , W esto n a n d B r e r eto n , the ki n g s serv a n ts , with S m e t o n ,a m u si ci an , we r e a cc used o f the s a m e cri me S he wa s co n fi n ed to her C h a mber , a n d the fi ve pers o n s b e fo r e m e n ti o n ed were se n t to the To we r , whither t he n e x t d a y ,she wa s a l s o c a rried O n the river som e privy n se ll or s c a me to e x a mi n e h er , b u co u t she m a d e d ee p p r o af . ’ ’ ~ . . . . ’ . . ’ . ’ . ’ o . . ’ . . . ’ . . 26 6 r ox ’ s B OOK o r MART YRB . r o th e rs to lie with her ; a nd ha d o fte n s a id t o t he m , fo u tha t the ki n g n ever h a d h e r he a r t ; a n d this wa s to t he e begotte n bet wee n the ki n g a n d her , s l a n der o f the iss u which wa s t r e a so n b y t he a c t th a t co n fi r m ed h e r m a r r i a ge , so th a t the a ct m a d e fo r the m a r r i a ge wa s n o w t ur n ed to her r ui n They wo uld n o t no w a ck n o wledge her t he ’ ki n g s l a wful wi fe ,a n d the r e fore did n o t fo un d the t r e a so n t e 2 5 th Ed wa r d III It d oes n o t a ppe a r wh a t o n the st a t u evide n ce wa s b r o ught a g a i n st her ; fo r S m e t o n bei n g a l . . e a dy co n dem n ed , co uld n o t be m a de us e o f ; a n d his n ever be i n g b r o ught fa ce to fa ce wi th he r , g a ve j ust s uspicio n t h a t he wa s pe r s u a ded to his co n fessio n by b a se pr a c t ices There wa s n o othe r e viden ce th a n a decl a r a t io n s a id to h a v e bee n m a de by the l a dy W in gfi eld , who died b e fore the tri a l took pl a ce so t h a t whethe r this de cl a r a tio n we r e r e a l or a fo r gery m u st b e ve r y do ubt ful The e a r l o f No r th um be r la n d wa s o n e o f t he j ud ge s He ha d fo r m e r ly bee n in love w ith the q u ee n , a n d ,ei the r fr o m a ret u se , he b e r n o f his p a ssio n , o r fr o m so m e othe r c a u c a m e s udde n ly so ill , th a t he co uld n o t st ay o ut t he t r i a l It wa s r e m e m be r ed t h a t this e a r l ha d s a id to t he c a r di na l lVo ls ey ,th a t he ha d e n g a ged hi m sel f so fa r w i t h he r , t h a t r . . . . he co uld n o t go b a ck , whi ch wa s p e r h a ps do n e by so m e p r o m ise co n cei v ed in wo r ds o f t h e fut ur e te n se ; b ut n o m ro i n less in t h e w ords O f t h e prese n t te n s e , c o u l s e ,u d p ’ Fo x s B O O K 0 ? MA RT YRS . 26 ? e n t m ar r ia ge P erh a ps th e q uee n did b seq u u th e s u not u n derst a n d th a t di ffe r e n ce , o r p r ob a bly the fe a r o f a te r r ible de a th wr o ught so m uch o n h e r , t h a t she co n fessed he co n tr a ct ; b ut t he e a r l de n ied it posi t i vely , a n d took r n to his t he s a c r a m e n t u p o n i t , w ishi n g t ha t it m i gh t t u d a m n a t io n if t he r e we r e e ve r ei t he r co n tr a c t o r p r o m ise o f Up o n h e r o wn co n fe s sio n , ho w m a r r i a g e bet wee n t he m e ve r , he r m a r r i a ge with the k i n g wa s j udged n ull fr o m th e gh n othi n g co uld b egi n n i n g , a n d she wa s co n de m n ed ,a l t ho u b e m o r e co n t r a di cto r y ; fo r if she wa s n eve r the k i n g s ld n o t be g uil ty o f a d ulte r y , t here bei n g n o w i fe , she co u bre a ch o f the fa ith o f wedlo ck , if they we r e n e ve r tr uly m a r r ied Bu t the ki n g w a s r esolved bo t h to be rid o f he r , gh t e r by he r a n d t o illegi t i m a tize his d a u T he d ay b e fo r e h e r de a t h , sh e se n t h e r l a s t m ess a ge to the ki n g ,a sse r t i n g he r i n n oce n ce ,r e co m m e n di n g he r d a ugh t e r to his c ar e , a n d th a n ki n g h im fo r hi s a dv a n ci n g h er fi r st to be a m a r chio n ess , the n a q uee n , a n d n o w, whe n he co uld r a is e her n o highe r o n e a r th , fo r se n di n g he r to b e a s a i n t in He a ve n The lie ute n a n t o f the To we r wr ote to C r o mw ell , th a t it wa s n o t fit to p ublish the ti m e o f her e x ec utio n , fo r t he fe we r th a t we r e p r ese n t , t h e better it ld be ,si n ce he believed she w o uld d e c la r e he r i nn oce n ce wo u r o f h e r de a th a t the ho u fo r t h a t m o r n i n g s h e h a d m a de g r e a t p r otest a t io n s o f it whe n she r e ceived t he s a c r a m e n t , re a n d see m ed to lo n g fo r de a t h with g r e a t oy a n d ple a s u j tio n e r , wh o h a d bee n se n t fo r O n b ei n g told t h a t t he e x e c u e x p r essly fr o m F r a n ce , wa s ve r y skil ful , she e x p r essed g r e a t h a p p i n ess ; fo r she s a id she h a d a ve r y sho r t n e ck , ghed a t whi ch she l a u A li ttle be fo r e n oo n , she wa s b r o u ght to the pl a ce o f e x ec utio n ; the r e we r e pr ese n t s o m e o f the chie f o ffi cers a n d g r e a t m e n o f t h e co u S he wa s ,it see m s , p r ev a iled rt on, ou t o f r eg a r d to h e r d a u ghte r , to m a ke n o r efle ctio n s o n the c r u el t r e a t m e n t she m e t wi t h , n o r to s a y a ny thi n g to uchi n g the g r o un ds o n wh ich se n t e n ce p a ssed a g a i n st her S he o n ly desi r ed th a t a ll wo ul d j udge the best ; she highly co m m e n ded the ki n g ,a n d t he n took he r le a ve o f the wo r ld S he r e m a i n ed fo r so m e t i m e in h e r p r iv a t e devo t io n s , a n d ” To Ch r ist I co m m e n d m y so ul ; upo n which the e x e c uti o n e r s t r uck o ff he r he a d : a n d so l i t tle respec t was p a id to her b ody ,th a t i t wa s with bru t a l i n sole n ce put ann . . ’ . . . . . . . . . é F 0 15 s . B o o k o r Si Ah Tt fi S . in a che st o f e lm t r ee , m a de to se n d a r r o ws i n to Irel a nd , a n d the n b u r ied in the ch a pel o f the To wer No r ris the n ld a cc use her But h a d his li fe pro m ised him if he w o u t his fa ith fu l a n d vi r t uo us s e r v a n t s a id he k n e w she wa s i n n oce n t , a n d w o uld d ie a tho us a n d de a ths r a the r th a n de fa m e her ; so he a n d the th r ee o t hers we r e behe a de d , a n d ed to t he l a st to v i n di c a t e her The a ll o f the m co n t i n u ’ d ay a ft er q u ee n A n n e s de a th the ki n g m a r r ied Ja n e S ey m ou r ,wh o g a i n ed m o r e u po n him th a n a ll his wives eve r did b ut s he wa s fort una te th a t she d id n o t o utlive his love . . . to her . The P op e p r op o ses a r econ cil ia t ion with t he K ing . P ope Cleme n t the S eve n th wa s n o w de a d , a n d c a rdi na l F a r n ese s ucceeded him by the n a m e o f P a ul the Thi r d , wh o m a de a n a tte m pt to r e co n cile hi m sel f w ith the ki n g ; n de r ed o u b ut, whe n th a t wa s r ej e cted , th u t a m ost te rr ible Y et n o w, si n ce the s e n te n ce o f depositio n a g a i n st h im ee n s upo n whose a c co un t the b r e a ch wa s m a de were t wo q u ht i t a fit ti m e to a tte m pt the r e t o f the wa y , he tho u ou g c o v e r y o f the p a p a l i n te r es t , a n d orde r ed C a s s a li t o let the ki n g k n o w t h a t he h a d b ee n d r ive n , ve r y m uch a g a i n st his m i n d , to p a ss se n t e n ce a g a i n st him , a n d th a t n o w it wo u ld be e a sy fo r h im to r ecove r the fa vo ur o f the a post oli c see Bu t the ki n g , i n ste a d o f he a r ke n i n g to the p r opositio n , c a used t wo a cts to b e p a ssed , by o n e o f whi c h it ua s n e to a ck n o wle d ge t he a u h n ir e fo r a n o t o m a de a p r mm u y ri t y o f the po p e , o r to pe r s ua de o t he r s to it a n d , by the o the r , a ll b ulls , a n d a ll p r ivileges flo wi n g fr o m t he m , we r e de cl a r ed n ull a n d v oid ; o n ly m a r r i a ges o r co n sec r a t io n s All who e nj oyed e o f the m we r e e x ce pt e d m a de by vi r t u p r ivilege s by these b ulls we r e r eq ui r ed t o b r i n g the m i n to po n whi ch the a r chbishop wa s t o m ake a t h e C h a n cery , u n der the g r e at n e w g r a n t o f the m ,w hi ch ,bei n g co n fi r m ed u se a l ,wa s t o b e o f full force in la w . . . . D eb a t es of th e Con voca t i on . The co n vo c a tio n s a t a t the s a m e t i m e , a n d wa s m uch L a ti m er p r e a ched a L a t i n se r m o n be fore e mploye d he m ; he was the m ost celeb r a te d p r e a che r o f th a t t im e ; . 27 0 r ox ’ s B OOK or ' A M n r vn s . it as m u ch The co n test wo uld h a ve b e e n m uch sh a rp e r ha d n o t the k i n g se n t so m e a r ti cles to b e co n side r ed o f by the m , whe n the follo wi n g m i x t u r e o f tr u th a n d e r ror was . greed upo n 1 Th a t the b ishops a nd pre a chers o u ght to i n struct the peo ple a cco r di n g to t he sc r ip t ures , the three cree d s , an d the fo ur fi r st ge n e r a l co un cils 2 Th a t b a ptism wa s n e cess a ry to s a lv a t io n , a n d th a t child r e n o ught to b e b a p tized fo r t he p ar do n o f ori gi na l s i n , a n d obt a i n i n g the H oly Ghost 3 Th a t pe n a n ce wa s n e cess a r y to s a lv a tio n , a n d th a t it co n s isted in co n fessio n , co n t r i t io n , a nd a m e n d m e n t o f li fe wi t h the e x ter n a l wor k s o f c h a r it y ,t o whi ch a lively fa ith o ught to b e j o i n ed ; a n d th a t co n fessio n to a p r iest wa s n e c e s s a r y whe r e i t m igh t b e h a d 4 Th a t in t h e e u ch a r ist un d e r the fo r ms o f b r e a d a n d W i n e the very flesh a n d blo od o f Ch r ist wa s re ce ive d 5 T hat j u st ifi c a t i o n wa s the re m issio n o f si n s , an d a p e r fect r e n ov a tio n in Ch r ist ; a n d t h a t n o t o n ly o utwa r d tely n ecess a r y t i n wa r d holi n ess ,wa s a bsol u good wo r ks , b u As fo r the o utwa rd ce r emo n ies ,the pe ople we r e to b e t a ught , 1 Th a t it wa s m eet to h a ve i m a ge s in ch ur ches , g ht to a void a ll s uch s upe r s t iti o n a s h a d bee n bu t they o u us ua l in ti m es p a st , a n d n o t to wo r shi p the i m a ge ,b ut o n ly r the s a i n ts , b u God 2 Th a t t hey we r e to ho n o u t n o t to e x pe ct t h e se thi n gs fr om the m whi ch God o n ly gives 3 Th a t they might p r a y to the m fo r thei r i n te r cessio n ,b ut a ll s uperstitio us a b uses we r e t o ce a se ; a n d if the ki n g sho uld lesse n the n um be r o f s a i n t s d a ys , they o ug h t to ob ey him s e o f the cere m o n ies wa s good ,a n d th a t t hey 4 Th a t the u co n ta i n ed m a n y mysti c a l s ign ifi cat io n s th a t te n de d to r a ise s uch were vest m e n ts in divi n e t h e mi n d to wa rd God ; w orship , hol y wa te r ,holy b r e a d , the c a r ryi n g o f c a n dles a n d p a l m s a n d a shes , a n d c r eepi n g to the c r oss , a n d h e ] l o wi n g th e fo n t , with other e x o r cisms 5 Th a t it wa s a n d to h a ve m a sses a n d ood ls t o pr a y fo r dep a r ted so u , g obsequies s a id fo r them ; b ut the script ur es h a vin g n either de cl ared in wh a t pl a ce they we r e , n o r wh a t torme n ts they n ce r t a i n , a n d to b e le ft to God ; there ffe r ed , th a t wa s u su ses o f the pope s p a r do n s ,or s a yi n g m a sse s fo r e a ll the a b u ch a n d s uch pl a ces ,o r be fo r e s uch im a ges ,we re t o b e in s u u a wa t y p a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ’ . . . ’ . . F ox ’ B OO K s or MA R T Y R S 7] . These a rti cles were s 1gn e d by C r o m well , the t wo a rch msh o p s , s i x tee n bisho ps , forty abbo t s a n d p r io r s , a n d fi ft y The ki n g a fte r wa r d a dded a pre fa ce , )f t h e lo wer ho me d e cl a r i n g the p a i n s th a t he a n d the cle r gy h a d b ee n a t fo r the r emovi n g t he d ifi e r e n c es in religi o n whi ch e x isted in the n a tio n ,a n d th a t he a pproved o f t hese a rt i cles , a n d r e q ui r ed all his subje ts to a ccept the m , a n d he wo uld b e ther eby e n co ur a ged to t a ke further p a i n s in the like m a t ters for the fut ure bli c a tio n o f t hese thi n gs , the fa vo urers o f the O n the p u re fo r m a t io n , tho ugh they did n ot a pprove o f every p a rti l a r , y e t were well ple a sed to see thi n gs b r o u ght un der cu e x a m i n a tio n ; a n d si n ce so m e thi n gs we r e a t this t i m e ch a n ged ,t hey did n ot do ubt b ut m o r e ch a n ges w o uld follo w ; r es a n d the a n cie n t creeds they we r e gl a d th a t the sc r ipt u t a ddi n g t r a we r e m a de the st a n d a r ds o f t h e fa i th , w i t ho u di t io n , a n d th a t the n a t ure o f j ustific a t i o n a n d the gospel cove n a n t wa s r igh t ly st a ted , t h a t t he i mm edi a te worship o f i m a ges a n d s a i n ts wa s co n de m n ed , a n d th at p u r g a tory r i cu n ce r t a i n : b u t the n e cessit y o f a u l a r co n fes wa s le ft u s io n a n d the co r po re a l prese n ce , the doi n g revere n ce to i m a ges a n d pr a y i n g t o s a i n ts , we r e o f h a r d digestio n to the m ; yet they r ej oi ced t o see so m e g r osser a b uses r e moved ,a n d a re fo r m a tio n o n ce set on foot The popish p a r ty , o n the othe r h a n d , were so r ry to see fo ur s a cr a m e n ts p a ssed over in sile n ce , a n d the tr a de in m a sses for the de a d put do wn At the s a m e time othe r thi n gs were in co n s ult a tio n , tho ugh n ot fi n ished C r a n mer o ffered a p a per t o the ki n g , e x ho r ti n g h im to pro ceed to further re fo r m a tio n , a n d th a t n othi n g sho u ld be dete r m i n ed witho ut cle ar proo fs fro m r e , the dep a rti n g fr om whi ch h a d bee n the o cc a sio n s c r ipt u r ch o f a ll the errors th a t h a d bee n in the ch u Ma ny thi n gs we r e n ow a ck n o wledged to be e r ro n eo u s , fo r whi ch so m e ffered de a th He t he r e fo r e proposed n o t lo n g be fore h a d s u seve r a l poi n ts to be dis cussed , a s ,W hether there we r e a r g a tory ? pu W hether dep ar ted s a i n ts o ught to b e in vo ght c a t e d , or tr a diti o n to b e belie v ed ? W hethe r i m a ges o u t o b e co n side r ed o n ly as represe n t a tio ns o f hi story ? a n d l for the clergy to m a rry ? He Whethe r it were l awfu d gme n t in thes e p oints till p r a y ed the k in g n ot t o g ive j u . ' i . . . . . . 2 72 r ox ’ s Bo o n or he h e a r d them well e x a m i n ed fu rther a t th a t pe r i od At this ti m e visiters were M A R T Y RS . t a ll thi s wa s c a r ried bu no . ppo i n ted to s urvey all t he lesser m o n a ste r ies : they w ere to e x a m i n e the st a te o f thei r reve n ues a n d goods a n d t a ke i n ve n to r ies o f t hem , a n d to t a ke thei r se a ls i n to thei r keepi n g ; they we r e t o t r y h o w m a n y o f the religio u s wo uld ret ur n to a sec ul a r co urse o f li fe ; a n d these we r e to b e se n t to the a r chb ishop o f C a n te r b u r y , o r the lord ch a n cellor , a n d a n a llo wan ce wa s to b e give n the m fo r thei r j o u r n ey bu t those wh o in te n ded to co n ti n ue in th a t sta te were to b e r e m oved to so m e o f the g r e a t m o n a ste r ies A p e n sio n w a s a lso to be a ssig n ed to the a bb o t o r p r i o r d u r i n g li fe a n d th e visiters were p a r t i c u l a r ly to e x a m i n e wh a t le a ses h a d bee n m ad e d ur i n g the l a st ye a r T e n tho us a n d o f t he r eligio us were by thi s m e a n s d r ive n to seek fo r thei r l ivi n gs w ith fo r ty shilli n gs , a n d a go wn a m a n Thei r goo d s a n d pl a te were esti m a ted a t v a l ued re n ts o f t heir a n d the bu ho use s we r e t they were a b ove te n ti m es a s m uch The ch ur ches a n d Cloiste r s were in most pl a ces p ulled do wn , a n d the m a te r i a ls sold This p r oced ur e g a ve gre a t disco n te n t ; a n d the m o n k s were n o w a s m uch pitied , a s they w e r e fo r m e r ly h a ted The n obility a n d ge n t ry , wh o p r ovided fo r thei r yo un ger child r e n or fr ie n ds by p utti n g the m in those s a n ct ua ries , The people , wh o a s they t r a were se n sible o f the i r loss n t r y fo u n d a bb eys to b e pl a ces o f r e ve lle d ove r the co u Bu t the c e p t io n to str a n ge r s , s a w wh a t they w e r e to lose pe r stiti o us wh o tho ught the i r fr i e n ds m us t n ow lie still su t r elie f fr o m the m a sses , w e r e o ut o f r g a to r y , w itho u in p u Bu t to r e m ove th is disco n te n t , Crom r e o ffe n ded m e a su well a dvised the ki n g to sell these l a n ds a t ve r y e a sy r a tes to the n ob ility a n d ge n tr y , a n d to oblige the m to kee p up the wo n ted hospit a lity This wo uld b oth be gr a te ful to them , a n d w o uld e n g a ge th e m to a ssi st the c r o wn in the m a i n te n a n ce o f the ch an ges th a t h a d b ee n m a d e ; s i n c e their o wn i n te r ests wo uld b e i n terwove n w ith those o f their sove r eig n An d , a cl a use in the a ct e m po we r i n g the ki n g to fo un d a n e w s uch ho use s a s he sho uld thi n k fit , there n n eries n e wly we re fi ftee n mo n a steries a n d S i x tee n n u Thes e were b oun d to obey s uch rule s as t he nd e d ou a . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . " . 27 4 r ox ’ B O OK o r MA RT YRS s . m an y p ieces o f the r ea r c r oss were fo un d as when o in e d togethe r wo u ld h a ve m a de h a l f a doze n ” The Rood o f G r a ce , a t B o x ley , in K e n t , ha d b e en m uch estee m ed ,a n d d r a wn m a n y pilgrims to it , o n a cco unt o f its possessi n g the w o n der fu l po w ers o f b o wi n g its he a d , rolli n g its eyes , s m ili n g , a n d fr o wn i n g , to the g r e a t a sto n is h m en t a n d terro r o f the cred u lo us m ultit ude , wh o im t e d it to a divi n e po we r : b u t a ll this wa s n o w d iscove r pu ed to be a che a t ,a n d i t wa s b ro ught up to S t P a ul s cross ; whe r e a ll the spri n gs we r e sho wn by which its motio ns were gove r n ed At H a les , in Glo uceste r shire , some o f the bloo d o f Christ wa s sho wn in a vi a l ; a n d i t wa s b elieve d th a t n o n e c ou ld see it wh o we r e in mort a l s in Those who co uld besto w lib e r a l p r ese n ts were , o f co ur se , g r a ti fied ,by bei n g led to b elieve th a t they were in a st a te o f g r a ce Thi s m i r a cle co n sisted in the blood o f a d uck re n e wed eve r y week , p ut in a vi a l, ve r y thick 011 o n e side a n d thi n o n the othe r , a n d eithe r side t u r n ed to wa r d the pilg r i m , a s the p r iests we r e s a tisfied or n o t with hi s obl a t io n s Se ve r a l othe r si m il a r i m post ures we r e discove r e d , whi ch co n trib uted m uch to the un deceivi n g o f the p eople The r i ch sh r i n e o f Thom a s a B e cket a t C a n te r b ury wa s destr oyed , a n d a n im m e n se q ua n tity o f gold a n d p r e cio us sto n es , o ffe r ed by the del uded vi cti m s o f s upe r s t itio n in ho n o ur o f th a t fa ct io n s p r iest a n d s a i n t a fter the pope s ” o wn he ar t , we r e co n fis c a ted a n d c a r ried a wa y W he n these p r o ceedi n gs were k n o wn a t Ro m e ,the p ope i m medi a tely ful m i n a ted a g a i n st the ki n g a ll the th un de r s o f his spi r it u se ; a bsolved hi s s ubj e cts fr om a l sto r e ho u their a llegi a n ce ,a n d his a llies fr o m thei r t r e a ties with him ; a n d e x ho r ted a ll Ch r is t i a n s to m a ke w ar a g a i n st a n d e x t ir p a t e him fr o m the fa ce o f the e a r th Bu t t h e a ge o f c r us a des wa s p a st , a n d this d ispl a y o f i m pote n t m a li ce pro du c e d o n ly co n te m pt in the m i n ds o f the ki n g a n d his a dvise r s ,wh o ste a dily p r oceeded in the g r e a t wo r k o f r e fo r m a tio n ; a n d the t r a n sl a tio n o f the B ible i n to E n glis h bei n g n ow co m pleted , it wa s p r i n ted a n d o r de r ed to b e r e a d in a ll ch u r ches , w ith pe r m issio n fo r every perso n t o re a d it wh o m ight b e so disposed Bu t , n ot wi t hst a n di n g the ki n g s dis a gree m e n t with t he pop e o n m an y s ubj e cts , th e re wa s o n e po i n t o n whi c h an d a s . ' . ’ . . . . . . ’ . - . . ’ r ox s B O OK o r MARI YRS ' ‘ 27 5 , hey were a l ik e they were b o th m t o le r a n t , furio us b i gots n i c a ted a s a h er et ic a n d while the forme r wa s e x com m u a lly ze a lo u s in rooti n g o ut h er esy , an d n e wa s hi m sel f e qu b ur n i n g all wh o p r es um ed to dep a r t fro m the st a nd a rd of fa i th which he h a d est a blishe d G a rdi n e r , b ishop o f W i n chester , stre n gthe n ed this d is positio n of the ki n g , a n d pe r s ua ded h im , un de r the pr et ex te t h e S a cr a m e n t ar is ts , 0 o f a ze a l fo r r eligio n , to persec u those who d a nie d t he corpore a l prese n c e in the s a cra me n t t — ' . Ma r ty r d om of J ohn La mber t . In co n sequ e n ce o f this determi n a tio n , J oh n L a mb ert ,a a ges in L o n do n , wh o h a d dr a wn u t e n t e a cher o f l a n g u p a rgu m e n ts a g a i n st the te n ets o f Dr T a ylor , o n the a bove ’ s ubje ct , a s delive r ed in a serm o n a t St P eter s ch urch ght be fore t he a n d prese n t ed the m to the Do ctor , wa s bro u ’ r t to de fe n d his wri t i n gs ; a n d , h a vi n a 1 c h b is h o p s co u g a pe a led to the ki n g , the r oy a l theologi a n ,wh o wa s p r o u d p o f eve r y occ a sio n o f di spl a yi n g his t a le n ts a n d le ar n i n g r esolved to he a r him in perso n He there fore iss ued a co mm issi o n , orde r i n g a ll his n ob ility a n d bishop s to rep a i r t o Lo n do n , to a ssist h im a g a i n st heretics A d ay wa s a ppoi n ted fo r the disp ut a ti o n , whe n a gre a t nu mber o f pe r so n s o f a ll r a n k s a sse m bled to witn ess t h f r o m his priso n by roceedi n gs , a n d L a mbe r t wa s bro u ght p a gu a r d , a n d pl a ced di r ectly opposite to the kin g He n r y b ei n g se a ted o n his thr o n e , a n d s ur ro un ded by the pee r s , bishops , a n d j udges , r eg a r ded the priso n er wi th n te n a n ce , an d the n co m m a n ded D a , b ishop o t a ste m co u y Chicheste r , to st a te the o cc a sio n o f the prese n t a sse m bly The b ishop m a de a lo n g or a tio n , st a ti n g th a t , a ltho ugh the ki n g h a d a b olished the p a p a l a ut hori t y in E n gl a n d , it was n o t to b e s u pposed th a t he wo uld a llo w hereti cs with i m p un ity to distur b a nd tro uble the ch urch o f which he wa s t h e he a d He ha d t he r e fore determi n ed to p un ish a ll s chis m a tics ; a n d bei n g willi n g to h a ve the a dvi ce o f his b ishops a n d co un sellors o n so g r e a t a n o cc a sio n , had a s se m bled the m to he a r the a r g um e n ts in the prese n t c a se The or a tio n b ei n g co n cl uded ,the ki n g orde r ed L a mbert ’ to d e cl a re his op i n io n a s to the sa cr a me nt o f the Lord s . . . . . ' . . . 27 6 Fox ’ s B OOK o r MA RT Y RS . S upper , wh ich he d id , by de ny i n g it t o be t he b od y of Ch r ist The ki n g the n com m a n ded Cr a n mer to re fute his a s sertio n , which the l a tter a t t e m pted : b ut wa s i n te r r upted by G a r di n e r , wh o vehe m e n tly i n te r posed , a n d , bei n g un a ble t o b r i n g a r g um e n t to his a id , so ught by a b use a n d le n ce to ove r po we r his a n t a go n ist ,who wa s n ot al lo wed v ir u n ts a n d i n s u lts o f the b ishop t o a n s w e r the t a u rse , a n d T o n s t a l a n d S t o k e sly follo wed in the s a m e co u L a mbe r t , b egi n n i n g to a n s wer the m wa s sile n ced by th e ki n g Th e o t he r bishops the n e a ch m a de a speech in co n fut a tio n o f o n e o f L a m bert s a r gum e n ts , till the whole t e n w e r e a n s we r ed , o r r a ther , r a iled a g a in st ; fo r he wa s n o t permitt ed to de fe n d them ho wever misreprese n ted At l a st , whe n the d ay wa s p a ssed , a nd t o r ches beg a n to b e l ighte d , the ki n g desi r i n g to b r e a k u p this p r ete n ded disp ut a tio n , s a id to L a mbert , W h a t s ayest tho u n o w, r s w h i ch tho u h a st t a ke n u a fter a ll these gr e a t l a bo u po n thee , a n d a ll the r e a so n s a n d i n str uct io n s o f these le a r n e d m en ? Ar t tho un o t yet s a tisfied ? W ilt t ho ulive or d ie ? ” W h a t s ayest tho u? Tho uh a st yet fr ee choi ce L a m bert a n s wered , I yield a n d s ub m it mysel f wholly ” ” n to the will o f yo u r m aj esty The n s a id the ki n g , u co m mit thysel f un to the h a n ds o f God , a n d n o t i n to ” mi n e L a m b ert replied , I co m m e n d my so ul i n to the h a n ds b m it un to yo ur o f God , b u t my body I wholly yield a n d s u ” cle m e n cy To whi ch the ki n g a n s we r ed , If y o u do f co mm it yo ur sel un to m y j udg m e n t , y o u m us t die , fo r I will n ot be a p at ro n u n to he r eti cs a n d ,t u r n i n g to C r o m well , h e s a id , Re a d the se n te n ce o f co n dem n a tio n a g a i n st ” him , whi ch he a cco r di n gly did Up o n the d ay a ppoi n ted for this 11 o m a rty r to s uffer, he wa s bro ught o ut o f the priso n a t eight o clock in the m o r n i n g to t h e ho u se o f C r o mwell , a n d c a r r ie d i n to his i n n er ch a m ber , where ,it is s a id ,C r o m well desi r ed his fo r L a m be r t bei n g a t la s giv e n e s s fo r wh a t he ha d do n e r o f his de a th wa s a t h a n d , a n d a d m o n ished th a t the ho u bei n g bro ught out o f the ch a mber i n to the h a ll , s al uted the ge n tle m e n p r es en t , a n d s a t do wn to b r e a k fa s t with the m sno wi n g n either s a d n ess no r fe a r Whe n bre a k fa st W s . . . ’ . . . , . “ . . . ’ . . . . a ’ 278 r o x s B OOK o r man“ gh ts of S t J ohn o f Jer usal em , b oth in En gl an d and I re l a nd Kni . . F a ll of C r omwell . In this ye a r , a lso , C r om well , who ha d so lo r g b e en a r ite o f the ki n g , a n d h a d held the highest o ffi ces ,was fa vo u dde n ly disg r a ced , a n d co mm itted to the To we He ha d su m a n y e n e m ies ; the n obility fr o m j e a lo usy a t b eholdi n g a re b i r th p r o m oted to t he peer a ge , a n d e nj oy m a n o f ob sc u e n ce ; a n d the popish clergy in g gr e a t po we r a n d i n fl u fr o m the belie f th a t the s u p p r essi o n o f t h e mo n a ste r ies a nd the i n n ova tio n s o n the ir r eligio n we r e p r i n cip a lly p r od uced by his co un sels The fickle ty r a n t w ho m he h a d so lo n g a n d fa ith fu lly served , wa s a lso displ e a sed with him as the a dviser o f his m a rr i a ge w ith A n n e o f Cleves , whom he wa s n o w a n x io u s to get rid o f, in o r de r to b t a i n the h a n d ke o f No r folk He o f C a th a r i n e Ho wa r d , n ie ce o f the d u s uspec t d h im like wise o f sec r etly e n co ur a gi n g a n o p p o sit io uto the s ix a rticles , a n d hoped , by s a c r ifici n g a ma n wn o wa s ob n o x io u s to the c a tholi cs , to reg a i n the i r a ffe c tio n s , for feited by his s a n gui n a r y and r a p a cio us pro . . o . e c e e d in gs C r o m well e x peri e n ced the co mm o n fa te o f fa lle n mi n ist e r s ; his prete n d ed fr ie n ds fo r soo k him , a n d his e ne m 1 es p ur s ued their reve n ge a g a i n st him witho ut oppositio n , e x cept fro m C r a n m er , wh o , with a r a re fi delity , d a re d t o a vo w a n a tt a ch m e n t to him , eve n a t this ti m e , a n d wro t e a very e a r n est letter to the ki n g in his fa vo u r But He n r y wa s n o t e a sily t ur n ed fro m his p ur pose , a n d be in g r esol v ed o n the r u i n o f C r omwel l,was n o t to b e diss uad e d fr o m his desig n In the ho u se o f lo r ds a bill o f a tt a i n der wa s p a ssed with the most i n dece n t h a ste ; b ut in the co m mo n s it met with oppositio n , a n d , a fter a del a y o f t e n d a ys , a n ew b ill was fr a m ed , a n d se n t u p to the lo r ds , in whi ch Crom well wa s ” v desig n a t ed a s the m ost co r r upt t r a ito r e er k n o wn ; his tre a so n s , a s a ft e r wa r d spe ci fied , co n sisti n g in the co un t e n a n ce a n d fa vo u r he h a d sho wn to the re fo r mers O n these gro un ds he wa s a tt a i n ted both fo r t r e a so n a n d he r esy The kin g n o w pro ceeded with hi s divorce ; a n d ,a ltho ugh t he re w as n o r e a so n t o disp u te the leg a lity o f his m a rri a ge . . . . . r 279 ’ o x s s o o n o r res e r ve s . w ith An n e o f Cleves , st ill , a s she was d is a gree a ble t o hi s ght to o ffer r oy a l t a ste , h is sycoph a n ts were to o well t a u nan i the le a st oppositio n to his wishes The co n voc a ti o n u m ou s ly dissolved the m a r r i a ge , an d g a ve him liberty t o m a r r y aga i n ; i n deed it is prob a ble , th a t if he h a d desi r ed r e wo u ld t o h a ve t wo o r m o r e wives a t o n ce , the me a s u h a ve b ee n s a n ctio n ed , so b a se a n d s ervile were the co ur r t ie r s a n d a n t wa s s u s tyr r iests by who m th is m o n st r o u p ro un ded The quee n co n ti n ued to resi d e in E n gl a n d , ” bei n g decl a r ed The a dopted sister o f the ki n g , an d h a vi n g a pe n sio n o f £ 4 000 per a n n um C r o m well was e x e c uted o n the 2 8th o f J uly , a n d h is fa ll ga ve a gre a t check to the re form a tio n in E n gl a n d ; Cra n ggle a g a i n s t a host o f m er bei n g le ft a l m ost a lo n e to st r u . . . en e m 1 e s . Not withst a n di n g the p o wer o f the pope wa s at a n e n d in the ki n gdom , a n d a g r e a t p r ogress wa s a l r e a d y m a de tio n wa s t o wa r d a r e for m a ti o n , still a spi r it o f pe r se c u che r ished by the re fo r me r s the m selves , a g a i n st a ll s uch a s d ar ed to thi n k mo r e libe r a lly th a n themsel v es , a n d in this we r e they e n co u r a ged b y the a rt ful i n si nua tio n s o f the p a pists , wh o represe n ted to the ki n g the good e ffe cts th a t wou ld r es ult from s uch me a s ur es in e ffe cti n g t he s uppr e s sio n o f heresy , a n d b r i n gi n g a bo ut a r eco n cili a tio n with Th e m a rtyrdo m o f L a m b e r t wa s the r e fore t h e p ope soo n follo wed by th a t o f D r B ar n es , Thom a s G a rr e t , W illi a m Je r o m e , B e r n a rd a n d Me r to n , Rob e r t T e stwo o d , A n tho n y P e a r so n s , Ad a m D a m lip , A n n e A ske w, Tho m a s B e n e t , with a gr e a t n um ber o f the r s , for p r esum i n g t o di ffer fr o m the ki n g o n the subje t o f the re a l body a n d blood o f Ch r ist in the s a c r a me n t o f t h e L o r d s S uppe r ,a n d some othe r po i n ts These a ll s uffered m a r yrd om by b ur n i n g ; the p ar ti cul a rs o f the fi rst th r ee we h a ve o n ly room to me n tio n . . o e ’ t . . Ma r ty r d om of D r Ro ber t B a rn es . B a r n es wa s ed uc a ted in the un ive r s i ty o f L o uv a i n , O n his r et u rn to E n gl a n d he we n t t o C a m in B r a b a n t bridge ,where he wa s m a de p r ior a n d m a ster o f the ho use o f gusti n es The d a r kest ig n o r a n ce pe r v a ded the un i th e A u v ersit y a t th e ti m e of his a rr iv a l there : b ut he , ze a l ous to Dr . . . 280 r ’ o x s B OOK o r MA RTYRS . pro m ote k n o wledge a n d truth , beg a n t o in struct th e st u de n ts in the cl a ssi c a l l a n g ua ges , a n d , with the a ssist a n ce ght fr o m L o uv a in , o f P a r n el , hi s schol a r ,who m he h a d b r o u soo n c a used le a r n i n g to flo ur ish , a n d the un iversity to b e a a v e r y di ffere n t a spe ct These fo un d a ti o n s b ei n g l a id ,h e b eg a n to re a d ope n ly the epistles o f S t P a ul , a n d to te a ch in gre a t e r p ur ity the do ct r i n e o f Christ He p r e a ched a n d disp uted with g r e a t ~ wa r m th a g a i n st the l u r ies o f the higher cle r gy , p a r t ic u x u la r ly a g a i n st c a r di n a l W olsey , a n d the l a m e n t a ble hypo Bu cr is y o f the ti m es t still he re m a i n ed ig n o r a n t o f t h e g r e a t c a use o f these evils , n a m ely , the idol a t r y a n d s upe r rch a n d wh ile he de cl a i m ed a g a i n st the s t it io n o f t h e ch u s t re a m , he hi m sel f d r a n k a t the spri n g , a n d b o wed do wn to idols At le n gth , h a ppily be comi n g a c q ua in ted wit h B il n ey , he wa s by th a t m a r tyr wholly con verted un t o C h r ist The fi r st se r m o n he p r e a ched o f t h i s t r ut h wa s o n t he S un d a y be fo r e Ch r ist m a s d a y , a t St Ed wa r d s ch ur ch , in C a m b r idge His the m e wa s the e p istle o f the s a m e S un ” Ga u d ay , d et e i n D o min o &c F o r this se r m o n he sed o f he r esy by t wo fello ws o f wa s i m m edi a tely a cc u K i n g s H a ll ,b efo r e the v ice ch a n cello r Th en Dr Notto ris ,a b itte r e n e my to Ch r ist , m oved B a r n es t o rec a n t ; b ut he r e fused , a s a p pe a rs in his b ook whi ch he wro t e to ki n g He n ry in E n glish , co n futi n g the j udg m e n t o f c a rdi n a l e o f the p a pi s t i c a l bishops W olsey , a n d the r esid u A fte r p r e a chi n g so m e t i m e ,B a r n es wa s a r r e s ted o p e n ly in the co n vo c a tio n ho u se : b r o ught to L o n do n , a n d the n e x t m o r n i n g c a r r ied to the p a la ce o f c a r di n a l W olsey , a t W est m i n s t e r , whe r e a fter w a iti n g the whole d a y , hf: wa s a t n ight b r o u ght be fo r e the c a rdi n a l in hi s ch a m be r ” o f st a te Is thi s , s a i d W olsey , D r B a r nes , who is ” sed o f he r esy Y es ,a n d ple a se yo ur gr a ce , r c a cc u plied the c a r di n a l s sec r et a r y , a n d I tr ust y o v wi ll fi n d h im r e fo r m a ble , fo r he i s le a r n ed a n d wise ” W h a t , Mr Do ctor , s a id W olsey , ha d y oun ot a t fli c ie n t scope in th e s c r ipt u r es t o te a ch the p eop le , b u su th a t my golde n shoes , m y poll a x es , my pi ll a rs , my golde n c ushio n s ,m y c r osses ,did so sore o ffe n d y o u,th a t y o um ust lu m a ke u s r id icu m c ap u t a mo n gst the people , wh o th a t d ay la u ghed u s to s cor n ? Verily it wa s a sermo n fi tte r to . . . . . . . ’ - . . . ’ . - . . . - “ “ . ’ ’ . “ . - 282 r ox ’ s B OOK o r MA RT Y RS . He a n s wered , I th an k yo ur gr a ce fo r yo ur good n il 3 I will sti ck to the holy s cr iptur e , a n d to G od s book, a c ” co r di n g to the si m ple t a le n t th a t God h a th le n t me ” W ell , s a id he , t ho ush a lt h a v e thy le a r n i n g tri e d a t ” the utter m ost , a n d t ho ush a lt h a ve the la w He wa s t he n co m m itted t o the c usto d y o f the serge a n t gh t h im t o L o n do n a n d by who m a t a rm s , wh o h a d b r o u he wa s the n e x t mor n i n g bro ug ht be fo r e the bishops who , o n e x a m i n i n g the a r ticles o f hi s fa i t h , whi ch he h a d deli ve r ed to the c a r di n a l , a sked him if he wo u ld sig n the m , po n co m mi t ted to the Flee t whi ch he did , a n d wa s t he r e u O n the S a t u r d a y follo wi n g he wa s a g a i n b r o u ght b e fo r e the b is h ops , wh o c a lled upo n him to k n o w whethe r he ld a bj ur e or b urn He wa s the n g r e a t ly a gi ta ted , a n d wo u r n th a n a b ju re ; b u a de d fel t in cl i n ed r a ther to b u t wa s pe r s u by so m e pe r so n s to a bj ur e , whi c h he a t le n gt h co n se n ted to do , a n d the a bj ur a ti o n bei n g put i n to his h a n d ,he a bj ur ed bsc r ibed i t wi n a s i t w a s the r e wr itte n , a n d the n b e s u h is o wn h a n d ; yet his j udges wo uld s c a rcely r ece ive hi m r ch a s they te r m e d it The n th e y i n to the boso m o f the ch u t h im to a n o a th ,a n d ch a r ged h im to do a ll th a t t he) pu co m m a n ded him ,whi ch he a cco r di n gly p r o m ised He wa s the n a g a i n co mm itted to t he Fleet a n d the n e x t mo r n i n g wa s b r o ugh t to S t P a ul s ch ur ch ,with fi ve others wh o h a d a bj u r ed He r e the c a r d i n a l , b ishops , a n d clergy bei n g a sse m bled in g r e a t po m p , the bishop o f Ro cheste r p r e a c hed a se r m o n a g a i n st the do ct r i n es o f L uthe r a n d B a r n es , d ur i n g whi ch the l a tte r wa s c o mm a n ded to k n e el do wn a n d a s k fo r gi v e n ess o f God , a n d the c a thol ic ch urch , a n d the c a r di n a l s g r a ce ; a fte r whi ch he wa s o r de r ed , a t the e nd o f the se r m o n , to de cl a r e th a t he wa s used mo re ch a rit a bly th a n he de served , his he r esies b ei n g so horrible a n d so detest a ble : o n ce mo r e he k n eeled , desi r i n g o f the people forgive n ess a n d to p r a y fo r him This fa r ce be in g e n ded , the c a r di n a l dep a rted u n de r a c a n opy ,with t h e b ishops a n d mit r ed a bbots , wh o a cco m p a n ied h im to th e o ute r g a te o f the ch ur ch , whe n they ret ur n ed The n B a r n es , a n d the others wh o h a d a bj ur ed , we r e c a r r ied thri ce a b o ut the fi r e , a fter whi ch they we r e b r o ught to the b ishops ,a n d k n eeled do wn fo r a bsol utio n The bisho p o f Ro chester st a n di n g u , decl a red th a t D r B a r n es wit h p the other s were rece ived i n to the c h u rch a g a i n A ft e r ’ . “ . . . ‘ . ’ . . ’ . . . . . Fo x ’ s B OOK o r M A RT Y R S 2 83 . r in g the car wh ich t ney were re committed to the Fleet d u ‘ re d in a l s ple a s u D r B a r n es h a vi n g ’ . re m a i n ed in the Fleet h a l f a ye a r , s t ody o f t he A us t i n F r i a r s in L o n do n ; wa s pl a ced in t h e c u st i n F r i a r s o f fr o m whe n ce he wa s r e m o v ed t o the A u No r th a m p t o n , the r e to be b ur n ed ; o f which i n te n ti o n , ho wever , he wa s pe r fectly ig n or a n t B ei n g i n for m ed o f the b a se desig n s o f his e n e m ies , ho weve r , he , by a s t r a t a e m , e sc a ped , a n d r e a ched A n t we r p , whe r e he d w elt in g s a fety , a n d wa s ho n o ur ed w ith the fr ie n dship o f the best ther , Me a n d m ost e m i n e n t r e fo r m e r s o f the ti m e , a s L u ke o f S a x o n y , a n d othe r s I n deed , s o la n ct h o n , the d u g r e a t wa s his r e p ut a ti o n , th a t t h e k i n g o f De n m a rk se n t him a s o n e o f his a m b a ss a do r s to E n gl a n d ; whe n s ir Tho m a s Mo r e , a t t h a t ti m e lo r d ch a n cello r , w ished to h a ve h im a pp r ehe n ded o n t h e fo r m e r ch a rge He n r y , ho wever , ld n o t a ll o w o f this , co n side r i n g it a s a b r e a ch o f the wo u m ost s a c r ed l a ws , to o ffe r v i ole n ce to the pe r so n o f a n n de r a n y p r ete n ce B a r n es the r e fo r e r e a m b a ss a do r , u n m olested ; a n d de a r ted a a i n with m a i n ed in E n gl a n d u p g He r et urn ed to W itt e m b e r g, whe r e h e r e ou t rest r a i n t m a i n ed to fo r wa r d hi s wo r ks in p r i n t which he h a d beg u n, r n ed a g a i n to E n gl a n d , a n d co n ti n u ed a ft er whi ch h e r et u a fa i t h fu l p r e a che r in L o n do n , bei n g well e n te r t a i n ed a nd pro m oted d ur i n g the a sce n de n cy o f A n n e B oley n He ke o f wa s a fte r wa r d se n t a m b a ss a do r by He n r y to the d u Cleves , upo n the b usi n ess o f the m a r r i a ge betwee n An n e o f Cle v es a n d t h e ki n g ; a n d g a ve g r e a t s a tis fa ctio n in eve r y d ut y whi ch wa s e n t r us t ed to h im Not lo n g a ft e r the a r r i v a l o f G a r di n e r from F r a n ce , D r B a r n es a n d o t her r e fo r m ed p r e a che r s , we r e a pprehe n ded a n d c a r r ied be fo r e the ki n g a t H a m pto n C o u r t , wher e B a r n es w a s e x a m i n ed The ki n g bei n g desi r o us to b r i n g a bo u t a n a g r ee m e n t be t wee n him a n d G a r di n e r , g r a n ted him le a ve to go ho m e wi t h the b isho p to co n fer wi t h him Bu ght to t they n o t a g r eei n g , G a r di n e r a nd hi s p a r ty so u e n t a n gle a n d e n t r a p B a r n es a n d his fr ie n ds in fu r the r d a n ger , which n o t lo n g a fte r wa s b r o ugh t to p a ss F o r , b y cert a i n co m pl a i n ts m a de to t he ki n g o f the m , they were e nj oi n ed t o p r e a ch th r e e se r m o n s the follo wi n g E a ster a t the S pittle a t which se r m o n s , besides other repo r ters whi c h we re s e nt th ith e r , S tep he n G ard i ne r als o was t here . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 r ’ o x s B O OK o r MA RT Y RS . prese n t , sitti n g with the m a yo r ,either to b e a r r e coro o f their re c a n t a t io n , o r else , a s the P h a r isees c a me to C hr ist , to e n s n a r e the m in thei r t a lk , if they sho uld spe a k a ny thi n g a m iss B a r n es p r e a che d fi r st ; a n d a t the co n cl u s io n o f his se r m o n , r e q u es t ed G a r di n e r , if he tho ught he h a d s a id n o t hi n g co n t r a di c t o r y to t r u th , to hold up his h a n d in t he fa ce o f a ll p r ese n t ; upo n whi ch G a r di n e r im m edi a t ely hel d u Not withs t a n di n g this , they p his fi n ge r we r e a ll t h r e e se n t fo r to H a m p t o n Co u r t , whe n ce the y we r e co n d u c t ed to the To we r , whe r e they rem a i n ed till the y we r e b r o ught o ut to de a th ' . . . S t or y of Th o ma s G a rr et . Tho m a s G a rret was a c ur a te o f L o n do n Ab o ut t he ye a r 1 52 6 , he c a m e to O x fo r d ,a n d bro ught with him s un r es , wi t h the d ry books in L a ti n , t r e a t i n g o f the S c r ipt u fi r st p a r t o f Um o d is s id en t z um, a n d T in d a l s fi r st t r a n s l a ti o n o f the Ne w Test a m e n t in E n glish , which b o oks he Sold to seve r a l s chol a r s in O x fo rd A ft e r he h a d bee n the r e a while , a n d h a d d isposed o f t hose b ooks , n e ws c a m e fr o m L o n do n th a t he w a s so u ght fo r in th a t ci ty , t o b e a p p r ehe n ded a s a he r eti c , a n d t o be i m p r iso n ed fo r selli n g t h e s e he r eti c a l p ublic a tio n s , a s they we r e te r m ed Fo r i t wa s n o t u n k n o w n to c a r di n a l W o l sey , the bishop o f L o ndo n , a n d othe r s , th a t Mr G a rre t m ber o f those b ooks , a n d th a t he wa s go n e ha d a gr e a t n u to O x fo r d t o s e ll t he m , to s uch a s he k n e w to be lovers o i the gospel W he r e fo r e they dete r m i n ed to m a k e a pri vy se a r ch t h r o ugh a ll O x fo r d ,to a pp r ehe n d a nd i m p r iso n him , r n a ll his b ooks , a n d h im to o if t hey co u ld But , a n d to b u h a ppily ,o n e o f the p r o cto r s g a ve Mr G a r ret se cret wa r n ld i m me in g o f t hi s p r ivy se a rch , a n d a d v ised th a t he sho u d ia t e ly a n d pr iv a tely d ep a rt fr o m O x fo r d By m e a n s o f a n othe r fr ie n d ,a c ur a cy wa s p r o c ur ed fo r t fo r t h a t co u n t ry , b u t him in Do r setshi r e , a n d he set o u bei n g wa yl a id by his e n e m i es , wa s un a b le to p r o ceed ,a nd rn e d to O x fo r d , whe r e he w a s , o n the s a m e t he r e fo r e r e t u n ight , a p p r ehe n ded in h is b ed , a n d w a s o r d e r ed , by the c o mm iss a ry o f t h e U n ive r si t y , to be co n fi n ed in his o wn rther di r ecti o n s we r e rec ei v ed respecti n g c h a mbe r , t ill fu He esc a ped in dis guise ,b ut was ret a ke n , a n d bei ng him . ’ ’ . . . . . . . . ’ ro x s 986 Bo o k MART YRQ or . fr o m the T o wer to S m ithfi e ld , whe r e, b e fo r e t hey were o m m itted to the fi r e , t hey a dd r essed the p eople ” I a m co m e h ithe r , s a id D r B a r n es , to b e b ur n ed a s a he r eti c , a n d y o ush a ll he a r m y belie f, whe r eby y o um ay perc ive wh a t erro n eo us op i n io n s I hold God I t a k e to m n o wledge r e co r d , I n ever to k t au g t s h a n y err o n eo u y ( ) do ct r i n e , b ut o n ly those t hi n gs whi ch sc r i pt ur e led m e un to ; n ei t he r in my serm o n s h a ve I ever m a i n t a i n ed o r r r e cti o n ; b u t w ith a ll d ilige n ce g1 ve n occ a sio n fo r a n y i n s u eve r m o r e d id I st udy to set forth the glo r y o f God , the obedie n ce to our sovereig n lord the ki n g , a n d t h e true a n d si n cere religio n o f Christ ; a n d n o w he a r ke n to my fa ith I believe in the holy a n d blessed Tri n ity , three p er so n s , a n d o n e God , th a t cre a ted a n d m a de a ll the wo r ld a n d th a t this blessed T r i n ity se n t do wn the se co n d pe r so n , Jesus Ch r ist , i n to the w o m b o f t h e m ost blessed a n d p ur es t vi r gi n Mar y I believe t h a t he wa s co n ceived o f the Holy Ghost , a n d took flesh o f he r , a n d t h a t he s uffe r ed h un ger , t hi r st , cold , a n d o t he r p a ssio n s o f o u r b ody , s in e x ce p ted , a cco r di n g to the s ayi n g o f St P ete r , He wa s m a de in a ll An d I belie v t hi n gs like to his b re t hre n , e x cept s in th a t th is his de a th a n d p a ssi o n wa s the s ufli c ie n t r a n so m gh his de a th he o verc a m e fo r s in An d I b eli eve , t h a t th r o u s in , de a t h , a n d hell ; a n d t h a t the r e i s n o n e othe r s a t is fa c tio n un to the F a the r , b ut this his de a th a n d p a ssi o n o n ly ; a n d th a t n o wo r k o f m a n did deserve a n ythi n g o f God , chi n g o ur j usti fic a tio n ; for 1 bu t his p a ssio n o n ly , a s to u k n o w t he b est wo r k th a t ever I per fo r med is imp ure an d i m pe r fect He the n , li fti n g up his h a n ds , pr a yed God t o fo r give h im his t r esp a sses , s a yi n g , I co n fess , th a t my evil tho ughts a n d cogit a t io n s a r e i n n um er able ; where fo r e I besee ch thee , O Lo r d ,n ot to e n te r i n to j udg m e n t with m e , r i n iq u it ies , who is a ble to fo r , if tho u st r a itly m a rk o u dg m e n t ? W he r e fo r e I t r ust in n o good wo r k a b ide thy j u t h a t ever I did , b ut o nly in the I d o not o f C h r ist do ubt b ut t h r o ugh h im to i n he r i t the ki n gdo m o f he a ve n Bu t i m a gi n e n o t ,th a t I spe a k a g a i n st good wo r k s , fo r they a re to b e do n e , a n d v e r ily they th a t do t hem n o t , sh a ll n eve r come i n to the ki n gdom o f God l Ve m u st do them , se t hey ar e co m m a n de d us o f G od ,t o sho w a nd se be c a u c . . e . . . . ’ e . . . . . . ’ o F x s n o o k o r M A RT Y RS for t h 0 1 1 pro fess io n , n o t to dese r ve o nly by the de a th o f Ch r i st ° 2 87 . or m erit ; for th a t is . r ch , a n d a co m p a n y I believe th a t the r e is a holy ch u o f a ll them th a t d o pro fess C hrist ; a n d th a t a ll wh o h a v e s uffered a n d co n fessed his na m e , a r e s a i n ts , a n d th a t they d God in he a ve n ,more th a n I or a ny m a n s p r a ise a n d l a u to n g ue c a n e x press A perso n prese n t a sked him his op i n i o n upo n pr a yi n g ” t o s a i n ts I believe , s a id b e , they a r e in he a ve n wi t h God , a n d th a t they a r e wo r thy o f a ll the ho n o u r th a t sc r ipt ur e willeth them to h a ve But I s ay , th r o ugho ut sc r ip t ur e we a re n ot comm a n ded to pr a y to a n y s a i n t s There fore I n either ca n n o r will pre a ch to y o uth a t s a i n ts o ught to b e p r a yed un to for the n sho uld I p r e a ch un to y o u a doct r i n e o f m i n e o wn he a d Notwithst a n di n g , whethe r they pr a y fo r us or n o ,th a t I r e fer to G od An d if s a i n t s d o pr a y fo r u s , t he n I tr u st to p ra y fo r y o uwithi n t hi s h a l f ho ur , Mr Sheri ff, a n d for eve r y Ch r isti a n livi n g 1 11 th e fa ith o f Chris t , a n d dyi n g i n the s a me a s a s a i n t W he r e fore , if t he d e a d m ay fo r the q ui ck , I will s ur ely ” pr a y for y o u Th e n s a id he to the sheri ff, H a ve ye a ny a rti cle s ” a g a in s t m e fo r wh ich I a m co n de m n ed 2 The she r i ff ” a n s wered , No The n s a id he , Is t here he r e a n y m a r e lse th a t k n o weth whe r e fo r e I d ie , or th a t by my p r e a ch in g h a th t a ke n a ny e rr o r ? Let t he m n o w spe a k , a n d I ” will m a ke th e m a n s we r The n Bu t n o m a n a n s we r ed s a id he , W ell , I a m co n de m n ed by the la w to die , a n d as I u n d e r s ta n d by a n a c t o f p a r li a m e n t , b u t whe r e fo r e I c a n n ot t ell ; pe r h a ps it is fo r he r esy ; fo r we a r e like to bu rn Bu t they th a t h a ve bee n the o cc a si o n o f i t I p r a y God fo r give them , a s I wo uld be fo r give n mysel f An d Dr S t ephe n , bi shop o f W i n chester , if he h a ve so u ght o r wro u ght this my d e a th ,eithe r by word o r deed , I pr a y God t o fo r give h im a s he a r t ily , a s fr eely , a s ch a r i t a bly , a n d a s s i n ce r ely , a s C h r ist fo r g a ve the m th a t h i m a th u to de t p An d if a n y o f th e co un cil , or a ny othe r , h a ve so ught o r wr o u ght it th r o ugh m a lice o r ig n o r a n ce , I pr a y God for give their ig n o r a n ce , a n d ill um i n a t e thei r eyes , th a t they m a y see a n d a sk me r cy fo r it I beseech y o ua ll to p r ay fo r the ki n g s gr a ce , a s I h a ve do n e e v er si n ce I wa s in n ,an d do n o w, th a t God m a v m r o ive prosp hi e rity , i s p g ’ . “ . . . . . . . . “ . . . . . . . . ’ 288 F ’ o x s B O OK o r MARTY RS . th at he m ay lo n g reig n a m o n g y o u; a n d a fte r h1 m th a t godly pri n ce Ed war d , th a t he m ay fi n ish those thi n gs n I h a ve bee n r eported to b e whic h his fa ther h a t h b egu n to the ki n g ; a p r e a che r o f s editio n , a n d disobedie n ce u n d by the co m bu t he r e I s a y to y o u , th a t y o ua r e a ll bo u m a n d m e n t o f God to ob ey yo ur p r i n ce with a ll h um ility , a n d w ith a ll yo u r he a rt , a n d th a t n o t o n ly fo r fe a r o f the ” s wo r d , b u t a lso fo r co n scie n ce s a ke b e fore God He the n begged a ll m e n to forgi v e h im ; to b e a r witn es s th a t he detested a n d a bhorr ed a ll evil Op i n io n s a n d do c a g a i n st t h e w o r d o f God , a n d th a t he d ied in the t r in t s C hrist , by who m he do ubted n o t b ut to be fa i t h o f Jes u s a ved Wi th these wo r ds , he desi r ed a ll the spe ct a tors to p r a y fo r h im , a n d the n he p r ep a r ed hi m sel f to suffer J e r o m e a n d G a r r e t p r o fessed in like m an n er their b e ' l e f, re citi n g a ll the a r t i cles o f the Ch r is t i an fa it h , b r ie flv decl a r i n g t hei r m i n ds up o n eve r y a r t i cle ,a s the ti m e wo uld s uffe r , whe r e by the p eo p le m ight un de r st a n d th a t the r e se n o r e r ro r in t hei r fa i t h fo r wh i ch they co ul d wa s n o c a u j us t ly be co n d e m n ed ; p r otesti n g , m o r eove r , t h a t they de n ied n o t hi n g th a t wa s ei the r i n the O ld o r Ne w Test a me n t , s e t fo r t h by t h e ki n g , who m t hey p r a ye d the Lo r d lo n g co n ti n ue a m o n g t he m , w i t h his s o n p r i n ce Ed wa r d Jero m e the n a dd r essed the peo p le a s follo ws : I say un to r e t h r e n , th a t God h a t h bo u ht u l u good b s a l with no o , g y s m a ll p r i ce , n ei the r with gold n o r sil ver , o r o t he r s uch e , b ut wi t h his m ost p r e ci o us blood thi n gs o f s m a ll v a l u n t h a n k fu l the r e fo r e to h im a g a i n , b ut do a s m uch Be n o t u a s to Ch r isti a n m e n belo n geth t o fu lfil his co m m a n d m e n ts ; th a t is , love yo ur b r e t h r e n L o v e hur t e t h n o m a n , love lfille t h a ll thi n gs If God h a t h se n t t hee p le n t y , help thy fu r th a t h a t h n eed G ive him good co un sel If he n ei ghbo u ldst gl a dly la c k ,c o n s id e r if t ho uwert in n ecessity , tho uwo u b e r e fr eshed An d a g a i n , he a r yo ur c r oss with Ch r ist C o n sider wh a t r ep r oo f,sl a n de r ,a n d r ep r o a ch ,he s uffe r ed o f his e n e m i es ,a n d ho w p a t ie n t ly he s uffe r ed a ll thi n gs C o n s ide r ,t h a t a ll t h a t Ch r is t did w a s o f his m e r e good n ess ,a n d r d ese r vi n g F o r if we co u ld m e r it o ur o wn s a l not o f o u v a tio n , Ch r ist wo uld n o t ha ve died fo r us But fo r Ad a m s b r e a ki n g o f God s p r ecepts ,we ha d bee n a ll lost , if Chris t An d like a s Ad a m broke the ha d n o t re d eemed u s a ga i n precepts , a n d wa s d r ive n o ut o f P a r a dise , so we , if we a nd . . . . t o . . . . . . . . . . ’ . ’ . 290 Fox ’ s B O OK o r M ARr m C H A PT ER V ] ' . Attemp t ag a in s t C r a nmer . elty o f the me a s ures o f the ki n g a ga i n st the dis Th e c r u s e n te rs h in ted a t in the pre cedi n g ch a pter ,g a ve the pop is h gr e a t hopes o f s ucceedi n g , a n d to co m plete the ir v i cto r y , they a t t empted the dest r u ctio n o f C r a n mer ,a n d t he q u ee n , who m they co n sidered the gre a test obst a cles to t hei r s u ccess They pe r s ua ded the ki n g th a t Cr a n m er wa s the so u rce o f a ll the he r esies in E n gl a n d ; b ut He n ry s estee m for h im wa s s uch ,th a t n o o n e wo uld a ppe a r to giv e evid en ce a g a i n st h im they the r e fo r e desi r ed th a t he might be co m m itted to the To we r ,a n d the n it wo uld a ppe a r how m a n y would i n fo r m a g a i n st h im The ki n g see m ed to a pp r ove this pl a n , a n d they re solved to e x e cute it the n e x t d ay : b ut in the n ight He n r y se n t fo r C r a n m er ,a n d told hi m wh a t wa s resolved co n ce r n in g him C r a n mer th a n ked the ki n g for givi n g him n oti ce b m itted to it , o n ly desiri n g th a t he might be o f it a n d s u he a r d in a n s we r fo r hi m sel f ; a n d th a t he m ight h a ve im p a r ti a l j udges , co m pete n t to decide He n r y wa s s ur p r ised to see him so little co n cern ed in his o wn preserv a tio n : b ut told him , si n ce he took so little c a r e o f hi m sel f, th a t h e st t ake c a re o f h im He there fo r e g a ve h im in st r uc mu n cil , a n d to desi r e to see his t io n s to a ppe a r be fo r e the co u a cc u se r s b e fore he sho uld be se n t to t he To wer ; a n d th a t he m ight b e used by the m , a s they wo uld desi r e to be used in a si m il a r c a se a n d if he co u ld n o t p r ev a il by the force o f re a so n ,the n he wa s to a p pe a l to the ki n g in p e r so n ,a n d wa s to sho w the roy a l s e a l r i n g , whic h he took fr o m his fin ger , a n d g a ve him ,whi ch they wo uld k n o w so well th a t they wo uld d o n othi n g a fter they o n ce s a w it A ccordi n gly o n bei n g s umm o n ed n e x t mur n in g, he c a me ove r to W hiteh a ll ; the r e he wa s d e t a in e d ,with gre a t n cil ch a m be r be fore he in sole n ce , in the lobby o f the co u t whe n th a t wa s do n e , a n d he ha d a cted wa s c a lled in ; b u as the ki n g h a d o r de r ed h im , a n d a t l a st sho wed the ri n g , sio n , a n d we n t to the ki n g h is e n e m ies rose in g r e a t co n fu He upb r a ided the m severely fo r wh a t they h a d d o n e , a n d ch ex p re ss ed h is e stee m a n d ki n d n ess fo r Cr a n mer in s u pa r ty . ’ . . . . . ’ Fo x s Bo o n or MA RT YRS 29 1 . terms , th at they were gl a d to get o ff, by prete n d i n g th a t they h a d n o othe r desig n b ut t h a t o f h a vi n g his i n n o ce n ce decl a r ed by a p ubli c t r i a l F r o m t his v a i n a t t e m pt they n a l t e r a ble fa v o u were so co n vi n ced of the ki n g s u r to him , r t her desig n s a g a i n s t h im t h a t they fo r bo r e a n y fu Bu ld n o t e ffe c t a g a i n s t C r a n m er , they t wh a t they co u ee n , who t ho u gh t m ight b e m o r e s a fely t r ied a g a i n s t the q u ” n e w le a r n i n g , a s t he r e fo r m a t io n 11 a s k n o wn to love the was t he n c a lled She used to h a v e se r m o n s in he r p r ivy l d n o t b e so se c r e t ly c a r ried b u c ha m be r ,whi ch co u t th a t , 1 1 c a m e t o the k n o wle d ge o f h e r roy a l spo u se ; yet her co n d uct in a ll othe r thi n gs wa s so e x a ct , a n d she e x p r essed s uch a te n d er c a re o f t h e ki n g s pe r s o n , th a t it wa s o b se r ved she h a d g a i n ed m uch upo n h im ; b ut his peevish n ess gro wi n g with his diste m pe r s ,m a de h im so m eti m es imp a tie n t eve n to he r He used o fte n to t a lk w ith he r o f m a tters o f religio n , st a i n ed the a r g ume n t fo r the re fo r m a n d so m eti m es she s u ers s o st r e n uo usly ,th a t he wa s o ffe n ded a t it : yet a s soo n Bu t o n ce t he d eb a te c o n a s th a t a ppe a r ed she let it fa ll t i n n ed lo n g ,th e ki n g e x p r essed his disple a s u r e a t it t o G a r di n er , whe n she we n t a wa y The c r a fty bishop to ok hold n i ty t o pe r s u a de t h e ki n g th a t she w a s a o f thi s opport u r io t h e s l W n ed w i t h hi m j oi r e a t cherishe r o f he r eti cs y g in t he s a m e a r t i fice a n d filled the a n g r y ki n g s he a d w ith suspici o n s , i n so m uch th a t he sig n ed the a r t i cles upo n whi ch she wa s to b e i m pe a che d But the ch a n cellor c a r ele s sly by d r oppi n g the p a pe r , it h a ppe n ed to b e t a ke n u on e o f p ee n s fr ie n ds , wh o c a r r ied it to he r the q u The n e x t n ight a ft e r s up p e r , she w e n t i n to the ki n g s bedch a m ber , whe r e she fo un d h im sitt i n g a n d t a lki n g wi t h cert a i n ge n tle m e n H e ve r y co ur teo usly wel co m ed her , a n d b r e a ki n g o ff his t a lk with the ge n t le m e n , be ga n o f s ua l m a n n e r , to e n te r i n t o t a lk h i m sel f, co n t r a r y to his u s to he a r the q uee n s o f r eligio n , see m i n g a s it w e r e desiro u o pi n io n o n ce r t a i n m a tte r s w hich he m e n t io n ed The q uee n ,perce i v i n g to wh a t this te n ded , mildly a n d with m uch a pp a re n t de fe r e n ce , a n s we r ed him a s follo w s ” Y o ur Majesty , s a y s she , d oth r ight well k n o w, ne ithe r a m I mysel f ig n o r a n t ,wh a t g r e a t i m per fe c t i o n a n d nt o u r fi r st cre a tio n is a llotted u we a k n ess by o u s wo m e n, bje ct un to to b e or d a ine d a n d a ppoi n te d as i n fe rior , a n d s u . ’ . . ’ . . . . ’ . ’ . ’ . ’ . 292 ’ Fo x s B O O K O F sum mit s . r he a d , fr o m whi ch he a d a ll o u r d ir ectio n o u ght ma n a s o u t o p r o ceed ; a n d th a t a s God m a d e m a n to hi s o wn sh a p e ed with m ore speci a l a n d like n ess , whereby he ,bei n g e n d u i s f t o f pe r fe ctio n , m ight r a ther b e sti r red to the co n te m g r pla t io n o f he a ve n ly th i n gs , a n d to the e a r n est e n de a vo u to ob ey hi s co m m a n d m e n ts ; eve n so a lso m a de he wo m a n o f m a n , o f who m , a n d by who m , she i s to b e gove r n ed , co m m a n ded , a n d di r e cted whose wo m a n ly we a kn esses a n d n a tu r a l i m pe r fectio n o u ght to be tole r a ted , a ided , a n d bor n e with a l , so th a t by his wisdom s uch thi n gs a s be l a ck in g in her o u ght to be s upplied S i n ce the n ce , there fo r e , th a t God h a th a ppoi n ted s uch r a l di ffere n ce b et wee n m a n a n d wo m a n , a n d yo ur a n a tu m aj esty bei n g so e x celle n t in gi ft s a n d o r n a m e n ts o f wis d o m ,a n d I a silly poo r wo m a n , so m uch i n fe r ior in a ll r e s e cts o f n a t u re u n to ,h o w the n co m eth it n o w to p a ss p y ou th a t yo ur m aj esty , in s uch di ffuse c a uses o f religio n , will see m to requi r e my j udgm e n t ? which ,whe n I h a ve uttered st I , a n d will I ,re fe r my jud g a n d s a id w h a t I ca n , yet m u ’ r m aj esty s wis m e n t in this a n d in a ll ot he r c a ses , to yo u p r e m e he a d a n d gover n or he r e d o m , a s m y o n ly a n cho r , s u . e a r t h ,n e x t un de r God to le a n un to ” Not so , by S a i n t Ma r y , r eplied the ki n g ; y oua r e be co m e a docto r , K a te ,to i n st r uct us , a s we t a ke it , a nd ” n o t to be i n str u cted o r di r e cted b y us ” If yo u r m aj esty t a ke it so , s a id the quee n , the n h a th yo ur m aj esty ve r y m uch m ist a ke n , who h a ve ever bee n o f the op in io n , to thi n k it ve r y un see m ly a n d pr e n her t h e o ffi ce o f a n er o u s fo r a wo m a n t o t a ke u po o s t p i n s t r uc t e r , or te a che r to he r lo r d a n d h usb a n d , b ut r a ther to le a r n o f her h usb a n d , a n d to b e t a ught by him ; a n d r m aj es t y s le a ve , he r eto fo r e bee n where I h a ve , with yo u b old t o hold t a lk with yo ur m aj es t y ,whe r ei n so m e t i m es in Opi n io n s the r e h a th see m ed so m e di ffe r e n ce , I h a ve n o t do n e it so m uch to m a i n ta i n opi n io n , a s I did it r a the r to r m aj esty m ight wi t h m i n ister t a lk , n o t o n ly to the e n d yo u less g r ie f p a ss over this p a i n ful ti m e o f yo ur i n fi r m ity , be i n g i n te n tive t o our t a lk , a n d hopi n g th a t yo ur m ajesty sho uld re a p so m e e a se the r eby ; b ut a lso t h a t I , he a r i n g yo ur m aj esty s le a r n ed di sco ur se , m ig ht r e cei v e to m ysel f r e yo u r m aj esty , I whe r ei n , I a ss u s o m e p r o fit the r eby ha ve n o t mi ss e d a ny p a rt o f my desi r e in th a t b eh al f ’ on . . “ ’ ’ . 2 94 Fox ’ s B O OK o r M A RT Y R S . ti m e to b e o ffe n ded w ith him ; yet she tho ught that ” ig n o r a n ce ,n o t w il fu l n ess wa s the c a use o f his e r ro r ” Ah , p oor so ul , r eplied the ki n g , tho ulittle k n o west how ill he deserveth thi s g r a ce a t thy h an ds O n my wo r d s we e the a rt , he h a th bee n to wa r d thee a n a r r a n t k n a ve ,a n d ” T hus the desig n a g a i n st h e r wa s fr ust r a ted , s o let him go a n d G a r di n er , wh o h a d p r omoted it lost the ki n g s fa vo u r e n ti r ely t h at . “ . . ’ . T h e K ing s S ic kn es s a n d D ea t h ’ . The ki n g s diste m pe r h a d bee n lo n g gro wi n g upo n him He wa s be co m e so corp ule n t th a t he co uld n o t go up a n d do wn st a i r s , b ut wa s let do wn a n d d r a wn up by a n e n gi n e , whe n he i n te n ded to wa lk in his g a r de n He h a d a n ul ce r a tio n in h is leg ,whi ch g a ve h im m uch p a i n ,the h um o urs o f his body disch a rgi n g the m selves th a t wa y , till a t l a st a dro p sy c a m e o n He ha d g r o wn so fie r ce a n d cr uel , th a t th o se a bo ut h im we r e a fr a id to let him k n o w th a t his de a th dged g uilty o f s ee m ed n e a r ,lest t hey m ight h a ve bee n a dj u t r e a so n , in fo r etelli n g hi s de a t h ! H is will wa s m a de r e a dy ,a n d sig n ed by him o n the 3 0th He o r de r ed G a r di n e r s n a m e to be str uck o f Dece m b e r tors W he n s ir A n tho n y Bro wn ou t fr o m the list o f his e x ec u e n de a vo ur ed to pers ua de him n o t to put th a t disg r a ce o n ed positive in it ; fo r he s a id h e a n old serv a n t , he co n ti n u k n e w his te m pe r a n d co uld go v er n h im ; b ut it wo uld n ot b e in the po we r o f othe r s to do it , if he we r e p ut in s o ” high a tr ust The m ost m a te r i a l thi n g in the will,wa s ,the p r e fe r r i n g the ch ild r e n o f his se co n d siste r , by Ch a r les B r a n do n , d uke o f S uffolk , to the child r e n o f his eldest si s ter the q uee n o f S cotl a n d , in the s uccessio n to the c r o wn n d a ti o n o f T r i n ity O n his de a thbed he fi n ished the fo u C ollege ,in C a mb r idge ,a n d o f Ch r ist s Hospit a l ,n e a r Ne w g a te yet this l a st wa s n ot fully settled , till his s on com n ple t e d wh a t he ha d b eg u a r y , 1 5 4 7 , his spi r its s u n k , a n d it O n t he 2 7 t h o f J a n u w a s evide n t th a t he ha d n o t lo n g to live S ir An t h on D e n n y took co u r a g e to t ell him th a t de a th wa s a ppro a chi n g He e x a n d desi r ed h im t o c a ll 0 11 God fo r his m ercy re e s sed ih n er a l his s o rro w for hi s p a s t si n s ,an d his tr u t s p g ’ . . . ’ . . . . ’ . v . . ’ r ox s 5 B O OK o r MA R T YR S the mercies o f Go d in Christ Jes us He ordered Cr a n mer to b e se n t fo r ,b ut wa s speechless b e fore he a rrived ; n d erstood W h a t he s a id to h im , y e t he g a ve a sig n th a t he u a n d soo n a fter died , in the 5 6 th ye a r o f his a ge ,a ft er he ha d reig n ed thi r ty -seve n ye a rs a n d n i n e mo n ths His de a th was co n ce a led three d ays ; a n d the p a r li a m e n t co n ti n n e d to s it till the 3 1 st o f J a n ua ry ,whe n his de ce a se wa s m ad e p u bli c It is p r ob a ble the S eymo urs ,un cle s to the yo un g k i n g , co n ce a led it so lo n g , till they m a de a p a rty for se c u r i n g the gove r n me n t in the ir o wn h a n ds The severities He n r y used a g a i n st m an y o f his s ubj ects , in m a tte r s of religio n , m a de b oth sides write with gre a t sh a rp n ess a g a i n st him ; his temper wa s i m perio us a n d cr uel , h e wa s s u dde n a n d viole n t in his p a s s io n s ,a n d hesita ted at n o t hi n g by whi ch he co u ld gr a ti fy either his l ust or hi s r e ve n ge This wa s m uch p r ovoked by the se n te n ce o f the pope a g a i n st h im , by t he virule n t books C a rdi na l P ole a nd o t hers p ublished , by the reb ellio n s th a t were r a ised in Eng l a n d by the popish cle r gy ,a n d the a pprehe n sio n s he wa s in o f the e m peror s g r e a t n ess , together w ith his k n o wledg e o f the fa te o f those pri n ces , a g a i n st whom the popes h a d th un dered i n fo r m er ti m es ; a ll wh i ch m a de h im thi n k it n ecess a r y t o keep his people u n de r the terror o f a severe gove r n m e n t ; a n d by so m e p ubli c e x a m ples to se c ure the pe a ce o f the n a tio n , a n d the r eby to p r eve n t a more pro se e ffusio n o f blood ,whi ch m ight h a ve other wise follo wed fu if he ha d bee n m ore ge n tle ; a n d it wa s n o wo n de r if, a fter the pop e deposed him , he proceeded to g r e a t severi t ies ag a i n st a ll wh o s upported the p a p a l autho r ity Al m ost the l a st a ct o f his li fe wa s o n e o f b a rb a ro us in gra tit u de a n d mo n st r o us tyr a n n y This wa s the e x e c utio n o f the e a rl o f S u rrey ,a br a ve a n d a cco m plished n oblem a n , who h a d served h im with ze a l a n d fidelity , b u t wa s n o w s a cri ficed to the gro un dless s uspi cio n s o f this gloo m y tyr a n t , med the a r m s o f Ed o n the prete n ce o f h is h a vi n g a ss u wa rd the Co n fessor , which ,from his b ei n g rel a t ed to the roy a l fa mily , he ha d a right to do , a nd whi ch he h ad do n e d uri n g m a n y ye a rs ,without o ffe n ce Not s a tis fi ed with the de a th o f this n oblem a n , the blood thi r sty despot , n o w tot teri n g o n the bri n k o f t he gr a ve , dete r m in ed to compl ete his wo rse th a n s ava ge b a rb a rity ,b y bri ngi ng to th e b lo clt in . . . . . ’ . . . 29 6 F o x s B OOK O F M A RT YR S ’ . ged d uke o f No r folk , fa the r o f his fo r mer victi m ,who n e , in ha d spe n t a lo n g li fe , a n d e x pe n ded a pri n cely fortu The r e bei n g n o ch ar ge o n whi ch to fo un d a n his servi ce impe a ch m e n t a g a i n st him ,a p a rli a m e n t wa s s um m o n ed to lfil a tt a i n t him ; a n d so well did these se r vile wretches fu their i n h um a n m a ste r s e x pe ct a tio n s ,th a t the bill o f a tt a i n der wa s p a ssed in b oth ho uses in the sho r t sp a ce o f seve n d ays ; a n d the roya l a sse n t be i n g give n by commissi o n , J an ua ry 27 , the d uke wa s o r de r ed for e x ec utio n o n the r se o f the n ight , t h e ki n g t in the co u n e x t mo r n i n g ; b u n a l o f the eter n a l m m o n e d be fore the trib u was himsel f s u J udge t he a . ’ . PART VI . ti on s in S co t la n d , a n d P r og r ess of t h e Refor m s P er secu r in t h e r ei n o rd K t ion d u i n E d w a g g f g . C H A PT ER I r in ti on s in S co t la n d d u P er s ecu g t h e 1 5 th a n d p a r t of t h e l 6 t h cen tu r i es . H AVI N G b r o ught o ur a cco un t o f the s uffe r i n gs a n d m a r t y r d o m s o f the E n glish r e for m e r s do wn to the de a th 0 1 He n r y the E ighth , we sh a ll n o w proceed to rel a te the cr uel pe r sec utio n s o f God s fa ith ful se r v a n ts in S co tl a n d to the s a me pe r iod b ut it will p r evio usly b e n e cess a r y to gi ve a sho r t sketch o f the prog r ess o f the r e fo r m a tio n in th a t co un tr y The lo ng a lli a n ce bet wee n S cotl a n d a n d F r a n ce , ha o re n de r ed the t wo n a tio n s e x t r e m ely a tt a ched to e a ch othe r ; a nd P a r is wa s the pl a ce where the le a r n ed o f S cotl a n d Y et e a r ly in the fi ftee n t h ce n t ury ha d their ed uc a tio n le a r n in g wa s more e n co ura ged in S cotl a n d , a n d un iv w n ded in severa l episcop a l sees Ab o u t ties were fo u ’ . . » . 2 98 ’ Fox s B O OK o r M A RT Y R S . A n d re ws , t o co n fe r upo n the po in ts in quest io n But his e n em ie s co uld n o t st an d the light , a nd fi n di n g they c ould m e n t ,r e solved u n o t d e fe n d the m selves by a rg u po n reve n ge H a m ilto n wa s a ccordi n gly i m priso n ed Arti cles were e x hib it e d a g a i n st him , in which he wa s ch a rged with h a v in g de n ied free will ; a dvo c a ted j usti fic a tio n by fa ith a lo n e ; a n d decl a red th a t fa ith , hop e , a n d ch a rity , a r e so li nk e d together , th a t o n e c a nn ot e x i st in the bre a st witho ut t he o t h er Upo n his re fusi n g to a bj ure these doctr i n es , B e a to n , An d r e ws , w ith the a r chb ishop o f Gl a s a rchb ishop o f S t go w, three b ishops , a n d fi ve a bb ots ,co n de m n ed him a s a n ob sti na te he r eti c , delive r ed him to the se c ul ar po wer , a nd ordered his e x e c utio n to t a ke pl a ce th a t ve r y after n oo n ; fo r the ki n g ha d go n e in pilgrim a ge to Ross , a n d they po n his retur n ,H a milto n s fr ie n ds might we r e a fr a i d , lest ,u a lly for h im ha ve i n terceded e ffe ct u W he n he wa s tied t o the st a ke , he e x p r essed g r e a t j oy in his s ufferi n gs , s in ce by these he wa s to e n ter i n to everl a sti n g li fe A tr a i n o f po wder b ei n g fi r ed ,it d id n ot ki n dle the fuel , r n t hi s fa ce ,whi ch o c c a sio n ed a del a y till m ore bu t o n ly b u po wder wa s bro ught ; a n d in th a t t i m e the fri a rs co n ti n ua lly urged h im to r e c a n t , a n d p ra y to the Vi r gi n , s a yi n g the S a lve Reg ina Amo n g the rest , a fr i a r n a med C a m pbel , wh o h a d bee n o fte n wit h h im in p r iso n ,wa s ve r y o ffi c io u s H a m ilto n a n s wered h im , th a t he k n e w he wa s n o t 3 here ti c , a n d h a d co n fessed to h im in p r iv a te , a n d ch a r ged h im t o a n s we r fo r th a t a t the thro n e o f Al m ighty God By n p o wde r wa s b r o u ght , a n d the fir e be i n g t his ti m e the gu ki n dled , he di ed , r e pe a ti n g t hese wo r ds , L o r d Jes us ,r e Ho w lo n g , oh ! L ord ! ho w lo n g sh a ll c e ive my spi r it ! d a r k n e ss over whe lm this ki n gdo m ? a n d ho w lo n g W ilt ” ffer the ty r a n n y o f these m e n 2 He s uffere d de at h t ho us u in the ye a r 1 5 2 7 The vie ws a n d do ctr i n es o f this glo r io us m a r tyr were s uch a s c o uld n o t fa il to e x cite the highest a d m ira ti o n o f every re a l belie v er ; a n d they were e x pressed with s uch b r evity , s uch cle a r n ess , a n d s uch pec uli a r vigo ur a nd be a uty , fo r mi n g in the m selves a complete s umm a r y o f the a t they a fforded i n str u n t o a ll wh o s o u ospel th ctio ght t o , g kn o w more o f God T he forc e o f t he tru ths p re a che d by Hamilton ,the firm . . - . . ’ . . . . . . . . ’ Fox s 2 99 B OOK o r MART Y RS . e o f h is de a th , a n d the si n gul a r c a t astrophe of fr ia r C a mpbel , m a de stro n g impressio n s o n the people ; a nd m a ny received the n e w op in i o n s S e a to n , a Dom i n ic a n , the ki ng s co n fessor , pre a chi n g in L e n t , set out the n a tu re e r epe n t a n ce , witho ut mi x i n g the d ir e c a n d m e t hod o f t r u tio n s whi ch the fr i a rs co mm o n ly g a ve o n th a t s ubj e ct ; a n d whe n a n other fr i a r a tte m pt e d to sho w the de fe ctive n ess o f gh t , Se a to n de fe n ded himsel f in a n other W h a t he h a d t a u s er m o n ,a n d re fle cted o n those b ishops wh o did n o t pre a ch , c a lli n g the m d um b dogs But the clergy d a r ed n o t med dle with him , till they h a d by se cre t i ns i n ua tio n s rui n ed his c r edit wi th the ki n g ; a n d the fr eedo m he used in r e p r o v i n g h im fo r his vi ces , q ui ckly a lie n a ted J a mes fro m him ; up o n whi ch he withd r e w i n to E n gl a n d , a n d wrote t o the ki n g , t a x i n g the clergy for their cruelty ,a n d pr a y i ng him to res t r a i n it n ss . ’ . . Ma r ty r d om of Henr y F or est . A fe w ye a r s a fter this e ve n t , He n r y Forest , a yo ung fri a r o f L ithgo w, wa s b u r n t fo r s a yi n g th a t H a m ilto n wa s a m a r ty r , a n d th a t the do ct r i n es he pre a ched were tr ue Norm a n G ur ley a n d D a v id S tr utto n were a lso p ut to de a th a b o ut the s a m e ti m e , fo r s ayi n g the r e wa s n o s uc h pl a ce a s p urg a tory , a n d th a t the pope wa s A n tichris t T he ye a r follo wi n g , v iz 1 5 3 9 , t wo othe r s we r e a p pr e he n ded o n s uspi cio n o f heresy ,n a m ely : Jero m eRussel a n d Ale x a n de r C a m pbell , a yo ut h o f a b o ut e ightee n ye a rs o f a e B ei n g t r ied be fore the a rchb isho p , they were sen g r n t o n the follo wi n g d a , wh i ch wa s e x e t e n ce d to b e b u y cu te d a cc o rdi n gly . . . . . Ma r ty r d om of s ix P er sons . In 1 543 , the a r chbi shop o f St A n dre ws m a k in g a vis rt s p a rts o f his dio cese , severa l p erso ns u tio n in to v a rio u Amo n g the se t he s ix we re a cc used a t P erth o f heresy follo win g we r e co n dem n ed to die : Wi lli am A n ders on , n t e r , Jame s Rob e rt L a mb , J a me s Fin la y son , Jam es Hu Ra veles on , a nd Hele n St ar k . . . . 800 F ox ’ s B OOK o r M A RT YR S . T h e a c cu sa t io n s l a id a g a i n st them were to the fol lo win g e ffe ct The fo ur fi r st were a c cused o f h a vi n g h un g up the i m a ge o f S t F r a n cis , n a ili n g r a m s ho r n s o n his he a d ,a n d fa s t e n m in b u r i n cip a l m a tter o n p the p a co w s t a il to his r u t g whi ch they we r e co n de m n ed wa s h a vi n g reg a led the m selves with a goose o n Allh a llo ws-eve ,a fa st d ay ,a cco rd in g to the Ro m ish s uperstitio n J a m es Ra ve le s o n wa s a cc used o f h a vi n g orn a m e n ted his ho use with the th r ee cro wn ed d i a de m o f P eter , c a rved in wood , whi ch the a r chb ishop co n ceived to be do n e in mo ckery to his c a rdi n a l s ha t H e le n St a rk wa s a c c used o f n o t h a vi n g a cc ustomed her sel f to pr a y to the Vi r gi n Ma r y , m ore especi a lly d uri n g the ti m e she wa s in childbed O n these a cc u s a tio n s they we r e a ll fo un d g uilty , a nd i m m edi a tely rece ived se n te n ce o f de a th ; the fo ur me n fo r e a ti n g the goose to b e h an ged ; J a mes Ra vele s o n to be b ur n t ; a n d the wo m a n , with he r s ucki n g i n fa n t , to be put 1 11 1 0 a s a ck , a n d d r o wn ed ’ . ’ . - ’ . . . The fo ur m e n , with the wom a n a n d chil d , s uffe r ed a t te d t J a me s Ravele s on wa s n o t e x ec u th e s a me ti m e ; b u t ill s o m e d ay s a ft e r . ’ 302 r o x s B OOK or unnr r n s . er in s , a n d Ma r t r d om of Georg e W isha r t Life, S u g y f . Mr Ge o rge W ish a r t was b or n i n S cotl an d , and a fte 1 re ce iv in g a gr a m m a ti c a l ed uc a tio n a t a pr iv a te s chool ,he dies at the university o f le ft th a t pl a ce , a n d fi n ished his stu C a mbridge The fo llowi n g ch a r a cter o f him , d uri n g his reside n c e in th a t un ive r sity , wa s writte n by o n e o f his s chol a r s , a nd co n t a i n s so j ust a pi ct ure o f this e x celle n t m an , th a t we gi v e it a t le n gth Abo ut the ye a r o f o ur L ord 1 543 , there wa s in t he un iversity o f C a m bridge o ne Mr G eorge W ish a rt , co m m o n ly c a lled Mr Geo r ge , o f B e n n et s college ,who wa s a m an o f t a ll st a t u re , b a ld he a ded , a n d o n the s a me wore a r ou nd Fre n ch ca p j udged to b e o f mel a n choly com ple x io n by his phys iog n o m y , bl a ck h a i r ed , lo n g-be a rded , co m ely o f perso n a ge , well spoke n a fter his co un try o f S cotl a n d , co urteo us , lo wly , lovely , gl a d to te a ch , desiro us to le a r n , a n d wa s well t r a velled ; h a v i n g o n him for his h a bit or clothi n g ,n ever b ut a m a n tle or fr ieze go wn to the shoes , a bl a ck m illi a n fusti a n do ublet , a n d pl a i n bl a ck hose , co a rse ne w c a n v ass fo r his shirts , a n d white fa lli n g b a n ds a n d c uffs a t his h a n ds All the wh ich a pp a r el he g a ve to the poo r , some weekly , so m e m o n thly ,s o me q ua r t e r ly , a s he liked , s a vi n g his Fre n ch ca p , wh ich he k ept th e whole ye a r o f m y b ei n g with h im He wa s a m a n modest ,te m pe r a te ,fe a ri n g God , h a ti n g coveto us n ess ; fo r his ch a r ity ha d n ever e n d , n ight , n oo n , r, n or d a y ; he fo r b a r e o n e me a l in three , o n e d ay in fo u re fo r the most p a rt , e x cept so m ethi n g to co m fort n a t u He la y h a rd upo n a p uff o f st r a w, a n d co a rse n e w c a n v a ss sheets , which whe n he ch a n ged he g a ve a wa y He ha d co mm o n ly by his bed side a t ub o f wa ter , in the whi ch ( his people b ei n g in bed , the c a n dle put o ut a nd a ll quiet ) he used to b a the hi m sel f, a s I bei n g ve r y yo un g , b ei n g a s s ured , o fte n he ar d him ,a n d in o n e light n ight discer n ed him He loved m e te nd erly , a n d I him , for my a ge , as e ffe ctua lly He t a ught with g r e a t mode sty a n d gr a v ity ,so th a t so m e o f his people tho ught him severe , a n d wo uld ha ve sl a i n him , b u t the Lo rd wa s his de fe n ce And he , a fter d u e corre ctio n fo r the ir m a lice , by good e x ho r t a t io n a me n ded the m a n d we n t h is way 0 th a t the L o rd had . . . . ’ . - - . . . . - . . . . ’ r ox s B 3m OOK or m a n na . me his po o r b oy , th a t he m ight ha ve fi n is hed th a t he h ad begun ! for in his religio n he was as y o u see here in the rest o f his li fe , whe n he we n t i n to S cotl a nd wit h divers o f the n obility , th a t c a me for a tre a ty to ki n g He n ry VIII His le a r n i n g was n o less s uffi cie n t th a n his desi r e ; a l wa ys pressed a n d re a dy to do good in th a t he se priv a tely , a nd in the sch oo l wa s a ble , both in the ho u p ublicly ,p r o fessi n g a n d re a di n g divers a uthors If I sho u ld decl a re his love to me , a n d a ll men , his ch a ri ty to the poo r , in givi n g , relievi n g , c a ri n g , help in g , r ovidi n g ,y e a , i n fi n i t ely st u n g h o w to do good u dyi n to a ll, p r t to n o n e , I sho u a nd h u ld soo n er wa n t word s th a n j ust c a us e to co mm e nd him All this I testi fy with my whole he a rt ,a n d tr uth , o f this godly m a n He th a t m a de a ll, gove r n e t h a ll, a n d e fl h im t o . . . . sh a ll j udge a ll, k n o weth th a t I spe a k the tr ut h , th a t the si m ple m a y be s a tisfied , the a r rog a n t co n fo unded , the hy ” E M E RY T Y LNE Y po cr it e d lS ClOS Gd I n o rder to i m prove hi m sel f a s m uch a s possible in the k n o wledge o f lite r a t ure , he tr a velled i n to v a rio us fo r eig n co un tries , whe r e he disti n g uished hi m sel f fo r his g r e a t le a r n i n g a n d a b ilities , b oth in philosophy a n d divi n ity His desire to p r o m ote tr ue k n o wledge a n d scie n ce a m o n g He was m e n , a cco m p a n ied the p r o fessio n o f it hi m sel f ve r y r e a dy t o com m un ic a te wh a t he k n e w to othe r s , a n d e n tly re a d v a r io us a utho r s ,both in his o wn ch a mber , fr eq u bl i c schools a n d in the p u A fte r bei n g so m e ti m e a bro a d , he r et ur n ed to E n gl a n d , n ce a t C a m b r i d ge , w he r e he wa s his reside a n d took u p H a v i n g t a ke n his a dmitted a m e m ber o f B e n n et college deg r ees , he e n tered i n to holy orders , a n d e x po un ded the gospel in so cle a r a n d i n telligible a m a n n er , a s highly to delight h is n um ero us a udito r s B ei n g desiro us o f prop a g a ti n g the true gospel in his o wn co un try , he le ft C a mb r idge in 1 5 44 , a n d in his way to S cotl a n d pre a ched in m ost o f the pri n ci p a l to wn s , to t he re a t s a tis fa ctio n o f his he a r ers g O n his a rriv a l in his n a tive l a n d , he fi r st pre a ched at Mo n trose , a n d a fte r wa rd a t D un dee In this l a st p la c e he bli c e x positio n o f the epistle to the Rom a ns, m a de a p u whic h he we n t thro u gh with so m uch gr a ce , elo q u e n c e, — . . . . . . . . . 804 ' and r ox fr e edom ,as pa p ists ’ B O OK o r ms n r r n s s . del ighted the re form er s , and a l a rm e d the . I n co ns equ e n ce o f this e x positio n , o n e Rob ert Mil n , a pri n cip a l m a n o f D un dee , we n t , by comm an d o f c a r di n a l B e a to n , to the ch ur ch where W ish a rt p r e a ched , an d in the midst o f his disco urse p ubl icly told him n ot to tr ouble the to wn a ny m ore , for he wa s determ in ed n ot to s uf ” fe r it This tre a tme n t g r e a tly s urprised Wish a rt , wh o ,a fter a se , looki n g sorro wfully o n the spe a ker a n d the s hort p a u au die n ce , s a id , God i s my wit n ess ,th a t I n ever i n te nded yo ur tro uble , b ut yo ur co m fort ; y e a , yo ur tro uble is more grievo us t o me th a n it is to yo ur selves ; b ut I a m a ss ured , ’ to re fuse God s word , a n d to ch a se fr o m y o u his messe n ger , sh a ll n ot prese r ve y o ufrom tro uble , b ut sh a ll bri n g f o ui n to it ; or God sh a ll se n d o u mi n iste r s th a t sh a ll y y n e ither fe a r b u r n i n g n o r b a n ishme n t I h a ve o ffered y o u the wo r d o f s a lva tio n W ith th e h a z a r d o f my li fe I h a ve rem a i n ed a m o n g y o u: n o w ye yo urselves re fuse m e ; a nd I m ust le a ve my i n n oce n ce to be d e cl a red by my God If it b e lo n g p r ospero us with y o u, I a m n o t led by the sp i r it th ; b ut if un looked -for t r o uble co m e upo n y o u, a c o f tr u k n o wledge the c a use ,a n d t ur n to G od , wh o is g r a c io us a nd merci ful But if y o ut ur n n o t a t the fi r st wa r n i n g , he will ” visit y o uwith fire a n d s wo r d At the close o f this spee ch he le ft the p ulpit , a n d retired A fter this he we n t i n to the we s t o f S cotl a n d , whe r e he ’ p r e a ched God s wo r d ,whi ch wa s gl a dly received by m a n y till the a r chb ishop o f Gl a sgo w, a t the i n stig a t io n o f c a rdi n a l B e a to n , c a m e , w ith h is tr a i n , to the to wn o f Ay r , to s upp r ess W ish a r t , a n d i n sisted o n h a vi n g the ch ur ch to p r e a ch in hi m sel f S o m e op p osed this ; b ut W ish a rt s a id , L et him a lo n e , his se r m o n will n o t d o m uch h urt ; let us ” go to the m ar ket c r oss This wa s a greed to ,a n d Wish a rt pre a ched a se r m o n th a t g a ve un ivers a l s a tis fa ctio n to his n ded his e n e m ies he a rers ,a n d a t the s a me time co n fo u He co n ti n ued to prop a g a te the gospel with the gr ea test ala crity , p r e a chi n g so m eti m es in o n e pl a ce ,a n d sometime s t comi n g to Ma ckle ne , he wa s , by forc e , m a n ot her ; b u ke pt o u rch S ome o f his follo wers wo ul d h a ve t o f the ch u b r oke n in ; u p on wh ic h he sa id t o o n e o f th em , Bro th er, . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Fo x ’ B O OK o r M A R T Y RS s . r e a ched ,b u t s pe n t m o s t o f his t ime in pr iv a t e m ed i t at i o n p and pra yer It is s a id , th a t be fore he le ft D un dee , and while he was rs o f love to the bod ies , a s well a s t o e n g a ged in the l a bo u the so ul s , o f those poor a fll icte d people , c a rdi n a l B e a t o n e n g a ged a despe r a te pop ish p r iest ,c a lled Joh n W eighto n , to k ill him the att e m pt to e x e c ute whi ch wa s a s follo ws o n e d ay , a fter W i sh a rt h a d fi n ished his sermo n , a nd the people d e p a r te d ,t he p r iest stood wa iti n g a t the b otto m o f the st a i r s , with a n a ked d a gger in his h a n d un der his go wn Bu t Mr W ish a rt h a v i n g a sh a rp , pie r ci n g eye , a n d seei n g the priest a s he c a me from the p ulpit , s a id to him , My ” ld y o uh a ve ? fr ie n d wh a t wo u An d im medi a tely cl a ppi n g his h a n d up o n the d a gger , took it fr o m hi m The pri est bei n g ter r ified , fell o n his k n ees , co n fessed his i n te n tio n , A n oise b e i n g here upo n r a ised , a n d a n d c r a ved p a rdo n it comi n g to the e a rs o f those who were sick ,they cried , D eliver the tr a itor to u s , we will t a ke him by force r st in a t the g a te Bu t W ish a rt , t a ki n g t he a n d they b u pri est in his a rms , s a id , W h a tsoe v er h urts him , sh a ll h urt me ; for he h a th do n e me n o mischie f,b ut m uch good ” by te a chi n g me more heed ful n ess fo r the time to come By this co n d uct he a ppe a sed the people , a n d s a ved the l i fe o f the w i cked pri est S oo n a fter hi s retur n to Mo n trose , the c a r di n a l a ga in co n spired his de a th , c a usi n g a lette r to b e se n t to him a s if it ha d b ee n fro m hi s fa m ili ar frie n d the l a ird o f K i n n ier ,in which he wa s desired wi th a ll possible speed , to com e to him , b ec a use he wa s t a ke n with a s udde n sick n ess In the me a n ti m e the c a rdi n a l h a d provided s i x ty a rmed m e n to l ie in wa it withi n a mile a n d a h a l f o f Mo n trose , in o r rder him a s he p a ss ed th a t way d er t o m u The letter com i n g to W ish a r t s h a n d by a b oy ,who a ls o bro ught him a horse fo r the j o ur n ey ,W ish a rt ,a cco m p a n ie d by some o f his fr i e n ds set fo rwa r d ; b u t so m ethi n g p a r t ic u r n ed b a ck , wh i ch lar str iki n g hi s mi n d by t h e wa y , he ret u they wo n de r i n g a t , a sked him the c a use to wh o m he s a id , I will n o t go ; I a m forbidde n o f God ; I a m a ss ure d t here is t r e a so n L et some o f y o ugo to yo n der pl a ce ,a n d ” tell m e wh a t y o u fi n d They a ccordi n gly we n t , d is co r n in g , they told Mr ve re d t he a s s a ssi ns , a nd ha stily ret u . . . . . . “ . . . . ’ . . F o x s B OOK o r M A R T Y R S 3 07 ’ . Wish ar t : wh e reupo n he s a i d , I k n o w I sh all e n d my t i t will n ot b e in life by th a t bloodthirsty m an s h a n ds ,b u this m a n n er A sho r t ti m e a fter this he le ft Mo n trose , an d pro ceeded to Edi n b ur gh ,in o r der to p r op a g a t e t he gospel in t h a t city l b r o t he r ,c a lled J a m es Bv t he wa y he lodged with a fa ith fu W a tso n , o f I nn er Go ur y In the middle o f the n ight he u a n d w e n t i n to the y a rd , whi ch two m e n he a ri n g e t , g p t hey p r iv a tely follo wed hi m While in the y ar d he fell on his kn ees , a nd pr ayed fo r so m etime wi t h the g r e a test ferve n cy a ft e r whi ch he a rose r n ed to hi s b ed Those who a tte n ded h im , a p a n d ret u pe a ri n g a s tho ugh they we r e ig n o r a n t o f a ll, c a me a n d ld n ot an s wer t he w o u a sked him w he r e he h a d bee n ? B u The n e x t d a y they i m port un ed h im to tell the m t hem B e pl a i n w i t h us ,for we he a rd yo ur mo ur ni n g , s ay l n g , r gest ur es a n d s a w yo u n te n a n ce , s a id , I ha d O n this h e , w i t h a d ej e cted co u ” r b eds Bu t they still pressi n g r a ther y o uh a d b ee n in yo u upo n him to k n o w so m ethi n g ,he s a id , I w ill tell y o u; I red th a t my wa r fa re i s n e a r a t a n e n d ,a n d there a m a ss u fo r e pr a y to God wi t h m e , th a t I shri n k n o t whe n the b a t tle wa x eth m ost hot W he n they he a r d t his they wept ,s a yi n g , Thi s is s m a ll ” co m fort to us The n , s a id he , God sh a ll se n d y o u co m fo r t a fter me This re a l m sh a ll be ill um i n a ted with the light o f Ch r ist s gospel , a s cle a r ly a s a n y re a l m si n ce the d a ys o f the a p ostle s The ho use o f God sh a ll be b uilt in it ; y e a , it sh a ll n ot l a ck ,in desp ite o f all e n e m 1e s ,th e top sto n e ; n eithe r wi ll it b e lo n g b e fore thi s b e a ccomplished Ma n y sh a ll n o t s uffe r a fte r me , be fo r e the gl ory o f God sh a ll a p pe a r ,a n d t r i um ph in despite o f S a t a n But , a l a s , if the people a ft e r wa r d sh a ll p r ove u n th a n k fu l , the n fe ar ” a l n d terrible will be the pl a g u fu es t h a t sh a ll follo w The n e x t d ay he p r o ceeded o n his j o ur n ey , a n d whe n he a rrived a t Le ith , n o t m eeti n g w i t h those he e x pe cted , he kept himsel f reti r ed fo r a d ay or t wo He the n g r e w p en sive , an d be i n g a sked the re a so n he a n s w ered , W h a t do I d ifle r fr o m a d e a d m a n ? Hitherto God h a th used my rs fo r the i n str ucti o n o f others , a n d to the disclosi n g la b o u o f d a rk n ess ; a nd n o w I l u r k as a m an a s h a med to sho w ” H s frie n ds per ceived th a t his de sir e wa s t o nis fa ce ’ . . ' - . . . . . . . ’ . . . ’ . . . . . ' i s 3 08 F o x s B OOK o r MA RT Y R S ’ . pre a ch , wn e r e up o n they s a id to h im , It is mo s t co mfo rt a ble fo r u s to he a r t b ec a u se we k n o w the d a n ger y o u, b u ” whe r ei n y o u st a n d ,we d a r e n o t desi r e it He replied If y o ud a r e he a r ,let God pro v ide fo r m e a s best ple a seth him a fte r w hich it wa s co n cl u ded , th a t the n e x t d ay he sho uld p r e a ch in Leith His te x t wa s fr o m t he p a r a ble o f the s e we r , Ma tt x ii i The se r m o n e n d ed ,the ge n t le m e n o f Lothi a n , wh o w e r e e a r n est pr o fesso r s o f Jes u s Ch r is t , wo u ld n o t s uffe r him to st a y a t Le ith ,b e c a use the gove r n o r a n d c a r di n a l we r e shortly to co m e to Edi n b u r gh ; b u t took him a lo n g with t hem a n d he p r e a ched a t B r a n sto n ,Lo n g n id d r y , a n d O r m is t o n e He a lso p r e a ched a t Ive r e s k, n e a r Mu s e lb u r r se 01 people ,a n d g : he h a d a g r e a t co n co u a mo n g them S ir Geo r ge Do u gl a s , wh o a fter s er m o n s a id p ubli cly , I k n o w t h a t the gover n or a n d c a rdi n a l will he a r th a t I h a ve bee n a t this serm o n ; b ut let the m k n o w th a t I will a vo w it , a n d will m a i n t a i n both the do ct r i n e ” a n d the p r e a cher to the u tte r most o f my po we r A m o n g others th a t c a m e to he a r him p r e a ch , the r e were r ch door ,whispered two gr a y fr i a rs ,wh o ,st a n d i n g a t the ch u to s uch a s c a m e in whi ch W ish ar t obse r vi n g , s a id to the people , I pr a y y o u m a ke r oo m for these two m e n , it r n i n g to the m , he s a id , ma y b e they co m e to le a r n ; a n d t u Co m e n e a r , fo r I a ss ur e y o uy o ush a ll he a r the wor d o f tr uth , wh ich this d ay sh a ll se a l up to y o u ei ther yo ur s a l a ft e r which he pro ceeded in his va ti o n o r d a m n a tio n ser m o n ,s upposi n g th a t they wo uld be q ui et ; b ut whe n he pe r ce ived th a t they still co n ti n ued to dist urb the people th a t stood n e a r the m , he s a id to the m the seco n d time , O mi n isters o f S a t a n , a n d n te n a n ce , with a n a n g r y co u de ceive r s o f the so uls o f me n , will ye n e ither he a r God s tr uth yo ur selves ,n o r s uffe r othe r s to he a r it ? Dep a rt ,a n d t a ke this fo r yo ur po r tio n ; God sh a ll sho r tly co n fo un d a n d ye sh a ll b e r hypoc r isy with i n this ki n gdom d is close yo u r pl a ces a n d h a bit a tio n s sh a ll a bomi n a ble to m e n , a n d yo u ” be desol a te He sp oke this with m uch vehe m e n cy ; ther turn i n g to the p o o ple , s a id , These m e n h a ve p r ovoked the S pi r it o f God to a n ge r ; a ft er which he proceeded in his ser m o n , highly to the s a tis fa ctio n o f his he a rers From he n ce he we n t a n d p r e a ched a t Br an sto n e , Lan~ e d in e , O r m ist o n e , a n d I n veresk , whe r e he wa s foll o we d u g b y a gre at c on c ou He pre a ch e d also in rs e o f peopl e . . . . . . . “ ’ . . . 3 10 ’ Fo x s s o on MAnr r h s ' or ' . C a rdi n al B e a to n , bei n g i n fo r m ed th a t W ish a r t wa s a t th e ho u se o f Mr Co ckb ur n , o f O r m isto n , in E a st Lothi an . pplied to the r ege n t to c a use him to be a pp r ehe n ded with wh i ch , a fter g r e a t pe r s u a si o n , a n d m u ch a g a i n st his will , he co m plied The e a rl a cco r di n gly we n t , with p r oper a tte n d an ts ,t o he ho u se o f Mr Co ckb ur n ,w hi ch he beset a b o ut m id n ight The m a ster o f the ho use b ei n g g r e a tly a l a r m ed , put him s el f ih a post u re o f de fe n ce , whe n the e a r l told him th a t it wa s in v a i n to r esist , fo r the gove r n o r a n d c a r di n a l were withi n a m ile , w i t h a p o we r ; b u ld deliver t if he wo u Wish a r t to h im , he wo uld p r o m ise upo n hi s ho n o ur th a t he sho uld be s a fe ,a n d th a t the c a r di n a l sh o uld n o t h urt h im W ish a r t s a id , O pe n the g a tes ,t he will o f God b e do n e n d B oth well co m i n g in , W ish a r t s a id to him , I p r a ise my God ,th a t so ho n o u r a ble a m a n a s y o u ,my lo r d ,r eceiv e m e this n ight ; fo r I a m pe r s u a ded th a t fo r yo ur ho n o ur s ffe r n o t hi n g to b e do n e to m e b u sa ke y o uwill s u t by order o f la w : I less fe a r to di e ope n ly , th a n sec r e t ly to b e ” mu r dered B o t h well replied , I will n o t o n ly p r eserve r body fro m a ll viole n ce th a t sh a ll b e i n te n ded a g a i n st vo u t o r de r o f la w ; b ut I a lso pr o m ise in the pr e y o uwitho u se n ce o f these ge n tle m e n , th a t n eithe r t he go v er n o r n o r c a r di n a l sh a ll h a ve thei r will o f y o u b ut I wi ll keep y o u in m y o wn ho u s e , till I e i t he r s e t y o ufr ee ,o r r esto r e y o u ” to the s a me pl a c e where I re ceive y o u The n s a id Mr Co ckb urn , My lo r d , if y o u m a ke good yo ur promise , rselves will n ot o n ly m e y o u will , we o u whi ch we p r es u ser v e y o u,b ut we will pro c ure a ll t he p r o fessors in Loth ia n ” t o do the s a m e This a g r ee m e n t bei n g m a de , Mr W ish a rt wa s delivered i n to the h a n ds o f the e a rl ,who i m m edi a tely co n d ucted hi m to Edi n b urgh As soo n a s the e a rl a rrived a t th a t pl a ce ,he wa s s e n t fo r by the quee n , who b ei n g a n i n vetera te e n e m y to W ish a r t p r ev a iled o n the e a r l , n otwithsta n di n g the p r o m ises he ha d m a de ,to co mm i t h im a priso n e r to t he c a s t le The c a r di n a l bei n g i n fo r m ed o f W ish a rt s sit ua tio n ,we nt to Edi n b ur gh , a n d i m m ed i a tely c a used h im to be remove d fro m the n ce to the c a stle o f St A n d r e ws The i n vete r a te a n d pe r se c uti n g p r el a te , h a v in g n o w got lly a t his o wn d ispos a l , r esolved to p r o ce ed or r m a rtyr fu a . t . . . a ’ . . . “ . . . . ’ . . r 31] ’ o x s B OO K o r MA RT YRS . rpose im med ia tely to try him as a hereti c : for wh i ch p u ’ he a sse m bled the prel a tes a t S t A n dre ws ch ur ch o n t he a ry , 1 5 4 6 2 7 th o f Feb r u At this m eeti n g the a rchbisho p of Gl a sgo w g a ve it a s his opi ni o n , th a t a pp li c a tio n sho uld be m a de to the rege n t , to gr a n t a co m m issio n to so m e n oble m a n to t ry the p r iso n er , m of pu tti n g so p op ul a r a m a n to de ath t h a t a ll the odi u m ig ht n o t li e o n the cle r gy To this the c a r di n a l r e a dily a greed : b ut up o n se n di ng “ r n r h e n n r eceived t follo wi g a s we : Th a t t o the ege t , he ’ he wo uld do well n ot to p r e ci p it a te this m a n s t r i a l ,b ut del a y it un til his co m i n g ; fo r a s to hi m sel f,he wo uld n o t co n se n t to his de a th be fore the c a use wa s ve r y well e x a m i n ed ; a n d if the c a r di n a l sho u ld do other wise , he wo uld m a ke i r ed ld b e requ p r otest a tio n , th a t th e blood c f this m a n sho u . . . ” his h a n ds The c a r di n a l wa s e x tre m ely c ha r gin e d a t this m e s s a ge fr o m the r ege n t ; ho w eve r he deter m i n ed t o p r o ceed in the bloody b usi n ess he h a d un de r t a ke n : a n d the r e fo r e se n t the rege n t word , Th a t he h a d n o t wr i tte n to him a b o ut this m a tte r , a s s u n g h i m sel f to be in a n osi p p y wa y depe n d a n t up o n hi s a utho r ity , b ut fro m the desi r e th a t the p r ose c utio n a n d co n victio n o f he r eti cs m ight h a ve a sho w o f bli c u p l d n o t this wa y obt a in , he co n se n t ; whi ch , si n ce he co u ld p r oceed in th a t way which to him a ppe a r ed the wo u ” m ost p r oper e n ce of this , the c ar di n a l imm edi a tely pro In co n sequ ce e d e d to the t r i a l o f W ish a r t , a g a i n st who m n o less th an e igh t ee n a r ti cles were e x hibited , whi ch were in s ubst a n c e a s follo w s Th a t he h a d despised the holy m other ch urch ; h a d deceived the people ; h a d ridic u led the m a ss ; h a d p r e a ched a g a i n st the s a cr a m e n ts , s a yi n g th a t the r e were n o t seve n , b u t t wo o n ly , v iz : b a ptis m a n d the s u pper o f the L ord ; h a d pre a ched a g a i n st co n fessio n t o a p r ies t ; ha d de n ied t r a n s u bst a n t i a tio n a n d the n ecessity o f e x tre m e un c t io n wo uld n ot a d m it the a utho r ity o f the pope or the co un cils ; a llo wed the e a ti n g o f flesh o n Frid ay ; co n d e m n e d p r a yers to s a i n ts spoke a g a i n st the vo ws o f m o n ks &c s a yi n g th a t whoeve r wa s boun d to s uch vo ws , h a d r o we d the m selves to the st a te o f d a m n a tio n , a n d th a t it l for p r iests to m a r ry th a t he ha d s a id , it wa s l a wfu at . . - . _ . “ 3 12 ’ Fo x s B O O K o r a ' r r ns wa s in v a i n to b u ild costly ch urche s to the no n o ur o f G od , ’ s ee in g th a t he rem a i n ed n ot in ch u rches m a de with me n s nau ds ; n o r yet co uld God b e in so s m a ll a sp a ce as b e ’ t we e n the priest s h a n ds — a n d ,fi n a lly ,th a t he ha d a vo w ed his disbelie f o f p urg a to r y , a n d h a d s a id , the so ul o f m a n sho u ld sleep till the l a st d ay , a nd sho uld n o t obt ain ” i m mo r t a l li fe till th a t ti m e Mr W ish a rt a n s wered these respe ctive a r ticles with gre a t co m pos ure o f m i n d ,a nd in so le a rn ed a n d cle a r a m a n n er, a s g r e a t ly s u rp r ised m ost o f those wh o we r e prese n t A b igot t e d prie st n a m ed L a ude r , a t the i n stig a ti o n o f t he a rchb ishop , n o t o n ly he a ped a lo a d o f c u r ses o n h i m , bu t t r e a te d h im w ith the m ost b a r b a ro u s con te m pt , c a lli ng him r un a g a te ,fa lse hereti c , t r a ito r , a n d th i e f a n d , n o t s a tis fi ed wit h th a t ,spit in his fa ce ,a n d other wise m a ltre a ted . - . . him O n this Mr . W ish a r t fell o n his k n ees ,a n d a fter m a king a p r a ye r to God , th u s a dd r essed h is j u d ges Ma n y a n d ho r r ible s ayi n gs un to m e a Ch r isti a n m a n , m a n y wo r ds a b o m i n a ble to he a r , h a ve ye spoke n here this d ay ; whi ch n o t o n ly to te a ch , bu t eve n to thi n k , I e ver ” tho ught a gre a t a b o m i n a tio n A fte r the e x a m i n a tio n wa s fi n ished , the a r chbishop e u d e a vo u r e d to p r e v a il o n Mr W ish a r t to rec a n t ; b u t he wa s too fi r m ly fi x ed in his religio u s p r i n ciples , a n d t o o mu ch e nl ighte n ed w ith the t r ut h o f the gospel ,to b e in the le a st m o ved In co n seq u e n ce o f this the a r chb ishop p r o n o un ced o n l se n te n ce o f de a th , whi ch he o de r ed h im the d r e a d fu ld b e p ut i n to e x e c utio n o n the follo wi n g d ay sho u As soo n a s thi s c r uel a n d m el a n choly ce r e m o n y wa s fi n ished ,o ur m ar tyr fell o n his k n ees a n d th us e x cl a i m e d O i m m o r t a l God , h o w lo n g wilt tho u s uffer t h e r a ge elty o f the un godly to e x e r cise t heir fury a n d g r e a t cr u upo n thy se r v a n ts ,whi ch do fur ther thy wo r d in th is world l W he r e a s they , o n the co n tr a ry , seek to destr oy the t r uth 0 L ord , whereby tho uh a st reve a led t hysel f to t he wo r l d we k n o w ce r t a i n ly th a t thy t r u e se r v a n t s m ust n ee d s s uffe r fo r t hy n a m e s s a ke , perse c u tio n s , a ffl ictio n s , a n d t r o uble s ldst n this prese n t world ; yet we desi r e th a t tho u w o u p r eserve a nd d e fe n d thy ch ur ch ,whi ch tho u h a st chose n b e fore the fo u n d a t io n o f the world , an d g ive thy p eop l e . . . . r . ‘ . . , ’ ' . 6 1 4 F o x s n o un o r ’ M A K I YR S ‘ . ’ or s a p a rtm e n ts , t here to st a y till the n e cess ar y p r ep a r a tio n s were m a de fo r his e x e c utio n The w i n do ws a n d b a lco n ies o f t he c a stle , oppos ite t he pl a ce where he wa s t o s u ffe r , we r e a ll h u n g with t a es p shio n s fo r the c a rdi n a l a n d t r y a n d silk h a n gi n gs , w i t h c u his t r a i n , who we r e fr o m the n ce to fe a s t their eyes wi t h t he The r e wa s a lso a l a rge tor m e n ts o f t his i n n o ce n t m a n u a rd o f soldie r s , n o t so m u ch to se c u r e the e x ec u t io n , a s g t o sho w a v a i n oste n t a t io n o f po we r ; besides whi ch , ca n no n were pl a ced o n di ffere n t p a r ts o f the c a s t le All the prep a r a tio n s bei n g co m pleted , W is har t , a fter h a vi n g his h a n ds tied behi n d h im , wa s co n d ucted to t he In his wa y thi t he r he wa s a c costed by t wo fa t a l spot fr i a r s ,wh o desi r ed h im to p r a y to the Vi r gi n Ma r y to in t e r c e d e fo r him To whom he m eekly s a id , Ce a s e ” te m pt me n o t , I e n t r e a t y o u As s oo n a s he a rr ived a t the st a ke , the e x ec utio n er put n d his n eck , a n d a ch a i n a bo u a rope r o u t his m iddle ; upo n s e x cl a i m ed whi c h he fell o n his k n ees , a n d t h u O tho uS a vio u r o f the mercy up o n me F a ther o f he a ve n , I co mm e n d my spirit i n to thy holy ” ha n ds A fte r repe a ti n g these wo r ds three times he a r ose ,a n d tur n i n g himsel f t o the spe cta tors , a ddressed them as fol lo ws Ch r is t i a n brethre n a n d sisters , I b eseech y o ub e n ot o ffe n ded a t t he wo r d o f God fo r the torme n ts whi ch y o u see p r ep a r ed fo r m e b ut I e x ho r t y o u, t h a t y e love the word o f God fo r yo u r s a lv a tio n , a n d s uffer p a t ie n tly , a n d r wi t h a co m fo r t a ble he a r t ,fo r the wo r d s s a ke w hi ch is yo u un do ubted s a l va t io n , a n d eve r l a sti n g co mfo r t I p r a y y o u a lso , sho w m y b r eth r e n a n d siste r s , wh o h a ve o ft e n he a r d m e ,th a t they ce a se n o t t o le a r n the wo r d o f God , whi ch I t a ught the m a ccordi n g to t he m e a s ur e o f g r a ce give n m e , bu t to hold fa st to it wi t h the s t r i ctest a tte n t i o n ; a n d sho w t t he h e m th a t the doc t r i n e wa s n o old w ives fa bles , b u truth o f God ; fo r if I h a d t a ught m e n s do c tr i n e ,I sho uld t fo r the word o f h a ve h a d g r e a ter th a n ks fr o m m e n : b u ffe r , n o t so r r o wfu lly , b ut wit h a gl ad G od s s a ke I n o w s u F o r this c a u se I wa s se n t , t ha t I sho uld h e a r t a nd m i n d ffe r t his fire fo r C h rist s s a k e ; behold my fa c e ,y ous ha l su n . . . . . . . ‘ ’ . ’ ’ ’ . ’ . ’ r ox s B O OK o r MA RT YRS 915 . me ch a n ge my co un te n an ce ; I fe a r no t the fi re ; tio n co m e to y o ufo r the wo r d s s a ke , I pr a y an d if perse c u f e r n o t the m th a t ca n kill the body , a n d h a v e n o o u a y ” po we r to hurt the so ul A fte r t his he p r a yed fo r his a cc use r s ,s ayi n g , I b eseech thee ,F a the r o f h e a ve n ,fo r gi v e t he m t h a t h a ve ,fr o m ig n o r a n ce o r a n e v il m i n d , fo r ged lies o f m e : I forgive the m wi t h a ll m y he a r t I besee ch Ch r ist to fo r give the m ,th at ” h a ve ig n o r a ntly co n de m n ed m e The n , a ga i n t ur n i n g hi m sel f to the spe ct a tors ,he s a id , I besee ch y o u, b r e t hr e n , e x ho r t yo ur p r el a tes to le a r n t h e w o r d o f God , th a t they m a b e sh a m ed to do evil , a y an d le a r n to do good ; or there will co m e u po n them the ” wr a th o f God ,which they sh a ll n o t esche w As soo n a s he h a d fi n ished thi s speech , the e x e cuo n er fell o n hi s k n ees b e fo r e h im ,a n d s a id , S ir , I p r ay y o u ” fo r give m e , fo r I a m n o t the c a u se o f yo ur de a th r n t o this W ish a r t co r di a lly took t h e m a n by t h e In r e t u h a nd , a n d kissed him , s a yi n g , L o ,he r e 15 a t ok en th a t I ” fo r give t hee ; m y he a r t , do t hi n e o ffi ce He wa s t he n fa s t e n ed to t h e st a ke , a n d the fa gots b ei n g lighted , i mm edi a tely set fi r e to the po wde r th a t wa s tie d a bo u t h im ,a n d whi ch ble w i n to a fl a m e a n d smoke The go v e r n o r o f the c a s t le , who stood so n e a r th a t he wa s si n ged with the fla m e , e x ho r ted o u r m ar ty r in a fe w wo r ds ,to be o f good chee r , a n d to a s k p a r do n o f God fo r his o ffe n ces To wh ich he r eplied , Th is fl a m e o cc a sio n s ble t o m y b ody ,i n deed ,b ut it h a t h in n o wise b r oke n tr o u t he wh o so p r o u my s p i r i t Bu d ly looks d o wn fr om y o n ” d e r lo ft y pl a ce , poi n ti n g to the c a r di n a l , sh a ll , e r e lo n g , be a s ign o m in o usly th r o wn do wn ,a s n o w he pro udly 10115 a t ” his e a se W he n he h a d s a id this , the e x e c ut io n er p ulled the rop e which wa s tied a bo u t his n e ck w i t h gr e a t v io le n ce ,s o th a t he wa s soo n s t r a n gled ; a n d the fi r e getti n g st r e n gt h , b u rn ch r a p l d ity t h a t in less th a n a n ho ur his body was wi th s u to t a lly co n sum ed Th us d ied , in co n fi r m a tio n o f the gospel o f Christ ,a s in ce r e believe r , whose fo r tit ude a n d co n s t a n cy , d ur i n g his fferi n gs , c a n o n ly be i m p u ted to the s upport o f d iv in e su a id , in o r der to fu lfil th a t m e m or a ble promise , As is th da y , s o s h a ll thy s tre n gth h e a l s o no t see ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ Fox s BO OK OF MAR i Yn s ’‘ . t t o d ea t h C a r d in a l B ea t on p u . predi ctio n o f Mr W i sh a rt co n c e rn in g c a rd in al ch a n a n a n d others , b ut it h a s b ee n Be a to n i s rel a ted by B u b ted , by so m e l a te r wr ite r s , whether he r e a lly m a de dou ch p r edi c t io n or n o t B e th a t a s it m a y , ho weve r , it is su ce r t a i n th a t t he d e a th o f W ish a r t did ,in a sho r t ti m e a fter , p r o v e fa t a l to the c ar di n a l hi m sel f ; the p a rti c ul ar s o f whi ch we s u bj oi n S oo n a ft er the de a th o f Mr W ish a r t , the c a r di n a l we n t t o F in h a ve n ,t he se a t o f the e a r l o f C r a wfo r d ,to sole m n ize a m a r ri a ge bet wee n the eldest s o n o f th a t n oble m a n , a n d his o wn n a t ur a l d a ughte r , Mar g ar et W hi le he wa s th us emplo y ed , he re ce ived i n tellige n ce th a t a n E n glish squa d ron po n the co a st ,a n d th a t co n seq ue n tly a n i n v a si o n s u w a s 1 be fe a re d Upo n this he i m m edi a tely r et ur n ed to St A n dre ws , a n d a ppoi n ted a d ay for the n obility a n d ge n t r y t o m eet , a n d co n s ult wh a t wa s prope r t o b e do n e o n t his o cc a sio n Bu r ther n e ws wa s he a rd o f the t a s n o fu E n glish fleet ,their a pp r e he n sio n s o f a n i n v a sio n soo n s ub s ided I n the m e an ti m e No r m a n Lesley , e ldest s o n o f the e a rl o f Ro t hes , w h o h a d bee n t r e a ted by the c ar di n a l with in sti ce a n d Co n te m p t , fo r m ed a desig n , i n co nj u n ctio n w ith u j his un cle Joh n Lesley , wh o h a ted B e a to n , a n d othe r s who n t o f his pe r se c u tio n we r e i n fl a m ed a g a i n st him o n a cco u ses , o f the p r o t e s t a n t s ,t he de a t h o f W ish a r t , a n d o t he r c a u gh he n o w r esided in t he t o a ss a ssi n a t e the p r el a t e , tho u c a s t le o f St A n d r e ws , which he wa s fo r ti fy i n g a t gr e a t e ex n se , a n d h a d , in the o p i n io n o f t h a t a ge , a l r e a dy r e n p de r ed it a l m ost i m pr eg n a ble The c a r di n a l s r eti n ue wa s n um e r o us , the t o wn wa s a t his devotio n , a nd the n e ighbo ur i n g co un tr y full o f his de pe n d a n t s Ho weve r , the co n spi r a to r s ,wh o we r e o n ly s ix tee n ,h a v in g co n cer t ed thei r p l a n ,m e t togethe r e a r ly in the r d a y t h e 2 9 t h o f Ma n g t hey The fi st thi m o rn i n g ,o n S a t u r y d id , wa s to seize t h e po r te r o f t h e c a s tle , fr o m who m they r ed t h e g a t e They the n se n t fo ur t ook t he ke y s ,a n d se c u o f thei r p a r ty to wa t ch the c a r di n a l s ch a m be r ,th a t he m ight ha ve n o n ot i ce give n h im o f wh a t w a s d o i n g a ft e r which h t e s e 1 v a n t s a n d a tte n d an ts , to t hey we n t a n d c a lled u p r n ed the m o ut the ga te wh om the y were well k n o wn ,a n d t u T he . . . . . v . . . . . . . ’ . . . ’ ’ a re B t ox s OOK o r um r r rw . C HAP T E R 1 1 . Pr og ress f o Ref or ma ti on in t he wa r d t he VI Reig n f Ed o e . ED W ARD was the o n ly s on o f ki n g He n r y ,by his beloved r ,wh o d ied the d a wife J a n e S ey m o u y a ft er his bi r th , wh i ch took pl a ce o n the t wel ft h o f O ctob e r , 1 5 3 7 , so th a t , whe n t t en ye a r s old he c a m e to the th r o n e , in 1 5 4 7 , he was b u At s ix ye a r s o f a ge he wa s p ut i n to the h a n ds o f Dr C o x a n d Mr Cheke ; th e o n e wa s to fo r m hi s mi n d , a n d t e a ch h im philosophy a n d divi n ity , the other , to te a ch a ges a n d m a the m a ti cs : o t he r m a sters were a lso hi m l a n g u s p a r ts o f his e d uc a tio n He dis a ppoi n ted for the v a r io u e, c overed ve r y e a r ly a goo d disp ositio n to religi o n a n d virt u l a r r eve r e n ce fo r the sc r i p t ures ; a n d wa s a n d a p a r t ic u . . . . o n ce g r e a tly o ffe n ded with a pe r so n , who , in o r der to re a ch so m ethi n g h a stily , l a id a g r e a t B ible o n t he floo r , He m a de g r e a t p r og r ess in le a r n i n g , a n d stood U p o n it a n d a t the a e o f eight ye a r s , wr ote L a ti n lette r s fr e g que n tly to the ki n g , to q uee n C a th a r i n e P a r r e , to the r y ,a n d his u n cle , th e e a r l o f He r t ford a r chb ishop o f C a n te r b u U po n his fa the r s de ce a se , the e a r l o f He r tfo r d a n d sir A n tho ny B r o wn were se n t to b r i n g h im to the To wer o f L o n do n : a n d whe n He n ry s de a th wa s p ublished , he wa s pro cl a i m ed ki n g A t hi s co m i n g to t he To wer , his fa ther s will wa s ope n ed , by which it wa s fo un d th a t he h a d n a m ed si x tee n n oble m e n a n d ge n tle m e n to b e the gove r n o r s o f the ki n g dom ,a n d o f hi s s o n s perso n till he sho uld b e eightee n ye a r s o f a ge These w e r e the a r chb isho p o f C a n te r b ur y ; lord s W r iot he sly , S t Joh n , Russel , H e r t fo r d , a n d L isle ; rh a m ; T o n s t a ll, b ishop o f D u s ir A n t ho ny B r o wn , s ir W illi a m P a get , s ir Ed wa r d No r th , s ir Ed wa r d Mo n t a g ue , lord chie f j ustice o f the co mm o n ple a s ; j udge B r o m ley , A n t ho n y De n n y , sir W illi a m He r b e r t , s ir Ed wa rd s ir Vo tt o n , de a n o f C a nt e r b ur y a n d Y o r k W otto n , a n d D r V They we r e a lso to gi ve the ki n g s siste r s in m a rri a ge ; who , if t hey m a r r ied wi t ho u t t hei r co n se n t , were to fo r fe it ccessio n A p r i vy co un cil wa s a lso na m ed the ir right o f s u to b e the ix a ssist a nt in the gover n m e nt . . ’ ’ . ’ ’ . . . . ’ . . 'O X ’ S B O OK O F MA R T YRS , As might h a ve bee n e x pe cted , d isse n si o n s soo n a r ose mero us a p a r ty ; a n d , o n its bei n g proposed a mo n g so n u th a t o n e sho uld be chose n o ut o f the si x tee n to w ho m a m ld h ave b as sa d o r s sho u l d a dd r ess the m selves ,a n d who sho u th e chie f di r ectio n o f a ffa i r s ; lo r d W r io th e sly , the ch a n ght the p r e cede n ce fell to him by his o ffi ce , ce llor ,wh o tho u s in ce the a r chbishop did n o t m eddle m uch in se cul a a fla irs opposed thi s m u ch , a n d s a id , It wa s a ch a n ge o f a l in po wer tu e ki n g s will ; wh o h a d m a de the m a ll e q u a n d dig n i ty ; a n d if a n y were r a ised a b ove the rest in title , ld n ot b e possible to keep him withi n d ue b o un ds , it wo u ” No t with s in ce gre a t titles m a ke wa y fo r high po wer s t a n d i n g this , t he e a r l o f He r t fo r d wa s decl a r ed gover n or o f the ki n g s pe r so n , a n d p r ote ctor o f the ki n gdo m ; w ith this restri ctio n , th a t he sho uld do n othi n g b ut by the a dvi c e Upo n this a dv a n ceme n t ,a n d t he a n d co n se n t o f the rest o pposi t io n m a de to it ,t wo p a rties we r e fo r m ed , the o ne he a ded by the p r ote cto r , a n d the other by the ch an cell or : the fa vo ure r s o f the re for m a tio n were o f the fo r m er , and t hose th a t opposed it o f the l a tter The ch a n cellor wa s o r de r ed to re n e w the com m issio n s ’ dges a n d j usti ces o f pe a ce , a n d ki n g He n ry s of the j u re a t se a l wa s to b e m a de u ld be se o f, till a n e w o n e sho u g m a de The d a y a fte r t his ,a ll the e x e c uto r s took o a ths to e x ec ute thei r t r ust fa i t h fully , the p r ivy co un sellors were ght i n to t he ki n g s p r ese n ce , wh o a ll e x pressed a lso bro u their s a tis fa ctio n in the choi ce o f the p r otecto r : a n d it ld w a s ordered th a t a ll desp a tches to fo r eig n pri n ces s ho u be si gn ed o n ly by him All th a t held o ffi ces were r eq ui r ed to co m e a n d re n e w thei r co mm issio n s , a n d to s we a r a lle i a n ce to the ki n g : a m o n g the r est ,c a m e the b ishops ,a n d g took o ut s uc h co mm issio n s a s we r e gr a n ted in the for m er reig n , by w hi ch they we r e to hold the ir b ishop r i cs o n ly d ur i n g the kin g s ple a s ur e Cr a n m er set a n e x a m ple t o t o n e o f these This che ck upo n the t h e rest in t a ki n g o u bishops wa s j udged e x pedie n t in c a se they sho uld oppos e the re for m a tio n ; b ut the ill co n seq ue n ces o f s uch a n n u lim i t ed po we r bei n g fo r esee n ,the b ishops , wh o we r e a fter wa r d p r o m oted , were n o t so fette r ed , b u t were to ho ld ri n g li fe h eir bishop r i cs d u r red , whi ch m a d e wa f r ea t r An a c cid en t s o o n o cc u o y g ' ’ . ’ . . . ’ . ’ . . . 320 s ex 8 no o n on a r vn s . ch an ges in t he chur ch The c ur a te a n d ch urch -wa r d t gh t b e fore the co n t ct o f St Ma r ti n s in L o n do n ,we r e b r o u cifi x , a n d o t he r i m a ges , a n d p ut ti n g fo r removi n g the c r u r e o n the w a lls o f their ch u rch , in the s o m e te x ts o f sc r i pt u pl a ces w he r e t n ey stood ; they a n s we r e d ,th a t in rep a i r i n g thei r ch ur ch , they h a d r e m oved the i m a ges , whi ch bei n g t pu t the wo r ds o f scrip rotte n they di d n o t re n e w them ,b u tur e in their r oom : they h a d a lso removed others , wh i ch t hey fo u n d h a d bee n a b u sed to idol a try Gre a t p a i n s were t a ke n by t he popi sh p a rty to p un ish them s e ve r ely , in o r de r to str ike a te r r or i n to othe r s ; b ut Cr a n mer wa s fo r ‘ r c h e s , a s bei n g th e re m ovi n g o f a ll i m a ges set u p in c h u e x pressly co n t r a ry b oth to the se co n d com m a n d m e n t , a n d the pr a c t i ce o f the p urest Ch r isti a n s fo r m a n y a ges : a n d gh , in co m p li a n ce with the g r oss a b uses o f p a g a n ism t ho u mu ch o f the p o m p o f thei r wo r sh ip wa s very e a rly b r o ught i n t o th e Ch r isti a n ch ur ch , yet it wa s lo n g be fo r e im a ge s we r e i n t r od u ced At fi r st all i m a ges were co n de m n ed by t h e fa t he r s ; the n they a llo wed t h e u se , b u t co n de m n ed a n d a ft e r wa r d ,in the eighth a n d t h e w o r shi p pi n g o f the m n i n t h ce n t u r ies , the w o r shippi n g o f the m w a s , a fte r a lo n g co n test , both in the e a st a n d west , a t l a st ge n e r a lly r e S o m e , in p a r ti c ul a r , were b elieved to b e mo r e c e ive d w o n de r fu lly e n do we d , a n d this wa s m uch i m p r oved by t he che a ts o f the m o n ks ,wh o h a d e nr i ched themselves by s uch me a n s An d thi s a b use h a d n ow g r o wn t o s uch a height , th a t he a the n is m i t sel f h a d n ot bee n g uilty o f gre a ter a b sur S in ce a ll these a b uses h a d rise n d it ie s to wa rd its id ols se o f the m , a n d the setti ng t he m u b ei n g c o n t o f t he u ou p r e o f the Chris tr a r y to the com m a n d o f God , a n d the n a t u ti a n religi o n , which is si m ple a n d spiritua l ; it seemed most re a so n a ble to cur e the dise a se in its root ,a n d to cle a r the ch urches o f im a ges ,th a t the people m ight be preserved fr om idol a tr y These re a so n s prev a iled so fa r , th a t the c ura te a n d rch wa rde n s were dis m issed with a repri m a n d ; th ey ch u ch r a sh n ess for the fut ur e , were o r de r e d to b e wa r e o f s u cifi x , a n d , till th a t co uld b e h a d , were a n d to p r ovide a c r u o r dered to c a use o ne to be p a i n ted o n the wa ll Upo n this , Dr Ridley , in a sermo n pre a ched be fo r e the kin g, er s tit io n to wa rd im a es a n d ho l mve ighed a ga ins t the s u p y g . . ’ a . . . . . . . - . . m r ox ’ s B O O K o r surn a me -ma s s es a n d O bits in to the u se u l n ess o f s ou Chris t ap l f p o in te d the s a cr a me n t fo r a co mm emor a ti on o f his de a t h a mo n g t h e l ivi n g , b u t it wa s n o t e a sy to co n ceive h o w th a t wa s to be a pplied to dep a rted so u ls ; a n d it was evide n tly a proj e ct fo r dr a wi n g the we a lth o f the world in t o the i h a n ds In t he pri m itive ch u r ch there w a s a co m memor a tio n o f the de a d , or a n ho n o ur a ble reme m br a n ce o f the m m a de in the d a ily o ffi ces But eve n this c usto m gr ew in to a b u se , a nd some i n ferred from it , th a t dep a rted so ul s, . . . un les s they were sig n a lly p ur e ,p a ssed th r o ugh a p urg a ti on in the n e x t l ife , be fore they were a d m itted to he a ve n ; o f whi c h S t A u sti n , in whose time the op in io n b eg a n t o b e re ceived ,s a ys ,th a t it was t a ke n up witho ut a ny sure; gr ound re in s crip tu Bu re proo f t wh a t wa s wa n ti n g in script u wa s s u pplied by visi o n s , d re a m s , a n d t a les , till it was ge n er a lly rece ived K i n g He nr y h a d a cted like o n e who did not m uch believe i t , fo r he h ad dep r ived i n n umer a bl e so uls o f the m a sses th a t we r e s a id for the m in m o n a sterie s , by des t royi n g those fo un d a tio n s Yet he see m s to h a v e i n te n ded th a t if m a sse s co uld a v a il the dep a rt ed so uls , he ld himsel f b e se c ure a n d a s he gra ti fi ed the priests by wo u this p a r t o f hi s e n do wm e n t , so he ple a sed the people by a ppoi n ti n g ser m o n s a n d a lms to be give n o n s u ch d ay s Th us he died as he h a d lived , wa veri n g bet wee n both pers ua sio n s Bu t n o w the ceremo n y o f the coro na tio n took o fl t he lti t ude fro m mo r e serio us thought s a tte n tio n o f the m u The p r otector wa s m a de d uke o f S o m erset ; the e a rl o f Esse x , m a rquis o f No r th a m pto n the lords Leslie a nd Wr io t hes ly ,e a rls o f Wa r wi ck a n d S o uth a m pto n ; Sey m o ur, ghby , a n d She ffi eld , we r e m a de b a ro n s In Ri ch , W illo u o rde r to the ki n g s cor o na tio n , the o ffi ce fo r th a t ce r emo ny ch sho r te n ed ; o n e rem a rk a ble al wa s rev ie wed , a n d m u sed to b e prese n te d t e r a t io n wa s , th a t fo r m e r ly the ki n g u to the peopl e a t the cor n ers o f the sc a ffold , a n d they were ld h a ve him to b e thei r ki ng ? W hich a sked if t hey wo u looked like a n electio n , r a ther th a n a cere m o n y o f in vest This wa s n ow ch a n ged , in g o n e th a t wa s a lre a dy ki n g a nd the people we r e desired o n ly t o give their a sse n t a nd n a tio n , a s by the d u od w ill to hi s coro t y o f a llegi a n c e o g t hey we re b o un d to d o O n t he t we n tieth o f Februa ry , 15 4 7 , he wa s cr o wn e d , a n d a ge n e r al p ard on was pr o . - . . . . . ' . . ’ . . t ox ’ s B OOK o r mum . s. u, out o f which the d uke o f N or folk , ca rd in al Pole , an d some others , w ere e x cepte d Th e ch a n cellor , wh o wa s looked o n a s the h e a d o f the pop ish p ar ty , n o w lost his pl a ce ,by gr a n ti n g a commiss io n to the m a ste r o f the rolls a n d three m a ste r s o f ch a n cery , te his o ffi ce in the o f who m t wo w e r e civili a n s , to e x e c u co urt o f ch a n ce r y a s if he we r e prese n t , o n ly their de cree s ght to him to be s ig n ed be fore they sho uld we r e to b e bro u be e nr olled The fi rst b usi n ess o f co n seque n c e th a t re q uir ed gre at co n sid e r a tio n wa s the S ma lc a ldi c wa r ,the n begun b etwee n e : t he t he emperor a n d the pri n ces o f the protest a n t le a g u e ffe cts o f whi ch ,if the e m pe r o r p r ev a iled ,were like to b e , n ot o n y the e x tirp a ti n g o f L u r a n ism , b u m the his beco i t ng l the a bsol ute m a ster o f Ge r m a n y : whi ch he chiefly wis hed a s the fi r st step to a u n ivers a l mo n a r chy , b u t disg u ised it to other pri n ces : to the pope he p r ete n ded th a t hi s desig n wa s o n ly to e x ti r p a te heresy to othe r sovereig n s he p r e te n ded i t wa s to repress a rebellio n ,a n d de n ied a ll des ig ns o f su ppressi n g the n ew doctri n es ; whi ch he m a n a ge d s o a rt fu lly , th a t he d ivided Ge r m a n y a g a i n st itsel f, a n d got some L uther a n pri n ces to decl a r e fo r him , a n d others to be n e utr a l : a n d h a vi n g obt a i n e d a ve r y libe r a l s upply fo r h is wa r s with Fr a n ce a n d the T ur ks , fo r wh i ch he g r a n te d a n edict for liberty o f co n scie n ce , h e m a de pe a ce wit h both these p r i n ces , a n d resolved to employ th a t tre a s ur e whi ch the Germ a n s h a d give n him , a g a i n st the m selve s Th a t he might dep r ive the m o f the ir a llies , he used m e a n s t o e n g a ge k i n g He n r y a n d Fr a n cis the First in a wa r ; b u t th a t wa s , chiefly by their i n terp ositi o n , composed An d n o w, whe n the wa r wa s li k ely to b e c a rr ied o n with g r e a t vigo ur , both those pri n ces d ied ; He n ry in J a n ua ry , a n d Fra n cis in Ma rch follo wi n g Ma n y o f their co n feder a te s beg a n to c a pitul a te a n d fors a ke them ; a n d the d ivisio ns a mo n g their o wn comm a n ders very m u ch hi n dered th eir ccess su The pope wis h e d to e n g a ge the e m peror in a war in G erm a n y , th a t so It a ly might b e a t pe a ce : a n d m order t o a ccomplish this obj e c t , he p u blished the tre a ty whi ch had b e e n m a d e b etwee n them , th a t so it might a ppe a r th a t t he d es ign o f t he wa r wa s t o e x tirp a te her e sy ,tho u gh t he e m t o the co n tra ry in e r or was ma kin r ns ea t o t es t a t i o r g g p p cra tme . , , . . . . . 3 24 s ex I B OOK o r MART m . n cil o f Tre n t , w Ge rm any: He a ls o ope n ed the co u C hai le s h a d lo n g desired in v a i n ; b u t it wa s n o w bro u ght u p o n h im whe n he le a st w ished for it ; fo r the protest a n ts ld n ot look upo n it a s a fr e e a ll de cl a red , th a t they co u ge n er a l co un cil ,si n ce it wa s so e n tirely a t the pope s devo ch a s a re fo r m a tio n o f the gr ossest t io n , th a t n o t so m u abu ses wa s likely to b e obt a i n ed No r co uld t h e e m peror p r ev a il with the co un cil n ot t o co n d e m n the n e w doc ” t ri n es a s he r esy ; b u t the more he a tte m p t ed to obst r u ct its p r o ceedi n gs , the m ore d id the po p e ur ge it o n , to ope n t h e eyes o f the Germ a n s , a n d e n g a ge the m a ll vigoro u sly a g a i n st the e m pero r ; who , o n his p a rt , g a ve the m s u ch se cr et a ssur a n ces o f toler a ti n g the Augsb ur gh co n fessio n , th a t the m a r q uis o f B r a n de n b ur gh decl a r ed for him , a n d his e x a m pl e wa s follo wed by sever a l othe r p r i n ces Thi s wa s the st a te o f a ffa i r s in Germ a n y ; which r e n de r ed i t ve r y d ifli cult to dete r m i n e wh a t a n s we r the p r ote ctor sho uld give the d uke o f S a x o n y s ch a n cello r , who m he h a d se n t over to obt a i n m o n ey fo r c a r r yi n g o n the war It wa s ,o n the o ne h a n d , o f gr e a t i m po rt a n ce to the s a fety o f En g l a n d to p r ese r ve the Ge r m a n p r i n ces , a n d yet i t wa s ve ry d a n ge r o us to begi n a war o f s uch co n seq ue n ce un der a n i n fa n t ki n g At p r ese n t the gover n me n t o n ly pr o m ised , cro wn s to H a m b urgh , withi n th r ee m o n ths , to se n d ld do n o m ore till n e w emerge n cies sho uld le a d a n d wo u them to n e w co un sels The n a tio n wa s in a n ill co n ditio n fo r a wa r with s uch a mighty pri n ce l a b o uri n g un der gr e a t distr a ctio n s a t t fo r a re fo r m a tio n , ho m e ; the people ge n e r a lly c r yi n g o u despisi n g the cle r gy , a n d lovi n g the n e w pre a che r s T he p r iests we r e fo r the m ust p a rt ve r y ig n o r a n t , a n d sc a n d a lo us in thei r li v es : m a n y o f the m h a d bee n m o n ks , a n d those wh o were to p ay the m the pe n si o n s which were r e served to the m a t the dest r uctio n o f the m o n a s t e r ies , till ld b e p r ovide took c a re to get the m in s om e they sho u The gre a test p a r t o f the p e r so n a ges we r e sm a ll be n e fi ce 1 m p r o p r ia t e d , fo r they b elo n ged to the mo na ste r ies , a n d the a bbots h a d o n ly gr a n ted the i n c um be n ts , either t he V i c a r a ge , or so m e s m a ll do n a t ive , a n d le ft the m the per i s it e s r a ised by m a sses a n d othe r o ffices At the u u s q p ses there wa s n o c a re t a ke n to m a ke p ressio n o f t h e s e ho u m b e n ts ; so that they we re in so m pr o v is io n fo r the incu ’ . ' . ’ . . . - . . . 82 6 ’ r o x s no o n or m u m s. we re se nt o u t ,a le tt e r wa s wr 1 tt e n t o all the b ish o p s ,giving th em n otic e o f it , s u spe n di n g the ir j uri sdictio n while it la sted ,a n d req ui r i n g the m to pre a ch n o where b ut in th eir c a thedra ls , a n d th a t the other cle r gy sho uld n o t pre a ch bu rches , witho ut li ce n se ; by whi ch it t in thei r o wn ch u wa s i n te n d ed to r estr a i n s u ch a s we r e n ot a ccept a ble to the ir o wn p a r ishes , a n d to gr a n t the others lice n ses to pre a ch in l an ch u rch o f E n gl a n d The gre a test d ifficu ty t h e r e y form e rs fo u n d wa s in the wa n t o f a ble a n d pr u de n t m en ; most o f the re fo r med pre a che r s be in g too hot a n d in discreet , a n d the fe w wh o were other wise were re qu ired in L o n d on a n d the u n ive r sities The o n ly thi n g by which the people co uld b e un ivers a lly i n str ucted wa s a book o f ho m ili es : there fore the t welve first ho m ilies , in t he b ook still k n o wn by th a t n a me ,were compiled ; in fr a mi n g whi ch the chie f desig n wa s to a o q ua i n t the people rightly with the n a t ure o f the gospe l cove na n t O rders were a lso g i ve n , th a t a B ible sho uld b e in eve r y ch u rch , wh i ch , tho ugh i t ha d bee n co m m a n d ed by He nr y ,yet had n o t b ee n ge n era lly obeye d ; a n d fo r un der st a n d i n g the Ne w Test a me n t , E ra s m us s p a r a ph r a se wa s tr a n sl a ted i n to E n glish ,a n d a ppoi n ted to b e pl a ced with it His gre a t rep ut a tio n a n d le a r n i n g , a n d hi s d yi n g in t he n io n o f the Rom a n ch u rch , m a de this b ook p r e fe r c om m u a ble to a ny other o f the k i n d The i nj un ctio n s m a de by Cromwell in th e former re ign cti n g the people , fo r re m ovi n g im a ges , a n d p ut for i n str u ti n g do wn a ll othe r c usto m s a b used to s uperstitio n fo r re a di n g the S cr iptures , s ayi n g the lit a n y in E n glish , for e n t sermo n s a n d c a te chisi n g , fo r the e x e m pl a r y live s fr e qu rs in visiti n g the s ick ,r e co n ci li n g o f the cle r gy , thei r l a b o u d ifle r e n ce s , a n d e x horti n g the people to ch a rity ,& c , were a n d a ll wh o g a ve livi n gs by simo n i a c a l b ar no w re n e wed g a i n s ,were decl a red to h a ve fo r feited their right o f p a tro n r e a t ch a r ge wa s a lso give n fo r the A g a e to the ki n g g stri ct obse r v a ti o n o f the Lord s d a y , whi ch wa s a ppoi n t e d to b e spe n t wholly in the servi ce o f God , it n o t bei n g gh to he a r m a ss or m a ti n s in the m or n i n g , a n d spe nd en ou n ke n n ess a n d q u a rrelli n g ,a s wa s the rest o f the d ay in d r u bu ght to b e all e mployed , t it o u c ommo n ly pr a ctised ti es o f reli gio n ,or in a cts o f ch a r ity D i e ithe r in the d u . , . ‘ . ’ . . ’ . 3 0 11 s B OOK o r ms n r v n s 82 7 . re ct io n was al s o give n for the s a yi n g o f pr ayer s , in which the ki n g ,a s s upreme he a d , a n d the quee n , a n d the kin g s n cil , a n d a ll orders o f per sisters , t he pro t e cto r a n d co u I nj un ct io ns s o n s in the kin gdo m ,were to b e me n t io n ed r ti m es a ye ar were a lso give n fo r the b ishops to p r e a c h fo u in a ll their d io ce s s e s ,o n ce in thei r c a the d r a l , a n d thri ce in rch , un less they h a d a good e x c use to the a n y other ch u co n tr a r y : th a t their ch a pl a i n s sho uld pre a ch o fte n : a n d th a t they sho uld give orders to n o n e b ut s uc h a s wer e d uly q ua li fied T h e visite r s a t le n gth e n ded the visit a t io n ,an d in Lon s i ng to d o n a n d eve r y p a rt o f En gl a n d ,the i m a ges , for re fu b o w do wn to w hi ch m a n y a s a i n t ha d bee n b u rn t , wer e B o n n er a t first protested no w com m itted to the fl a m es th a t he wo uld obey the i nj un ctio n s , if they were n ot co n rch ; tr a ry to t h e l a w s o f God a n d the o r di n an ces o f the ch u n cil , he retr a cte d , a n d t bei ng c a lled be fore the co u bu a sked p a r do n ; yet ,fo r a n e x a m ple to others ,he w as so m e G a r di n e r wr ote to o n e o f the visiters , b e t i me co n fi n ed ld n o t re ceive fore they c a m e to W i n chester , th a t he co u the ho m ilies ; a n d if he m ust e ither q uit his b ishopri c , or s in a g a i n st his co n scie n ce , he resolved to choose the fo r mer Upo n this he wa s c a lled b e fo r e the co un cil , a nd r e q uired to r eceive the b ook o f ho m ilies : b ut he obj e cted to ght th a t ch a rity d id n ot j usti fy ,co n o n e o f the m , which t a u bl ished by the l a te ki n g , a n d co n firmed t r ary to the b ook p u in p a rli a m e n t H e a lso co m pl a i n ed o f m a n y thi n gs in Er a s m us s p a r a phr a se a n d bei n g p r essed to de cl a re whethe r n ctio n s or n o t , he r e fu he wo u ld obey t he i nj u sed to pro mise it , a n d wa s in co n seq ue n ce se n t to the Fleet C r a n mer t r e a t ed in p r iv a te w it h h im , a n d they a rg ued m uch t j usti fic a t io n G a rdi n er tho ught t he s a c r a m e n ts jus a bo u s t ified a s well a s fa ith Cr a n mer t ifi e d , a nd th a t ch a r ity j u urged th a t n oth in g b ut the merits o f Ch r ist j ustified , ld n o t e x ist with as t hey w ere a pplied by fa ith , which co u t c h a rity ou Ga r di n er lay in priso n till the a ct o f ge n er a l p ardo n s et him a t liberty Man y bl a med the seve r ity o f t hese pro ity , a n d s a id , c e e d in gs , a s co n tr a r y b oth to la w a n d eq u t h a t a ll people ,eve n those wh o co m p l a i n ed most o f a rb i s ur p it whe n in a utho r ity L a dy t r a ry p o wer ,were a p t to u Mar y was s o m uc h a l ar med t ha t she wrote to the prote ctor ’ . . . - . . . ’ . . . . . . 828 r ox ’ s B OOK o r n a n r m s . to the h o n our d ue to her ty t o th e fa ther s memory , a n d th a t it wa s a g a i n st thei r d u kin g to e n ter upo n s uch po i n ts , a n d e n d an ger the p ubl ic pe a ce be fore he wa s o f a ge To whi ch he a n s wered Th a t her fa ther h a d d ied be fore he co uld fi n ish the good thi n gs he h ad i n te n ded co n cer n i n g religio n ; a n d ha d e x p e ssed his regr et ,b oth be fore hi m sel f a n d m a n y others , th a t he le ft thi n gs in so un settled a st a te ; a n d a ss ured her , th a t n othi n g sho uld b e do n e b ut wh a t wo uld t urn to the ” l ry r o f God ,a n d t h e ki n g s ho n o u o g ch ch ange s were co n t r a ry tha t s u ’ . r ’ . New Act s of P a r lia men t . T he p a r li a me n t wa s o p e n ed the fo urth o f November , thorized to sit und e r the a n d the protector wa s by p a te n t a u an d to clo th o f st ate , o n th e r i g ht h an d o f the th r on e ; ha ve all th e hon o u r s an d pr ivil eg es th at s o n ea r a rel at ive Rich was lor d ch an cellor o f th e sover eign had ever ha d The fir st a ct t h at p a ssed ,fi ve bishops on ly di ssenting,was a repe a l o f a ll the st a t u tes in t he l a te r eig n ,t h a t h a d m a d e an y t hi n g t r e a so n o r felo n y whi ch wa s n o t so be fore , a n d o f t h e s ix a rticles , a n d t h e a u tho r i t y give n to the ki n g s p r ocl a m a tio n s , a s a lso o f the a cts a g a i n st Loll a r ds By th is a ct , a ll wh o de n ied the ki n g s s up r e m a cy , o r a sse r ted the pope s , fo r the fi r st o ffe n c e we r e to fo r feit thei r goods ; n ire ; a n d were to fo r the seco n d , we r e to b e in a p r ae m u b e a tta i n ted o f t r e a so n fo r the thi r d If a n y o n e a ttempted to dep r ive the ki n g o f his est a te o r title , he wa s wa s a d b u n o n e we r e to b e a cc u dged g u ilty o f t r e a so n t sed of u j wo r ds , b u The t w ithi n a m o n th a fte r they were s p oke n k i n g s p o wer o f a n n u lli n g a ll l a ws m a de , be fo r e he wa s twe n ty fo ur ye a r s o f a ge ,wa s a lso r epe a led ,a n d restr icted to the a n n ulli n g the m fo r the ti m e to come A n othe r a ct p a ssed , with the s a m e disse n t , fo r the l a ity rece ivi n g the s a cr a m e n t in b oth ki n ds ,a n d th a t the people ld a l wa ys co mm un i c a te with the p r iest ; a n d by it irre s ho u v er e n ce to the s a cr a me n t wa s co n de m n ed u n der severe e n a lties p A n other a ct wa s p a ssed w itho ut a ny disse n t , o r d a i n i n g r su ld h a t t h e cong é d é lir e ,a n d the ele ctio n p u a n t to it ,sho u t ur e , a nd t h a t bishops sho uld be n am ed by e a se fo r the fu po n b e co nse cra ted ; the k in g s letters p a te n t an d th e re u . . ’ . ’ ’ . . ’ - . . ’ ’ 33 0 ’ r ox s no o n on M A R T Y RS . m e nt A p rop o s it io n be in g also set o n foo t c on cer ning the la wfu l n es s o f t he m a rr i a ge o f the cl ergy , thirty-five su b rtee n disse n te d s cribed to the a ffi rm a tive , a n d o n ly fo u G a rdi n er , bei n g i n cl uded in the a ct o f p a rdo n , wa s set ne a t liberty ; he p romised t o re ceive a n d obey the inj u sti fi c a ti o n ; yet he tio n s , obj e cti n g o n ly to t h e ho m ily o f j u t it wa s visible th a t in his c omplied in th a t l i ke wi s e ; b u gh b e o ut he a rt he a bhorre d a ll these p r o c e edi n gs , tho u war d ly co n fo rm e d . . . C eremon ies Ab o lis hed . C a n dl e m as a n d Le n t were n o w a ppro a chi n g , a nd the ch d ivided with respect to the clergy a n d p eople were m u s ua l a t those ti m es By some i nj un ctio n s in ce re m o n ies u He n ry s reig n it ha d bee n decl a r ed th a t fa sti n g in Le nt wa s o n ly b i n d i ng by a positive la w W a kes a n d Plo ugh Mo n d a ys we r e a lso s upp r essed , a n d hi n ts were give n th a t other c ustoms ,which we r e m uc h a b used , sho uld be shortly do n e a wa y The r a bble loved these thi n gs , a s m a tte r s o f diversi o n , a n d tho ught divi n e worshi p witho ut the m wo uld b e b ut a d ull b usi n ess But othe r s looked o n the m a s reli cs o f he a the n is m , a n d tho ught they did n o t be come t he gr a vi ty a n d s i m pli ci ty o f the Chri sti a n religio n C r a n m er proc ur ed a n o r der o f co un cil a g a i n st the car t yi n g o f c a n dles o n C a n dl e m a s d ay , o f a shes o n As h W e d n esd a y , a n d p a l m s o n P a l m S un d a y wh ich wa s di r e cted to B o n n er to be i n ti m a t ed to the bishops o f the provi n ce o f C a n terb ur y , a n d wa s e x ec uted by h im But ld m a ke a pro cl a m a t io n follo wed a g a i n st a ll wh o sho u ch a n ges wi t ho ut a utho r ity The c r eepi n g to the cros s , t do wn , a n d a n d t a ki n g holy bre a d a n d wa ter , we r e p u po wer wa s give n t o t he a rchbisho p o f C a nterb ur y to ce r ld b e a fter t ify , in the ki n g s n a m e , wh a t ce r emo n ies sho u t o f their wa rd l a id a side ; a n d n o n e we r e to p r e a ch o u t lice n se fr o m the ki n g or the visiters , o wn p a r i shes w i t ho u S oo n a fte r th e a r chbishop , o r the b ishop o f the diocese this , a ge n e ra l o r der follo wed fo r a re m ova l o f a ll i m a ge s r ches ,whi ch occ a sio n ed g r e a t co n tests whe t her ou t o f the ch u the i m a ge s ha d bee n a b used to s uperstitio n or n o t S o me e ht the co n se cra ti o n o f them was a n a b u se Thos th o u g als o whi ch represe n ted the Tri n ity a s a m a n with thre e . ’ . . . . - - . . ’ . . . Fox ’ s B O OK o r MAR T Y RS 83 ] . old m a n with a yo un g ma n a n d so m e , wh e re b e fore him , a n d a dove over his he a d th e blessed Vi r gi n wa s represe n ted a s a d m itted i n to it , g a ve s o g r e a t sc a n d a l , th a t it wa s n o wo n der if m e n , a s hey gr e w more e nlighte n ed , co uld n o lo n ge r e n d ur e the m The o n ly o cc a sio n give n to ce n s ur e in th is orde r ,was ,th a t a ll sh r i n es , a n d the pl a te belo n gi n g to them , were a p p o in ted to b e bro ught in fo r the ki ng s use fa ces in o n e he a d ; or as an . . ’ . CH A P T E R I II . n i on A New Ofi ce f or the C ommu . b ishops a n d so m e other divi n es were n o w e m ployed to e x a m i n e a n d a me n d the o ffi ces o f the ch urch They beg a n wi t h t he E uch a rist , a n d p roceeded in the s a m e m a n n e r a s in the fo r m e r r eig n It wa s cle a rly fo un d th a t the pl a i n i n sti tutio n o f the s a c r a m e n t wa s m uch v iti a ted with a m i x t ure o f m a n y he a t he n ish r ites a n d pomps , to r a ise the c r edit o f the p r ies t s , in whose h an d s th a t gr e a t per fo r m a n ce wa s lodged This wa s a t first d o n e to d r a w over the he a the n by those sple n did rites to Ch r isti an ity ; b ut s up e r sti t io n ,o n ce beg un ,ha s n o b o un ds ; a n d ig n o r a n ce a n d b a r b a ri ty i n c r e a si n g in the m iddle a ges , there wa s n o reg a rd ha d to a ny thi n g in religio n , b ut a s it was set o ff wi t h p a ge a n try a n d the belie f o f the corpo r e a l prese n ce r a ised this to a still g r e a ter height The o fii c e n k n o wn to n gu was in a n u e ; a ll the vessels a n d g a r m e n ts belo ngi n g to it were co n secr a ted with m uch devo t io n ; a re a t p a r t o f t he se r vi ce wa s se cr et , to m a k e it look like a l ch a r m ; the co n sec r a tio n itsel f was to b e s a id wo n de r fu v e r y so ft ly , fo r words th a t were n o t to be h e a r d a g r eed best with a ch a n ge th a t wa s n ot to be see n the m a ny ges la t io n s a n d t he m a g n ifice n t p r ocessio n s a ll te n ded to t icu ra ise this p a ge a n t r y hig he r Ma sses we r e a lso s a id fo r a ll m a n li fe T r e n t a ls , a c usto m o f h a v i ng th e a ffa i r s o f h u thirty m a sses a ye a r o n the chie f fes t i va ls for redee m i n g ls o ut o f p ur ga t o r y , wa s th a t wh ich b r o ught the p r ie s ts so u most m o n ey , fo r these we r e tho ught t o be God s b es t d a y s , in which a cce ss was e as ier to him ! O n s a i nt s d ays , in EI G HT EE N . . . . . . ’ ’ 33 2 Fox ’ B O OK o r MA R T Y RS s . ’ the m as s it was pr a yed , t h a t by the s a i n ts i n tercessio n the re a sa c r ifice might be co m e the m o r e a ccept able ,a n d pro c u mple i n d ulge n ce ; whi ch co uld n ot be e a sily e x l i n e d , if t h e s a cri fice we r e the de a th o f Ch r ist B eside a p the b e fo r e me n tio n ed , a n um be r less v a r iety o f other ri t es n d ceremo n ies , b o r r o wed fr o m the he a t he n s , were m a de se o f for corr upti ng the holiest i n stitutio n s o f the Christi a n religio n The fi r st step th a t wa s n o w t a ke n wa s to m a ke a n e w n io n , th a t is , the distr ib u tio n o f the o fii ce fo r the co mm u s a c r a m e n t , fo r the o fii c e o f co n se cra ti o n wa s n o t a t this ched In the e x ho r t a tio n , a uri c ul a r co n fessio n to t m e to u a p r iest is le ft free to be do n e or o m itted ,a n d a ll were r e quired n ot to j udge o n e a n other in th a t m a tter There n ci a tio n m a de ,req u i r i n g impe n ite n t si n n ers was a lso a de n u to withd r a w The bre a d wa s to be still o f the s a m e fo r m sed In the dist r ib utio n it wa s s a id , a s th a t fo r m erly u The b ody o f o ur L o r d , &c ,p r eserve thy body ; a n d the ” blood o f o ur L ord , & c , preserve thy so ul This wa s p r i n te d , with a p r ocl a m a ti o n , r eq ui r i n g a ll to receive it ch revere n ce a n d un i form ity a s m i ght e n co ura ge the with s u ki n g to pro cee d furthe r , a n d n o t to r un to other thi n gs b e r i n g t h e people o f his fo r e the ki n g g a ve di r e ctio n , a ss u e a r n est ze a l to set forth godly o r de r s ; a n d the r e fo r e it was hoped they wo uld wa it fo r it : the b ooks were se n t a ll over E n gl an d , a n d the clergy were a p poi n ted to a d m in is ter the commun io n a t the follo wi n g E a ster a c cordi ng t o them m ore a . - . ' . . . . . . . . Aur i cula r C onfes s ion E x a min ed . Co n fessio n wa s n e x t e x a m i n ed ; a n d it wa s fo un d th a t the pr a cti ce ha d co mme n ced in the e a rly a ges o f the ch urch ; a n d pe n a n ces h a d b ee n imp osed by the p r iests Aft er wa rd , pilgrim a ges , a n d c r us a des a g a i n st heretics , o r pri n ces deposed by the pope , were co mm a n ded i n ste a d o f a ll other pe n a n ces : the p r iest s a lso m a n a ged co n fessio n tio n so a s to e nt er i n to a ll m e n s secrets ,a n d to a n d a bsol u over n thei r co n scie n ces by the m ; m a n y reserved c as es g tio n ; th is we r e m a de ,in whi ch the po p e o n ly g a ve a bsol u lg en ces to be p u t i n the ir h an d s o cc a si o n ed the tr a de o f i n d u n te c h co nfi de n ce as m ou whi c h th ey m ana ged with as m u . ’ 334 r cx ’ B O O K o r MA RTYRS s . he a the n ism , were l a i d a s id e tio n s o n a cco un t o f the me r its o f the blesse d T he a bsol u virg in a n d the s a i n t s , the sp r i n kl i n gs o f wa te r , fa s t i n gs a n d pilgrim a ges , wi t h m a n y o t her thi n gs ; a n d the a b sol u tio n give n to d e a d bodies , were looked upo n a s gross im pos t ur es , te n di n g to m a ke the wo r ld thi n k th a t the p r iests ld c a r ry ha d t he keys o f he a ve n in their h a n ds , a n d co u eople thit er h on e a sier ter m s th a n the gospel presc r ibes p This i n d uced the people to p ur ch a se their favo ur , espe c ia ll r e dyi n g ; so th a t , a s their fe a r s were he hey e w n t w y t he n h eigh t e n ed , the r e wa s n o other wa y le ft them , i n the co n cl u s io n o f a n ill li fe , to d ie wi t h a ny hopes o f ete r n a l h a ppi n ess , b ut a s they b ar g a i n ed with the ir p rie sts ; a ll this wa s n o w rej ected It wa s resolve d to h a ve the whole worship in the v ulg a r to ng ue ; a s e n a bli n g a ll pe r so n s to j oi n in pra isi n g God ” n de r s t a n di n g wit h u As white h a d be e n the colo ur o f the p r iest s vest m e n ts , un der the m os a i c a l la w, h a d e a rly ght i n to t he Christi an ch ur ches , a n d wa s a pro b ee n bro u per e x p r essio n o f i n n oce n ce , a n d it bei n g fit th a t the wo r ld be pe r for m ed in a dece n t h a bit , it wa s s hip o f God sho u co n ti n ued The m o r n i n g a nd eve n i n g p r a yers we r e b ut a l m ost it the s a m e fo r m a s t h a t in whic h t hey n o w s t a n d , o n ly t b e r t I n t h e o ffi ce fo r wa s n ei t he r co n fessio n n o r a bsol uti o n n io n , the r e wa s a co m me m o r a tio n o f th a n ks t he co m m u givi n g fo r the blessed virgi n a n d a ll d ep a r t ed s a i n t s , a n c In t he t hey w ere co mm e nded to God s m ercy a n d pe a ce c o n secr a t io n , the u s e o f c r ossi n g the ele m e n ts wa s r e t the r e wa s n o elev a tio n , whi ch wa s a t fi r s t t a in e d ; b u used a s a histo r i c a l r i te , to sho w C h r ist s be i n g li fted up t i t wa s a ft e r wa r d do n e ,to e x ci t e the peo o n the c r oss ; b u ple to a do r e it No st a mp wa s to be o n t he b r e a d , a n d it It wa s to be put in the wa s to b e thi cker t ha n ordi n a r y people s m o ut hs by the p r iests , tho ugh it h a d bee n a n t in their h a n ds ; b u t a fte r the corpo r e a l pre c ie n tly p u ffe r ed to s e n ce wa s a ck n o wledged , the people we r e n o t s u to uch it , a n d th e p r iest s th um bs a n d fi n gers were p e lia r ly a n o i n ted , to q u a li fy them fo r th a t co n t a ct cu In b a ptis m the child s he a d a n d b r e a st we r e to be crosse d , r a tio n wa s to be m a de o f the de vi l to dep a rt fro m a nd a dj u ai m : ch ild r e n were to be t hr i ce d ipped , or , in c as e o f of Ro me , b ein g r el ic s of . . . . . ’ . . ’ . ’ . . ’ ’ . ’ ’ n Fo x s o o n o n ma n t r a s . we ak n ess , wa ter wa s to b e spri n kled o n the ir fa ces , a n d the n they we r e to b e a n oi n ted The si ck might a lso b e At fun er als , the dep a rt ed a n oi n ted if they desi r ed it ’ so ul wa s re co mm e n ded to God s m e r cy The s a cr a m e n ts we r e fo r m e r ly beli eved o f s uch vi r tue , th a t they co n fe r r ed g r a ce by the very rece ivi n g them Acti n g o n this b elie f, the e a rly Ch r isti a n s used to se n d a ny ortio ch a rist to the si ck , b u t witho u t n s o f t he e u p u hi ch a s a co r ru ptio n o f l a ter t imes B t i n w w m : u p p p r ocessio n with the h ost , i t wa s n o w a p s t e a d o f the b o i ld n ted th a t the s a c r a m e n t s sho u e mi n i s t ered to t he p si ck , bei n g co n sec r a ted by thei r b edsides ; a n d ,in c a se o f ses 9 we a k n ess , childre n we r e a llo wed to b e b a p t ized in ho u tho ugh it wa s more s ui t a ble to the desig n o f b a pt ism rch whi ch wa s t he a d m issio n o f a n e w member to the ch u t o do i t b e fo r e the w hole co n g r eg a tio n The lit ur gy th us co m piled , wa s p ublished , with a pre fa ce co n ce r n i n g ce r e m o n ies W he n the book c a me be fo r e the p ublic , severa l thi n gs r ed ; a s p a r ti c u l a r ly the freq ue n t us e o f t he were ce n s u cross , a n d a n o i n ti n g The fo r me r wa s a t fi r s t used as a b a dge o f a c r uci fie d S a vio ur , b ut wa s m uch co rr upted by th e p r ies t s in a fte r a ges , so th a t it wa s a t le n g t h believed e fo r d r ivi n g a wa y evil spi r i t s , a nd pre t o h a ve a virt u servi n g o n e fr o m d a n ge r s a n d a cq ui r ed a ki n d o f s a cra n fo u n d ed in S c r ip t u re or r e a m e n t a l ch a r a cter , e n t i r ely u si n g it a s a cere m o n y , e x p r essi n g t he son ; bu t the u believi n g in a cr ucified S av io ur , co uld imply n o s uper . . . . . . . . . s tit i o n . The protest a n t religio n n ow a ppe a r ed a lmost rui n ed in Ger m a n y , a n d thi s m a de the re fo r m e r s t ur n their eyes to E n gl a n d C a lvi n wrote t o the p r ote ctor , a n d p r essed him to go o n to a m ore c o m ple fe r e for m a t io n , a n d t h a t p r ayers n ctio n , m igh t b e fo r the de a d , the ch r ism , a n d e x t r e m e u l a id a side He d esi r ed h im to t r ust in God , a n d go o n , an d w ished the r e we r e m o r e pre a chi n g , a n d in a mo r e lively way th an he he a r d wa s the n in E n gl a n d : b ut pr a yed him to s uppress t h a t impiety a n d pro fa n i t y th a t , a s he n ded in the n a t io n wa s told , a bo u a r y 1 5 4 9 , a n a c t p a ssed , a llo wi n g the clergy to In Febr u m a rry It wa s decl ar e d , Th a t it were better for p r iest s n m a rri e d , fr ee o f a ll worldly c a re s ; e t s inc e t he to li ve u y . . . . 33 6 Fm ’ s B O O K o r MA RTY RS . ch ery , t he) mws c c m pe llin g it ha d o c c a sio n ed gre a t deb a u ” were a ll re pe a led The p r e t e n ce o f ch a stity in the R0 mi sh priests ha d p ossessed the world with a high op i n io n o f t he m , a n d h a d b ee n a g r e a t refle c t io n 0 11 the r e for m ers , if the world ha d n o t cle a r ly see n th r o ugh it a nd bee n m a de ve r y se n sible o f the ill e ffects o f it , by the d e file m e n t it bro ught i n t o thei r o wn fa milies No r wa s there a ny poi n t in whi ch the re fo r m e r s h a d se a r ched the S c r ipt u res m o r e , to re m ove t he p r ej udi ce th a t lay a g a i n st the m In the O ld Test a m e n t a ll the priests we r e n ot o n ly m a rried , b ut the o ffi ce des ce n ded by in he r it a n ce I n the Ne w Test a m e n t m a rr i a ge wa s de cl a red ho n o ur a ble in all : a mo n g the q ua lifi c a t io n s o f b ishops a n d de a co n s , the ir bei n g the h u sb a n ds o f o n e w i fe , a re r ecko n ed u Ma ny o f the a postle s were p m a rried , a n d c a rr ied their wives a bo ut with the m a s a lso ’ . . . . . Aq uil a d id P ris cill a A n other a ct wa s p a ssed , co n fi rm i n g the l it urgy , wh ich wa s n o w fi n ished e igh t b is h o p s a nd three tempor a l lord s o n ly protesti n g a g a i n st it The r e wa s a lo n g pre a mble , se t t i n g forth the i n co nv e n ie n cies o f the fo r m e r o ffi ces ,a nd t he p a i n s th a t h a d b ee n t a ke n to re fo r m the m a n d th a t di ve r s b ishops a n d divi n es h a d , by the a id o f the Holy Ghost , with a un i fo r m a gree m e n t co n cl uded o n the n ew b o ok th ere fore they e n a cted th a t by W hits un d ay n e x t a ll d i v in e o ffi ces sho u ld b e p e r fo r med a cco r di n g to it a n d sed other o ffi ces , for t h e fi r st o ffe n ce , they if a ” ; perso n s u i m p r iso n ed s ix mo n ths , lose their b e n ifi ce s fo r s h Uld b e r i n g li fe fo r the t hi r d h e se co n d , a n d b e i m p r iso n e d d u A n o t her a ct wa s a lso p a ssed respe c t i n g fa sti n g , d e cla r a ll d a ys a n d m e a t s w e r e in themselves Th gh n , a t tho u g e , a n d to the a li ke , yet fa sti n g b ei n g a g r e a t help to virt u s ubd ui n g the b ody to t he m i n d; it wa s e n a cted , th a t Le n t , r d a ys , a n d e m be r d a ys , sho u ld b e a n d a ll Frid a ys a n d S a t u n de r seve r a l pe n a l ties , e x cepti n g the we a k , or fis h d a ys , u ” those th a t ha d the ki n g s li ce n se Ch r ist h a d told his dis ld f a st c i le s , th a t whe n he w a s t a ke n fr o m the m ,t hey sho u p so in t he pri m i t ive c h ur ch they fa s t ed be fo r e E a ster ; b ut the sa m e n um be r o f d ay s wa s n ot obse r ved in a ll pl a ces ; les a n d d a ys we r e est a blishe d : b ut S t a fte r wa rd , o t her r u A us t i n co m pl a i n ed , th a t m a n y in h is ti m e pl a ced a ll t he ir religio n in obse r vi n g the m F a s t d a ys a r e t ur n ed t o a mocke ry in the ch ur ch o f Ro m e , in whi ch they d ine on i site ly d re st a nd d r i n k wi n e fis h e x q u . . J t - - ’ . . . 33 6 rm ’ s B O O K o r ma n t r a s . ws c c m p e llin g it h a d o c c a si o n ed g r e a t deb a u chery , t he) ” were a ll re pe a led The pre t e n ce o f ch a stity in the R0 mish priests ha d p ossessed the wo r ld with a high op i n io n o f t hem , a n d h a d b ee n a g r e a t r efle ctio n o n the re for m ers , if the world ha d n o t cle a r ly see n th r o ugh it a n d bee n m a de ve r y se n sible o f the ill e ffects o f it , by the d e file m e n t it bro ught i n to their o wn fa m ilies No r wa s there a ny poi n t in whi ch the re fo r m e r s h a d se a r ched the S crip t u res m o r e , to re m ove t he p r ej udi ce th a t la y a g a i n st the m In the O ld Testa m e n t a ll the priests we r e n ot o n ly m a rr ied , b ut the I n the Ne w Test a m e n t o ffi ce des ce n ded by i n herita n ce m a rr i a ge was decl a red ho n o u r a ble in a ll : a m o n g the q ua sb a n ds lifi c a t ion s o f b ishops a nd de a co n s , their b ei n g the h u M a n y o f the a postle s were o f o n e w i fe , a r e re c k o n ed u p m a r ried , a n d c a rried their wives a bo u t with the m a s a ls o Aq uil a d id P riscill a A n o t her a ct wa s p a ssed , co n firmi n g the l it urgy , wh ic h wa s n o w fi n ished eigh t b is h ops a n d th r ee tempor a l lord s o n ly protesti n g a g a i n st it The r e wa s a lo n g p r e a mble , se t t i n g forth the i n co n ve n ie n cies o f the former o ffi ces ,a n d a n d th a t t h e p a i n s th a t h a d bee n t a ke n to r e fo r m the m di ve r s b ishops a n d div in es h a d , by the a id o f the Holy G host , with a un i fo r m a gr ee m e n t co n cl uded o n the n ew bo ok th ere fo r e they e n a cted th a t by W hits und ay n e x t ld be pe r fo r m ed a cco r di n g to it a n d a ll di v i n e o ffi ces sho u sed other o ffi ces , fo r the first o ffe n ce , they if a " ; perso n s u i m p r iso n ed s ix m o n ths , lose thei r b e n ifi c e s fo r s h J Uld be t ri n g li fe fo r the third h e se co n d , a n d b e i m p r iso n ed d u A n o t her a ct wa s a lso p a ssed re spe c t i n g fa s t i n g , d e clar a ll d a ys a n d m e a ts w e r e in themselves Th gh n , a t tho u g e , a n d to the a li ke , yet fa sti n g bei n g a gre a t help to vi r t u s ubd ui n g the b ody to the m i n ch it wa s e n a cted , th a t Le n t , r d a ys , a n d embe r - d a ys , sho u ld be a n d a ll F r id a ys a n d S a t u n der seve r a l pe n a lties , e x cepti n g the we a k , or fis h-d a ys , u ’ ” those th a t ha d the ki n g s li ce n se Ch r ist h a d told his dis ld fa st c i le s ,th a t whe n he wa s t a ke n fr o m the m ,they sh o u p so in t he p r i m itive ch ur ch they fa sted be fo r e E a ster ; b ut the sa m e n um be r o f d a y s wa s n o t obse r ved in a ll pl a ces ; les a nd d a ys we r e est a blishe d : b ut S t a ft e r wa r d , o t her r u A us t i n co m pl a i n ed , th a t m a n y in h is ti m e pl a ced a ll t he ir religio n in obse r vi n g the m F a s t d a ys a r e t ur n ed t o a r ch o f Ro m e , in w hi ch they d ine o n m ockery in the ch u i si t e ly d re st a nd d r i n k wi n e fis h e x q u ’ ra . . . . . . . . . F o x s n o o k o r m a ur r a s ’ 33 7 ' . A n ew Vis ita ti on . cle r gy g a ve the k i n g s ubsi d ies , up o n ed The fi r st thi n g a t wn ic h the p a r li a m e n t wa s p r o r og u n ifo r m i ty t e n ded to wa s the en fo r ci n g t he a c t o f u S ome co m pl a i n ts we r e m a de o f t he p r ies t s m a n n e r o f o ffi ci a t i n g , who did i t with s u ch a to n e o f v o ic e th a t the people co uld n o t un de r st a n d wh a t wa s s a id ,a ny m o r e th a n whe n the p r a ye r s we r e s a id in L a ti n P r a ye r s we r e ,the r e fo r e,o r de r ed to be s a id in p a r i sh ch ur ches in a pl a i n vo ice ,b ut in c a thed r a ls the old wa y wa s still kep t up ,a s a g r eei n g bette r wi th t he m usi c used in the m tho ugh t his see m ed n o t ve r y dece n t in t h e co n fessio n o f si n s , n o r in t he l it a n y , whe r e a si m ple vo ice , g r a vely ut te r ed , a greed bette r w ith those devot io n s th a n c a de n ces a n d m usi c a l n o t es O the r s co n ti n ued to us e a ll t h e gesti c u l a ti o n s , c r ossi n gs ,a n d k n eeli n gs , to whi ch they ha d fo r m erly b ee n a cc u st o m e d The people a lso co n ti n ue d the us e o f thei r h e a d s , whi ch ha d b ee n b r o ught m by P eter the He r m i t , in the eleve n th ce n t ur y , by wh i ch the repe a ti n g the a n gel s s a l ut a tio n to t h e Vi r gi n wa s m a de a g r e a t p ar t o f t hei r devotio n , a n d wa s t e n t i m es s a id fo r o n e P a t er n os t er I n st r uctio n s we r e gi ve n to the v isite r s to p ut a ll these do wn , a n d to in q ui r e if a ny p r ies ts co n ti nu e d t hei r t r e n t a ls o r m a sses fo r de a r ted so u ls O r ders p we r e a lso give n , th a t the r e sho u ld b e n o p r iv a te m a sses a t a lt a r s in the co r n e r s o f ch u a lso t h a t the r e sho u ld b e r ches bu n io n in a d a , u t o n e co m m u n l ess in g r e a t ch u r ches , y a n d a t high fes t iv a ls , in w hi ch they we r e a llo wed to h a ve two , o n e in the m o r n i n g , a n d a n o t he r a t n oo n The visi t e r s m a de thei r r epo r t , t h a t t hey fo un d the book o f co m m o n n i v e r s a lly o v e r the ki n gdo m , p r a ye r r e cei v ed u e x cept th a t t h e l a dy Ma r y co n t i n ued to h a ve m a ss s a id a c co r di n g to the a b r og a t ed fo r m s Upo n this the co un cil wr ote to he r to co n fo r m to t he l a w s ; fo r t h e n e a r e r she wa s to t he ki n g in blood ,she wa s so m u ch the m o r e oblige d ” to gi ve e x a m ple to t he r est o f the s ubj e c t s S he r e fuse d to co m ply w i t h thei r desi r es ,a n d se n t to the e m p e r o r fo r his p r o t ectio n ; upo n w hi ch b e p r essed the E n glis h a m b a ss a d o r s , who p r o m ised t h a t she sho u ld b e dis pe n sed wi t h ,a t le a st fo r the p r ese n t The e m p e r o r p r ete n d ed a f te r wa r d s th a t they h a d m a de h im a n a b s ol u t e p r o m ise t h at ld n e ve r more be t r o u bled abo ut it ,b ut t hey sa id it he s ho u Bo th th e l a ity a n d . . ’ . . . ’ . . . . . . 29 336 Fox ’ s B O OK o r MA R T YR S . tempo ra ry o n e S he re fused to a ck n o wle d g e the l a ws m a de whe n the ki n g was un der a ge , a n d c a r rie d he r sel f ve r y h a ug ht ily fo r she well k n e w th a t t he pr o t e c l o f a wa r w ith F r a n ce , whi ch m a de the t o r wa s the n fe a r fu e m p e r or s a lli a n ce m o r e n e cess a ry t o E n gl a n d : yet t he co un cil se n t fo r the o ffi ce r s o f h e r ho usehold , a n d r e quir ed the m to le t h e r k n o w, t ha t t he k i n g s a utho r i ty wa s the s a m e while he wa s a child ,a s if he we r e a t full a ge a n d t h a t it wa s n o w lodged in t he m ,a n d tho u gh , a s s i n gle pe r s o ns ,t he y we r e a ll i n fe r io r to h e r , yet a s they we r e t he ki n g s co u n cil , she wa s b o u n d to obey the m , especi a lly whe n they e x e c u t ed t h e la w whi ch a ll s ubj e cts ,o f wh a t r a n k soeve r , were b o u n d to obey At p r ese n t , ho wever , t hey d u r st go n o fu re r ther fo r fe a r o f the e m pero r s disple a s u wa s o n ly a . ’ ’ , ’ . ’ . Ana b ap t is ts in E ng la n d . There we r e so m e a n a b a ptists a t this ti m e in E ngl a n d , who c a m e fr o m Ge r m a ny O f t hese the r e we r e t wo so r ts ; the fi r st o n ly obj e cted t o the b a p t izi n g o f child r e n , a nd to the m a n n er o f it , by s p r i n kli n g i n ste a d o f d ippi n g The o t he r held m a ny o p i n i o n s , a n cie n t ly co n de m n ed a s he r esies they h a d r a ised a wa r in Ge r m a n y , a n d h a d se t up a n e w ki n g a t Mun ste r ; b ut a ll these we r e c a lled An a b a p t is t s , fr o m thei r o p posi t io n to i n fa n t b a ptis m , tho ug h it wa s o n e o f t h e m ildest o p i n i o n s the y held W he n t hey ca m e to E ngl a n d ,a c o mm is s io n wa s g r a n ted to so m e b ishops , a n d o t he r s to se a r ch t he m o u t , a n d to proceed a g a i n st t he m Se ve r a l o f t he s e pe r so n s , o n bei n g t a ke n up a n d b ro ught b e fo r e t he m , a bj ur ed thei r e r r o r s ,so m e o f whi ch we r e , Th a t t he r e wa s n o t a t r i n i ty o f pe r so n s ; t h a t C h r ist wa s n o t God , a n d took n o t flesh o f the Vi r gi n ; a n d ” th a t a r e ge n e r a te m a n co ul d n o t s in Jo a n Bo a c h e r , c a lled Jo a n o f K e n t , o ne o f their p r ose lytes , pe r sis t ed in he r e r r or , a n d de n ied t h a t Ch r ist took bst a n ce o f his m othe r ; she wa s i n t ole r a bly flesh o f t he s u v a i n o f h e r n o t io n s , a n d r ej ec ted w i th sco r n a ll the in c t io n s o ffe r ed he r ; she wa s t he r e fo r e co n de m n ed a s a n str u l a r po we r But o bsti n a te he r e t ic , a n d del ive r ed to t he sec u it wa s wi t h the m ost e x tr e me r el u c t a n ce th a t t he ki ng gh t it wa s t io n ; he t h o u s ig n ed the w a r r a n t fo r he r e x ec u el ty for whic h the re a n in s t an ce o f th e s a m e s n ir it o f cr u . . . . “ . . 3 40 F o ’ x s B O O K o r MART YRB . ' ed to e n de a vo ur to p r ev a il o n the m t o d isperse witho u shedd i n g blood : b ut Ar un d el , a m a n o f q ua lity ,b ein g a t thei r he a d , they we r e n o t a m ere r a bble , e a sily sc a t t e r ed , bu t h a d m o r e o f t he disci pl i n e a n d co n seq u e n t stre n g t h l a r a r my They , ho we v er , co n se n ted to t r e a t o f a r eg u wi t h L o r d Ru ssel ,a n d by him for wa rded the follo w i n g de m a nds to the co u rt Th a t the o ld se r vi ce a n d c e r e m o n ies m igh t be set u a g a i n a t t h e a c t o f t he s ix a r t i cles , h t p a n d t h e de c r ees o f ge n e r a l co u n cils , m igh t be a g a i n in force t h a t t h e B ible i n E n gli s h sho u ld be c a lled in th a t p r e a che r s sho uld p r a y fo r the so uls in p ur g a to r y th a t c a r d i n a l P ole sho u ld b e re c a lled ; t h a t t he h a l f o f the a bbey l a n d s sho uld b e resto r ed ,to fo un d two a bbeys in eve r y co un t y ; a n d th a t ge n t le m e n o f 1 00 m a r ks a ye a r might ha ve o n e serv a n t a n d they de si r ed a s a fe co n d u ct for thei r c hie f le a d e r s , in o r de r t o the r edress o f thei r p a rti e n la r g r iev a n ces : they a ft e r wa r d r ed u ced thei r dem a n d s to t hose o n ly which r el a t ed to r eligio n Cr a n m er wr o te a n a n s we r to these , sho wi n g Th e n ovel t y a n d S u e r sti t io n o f those r ites a n d ce r e m o n ies ,a n d p o f a ll th a t me t hod o f w o r shi p o f which they we r e so fo n d a n d t h a t t h e a m e n d m e n t s a n d ch a n ges h a d bee n m a de a c cordi n g to t he S c r i p t ur es ,a n d the c usto m s o f the p r i m i t i ve ch urch : th a t thei r be i n g p a r t i a l to a wo r shi p whi ch they un de r stood n o t , a n d bei n g desi r o us to be kept s t ill in ig n o r a n ce , wi t ho u t t he S c r ip t ur es , p r oved t h a t t hei r p r iests ha d g r e a ter po we r over the m t h a n the co mm o n re a so n o f a ll m a n ki n d ha d : a s fo r the s ix a r t i cles ,th a t a c t ha d n ever p a sse d if the l a te ki n g ha d n o t go n e in perso n t o the p a r lia m e n t , a n d a r g u ed fo r it : yet he soo n s a w his e r ror ,a n d ” ti n g it wa s sl a ck in e x e c u A ft e r t his , a th r e a te n i n g lette r wa s se n t to them , in t he ki n g s n a m e , upb r a idi n g the m fo r t hei r rebellio n a n d bl i n d ob edi e n ce to t hei r p r iests In it the a utho r ity o f t he ki n g , a ltho u h u n der a e , wa s sho wn a t l a r ge ; fo r by the pre g g te n ce o f t he ki n g s m i n o r i ty , the people ge n e r a lly we r e t a ught t o believe t h a t the i r r i si n g in a r m s w a s n o t re b ellio n sio n ,t hey we r e e a r n es t ly i n vi t ed t o s ub m i t t o the In co n cl u roy a l m e r cy , a s o the r s h a d do n e , who m t he ki n g ha d n o t o n ly p a r do n e d , b ut h a d r ed r essed thei r j ust g r ie v a n ces A fa s t wa s p r o cl a i m ed a t co ur t ,whe r e C r a n m er pre a che d wit h gr ea t fr e ed o m a n d v e he m e n ce : he repr o ve d the a s . - - . . ’ . ’ . . Fo x ’ s B OO K or M A RT YRS 4] . s lives , p a rti c ul a r ly those wa o pr e for the ir vi cio u te n ded a l ove to the gospel ; a n d set b e fo r e them t he se m b ly l u dg m e n t s o f God , w hi ch they m ight e x pe ct wo u d over j t a ke thei r m isdeeds ,if they did n o t repe n t a n d a m e n d thei r lives The rebels still co n ti n ui n g in a rms , troops were s e n t a g a i n st them , a n d a ft e r so m e resist a n ce in O x fordshire , D evo n shire , a n d No r folk , they we r e a t le n g th every where ro u ted , their le a de r s p un ished , a n d tr a n q uill ity res ore d . , t . Vis ita tion of C a mbr id g e . A v isit a tio n o f C a m bridge follo wed soo n a fter thi s nd t whe n he fo u Ridley wa s the chie f o f the visi t e r s ; b u th a t a desig n wa s l a id to s upp r ess so m e colleges , un der p r e t e n ce o f un i t i n g the m to othe r s , a n d to co n ve r t som e fello wships t h a t we r e p r o v ided fo r divi n es , to the st u dy o f th e c 1vil la w, he re fused his a sse n t H e s a id , The ch urch wa s a lle a d y too m uch r obbed , a n d yet so me m e n s r a ve n o us n ess wa s n o t yet s a t isfied It see m ed a desig n t o f t he l a n d ; wa s l a id t o d r i v e b o t h religio n a n d le a r n i n g o u ” there fo r e he desi r ed le a ve t o be go n e The o t her visi ters co m pl a i n ed o f h im t o the p r o t e c t or , who wro t e h im a r e provi n g le t ter : b ut he a n s we r ed it w i t h the fr eedo m th a t bec a me a bishop , who wa s resolved to s uffe r a ll t hi n gs ra t her th a n s in a g a i n st hi s co n sci e n ce ; a n d the pr ote ctor w a s so w ell s a ti sfie d w ith h im , th a t , fo r his s a ke , the col l ege o f Cl a r e -h a ll ,the s upp r essio n o f whi ch he ha d stro ng ly obj e c t ed to , wa s preserved . “ . ’ ' . . . B on ner P r osecu ted . B o n n er was n ow b ro ught i n to tro uble It wa s n ot e a sy t o k n o w ho w to de a l wi t h him , fo r he o beyed every order th a t wa s se n t h im ,a n d yet it wa s k n o wn th a t he se cretly h a ted a n d co n de m n ed a ll t h a t wa s do n e ; a n d a s o ft e n as he co uld decl a re th a t s a fely , he did so , a nd by s uch m e a n s r ve d his i n te r est w i t h the p a pists : rese a n d tho u g h h e p n cil , yet he did it in so remis s o beyed t he o r d e r s o f the co u a m a n n er , th a t it wa s visibly a g a i n s t hi s in cli n a ti o n He was ,th e r e for e c a ll e d be fore t he co u n cil ,an d ch a r e d with g . . ” 9 2 849 Fox ’ s no o n or ma n r va s r p a rt i c u la rs , th a t W here a s he us e d to o fii ciat e himsel f o n the gre a t festiv a ls , he ha d n o t do n e it si n ce the n e w se r vi ce wa s set o u t ; th a t he took n o c a r e to rep r es s ” l t e r y , a n d th a t he n eve r p r e a ched O n e x a mi n a t io n , ad u provi n g very re fr a ctory a n d viole n t , he wa s dep r ived o f his bishopric , a n d co m m itted to priso n d uri n g the ki n g s ple a s u re se ve a l . ’ . F a ll of the P r o t ector The E n glish a ffa i r s upo n the co n ti n e n t this ye a r were n su ccess ful , a n d the fa ult bei n g l a id o n t he e x tremely u p r ote cto r , he a vy co m pl a i n ts we r e m a de a g a i n st him a nd his e n e m ies , who we r e very n ume r o us a nd po we r ful , ope n ly d e cl a r ed t hei r hos t ili ty The e a r ls o f S o ut h a mpto n a n d o f W a r wic k we r e t h e chie f ; the o n e h a ted h im fo r dis m issi n g him fr o m the c h a n cello r shi p , a nd the othe r b e c a use he wa s his r i v a l in po we r a n d di gn i ty The p r i vy co un sello r s co m pl a i n ed th a t he wa s become so a r bi t ra r y in his p r oceedi n gs , th a t he li t tle reg a rd ed t he n cil , o pposi t io n t h a t wa s m a de by t h e m aj o r i ty o f the co u to a n y o f his desig n s All t hose t hi ngs co n c ur r ed to c r e a te him m a n y e n e m ies ; a n d , e x cept Cr a n m e r , P a get , a n d Sm i t h , a ll t ur n ed a ga i n st him The p r o t e cto r co n d ucted the ki n g to H a m pto n co urt , an d t him , which in t m a n y o f his o wn people a bo u pu cre a se d the j e a lo usies o f the O p posite p a r t y ; upo n which n cil m e t a t Ely ho u se , a n d a ss um e d ni n e o f the p r ivy co u to t he m selves the a utho r i ty o f the co un cil a n d secret ar y Petre bei n g se n t by t he ki n g , to a s k a n a cco un t o f their mee t i n g , in ste a d o f ret ur n i n g , j oi n ed hi m sel f to the m They m ade a full d e cl a r a tio n o f the p r ote cto r s ill gover n m e n t ; a n d st a ted t h a t The r e fo r e t hey resol ve d , the m ” Bo th s elves , to see t he s a fety o f t h e ki n g a n d ki n gd o m the city o f L o n do n , a n d the lie ut e n a n t o f the To wer de c la r e d fo r them : they a lso se n t lette r s a ll ove r E n l a n d , g desi r i n g the a ssis ta n ce o f the n obili t y a n d ge n t r y ,a n d seve n mo r e o f the p r i vy co un cil j oi n ed t he m The p r o t e c t or ha d re m oved t he k i n g fr o m H a mpto n c ou rt to Wi n dso r c a s t le , whi c h wa s c a p a ble o f so m e d e fe n ce ; a n d h a d a r m ed so m e o f his o wn se r v a n ts ; et y h msel f n e a rl a ll his fr ie nd s , a nd a b a nd o n ed b se ei n i y g y . . . . - . ’ . . - 44 Fo x ’ s B OOK o r M A R T Y R S . bj ect He ,ho we ver , ha d m a de him forget th a t he wa s a s u ha d c a rried his g r e a t n ess with m uch i n n oce n ce , si n c e , died ch a r ges b r o ught a g a i n st him by his n u i n a ll the st u m or o n s e n emies , n o a cts o f cr uelty , r a pi n e , o r b r ibery , His fa ults we r e r a ther e r r o r s a nd we r e obj ected to h im ” H is e m b a si n g th e coi n was we a k n esses , th a n c r i m es d one u p o n a co mm o n m ist a ke o f we a k gove r n m e n ts , who fly to th a t a s thei r l a st r e fu ge in the n e cessity o f the ir a f In his i m p r iso n m e n t ,h e set hi m sel f to the st u dy o f fair s mo r a l philoso p hy a n d divi n ity , a n d wr ote a p r e fa ce to a . . . . b o ok o n p a tie n ce ,whi ch h a d m a de a g r e a t i m pressio n o n ‘ his mi n d H is fa ll wa s a g r e a t a filic t io n to a ll who love d ch i n c r e a sed , by their th e r e fo r m a tio n , a n d this wa s m u th fe a rs o f t wo o f his g r e a test e n e m ies ; o f who m So u a m pto n wa s a k n o w n p a pist ,a n d W a r wick was looked o n a s a m a n o f n o religio n Bu t thi s eve n t , while it dep r essed the r e for m ers , r a ised the spi r its o f the p a p ists : t he d uke o f No r folk a n d G a r d in e r hoped to b e disch ar ged B o n n e r e x pected to be t e est ablished in his b ishop r i c ; a n d the n e w service wa s n e t the e a r l o f W a r w ick , fi n di n g gle c t e d in m a n y pl a ces : b u the ki n g ze a lo usly a t t a ched to the re fo r m a tio n , a ffe cted se A co ur t o f civili a n s to be a g r e a t p r o m ote r o f th a t c a u po n their wa s a ppoi n ted to e x a m i n e B o n n e r s a ppe a l , a n d u repo r t t he co un cil rej e c t ed it ,a n d co n fi r med his se n te n ce In Nove m be r , the p a r li a m e n t m et in whi ch a ki n d o f r iot a c t wa s p a ssed , de cl a r i n g i t t r e a so n in a ny pe r so n s to m be r o f t welve , if, o n bei n g re q u ested a sse m ble to the n u The b ishops m a de a he a v y c o m th ey d id n o t dispe r se pl a i n t o f the g r o wth o f vi ce a n d i m p ie ty , a nd th a t t heir po we r wa s so m uch a b r idged th a t they co uld n ot repress it A c cor di n gly ,a b ill wa s re a d ,e n l a r gi n g their a uthority , whi ch wa s p a ssed by the lords ; b u t the co mm o n s rej e cted it ,a n d i n ste a d o f it , se n t up a bill th a t e m po we r ed t hi rty two perso n s wh o we r e to b e n a m ed by the ki n g , the o n e h a l f o f the te m po r a lty , a n d t he othe r o f the s p irt ua lty ,to compile a b ody o f e cclesi a sti c a l l a w s withi n th r ee ye a rs ; te a n d th a t these ,n o t bei n g co n tra ry to the co mm o n or st a t u ld h a ve the force la w , a n d a p p r oved o f by the ki n g , sho u o f e cclesi a sti c a l l a ws Six bishops a n d s ix other cle r gyme n were emp o we red to pr e a re a n e w form o f ord ina tio n ; whi ch b e ing co n p . . . . ’ . . . . r o x s B O OK o r MA RT YRS 84 5 ’ . l d t a ke pl a ce a ft er Apri n d e r th e gre a t se a l, sho u hrme d u A r ti cles were a lso prese n ted a g a i n st the d uke 01 ne x t S ome r set , with a co n fessio n sig n ed by h im , in whi ch he p r otested th a t h is e r rors h a d flo wed r a t her fr o m in d is cr e tio n th a n m a li ce , a n d de n i ed a ll tre a so n a ble design s a g a i n st the ki n g , or the r e a l m He wa s fi n ed in £ 2 000 a ye a r in l a n d ,a n d wa s de pr i v ed o f a ll hi s goods a n d o ffi ces He “ co m pl a i n ed o f t he he a vi n ess o f thi s s e n te n ce , a n d d e ’ r , tr u sti ng s i r ed e a r n es t l y to b e r esto r ed to the ki n g s fa v o u ” ld m a ke a m e n ds fo r his p a st follie s H e wa s t h a t he sho u d isch a r ged in the begi n n i n g o f Febr ua r y , soo n a fte r wh ich he wa s p a r do n ed , a n d wa s a g a i n bro ught b o t h to t he co urt a n d co u n cil in Ap r il The r e fo r m a tio n n ow,a ft er this co n fusio n ,re co m me n ced r The co un cil se n t o r d ers th r o ugho ut with fr esh vigo u E n gl a nd , to r e q ui r e a ll to co n fo r m themselves to the n e w se r vi ce , a n d to c a ll in a ll the books o f the old o ffi ces An All the a c t w a s p a ssed in p a r li a m e n t to the s a m e e ffect old books a n d i m a ges we r e a ppoi n ted to b e de fa ce d , a n d a ll p r a ye r s to s a i n ts were to b e st r u ck o ut o f the books o f . . . . . . . . devotio n p ublished by the l a te ki n g The co m m ittee a ppoi n ted to p r ep a re the b ook o f ord i They fo un d n a tio n s , fi n ished t heir w o r k with u n a n i m i ty th a t , in t he a n cie n t ch ur ch ,the r e wa s n othi n g use d in ordi n a tio n s , b u t p r a ye r a n d i m posi t io n o f h a n ds ; the a n oi n ti n g a n d givi n g co n se c r a ted ves t m e n ts bei n g a dd i t io n s o f l a ter a ges I n the co un cil o f Flore n ce it wa s decl a r ed , th a t t he ri te o f ord a i n i n g a p r iest , wa s the d eliveri n g the vessels fo r the e uch a r ist , wi th a po w er to o ffer s a c r i fices to God for the de a d a n d livi n g ,whi ch was a n ovelty ia ve n t ed to s upport the belie f o f t r a n s ubsta n ti a tio n All these a dditio n s we r e n o w c u t o ff , ordi n a tio n wa s restored to a g r e a te r si m pli city ; a n d the fo r m wa s a l m ost the s a m e a s th a t still in u se in the ch u r ch o f E n gl a n d ; o n ly the n i n o r d a i n i n g a p r iest , th e b ishop wa s to la y o n e h a n d o n his he a d ,a n d w i t h the o ther to gi v e him a B ible ,a n d a ch a l i ce , a n d bre a d in it In the co n se c r a tio n o f a bishop , the fo r m wa s the s a m e th a t we s t ill e m ploy ,o n ly the n t hey r e ta in e d t he c u sto m o f givi n g the bishop a st a ll, s ayi ng the se ” words , B e to the flock o f Christ a shephe r d At this ti m e pope P a ul the Thi r d died In the c o n clave th a t foll o wed , c a rdi na l F a r n ese pro m oted t he i n tere s t o f . . . . . . . . 846 ’ B O OK Fox s or M A R T YR S . rd inal Pole , whos e wis e beh a vio ur a t Tre n t h a d gre a tly ra ised h im in the opi n i o n o f his co n tempor a r ies It a ls o a ppe a red , th a t tho u gh he w as o f the e m pe r or s fa cti o n ,y et he did n o t serve him bli n dly S o me lo a ded him with t he imp u t a ti o n s o f L uther a n is m ,a n d o f i n co n ti n e n ce ; the l as t wo u ld n o t h a ve hi n de r ed his a dv a n ce m e n t m uch ,t ho ugh true ,yet he fully cle a red hi m sel f fr o m i t : b ut the fo r m er lay he a vier ; for in his ret ire m e n t a t Viterb o , w he r e he ch to the st udy o f c o n wa s leg a te ,he ha d give n hi m sel f m u specte d t r o ve r s ie s a n d T r a n e lliu s ,F la m in io ,a n d o t he r s s u ther a n ism ,h a d lived in his ho use ; a n d in the d isc us of Lu sio n s a t the co un cil o f Tre n t he see m ed fa vo ur a ble t o so m e o f their opi n io n s But the gre a t s ufferi n gs bot h o f hi m sel f a n d fa mily in E n gl a n d , see m ed to set hi m a b ove a ll s u spi cio n s W he n h is fr ie n ds h a d a l m ost g a i n ed a s uffi cie n t numb e r ffr a ges , he see m ed little c on cer n ed a t i t , a n d r a the r o f su decli n ed t h a n a spi r ed to the dign ity W he n a full n umbe r o f the c a rdi n a ls h a d a greed , a n d c a m e to a do r e him , a c cord i n g to the o r di n a r y ce r e m o n y , he re ceived i t with his us ua l cold n ess ; a n d a s they c a m e in the n ight , he s a id , ” God loved light , a n d the r e fo r e a dvise d the m to del ay the a dor a tio n till d a y The I t a li a n s , a m o n g who m a mb i ti o n i s tho ught to be the ch ar a c t e r isti c o f a gre a t mi nd looked o n this a s a n i n s uffer a ble p iece of d ul n ess ; so th at t he c a r d i n a ls dese r ted h im be fore d a y ,a n d chose De Mo n t e pope , wh o a ss um ed the p a p a l cro wn by the n a m e o f J uli u s the Third H is fi r st p r o m otio n wa s ve r y e x tr a ordi n a ry , fo r he g a ve his o wn c a r di n a l s h a t to a se r v a n t wh o ke pt hi s m o n key ; a n d bei n g a sked t he re a so n o f i t ,he s a id He s a w a s m uch in h is serva n t to recomm e n d him to be a c a r di n a l , a s the co n cl a ve s a w in hi m to i n d uce them t o ” choose h im pope a ry ,Ridley wa s m a de bisho p o f L o n do n a n d I n Feb r u W est m i nster , with li ce n se to hold t wo p r e h e n ds ; a n d his p a te n t wa s n o t d ur i n g ple a s ure , b ut d ur i ng li fe Abo ut this ti m e there was a rum o ur o f a m a rri a ge b e t wee n the ki ng , a n d a F r e n ch p r i n cess ,which grieved t he re fo r me r s , who r a ther wished him to m a r ry t he d a ughter o f the e m peror Ma x imili a n , wh o w a s b el i eved to fa vo u r t h e re form a t io n , a n d wa estee m ed o n e o f the be s t me n o f s Dr L a t imer pre a ched a t co urt ,a nd wa rn e d t he the age ca . ’ . . . . . . ’ . . . . 3 48 Fox ’ s B O OK o r ma rin a s . The C ommon P r a y er B o ok r evised A desig n wa s n o w s e t . foot for a revisio n o f the c ommo n p r a yer boo k : in o r der to which the opi n io n o f th a t emi n e n t re fo r m e r Buce r wa s a sked H e replie d “ t ha t He a pp r oved t he m a i n p a r ts o f the form e r book , a n d wished t he r e might be n o t o n ly a de n u n ci a tio n a g a i n st sc a n d a lo us pe r so n s who c a m e to t h e s a cr a me n t, b ut a dis on . to e x cl ude the m : th a t the h a b i ts m igh t be l a id a side ; n i o n o ffi ce m ight t h a t n o p a rt o f the co mm u be used , e x cept whe n the r e wa s a s a cr a m e n t ; th a t co mm a m ight b e more fr e q u n io n s e n t th a t the p r a ye r s might be s a id in a pla in voi ce ; the s a cra m e n t p ut in the people s ” h a n ds a n d th a t there m ight b e n o p r a ye r s fo r t he de a d He a lso a dvised a ch a n ge o f seve r a l phr a ses in the o f n io n th a t fa vo u fi c e o f the co m m u r ed t r a n s u bst a n ti a tio n too mu ch ; a n d th a t b a ptis m m ight be pe r fo r m ed o n ly in ” r ches ght the h a llo wi n g the wa ter , the ch u ; he tho u n o r d id ch r is m ,a n d the whi t e g a r m e n t ,we r e too sce n ic a l he a pp r ove o f a bj u r i n g the devil , n o r o f the god fa ther s ght co n fi r m a tio n a n s we r i n g in the c h ild s n a m e : he tho u ld be del ayed t ill the pe r so n wa s o f a ge ,a n d c a m e s in s ho u a n d c a te chisi n g c e r e ly to re n e w the b a p tis m a l cove n a n t sho uld t a ke pl a ce eve r y holyd a y ,b oth o f child r e n a nd lts He disliked p r iv a te m a r r i a ges , e x tre m e un ctio n , adu r chi n g o f wo m e n : a n d a n d m a ki n g o ffe r i n gs a t the ch u tho ught the r e o ught to be g r e a t e r st r i ct n ess used in the ” e x a m i n a t io n o f t h ose pe r so n s wh o c a me to r e ce i ve orders At the s a m e t i m e he un de r stood t h a t the ki n g e x pected a n e w e a r s gi ft fr o m h im , o f a book wri t te n p a r tic u a r ly l y fo r his o wn u s e : he the r e fo r e ,p r ep a r ed a b ook co n ce r n i n g the ki n gdom o f Ch r i st ; in whi ch he pressed m uch the a st r i ct disci pli n e , the s a n c t ifi c a t io n o f the L o rd s s ett i n g u p r a lities a n d d a y , the a ppoi n ti n g d a ys o f fa sti n g ,a n d th a t pl u n o n r eside n ce o f the cle r gy m ight b e co n de m n ed ; th a t child r e n m igh t be c a techised ; th a t the r evere n ce d ue to ch urches m i ght be p r ese r ved ; th a t the p a sto r a l fun ctio n might be r esto r ed to wh a t it o ught to be th a t bisho p s l a r a ffa i r s ,t a ke c a r e o f their d io ce s se s , m ight th r o w o ff se c u a n d gover n the m by the a dvi ce o f the ir presbyte r s ; th a t r a l b isho ps over twen ty or th irty p a ris he s the re mi ght b e ru c ip lin e ’ , . ’ ’ v ! . . ’ ’ - Fox 9 B O OK o r un a r x n s 3 49 . th a t provi n c ia l co un cils m ight meet twice a ye a r ; th a t ch urch l a n ds sho uld b e restored ,a n d th a t a fo urth p a rt ld b e a ssig n ed to the poor ; th a t m a r r i a ge wi t ho ut co n s ho u se n t o f p a r e n t s , sho uld be a n n ulled ; th a t a seco n d ma r l ,a fter a d ivorce fo r a d ulte r y r ia ge m ight be dec la r ed l a wfu th a t c a r e sho uld be t a ke n o f t he a n d fo r so m e o t he r r e a so n s ed uc a tio n o f yo ut h a n d fo r r epressi n g l ux ury ; th a t the la w m ight be re form ed ; th a t n o o ffi ce m ight b e sold ,b u t give n to t he most d ese r vi n g th a t n o n e sho uld b e p ut in pri so n fo r slight o ffe n ces a n d th a t the se ve r i ty o f so m e l a ws , a s th a t which m a de the ft ca pi ta l , m ight be mitig a ted Ed wa rd wa s m uch ple a sed wi t h these co un sels ; a nd upo n the m beg a n to fo r m a scheme fo r a m e n di n g m a n y thi ngs th a t we r e a m iss in the gove r n m e n t This he wr ote ou t with his o wn h a n d , a n d in a s tyle a n d m a n n er whi ch gh the tho ughts we r e m a n ly He we r e r a ther childi sh ,tho u r n a l o f eve r y t hi n g th a t p a ssed a t hom e , a lso wr ote a j o u It ha s cle a r m a r ks o f a n d o f the n e ws fr o m beyo n d se a bei n g his o wn co m positio n H e a l so wrote a n othe r book in Fre n ch , be i n g a colle cti o n o f a ll the pl a ces o f s cript u re a g a i n st idol a try ,with a p r e fa ce ,a n d a ded i c a tio n to t he prote ctor At this t i me ,Ridley m a de hi s fi rst visit a tio n o f his d io cess ; the a r ti cles upo n which he p r o ceeded were chie fly r e l a ti n g to the se r vi ce a nd cere m o n ies th a t we r e a b olishe d He a lso c a rried wi th him i nj un ctio n s a g a i n st some re m a i n ders o f t he for m er s up ersti tio n ,a n d e x ho r t a ti o n s to the peo pl e t o b e ch a r it a ble , a n d to co m e fr eq ue n tly to the s a cr a a n d he e x p r essed a wi sh th a t a lt a r s in the ch u men t r che s sho uld be re m oved ,a n d t a bles p ut in thei r r oo m ,in t he most co n ve n ie n t pl a ce o f the ch a n cel In the a n cie n t ch ur ch thei r t a bles were o f w ood b ut the s a cr a m e n t b e in g a fte r wa rd c a lled a s a c r i fice ,they c a m e to b e c a lled a l This g a ve rise to the o pi n io n o f a n e x pi a tory s a c r i fi ce tar s ght fit to t a k e in t he m a ss ,a n d there fore it wa s n o w tho u Ridley o n ly a d vis a wa y b oth the n a me a n d fo r m o f a lt a rs ra tes to do this b ut upo n so m e co n tests a risi n g co n e d the c u cer n i ng it,the co un cil i n t e r p osed ,a nd o r de r ed it t o be do ne ; sti fic a tio n o f it , in s e n di n g wit h their orde r s ix r e a so n s in j u wh ich they s h o wed th a t a t a ble wa s m o re prop e r th a n an a lt a r ; espe ci a ll y s in c e t he op i n io n o f a n e x p ia to ry s a cr ifi ce was s u ppo r t ed By the l a tter a nd . . . . . . . . . . . 30 ’ 850 r ox s no o x urtnr r a s or . rb a n c e : the T he gove rn me n t was n ow free o f a ll d ist u co in a ge wa s re for m ed , a n d t r a de wa s e n co ur a ged T he . se emed a lso to b e e x ti n g uished by a m a rri a ge bet wee n the e a rl o f W a r wi ck s so n a n d the d uke ghter o f S o m e r set s d a u The popi sh cle r gy n o w complied with every c h a nge th at O glethorpe , a ft er wa r d b ishop o f C a r l isle , b e wa s m a de in g i n formed a g a i n st a s a fa vo u rer o f the old s uperstitio n , m a de a de cl a r a t io n , th a t he t ho ught the orde r o f religio n the n settled , wa s n e a rer the us e o f the p r i m i t ive ch urch t h a n th a t w hi ch wa s fo r m e r ly r e ce ived and th a t he co n d e m n ed tr a n s ubst a n ti a tio n a s a l a te i n ve n tio n , a n d a p proved the com mun io n in b oth ki nds ; a lso the people s ” r e ce ivi n g i t a l wa ys with t h e p r iest S m i t h , who ha d writte n a g a i n st t he m a rri a ge o f t he cle r gy , a n d ha d bee n i m priso n e d ,b ut wa s disch a r ged by C r a n m er s i n te r cessio n , wrote a s u bmissio n to him , a c k n o wle d gi n g the m ist a ke he ha d co m m itted in hi s book , a n d the a r chbisho p s ki n d n ess to wa r d h im : co n cl udi n g ” with a wish th a t he m ig ht pe r ish ,if he were n o t si n cere , a n d c a lli n g o n God , a s a wit n ess a g a i n st his so ul , if he ” lied Da y , the b ishop o f Chi chester ,p r e a ched a t co u rt a g a i n st tr a n s ubst a n ti a tio n , a nd a ll oppositio n to the re fo r m a tio n see med to h a ve m elted a wa y b ut t he c a l m wa s de ce it ful ; the p a p ists still a bho r r ed the ch a n ge s which h a d bee n m a de gh they tho ught it p r ude n t a t p r ese n t to co m ply a n d a l t ho u wi th the m , they r esolved to s ei ze the e a rliest oppo r t u n ity of thro w i n g o ff the m a sk Ma r ti n Buce r died in the b egi n n i ng o f thi s ye a r He tio n h a d e n te r t a i n ed g r e a t a p p rehe n sio n s o f a fa t a l re v ol u n t o f t he b a d li ves o f the people ,the in E n gl a n d , o n a cco u wa n t o f e c clesi a sti c a l d iscipli n e , a n d the n egle ct o f t he p a stor a l ch a r ge O r ders were se n t fr o m t h e co u rt to C a m b r idge , t o b ur y h im with a ll the p ubli c ho n o ur to his me m o ry th a t co uld be devised S peeches a n d ser m o n s n i v ersity o r a tor , a n d by Pa r we r e m a d e by H a ddo n , t he u ker a nd Re d m a y n The l a st o f these was o n e o f t h e most e x tr a ord i n a ry m e n b o t h fo r le a r n i n g a nd j udgm e n t i n h is time : he ha d di ffe r ed in so m e poi n ts fr om B uc e r ,a nd yet he a ck n o wledged , th a t t he r e we r e n o n e a live o f whom he ch a s he h a d do n e by his co n versa tio n hoped to l e a rn so m u rt fa ct io n s in the co u ’ ’ . ’ . ’ ’ . , . . . . . . ’ 3 52 r ox s no on M A R T Y RS or . d isp u tes , be fore a lte r a tio n s were m a de ,in order th a t e ve r) mi ght b e a cq ua in te d ~wit h wh a t wa s In te n ded to b e do n e A cco r d i n gly the bishops a n d cle r gy fr a m ed a bo d y o f a r ticles , w hich c o n t a i n ed the doct r i n e o f the ch u r ch o f E n gl a n d they d i v ided the m i n to forty t wo ,a nd a fte r wa rd so m e fe w a lte r a t io n s bei n g m a de in the begi nn i n g o f q u ee Eliz a be t h s r eig n , they were red uced to their prese n t n um ber , thirty n i n e o ne . - ’ - . The C ommon P r a y er B ook Revised . W he n this wa s settled , they com m e n ced t he rev ie w o f the com m o n pr ayer b ook In the d a ily se r vice they a dded the co n fessio n a n d a bsol uti o n , Th a t so the wo r ship o f God m ight begi n wi t h a g r a ve a n d h um bl e co n fessio n a fter whi ch a sole m n de cl a r a tio n o f the m e r cy o f God , a cco r d ” in g to the te r m s o f the gospel , wa s to be p r o n o u n ced by Th is wa s tho ught m uch bette r th a n the givi n g t h e priest tio n in s uch fo r m a l wo r ds a s , I a bsolve thee ; a bsol u pe r fi ci a l wo r shi ppers , a n opi n io n th a t which r a ised , in s u the p r i est h a d a utho r ity to p a r do n s in ,a n d m a de the m thi n k ch a s h ow to p ur ch a se it a t his h a n ds In o f n othi n g so m u the co mm un io n se r v i ce they o r d e r ed a r e ci ta l o f the com m a n d m e n t s ,w ith a short devotio n b et we e n every o n e o f the m The ch r is m , the use o f the c r oss in co n secr a ti n g the e uch a r ist , p r a ye r s for the de a d , a n d so m e e x p r essio n s th a t fa vo ur ed tr a n s ubst a n ti a ti o n , we r e rej e cted , a n d the book wa s p ut in the s a m e o r der a n d m etho d a s th a t it es to t h is d ay ,with the e x ceptio n o f so m e whi ch i t co n ti n u i n co n side r a ble v a r i a tio n s A r ubri c w a s a dded to the o ffi c e n i o n , e x pl a i n i n g the re a so n o f k n eeli n g in i t, o f the co mm u th a t it wa s o n ly a s a n e x p r essio n o f r eve r e n ce a n d gr a t it ude , upo n the r e ceivi n g so p a r t i c ul a r a m a r k o f the fa vo ur o f God : b ut th a t n o a do r a tio n wa s i n te n ded by it , a n d th a t they d id n ot thi n k Ch r ist wa s co r po r e a lly p r ese n t in i t ee n Eliz a beth s time this wa s o m itted , th a t s uch as In q u co nformed in other thi n gs ,b ut still r et a i n ed the belie f o f the co r po r e a l prese n ce , m ight n o t b e o ffe n ded a t s uch a decl a r a tio n : it wa s a g a i n i n se r ted o n the resto r a tio n o f Ch a r les II ,for removi n g the scruples o f those wh o e x cepted t o th a t post u re At t his t ime s ix o f t he mo s t e m in e n t preachers wer e . “ . “ . . . . ’ . . r ox ’ ' 353 w s s o o n o r ma n r vr . pp oin ted to reside a t co ur t by t ur n s ,t wo a t a time , a n d r w ere se n t , a s i n ti n e r a n t p r e a chers , in to a ll th e o ther fo u th e co un t i es o f E n gl a n d ,fo r s upplyi n g the de fe cts o f t he clergy , wh o were ge n e r a lly ve r y we a k a n d fa ul ty a . ke of S omer s et F a ll a n d d ea th of th e D u . Ab o ut this time the e arl o f Wa r wi ck , to st r e n gthe n hi p a rty a g a i n st S o m e r set , prev a iled o n the ki n g to c o nfer n e w t itles o n seve r a l n oble m e n ,a n d to r a ise so m e co mm o n ers to the peer a ge He wa s hi msel f cre a ted d uke o f N orth umbe r l a n d ; t he m a r q uis o f Do r set wa s m a de d uk e let , m a rq uis o f W i n chester Herbert ,e a sl ffolk ; P a u of S u ssel , e a r l o f B ed fo r d a n d D a rcy , lord o f P e m b r oke ; R u An a pp a re n t re co n cili a ti o n h a d t a ke n pl a ce b e D a r cy t wee n S o m e r set a n d Nor t h um be r l a nd b ut e a ch dist r ust ed the o t her ,a n d wa s p r ep a red to seize the fi r st o ppo rt u shi n g h is r iv a l No r th umb e r la n d s s upe r ior s k ill n ity o f c r u g a ve him the a dv a n t a ge a n d upo n i n form a tio n o f a pre te n ded plot to a ss a ssi n a te him a nd so m e o f hi s fr ie n ds , the d uke a n d d utchess o f S o m erset ,wi t h severa l othe r pe r so n s , O n the first o f D e c e m b e r , were co m m itted to t he To wer ke wa s b r o ught to his t r i a l : the m a rq uis o f 1 5 5 1 , t he d u W i n cheste r p r esided ,a n d t we n ty seve n p ee r s s a t a s j udges , d ukes o f S uffolk a n d No r t h um a m o n g w ho m were the be r l a n d , a n d the e a r l o f P e m b r oke He wa s ch a r ged with a desig n to seize o n the ki n g s pe r so n ,to a ss a ssi na te No r th um b e r la n d , to t a ke possessio n o f t he to wer a nd city o f Lo n do n , a n d to d estroy the ki n g s gua r ds It see m ed a gross de r el icti o n o f j ustice fo r No r th um b erl a n d to sit a s a j ud ge , whe n the c r i m e obj e cted wa s a desig n a g a i n st his li fe b ut h a t r ed o f hi s riv a l c a r r ied him beyo nd t h e bo un ds S o m e r set , in his de fe n ce , de n ied a ll desig n s o f de ce n cy to r a ise the people , or to kill No r t h um berl a n d ; or if he t a n y i n te n t io n ha d t a lked o f it , it wa s in a p a ssi o n , wi ho u lo us to thi n k ,th a t b e with a o f d oi n g so : a n d it wa s ridi c u s m a ll t r oop co uld dest r oy the g ua r ds , wh o were 9 00 st r o ng The few a r med me n he ha d a bo ut h im , were o n ly for h is o wn de fe n ce ; he ha d do n e n o m ischi e f to his e n emies , tho ugh it wa s o n ce in his p o wer to h a ve d o n e it ; a n d h a d rre n dered hi m sel f witho ut a ny resist a n ce He desire d su ght fa ce t o fa c e with him b u t the wit n esse s might be bro u e . . ’ . . - . ’ ’ . . t - . . ’ 80 854 r ox ’ B O OK o r nurt r r na ' s . c o m mo n a ct o f j usti ce wa s de n ied ,a n d the ir d eposit io ns were o n ly re a d D ur i n g the t r i a l , he b eh a ved wi th gre at tempe r , a n d a ll the a b use w hi ch the ki n g s co un sel m a d e se o f in ple a di n g a g a i n st him , d id n o t provoke him to a n u y i n de ce n t p a ssio n \Vhe n se n t e n ce wa s give n , hi s co u ra ge sun k a little ,a nd he begged p a r do n o f the three lords , who we r e his e n emies , a n d e n t r e a te d the m to solicit t he ki n g in h is fa v o u r , or a t le a st to p r o t ect his wi fe a n d chi ld r e n But i n ste a d o f ih m be r l a n d dete r m i n ed to fr ee him t e r ce d in g fo r h im , No r t h u r t he r fe a r , by t h e s a c r i fi ce o f his a n cie n t s el f fr o m a ll fu riv a l , a nd a ccordi n gly e m ployed his e m iss a ries to prej udic e the ki n g a g a i n st his un cle , by pre t e n di n g th a t , while in the to wer , he h a d co n fessed a d esig n to e m ploy so m e perso n s to a ss a ssi n a te North um be r l a n d , No r th a m p t o n , a n d Pe m broke This bei n g believed by the ki n g , he g a ve h im up to his e n em i es St a n hope , P a r tridge , Ar un de l, a n d V a n e , the d uke s frie n ds a n d p r e t e n ded a cco m pli ces , were n e x t t r ied : t he ch pi t ied , fo r t hey ha d m a de a n ill t wo fi r s t we r e n o t m u use o f thei r i n terest with the d uke while in po wer : the ch l a me n ted They we r e a ll co nde m n ed ; a s t t w o we r e m u P a r tr idge a n d V a n e we re h a n ge d , the other t wo were behe a d e d n fort u n a te d u ke was S ix weeks a fte r his tri a l , t he u bro ught t o the s c a ffold , a n d a s Mr F o x , the a uthor o f t hi s tio n , we sha ll give his wo r k , wa s prese n t a t his e x ec u n t o f i t in hi s o wn words a cco u In t he ye a r o f o u r Lo r d 1 5 5 2 , the two a n d t we n tieth ke o f S o m e r set , un cle to ki ng E d wa rd , a r y , t he d u of J a n u ght o ut o f t he to we r o f Lo n do n , a n d a cco r di n g to wa s b r o u the m a n n er de li v ered to the she r i ffs o f t he city , a n d com p a ssed a bo ut wi t h a gre a t n um ber o f a r m ed m e n , bo t h o f the g ua rd a n d othe r s He wa s b r o ught un to the sc a ffol d o n To w e r hill , whe r e b e , n o t hi n g ch a n gi ng ei t her voi ce or co un te n a n ce , b ut in a m a n n er with the s a m e gesture sed a t ho m e , k n eeli ng upo n both which he co mm o n ly u a n ds , co m m e n ded hi m sel f his h h is k n ees , a n d li ft i n g u p un to G o d A ft er he h a d e n ded a fe w short pr a yers , st a ndi n g u; r n i n g hi m sel f to wa rd the e a st side o f the sc e f a g a i n ,a n d t u fold , n othi n g a t a ll a b a s hed ( a s it seemed to m e , st a n di n g thi s . ’ . . . ’ . . . . . - . 35 6 Fo x ’ s B O OK o r ma n r x a s . c o m in g upo n them S uch a n oi se the n wa s in the e a rs r f all, a l t ho u gh they s a w n othi n g W he r eby it h a ppe n ed t ha t a n y evide n t c a use all t he people bei n g a m a zed wi t ho u th ey r a n a wa y , so m e i n to the d itches a n d p uddles , a n d ses the r e a b o ut ; othe r s fell do wn g r ovel s ome i n to the ho u n d ,w i t h thei r n to t h e g r o u o lla x e s a n d h a lberds ; a n d in g u p most o f the m c r ied o ut , Jes us s a ve us Jes us s a ve us Those wh o r e m a i n ed in their pl a ces , fo r fe ar k n e w n o a n d I m ysel f,wh o wa s the r e a m o n g the where they we r e rest , be i n g a lso a fr a id in this h ur ly b ur ly , stoo d still It h a ppe n ed here , a s the ev a n gelist wr ote o f a m a zed Ch r ist , whe n a s the o ffi ce r s o f t he high p r iests a n d ph a r i sees , co m i n g wi th we a po n s to t a ke h im , bei n g a sto n ished , nd r a n b a ck wa r ds a n d fell to the g r o u In t he m e a n t i m e , while t hese thi n gs were th u s in doi n g , the p eople by ch a n ce espied o n e s ir A ntho n y Bro wn ridi n g un de r t he s c a ffold ; whi ch wa s the occ a sio n o f a F or whe n they s a w h im co m i n g , they co n ne w n oise a ll s in e hi ch they r e d th a t w h ich wa s n o t t r u b u w e ct u t , j ce r e ly w ished fo r , th a t t h e ki n g by th a t m esse nge r h a d se n t his un cle p a r do n : a n d the r e fo r e with g r e a t r ej oici n g a n d c a sti n g up thei r c a ps , t hey c r i ed o ut , P a r do n , p a r do n is co m e God s a ve the ki n g Th us t his good d uke , a l t ho ugh he wa s d estit ut e o f a ll m e n s hel p , yet he s a w, b e fo r e his dep artur e , in ho w g r e a t love a n d fa vo ur he wa s wit h a ll An d t r uly I do n o t thi n k th a t in so g r e a t a sl a ughter me n kes a s h a t h bee n in E n gl a n d w i t hi n t hese fe w ye a r s , of du the r e were so m a n y weepi n g eyes a t o ne ti m e ; a n d n ot t c a use F o r a ll m e n s a w in his fa ll the p ubli c wi tho u rui n o f E n gl a n d , e x cept s uch a s i n deed did perce ive n othi n g Bu r n fr om whe n ce we h a ve str ayed the d uke t to retu in the m e a n ti m e st a n di n g still in the s a m e pl a ce ,m odestly n te n a n ce m a de a sig n to th e people a n d w i t h a g r a ve co u ld keep themselves q ui et with his h a n d , th a t they wo u W hi ch do n e a n d sile n ce obt a i n ed ,he sp a ke un to them in this m a n n e r ‘ De a r ly beloved frie n ds , there is n o s uch m a tter her e It seemeth thus in h a n d a s y o u v a i n ly hope or b elieve good un to Al m ighty God , whose o r di n a n ce it is meet a n d n to n e cess a r y th a t we a ll b e obedie n t u W here fore I pr a y iet a n d t o b e co n te n t e d W it h my d e a t h, o ua ll to be q u , y . . t . . “ . ’ . ’ . . . . . . ’ Fo x s 8 00 K or MAR I YRS 3 54 p '‘ . ffer ; a n d let u n in s n ow oi whi ch I a m m ost w illi n g to s u j ’ r ese r v a tio n o f th e k i n g s r a r yer to the L o the p u n r d f o p m aj esty ,un t o whom , hi the r to , I h a ve a l wa ys sho wed my l a n d t r ue s ubj ect I h a ve a l wa ys bee n s el f a m os t fa i t h fu mos t dilige n t a bo ut hi s m aj es ty in his a ffa i r s b o t h a t home a n d a b r o a d , a n d n o less dilige n t in seek i n g t he co m m o n ’ At whi ch words a ll the pe ople g ood o f t he w hole r e a l m ’ cried o ut , It is m ost tr ue The n the d uke pr o ceedi n g , s a id , U n to whose m aj esty s I wish co n ti n u a l he a l t h , with a ll feli ci t y ,a n d a ll p r ospero u ’ ’ ‘ su ccess V Vh o r e un t o the people a g a i n c r ied o ut Ame n ‘ Moreove r , I d o wi sh un to a ll his co un sello r s the gr a ce a n d fa vo u r o f God , whe r eby they m a y rule in a ll thi n gs up r igh t ly wi t h j usti ce U n t o whom I e x hort y o ua ll in t he Lo r d to sho w yo ursel ves ob edie n t , a s it is yo ur bo unde n ty , u n de r the p a i n o f co n dem n a tio n , a n d a lso mos t pro du ’ a rd o f t h e ki n g s fi t a b le fo r the prese r v a tio n a n d s a feg u . . . . . . m aj esty ‘ Mo r eover , a s hereto fo r e I h a ve h a d o fte n ti m es a f fa i r s wi th divers m e n , a n d La rd it is to ple a se every m a n , the r e fo r e if there b e a ny wh o h a th b ee n o ffe n ded a n d ia r ed by m e , I m ost h u m u bly req ui r e a n d a s k him fo r give j n ess ; b u t es p eci a lly Al m igh t y G o d , w hom t h r o u gho ut a ll m y li fe I h a ve m ost g r ie v o u sly o ffe n ded : a n d a ll other wha t soever t hey b e th a t h a ve o ffe n ded me , I d o wi t h my No w I o n ce a g a i n req uire y o u whole he a r t fo r give t he m , de a r ly belo v ed in the Lo r d , th a t y o uw ill keep yo urselves q uie t a n d still , lest th r o ugh yo ur t um ult y o u m ight tr o uble me For a lbe it the spi r it be willi n g a n d r e a d y , the flesh gh yo ur q uiet n ess I sh a ll is fr a il a n d wa ve r i n g , a n d t hro u b e m uch m o r e co m po sed Mo r eove r , I d esi r e y o u a ll to h e a r m e wi t n ess th a t I die he r e in the fa i t h o f Jes u s Ch r ist ; d esi r i n g y o uto help m e wi t h you r p r a yers , th a t I m a per y n t o my e n d s eve r e co n s t a n t ly in t he s a m e u A ft er this , t urn i n g hi m sel f a g a i n , he k n eeled do wn The n D r C o x ,wh o wa s prese n t to co un sel a n d a dvise him , d elive r ed a ce r ta i n sc r oll i n t o his h a n d , whe r ei n wa s c o n n to God W hich be i n g re ad , ta in e d a brie f co n fessio n u he s t ood up a g a i n upo n hi s feet , wi tho ut a ny t r o uble o f mi n d , a s it a ppe a r ed , a n d fir st b a de t h e sheri ffs fa r e well , the n the lie ut e n a n t o f t he t o we r , a n d o the r s , t a ki n g t hem po n the sc a ffold with him all by the h a n d s which we r e u . . . . ’ . “ . . . . 35 8 Fo x ’ m on no o n s a n r r ns . ' mo n ey to the e x ec utio n er ; wh ich do ne go wn , a n d k n eeli n g do wn a g a i n 1 11 t he his shi r t s t ri ngs A ft er th a t , t he e x e cu s tra w, u n t ied r n ed do wn h is coll a r a bo u t his t io n e r co m i n g to h im t u The n n eck , a n d a ll o t he r thi n gs whi c h hi n de r ed him li fti n g up his eyes t o hc a ve n , a n d cove r i n g his fa c e with his o wn h a n dkerchie f, he l a id hi m sel f d o wn a lo n g , sho wi n g n o tro ubl e or fe a r , n either did his co un te n a n ce chang e Th us this m eek a nd ge n tle d uke lyi n g a lo n g ,a n d look in g fo r the st r oke , b e c a u se his do ublet cove r ed his n eck , he wa s co mm a n ded to rise u t it o ff ; a n d the n p an d p u l a yi n g hi m sel f do wn a g a i n upo n the block , a n d c a lli n g th r i ce upo n t he n a m e o f Jes us , s ayi n g , Lo r d Jes us , sa v e me , a s he wa s the t h i r d t i m e r e pe a ti n g the s a m e , eve n a s the n a m e o f Jes us wa s in ut t e r i n g , in a m o m e n t b e ua s be r e ft bo t h o f he a d a n d li fe , a n d slept in the Lo r d ; bei n g t a ke n a wa y fr o m a ll d a n ge r s a n d evils o f this li fe ,a n d rest in g n e w in the p e a ce o f God ; i n the p r e fe r m e n t o f whose tr ut h a n d gos p el he a l wa ys sho wed hi m sel f a n e x celle n t i n s t r ume n t a n d me m be r a n d t he r e fore ha th r e ce ived the ” re wa r d o f his l a bo ur s S o m e r set wa s a m a n o f e x t ra o r d i n a r y vi rt ues ,g r e a t ca n r , a n d e m i n e n t piety : he wa s a l wa ys a pro m o t e r o f j u s d ou ti ce , a n d a p a t r o n o f the opp r essed H e wa s a better sold ie r t ha n a st a tes m a n , be i n g too e a sy a n d ope n he a rte d T he p eople s a w th a t t he co n spir a cy , for a tio n fo r his si tu ffe r ed ,wa s m e r ely a p r e t e n c e r su which he a n d t he other fo u rde r : the o the r a cco m pli ces we r e soo n d is fo r t heir m u ch a rge d , a n d P a l m er , the chie f wi t n ess ,bec a m e No r th um l a r co n fid a n t The whole a ffa i r wa s looked b e r la n d s p a r t i c u o n a s a co n t r iv a n ce o f the l a t t e r , by whi ch he e n ti r ely lost the a ffectio n s o f t he peopl e The chie f obj e c t io n to S o me t set wa s ,his h a vi n g r a is e d m uch o f his es t a t e o ut o f t he se r ch l a n ds , a n d his p a l a ce o f S o m e r set ho u s poils o f ch u i n s o f so m e ch ur ches a n d t o f the r u in the Str a n d , o u bishop s p a l a ces The d ay a fter the d uke o f S o merset s e x e c utio n , pa r The fi r st a ct they p a ssed wa s t he lia m e n t a ssembled es t a blished co m m o n pr a ye r book ,a s i t w a s the n a m e nded A n other la w wa s p a ssed , by whi ch it wa s e na c ted t h a t N o d ay s were to be esteemed holy in their o wn n a ture T he n he g a ve he p u t o ff his - . . . ’ . . . ’ . . - ’ . ’ . . 36 0 Fo x ’ s BO O K o F MA RT Y RS . very s e e as it b e c a me v a c a n t , th e b est m a n ors wer e l a id h old o f by s u ch h un g r y co ur tiers a s co uld pro c ur e the i n a o f m the They see m ed to thi n k , th a t the b shop s gr t s e es were so ri ch th a t they co u ld n e ver b e m a de poor e n ou gh b ut they we r e soo n red uced to so lo w a co n di t io n th a t it wa s h a r dly possible fo r a b ishop to s ubsist in the m If wh a t h a d b ee n th u s t a ke n fro m the m ha d bee n co n ve rted to good uses , s uch a s the m a i n te n a n ce o f the p oor a n d in fe r i e r cle r gy , i t wo u ld h a ve bee n some e x c use fo r the vi o le n ce ; b u t t h e l a n ds were l a id hold o f by l a y m e n , who ma d e n o com p e n s a tio n fo r the spo ils th u s g a i n ed by t hem e ’ . . . Th e K ing s S ickn ess ’ . We n ow d raw to the co n cl usio n o f th e re ign of th is yo uth ful kin g ; wh o ,while he wa s a child in age ,wa s a m a n in wisdo m He h a d co n t r a cted gre a t colds by viole n t e x ercises , whi ch in J a n u a ry set t led i n to so obsti n a te a co u gh , th a t a ll t h e skill o f phys ici a n s a n d the a id o f m edi ci n e proved i n e ffectual There wa s a s uspi ci o n over a ll E urope th a t he wa s p ois on ed : b ut n o cert a i n g r o un ds a ppe a r fo r j usti fy in g it D ur i n g his si ck n ess , Ri d ley p r e a ched be fo r e him , a n d ch o n works o f ch a r i ty , a n d a m o n g o t he r thi n gs s p o ke m u t he d u ty o f m e n o f high co n ditio n , to b e e m i n e n t in goo d works The ki n g wa s m uch to uched with this : a n d a fte r the se r m o n , he se n t for the bisho p , a n d t r e a t ed h im wit h ch respe ct ,th a t he m a de h im sit do wn a n d b e cove r ed su he the n told him wh a t i m p essi o n his e x ho r ta t io n h ad m a d e o n h im , a n d the r e fore he des ired to b e dire cted by him ho w to do his d u ty in t ha t m a t te r Ri dley took a little t i m e to co n sider o f it , a n d a fter l t a t io n wi t h t he lo r d m a yo r a n d a lder m e n o f s o m e co n s u L o n do n ,he br ought the ki n g a sche m e o f seve r a l fo und a n ded , a n o t he r fo r s u ch a s t i o n s ; o n e fo r the si ck a n d wo u lly idle o r we r e m a d , a nd a t hi r d fo r o r ph a n s we r e w il fu gges t i o n , e n do wed S t B a rtholo Ed wa r d , a c t i n g o n this s u m e w s hospi t a l fo r t he fi r st , B r ide well fo r t he seco n d , a n d Chris t s hos p i ta l , n e a r Ne wg a t e , fo r t he t h i r d ; a nd he e u la r ge d the g r a n t whi ch he h a d m a de the ye a r be fore , fo r S t Th o m as hos p i t a l , in S o u tes and t h wa rk T he s t a tu . . . . r . . . ’ ’ ’ . . Fo x ’ s Bo ok or Ma t t r x tt s 36 1 . re a tin g to thes e were n o t fi ni shed till the 2 6 t h gh he g a ve orders to m a ke a ll the h a ste th a t of J u n e , tho u was poss i b le a n d whe n he s e t his h a n d to them he blessed God for h a ving prolo n ged his l i fe ti ll he h a d fi n ished h is desig n s co n cern i n g them These ho uses h a ve , by t he good gove r n m e n t a n d the gre a t ch ar i t ies o f the city o r Lo n do n , co n ti n ue d to be so use fu l , a n d gr o wn to b e so well e n do wed , th a t n ow they m ay be re cko n ed a mong the n oblest in E u r ope The ki n g b o r e his si ck n es s with gre a t s ub m issi o n to the ch will o f God ; a n d s eemed co n cer n ed in n othi n g s o m u rch wo uld b e in a fter as t h e s t a te th a t religio n a n d the ch u his de a th The d uke o f North umberl a n d , who wa s a t the he a d o f a ffa irs , resolved to improve t he fe a rs the ki n g wa s in co n cern i n g religio n , to the a dv a n t a ge o f l a dy J a n e G r ey , wh o wa s m a rr ied to his s o n , lo r d G uil ford D udley Ed wa r d wa s e a sily pers ua ded by h im to o r der the j udges cces to p u t some a r ti cles , whi ch he h a d sig n ed , fo r the s u sio n o f the c r o wn ,in the co mm o n for m o f la w They a n s we r e d , th a t the s u ccessio n bei n g set t led by a c t o f p a rli a m e n t , co u ld n ot be t a ke n a way , e x cep t by p a rli a me n t yet the kin g pe r sisted in his o r ders The j udges the n de cl ared b e fo r e t h e co un cil ,th a t i t h a d bee n m a de tr e a so n by a n a ct p a ssed in this reig n , t o ch a n ge the s uccessio n so th a t they co uld n ot m eddle wi t h it Mo n ta gue wa s chie f j ustice , a n d sp a ke in the n a m e o f t h e rest m berl a n d fell i n to a vi ole n t p a ssio n , O n this , No r th u c a lli n g him tr a it or , for r e fusi n g to ob ey the kin g s co rn m a n ds Bu dges were n o t m oved by his th r e a t s ; t t he j u a n d they we r e a g a i n b r o u ht be fo r e t h e ki n g , who sh a r ply g k e d them for the ir del ays eb u They r eplied th a t a ll they ld do wo uld b e o f n o fo r ce witho ut a p a rli a m e n t : yet co u hey we r e required to per form it in the b est m an n er they ld co u At l a st Mo n t a gue desired they might fi r st h a ve a p a rdo or wh a t t hey were to do , whi ch be i n g gra n ted , a ll the j udges , e x cept C o s n ald a n d H a les , a g r eed t o the p a te nt , an d d elive r ed t hei r opi n io n s ,th a t t h e lord ch a n cello r m ight u t the se a l to the a rt i cle s ,d r a wn u by the ki n g , a n d t h a t p p the n they wo uld b e good in la w C o s n a ld wa s a t l a st p r e~ va iled o n t o jo i n in the sa m e opi n io n , so th a t H ale s , who wa rr an ts . . . . . . . . ’ . . . . 31 36 2 Fo x ’ s B OO K or MA R T Y RS . was a z e a lo u s protest a n t , was the o n ly ma n who s tood o ut the l a st The p r ivy co un cillors were n e x t re quired to s ign t he p a per Ce cil , in a r el a t i o n he wr ote o f this tr a n s a ctio n , He a r i n g so m e o f the j udges de cl a re so positively sa ys ,th a t th a t it wa s a g a i n st la w, he re fused to set his h a n d to it a s a privy co u n cillor ,b u t sig n ed it o n ly a s a wit n ess to t he ” ki n g s s ubscri ptio n Cra n mer c a me n ot to the co un cil whe n it wa s p a ssed the r e , a n d re fused to co n se n t to it , whe n he wa s presse d t o it s ayi n g , He wo uld n ever h a ve a h a n d in disi n he r iti ng ” his l a te m a ster s d a ughters The dyi n g ki n g a t l a st by his 1 mp o r tun ity prev a iled with him to do it ; upo n which t he g r e a t se a l wa s t to the p a te n ts pu The ki ng s diste m pe r co n ti nued to in c r e a se , so th a t the physi ci a n s desp a i r ed o f his re covery A c o n fide n t wo m a n un dertook h is c ure , a nd he wa s p ut i nto he r h a n ds ,b ut she le ft him wo r se th a n she fo un d him ; a n d this heighte n e d the j e a lo usy a g a i n st the d uke o f No r th um be r l a n d ,wh o ha d i n tr od uced he r , a n d d is m issed the physi ci a n s At l a s t , to cro wn his desig n s , he got the ki n g to wr ite to his sisters to co m e a n d divert h im in hi s sick n ess : a n d the e x cl usio n cted so sec r etly , th a t t hey , a ppr e he n d mg ha d bee n co n d u r n ey n o d a n ge r , be a n their j o u g ly the k i n g felt the a ppro a ch o f de a th , O n t h e 6 th o f J u t m a n n er He a n d p r ep a r ed hi m sel f for it in a m ost d e v o u r ay e rs a nd e a c u a tio n s to p l wa s o ft e n he a r d o fi e r in g u p j God : p a rti c ul a r ly ,a fe w m o m e n ts be fo r e he died ,he p r a yed e a r n estly t h a t t he Lord wo uld t a ke him o ut o f this wr etche d life , a n d co m m it t ed hi s spi r it to h im ; he i n terce d e d v ery bje cts th a t God wo uld preserve E n gl a n d fe r ve n tly fo r his s u e religio n a m o n g t hem from pope r y , a n d m a i n t a i n his t r u The l a st wo r ds he utte r ed we r e these , I a m fa i n t Lord ” h a ve me r cy uno n m e , a n d t a ke my sp i r it S oo n a fte r th a t he bre a t h e d o ut his in n o ce n t s o ul in sir He nry S51 ne v s a rms to . . “ . ’ . ’ . . ’ . . . . , . . 4 ’ . 364 ’ r ox s s oon or mx nr m s . blessi n gs whi ch , by the co n ti n ued provide n ce o f Go d , we h a ve so lo n g e nj oyed ; a n d let us be co n fi r med more a nd more in o ur deter m i n a tio n to r esist eve r y a ttempt ,whether by ope n force or s e cr e t fr a u d ,to deprive us a n d o ur d e s cen d a n t s o f the p r ivileges so de a r ly p u r ch a sed It h a s bee n a sse r ted by the Ro m a n c a tholi cs , Th a t all ffe r ed d e a t h , d u r i n g the reig n o f q u ee n Ma r y , those wh o s u ha d bee n a dj u dged guil ty o f high tr e a so n , in co n seq ue n ce o f thei r risi n g in d e fe n ce o f l a d y J a n e Grey s ti t le to the ” c ro wn To disp r ove this ,ho weve r , is n o di ffi c ult m a tter , s i n ce every o n e co n vers a n t in E n glish histo r y ,m ust k n o w t h a t those wh o a r e fo u n d gu ilty o f high tre a so n a r e to b e h a n ged a n d q ua r tere d B ut ho w c a n eve n a p a pist a ffi rm ,th a t e ver a m a n in E n gl a n d wa s b u r n ed for high t r e a so n ? We a d m it , th a t s om e fe w s u ffe r ed de a t h in the o r di n a ry way o f p r o cess a t co m mo n la w , fo r t he i r a dhe r e n ce to l a dy J ane ; bu r n ed t n o n e o f those were b u W hy , if tra ito r s , were they t a ke n be fo r e b ishops , wh o h a ve n o po wer to n a llo w i n g the bishops t o u dge i n cri m i n a l c a ses ? Eve j h a ve h a d po wer to j ud ge , yet t hei r o wn bloody s t a tute did n o t e m po we r the m to e x e c u te The p r oceedi n gs a g a i n st the m a r tyrs a r e still e x t a n t ,a n d t hey a r e c a rr ied o n d i r ectly a ccordi n g to the fo r m s p r esc r ibed by thei r o wn st a t u te Not o n e o f those wh o we r e b ur n ed in E n gl a n d ,wa s ever a cc u sed o f h igh t r e a so n ,m uch less we r e they tr ied a t co m m o n la w An d this sho uld te a c h the r e a der to v a l ue a n t r y , p ar tic u l a r ly a s h isto r y o f t r a n s a ctio n s in his o wn co u it rel a tes to the s u ffe r i n gs o f the blessed m a r tyrs in de fe n ce o f t h e religio n he p r o fesses , in o r der th a t he m a y be a ble t o re m ove the veil whi ch fa lsehood h a s c a st over the fa ce th H a vi n g s a id th us much , by wa y o f i n trod uctio n , o f tr u m e n ts o f t he we s h a ll p r oceed with the A cts a n d Mo n u British Ma r ty r s By the de a th o f ki n g Ed wa r d ,the c r o wn devolved ,a o c ordi n g to la w , o n his eldest siste r Ma r y ,who wa s withi n r n ey to the co u r t , whe n she h a d n o t ic e o u a h a l f a d a ys j give n he r by the e a r l o f A r un del ,o f h e r b r othe r s de a th ,a n d ccessio n Upo n thi s s he o f the p a te n t fo r l a dy J a n e s s u re t i r ed to Fr a m li n gh a m , in S uffolk ,to b e n e a r the se a ,th a t Be sh e m ight esc a pe t a Fl a n de r s , in c a se o f n e cessity fore s h e a r r i ved th e e , she w ote , o n the 9 t h o f J u ly ,to t he h e m th a t n de r stood , t h a t n u t ll g t She he! n cu i e cou , , . “ ’ . . . . . . . . ’ ’ . r . r o x s s o o n o r mum ’ 3 65 s. b rother wa s de a d , by which she s u cceeded to the cro wn , bu t wo n dered th a t s h h e a rd n o t fr o m them ; she well u n d e r s t o o d w h a t co n s u lt a tio n s they h a d e n g a ged in , b ut she wo u ld p a r do n a ll s uch a s wo uld r et ur n to their d uty , and e pro cl a i m h e r ti t le to the c r o wn . La d y J a n e G r ey . It was n o w fo un d , t h a t th e ki n g s de a th co uld b e n o lo n ge r kept a sec r et ; a cco r di n gly so m e o f the privy co un cil we n t to l a dy J a n e , a n d a ck n o wledged her a s the i r q uee n ‘ The n e ws o f the ki n g s de ath a flli ct ed her m uch , a n d her b e i n g r a ised to the thro n e , r a ther i n cre a sed th a n lesse n ed her t r o uble She wa s a perso n o f e x tra ordi n a ry i r e m e n ts , a n d virt ues S he wa s mistress a b ilities , a cq u both o f the Greek a n d L a ti n to ng ues ,a n d d elighted m uch dy As she wa s n o t t a i n ted with the levities whi ch in st u us ua lly a ccomp a ny her a ge a n d st a tio n , so she seemed to h a ve a tt a i n ed to the p r a ctice o f the hig hest fo r titude ; for dde n t urns o f her co n ditio n ,a s she wa s n ot e x in those s u wi th the p r ospe ct o f a cr o wn , so she wa s little a lted c a st do wn whe n her p a l a ce wa s m a de her priso n The o n ly p as sio n she sho wed ,wa s th a t o f the n ob le s t kin d , in ’ ’ . . . . . . gh t e t o th duk e of S uflolk,an d g r an d d n gh ter Th e l dy J an e w as d u th d at h of h r fi s t husb an d,th e r y VIII , w h , to Ma r y , s i s t r t o H kin g c e, m ar r d C h ar l B d on, aft rw ar d creat d duk e of f Fr Su ffo l k a a e o an . en r . ie ' e o es on r an e e - e e r e e 3 66 r ox ’ s n o o n or sra nr v a s . co n c e r n she e x pressed fo r he r fa ther a n d h usb a n d ,who n t ; tho u gh , in fell w ith he r , a n d see m i n gly o n h e r a cco u re a lity , No r t hum b e rlan d s a m bitio n a n d he r fa ther s we a k n ess r u i n ed he r S he r ej e cted the c r o w n whe n it wa s first o fler ed her ; s h e s a id she k n e w o f r ight it belo n ged to the l a te ki n g s co uld n o t wi t h a good co n scie n ce s iste r s , a n d the r e fore m e it ; b u dges a nd p r ivy a ss u t she wa s told ,th a t both t h e j u co un cil o r s h a d decl a r ed ,th a t it fell to he r a c co r di n g to la w This ,j o i n ed with the i m port un iti es o f he r h usb a n d , her fa t he r , a n d fa t he r in la w, m a de he r s ub m it Upo n this ,t we n ty o n e p r i vy co un sello r s set thei r h a n ds to a letter to Ma r y , telli n g he r th a t q uee n J a n e wa s n o w thei r sove reig n , a n d t h a t a s the m a rr i a ge bet wee n her fa ther a n d m o t he r h a d bee n de cl a r ed n u ll , so she co uld n o t s ucceed to t he c r o wn ; they the r e fo r e r eq ui r ed he r t o lay d o wn h e r p r e t e n si o n s ,a n d to s ub m it to the set t le me n t n ow m a de ; a n d if she g a v e a r e a d y obedie n ce p r o m ised her m u ch r fa vo u The d ay a ft er th is they p r o cl a i m ed J a n e No r t hum b er la n d s k n o wn e n m i ty to the l a te d uke o f S o m e r set ,a n d the s uspi cio n s o f his bei n g the a uthor o f Ed ward s un t i m ely de at h ,h ego t a g r e a t a ve r sio n in the peo ple to him a n d hi s fa m ily , a n d disposed the m to fa vo ur Ma r y ; who , in the me a n ti m e , wa s ve r y a ctive in r a isi ng To a t ta ch the p rotest a n ts to fo r ces to s u p port her cl a im her c a use ,she p r o m ised n ot to m a ke a ny ch a n ge in t he re fo r m ed worship ,a s est a blished un der he r b r other ; a n d r a n ce a l a r ge body o f the m e n o f S u ffolk j oi n e d o n this a ss u her st a n d a r d North um berl a n d wa s n ow pe r ple x ed b et wee n his wish to a ss um e the co m m a n d o f a n a rm y r a ised to oppose Ma ry a n d his fe a r o f l eavi n g L o n do n to the gover n m e n t o f t he co un cil , o f whose fidelity he e n te r t a i n ed gr e a t do ubts He wa s , ho wever , at le n gth obliged to a dopt the l a tter cour se ,a n d b e fo r e his dep ar t ur e fr o m the m et r opolis he n cil , a n d a ll pe r so n s in a o r ed the membe r s o f the co u a dj u se o f th o r ity , to be ste a d fa st in the ir a tt a ch m e n t to the c a u q uee n J a n e , o n who s e s uccess , he a ss ur ed the m ,depe n de d the co n ti n ua n c e o f the protest a n t religio n in E n gl a n d They p r o m ised a ll he req ui r ed , a n d he dep arted e n co n rage d by thei r p r otest a tio n s a n d a pp ar e n t ze a l Ma ry s p a r ty in the me a n ti m e co n ti nued d a ily t o aug th e ’ ’ . ' ’ . - - . - . . ’ ’ . . . . . ’ c 3 68 Fox ’ s B O OK MA R T Y R S on . s a nd way was met b y her siste r ,l a dy Eliz a b eth ,with a tho u ee n O n a rt i h orse , who m she h a d r a ised to a ssist t he qu ke o f Nor folk , t he vin g a t the To we r , she libe r a ted the d u d utchess o f S o m e r set , a n d G a rdi n er ; a lso the lord Co urt n e , so n to t he m a r q u is o f E x ete r , wh o h a d bee n k e pt y ’ there eve r si n ce his fa ther s a tta i n de r , a n d who m she n o w m a de e a r l o f Devo n shi r e Th us wa s se a ted on the thro n e o f E n gl an d the l a dy Ma ry , wh o , to a dis a gr ee a ble pe r so n a n d we a k m in d , un i ted bigotr y , s uperstit io n , a n d c r uelty S he see m s to h a v ’ ’ i n herited m ore o f h e r m other s th a n he r fa the r s q ua lities He n r y wa s imp a ti e n t , ro ugh , a n d un gove r n a ble ; b ut C a th a ri n e ,while she a ss um ed the ch a ra cter o f a s a i n t ,h a r bo ured i n e x o r a ble r a n co ur a n d h a tred a g a i n st the protest a n ts It wa s the s a m e with her d a u ghter Ma ry ,a s a ppe a r s fr om a lette r in her o wn h a n d -wr iti n g , n o w in the B r i tish Mus ue m In this lette r , whi ch i s a dd r essed to bishop G a r di n e r ,she de cl a r es he r fi x ed i n te n tio n o f b ur n i n g eve r y prot est a n t ; a n d the r e is a n i n si n ua ti o n ,th a t a s soo n a s cir . . . . . . um st a n ce s wo uld pe r mit , she wo uld restore b a ck to the ch ur ch the l a n ds tha t h a d bee n t a ke n fro m the co n ve n ts c . T h is wa s the gr e a test i n st an ce o f her we a k n ess th a t she co uld sho w : for in the fi r st pl a ce the co n ve n ts ha d bee n a ll de m olished ,e x cept a fe w o f thei r ch urches ; a n d the re nts we r e in the h a n ds o f the first n obility ,w ho ,r a the r th an p ar t ld h a ve ove r t ur n ed the gover n me n t b o th in with the m , wo u ch ur ch a n d st a te Ma r y wa s cro wn ed a t W est m i n iste r in the us ua l for m l we r e the co n se que n ces th a t follo wed The t d r e a d fu bu ishes a we a k m i n d n a r rown ess o f spirit th a t a l wa ys disti n gu fro m o n e th a t h a s bee n e n l a r ged by ed uc a tio n , perv a ded U n a cq ua i n ted with the a ll the a ctio n s o f this pri n cess co n stitutio n o f the co un t ry ,a n d a s l a ve to s uperstitio n ,she tho ught to do m i n eer over the rights o f p r iva te j udg m e n t , a n d tr a m ple o n the p r ivileges o f m a n ki n d The fi r st e x ertio n o f her reg a l po wer wa s , to wre a k her po n a ll those who ha d s upported th e t itl e o f ve n ge a n ce u l ad y I a n e G r ey ke o f North umberl a n d ,who T m fi rst o f these wa s the d u e n ce o f was behe a ded o n To wer-hill , a n d wh o , in co n se qu n p itied : n a , h e nis cr ime s , a risi n g from a mbitio n , died u y was e ve n t aunted o n t he s c a ffold b y t he s pecta tors ,who . . . . . . ’ rox s B O OK o r MA RT Y RS knew in wh a t m a n n er he h ad S omers e t a 3 69 . cted to the g ood d u ke of . The other e x ec utio n s th a t follo wed were n umero us ih deed ,b ut a s they we r e all upo n the st a tute o f high tre a so n , they c a n n ot ,wit h a ny degree o f prop r iety , b e a pplied to p r otest a n ts , o r , a s they we r e the n c a lled , h er etics T he p a rli a me n t wa s pli a n t e n o ugh to co m ply with a ll t he q uee n s req uests ,a n d a n a c t p a ssed to es t a blish the p opish religio n This Vi a s wh a t the q uee n wa it ed for , a n d po wer bei n g n o w p ut i n to he r h a n ds , she wa s dete r m i n ed to e x e r c ise i t in the m ost a r b itr a r y m a n n er She wa s destit ute m a n co m p a ssio n , a n d witho u of h u t the le a st rel uct a n ce co uld ty r a n n ise ove r the co n sc ie n ces o f m e n This l e a ds us to the co n cl usio n o f the first ye a r o f her reig n ; a n d we co n sider i t the m ore n e cess a ry to ta ke n oti ce o f these tr a n s a ctio n s ,a ltho u gh n o t ,str ictly spe a ki n g , ma r ty r d oms , th a t o u r r e a ders might be co n v i n ced o f the gre a t di ffe r e n ce the r e is bet wee n dyi n g for religio n ,a n d for high tr e a so n It is history a lo n e th a t c a n te a ch the m s uch thi n gs , a n d it is refle ctio n o n ly th a t c a n m a ke his t o r y use fu l W e fr eq ue n tly r e a d witho ut reflectio n , a n d study witho u r t co n si d e r a tio n ; b ut the follo wi n g portio n s o f o u history , in p a r ti c ul a r , will fur n ish a mple m a te r i als fo r serio us tho ught to o ur re a ders , a n d we e n t r e a t their a tte n tio n to them . ’ . . . . . . Ma r ty r d oms in th e S econ d y ea r of Q ueen Ma r y s Reig n ’ . The q uee n h a vi n g s a ti a ted her m a li ce upo n those pe r so n s wh o h a d a dhered to l a dy J a n e G r ey , she ha d n e x t re co ur se to those old a ux ili a ries o f pope r y , fire , fa got , a n d the sta ke , in o r de r to co n vert her he r etic a l s ubj e cts to the m e c a thol ic fa ith . Ma r ty r d om of th e R ev J ohn R og er s . . Mr J o hn Rogers , the a ged m i n ister o f St Sep ulchre s ch u rch , S n o w hill , L o n do n , wa s the p r otom a rtyr : he i n th is wa s the fi r st s a crifice , stri ctly spe a ki n g , o ffe r ed u p ffe r ers ,who se r e ig n to popery , a n d le d the way fo r those s u b lo od h as bee n the fo u r ,an d glory of th e n d a t io n , ho n o u chu r ch o f En gl a nd ’ . . . ’ 87 0 r ox s no o n on MA R T Y R S . T h is Mr Roger s h a d b ee n so m e ti m e ch a pl a i n t o the En glish fa cto r y a t An twerp The r e he bec a m e a cqu a i n te d with Mr T i n d a l , a n d a ssisted h im in his t r a n sl a tio n o f the New Test a m e n t The r e we r e seve r a l othe r wo r thy pro t e s t a n t s the r e a t th a t ti m e , m ost o f who m ha d bee n d r ive n n t o f t h e pe r sec u tio n s fo r the s ix ou t o f E n gl a n d , o n a c co u a rt i cles ,in the l a tter e n d o f the reig n o f He n r y VIII Mr l , a n d eve n e u Roge r s , k n o wi n g th a t m a r r i a ge wa s l a wfu j oi n ed in s c r ipt ur e , e n tered i n to th a t st a te with a vi r t uo us wom a n , a n d soo n a ft er set o u e n ce t fo r S a x o ny ,in co n se qu o f a n i n vit a tio n to th a t e ffect W he n Ed wa r d a sce n ded the thro n e o f E n gl a nd , Mr r n ed to his n a ti ve co u n t r y , a n d wa s p r omoted Roge r s ret u ’ by bishop Ridley to a p r ebe nd a r y o f St P a ul s He wa s a lso a ppoi n ted r e a de r o f t he divi n ity le ct u re in th a t c a the ’ d r a l ,a n d vic a r o f St Sep ul ch r e s a t i o n he co n t i n u ed some ye a rs a n d a s In thi s sit u q uee n Ma ry w a s ret ur n i n g fr om the to wer , whe r e she ha d ’ bee n i m bibi n g G a r di n e r s p er n icio us co un sels , Mr Rogers . . . . . . . . . . . . . St P a ul s C r oss He i n veig hed m uch es o f the l a te a g a i n st popery , e x p a ti a ted o n the m a n y vi r t u ki n g Ed wa r d ,a n d e x horted the people to a bide in the pro test a n t r eligio n For this se r m o n he wa s s umm o n e d be fo r e the co un ci l bu t he vi n di c a ted hi m sel f so well , t h a t he wa s dis m issed This le n ity sho wn by the co un cil wa s r a ther d isple a si ng to the quee n ; a n d Mr Roger s ze a l a g a i n st pope r y bei n g e qua l to his k n o wledge a n d i n teg r ity , he wa s co n side r e d ld preve n t th e r e est a blish m e n t o f as a pe r so n who wo u popery For this r e a so n it wa s , th a t he wa s s um m o n ed a seco n d time b e fo r e the co un cil ; a n d a ltho ugh the r e were m an y p ap ists a m o n g the membe r s , yet s uc h wa s the respect a l most un i ve r s a lly felt fo r Mr Rogers ,th a t he was a g a i n dis t w a s co m m a n ded n o t to go o u m issed , b u t o f his o wn ho use Thi s o r de r he co m plied with , a ltho ugh he might h a ve m a de his esc a pe if he wo uld He k n e w he co uld h a ve h a d a l ivi n g in Ge r m a n y , a n d he h a d a wi fe a n d t e n child r e n : b ut a ll t hese thi n gs did n o t m ove him ; he did r t de a t h , b u t m e t it with fo r tit u de whe n it c a me n o t co u He rem aine d co n fi n ed in his own ho use sever a l week s , til l B o nn er , b is hop o f L on do n , proc u r e d a n e r e c t t o h a ve wa s pre a chi n g a t ’ . . . . ’ . - . . . . . 3 72 r ox ‘ s no o n on MA RT YRS . A fte r h e had be en e x a m in ed sever a l t ime s b e fo re a n cil , wh ich wa s a mere m o ckery o f j u sti ce , he was co u tur n e d ove r to B o n n er , bishop o f L o n do n ,who c a used him to go th r o ugh a se co n d m o ck e x a m i n a tio n ; a nd , a t l a st , A cert ifi c a te d e cl a red him to be a n obsti n a te hereti c rse , se n t i n to ch a n cery , o f th is wa s in the o r di n a ry co u ed for the b ur n i n g o f Mr Roge r s in an d a writ wa s iss u This se n t e n ce d id n o t in the le a st frighte n S m ithfi e ld r m a rtyr ,wh o ,by fa ith in the blood o f Christ ,wa s re a dy ou to go t hro ugh with his a tt a ch m e n t to the tr uth ,witho ut p ay in g a n y reg a r d to the m a l ice o f his e n e m ies O n the 4 t h o f Febru a ry , 1 5 55 , Mr Rogers wa s t a ke n ou t o f Ne wg a te , to b e led to the pl a ce o f e x e c u tio n , whe n the sheri ff a sked him if he wo uld r e c a n t his opi n io n s ? To this he a n s we r ed , Th a t wh a t he ha d pre a ched he ” wo u ld se al with his blood The n , s a id the s heri ff, ” tho u a rt a he r etic To wh ich Mr Rogers a n s wered , Th a t will b e k n o wn whe n we meet a t the j udgme n t s ea t ” o f Ch r ist As they were t a ki n g him to S m ithfi eld , his wife a nd eleve n child r e n we n t to t a ke the ir l a st fa re well o f a te n de r h usb a n d a n d a n i n d ulge n t p a r e n t T he she r i ffs , ho we ver, n feeli n g is ld n o t pe r m it the m to spe a k to him ; so u wo u b igotr y ,so m e r ciless is s upe r stitio n ! W he n he was ch a i n ed to the sta ke he de cl a r ed th a t God wo uld in his o wn goo d ti m e v in dic a te the t r uth o f wh a t he h a d ta ught ,a nd a ppe a r r o f the protest a n t religio n Fire wa s the n set t o in fa v o u the pile , a n d he wa s co n s um ed to a shes He wa s a very pio us a n d h um a n e m a n , a n d his be i n g s i n gled o u pe r stitio u s cr uelty , ca n t a s the fi r st vi ctim o f s u o n ly e n title h im to a higher cro wn o f glo r y in he a ve n . , . . . . . “ . “ . . . . . . . r en ce S a u Ma r ty r d om of L a u n d er s . ffered in this reig n wa s the r e The n e x t p erso n who s u Mr L a ur e nc e S a un de r s , o f whose fo r m e r li fe we h a ve co llected the follo wi n g p a r t i c ul a r s : his fa ther ha d a co n s ide r a ble est a te in O x fo r dshi r e , b ut dyi n g yo un g , le ft a l a r ge fa m ily o f child r e n L a ur e n c e wa s s e n t to Et o n s chool a s o n e o f the ki n g s schol a rs Fro m Eto n he wa s , a cco r di n g to the r ule s o f the fo un d a t ion , s e n t t o K i ng s c o lle ge i t C a mbridge , whe re he ver e n d . . ’ . ’ ’ no r ox s o n o n MAB T YRS 37 3 . ud i e d thr ee ye a rs , a n d m a d e gre a t progre ss i n the d if fer e n t sorts of le a rn i n g the n t a u ght in the school s At the e n d o f the thr ee ye a rs he le ft the un w e rsrty , a n d r e tur n i n g to his m other ,preva iled upo n her to pl a c e him wi th a m erch an t He wa s a cco r di n gly a rti cled to s ir W illi a m Chester a r i ch m erch a n t in L o n do n ,wh o wa s a fter wa rd sheri ff o f th a t city He ha d n ot bee n lo n g in his e m ployme n t , whe n he bec a m e we a ry o f a li fe o f tr a de He s un k in t o a deep mel a n choly , a n d a fte r wa rd we n t i n to a reti r ed ch a mber , to mo urn for his impr ude n ce , a n d to beg o f God th a t he wo u ld ,in some m a n n er or oth e r ,delive r him from a l ife s o disgust ful His m a ster , who wa s a worthy m an , took n otice o f thi s , a n d a s k ed S a u n de r s his re a so n s fo r bei n g in th a t despo n d in g co n d itio n ? The yo u n g ge n tle m a n c an d idly told him upo n whi ch he i m medi a tely g a ve him up his i n de n tu re s , a n d se n t h im ho m e to his r el a tio n s This S a un ders co n side r ed a s a h a ppy eve n t ,a n d th a t n o ti m e might be lost , he retur n ed to his st udies at C a m bridge ; a n d , wh a t wa s very u n co m mo n in th a t a e , he le a r n ed t he g Greek a n d Heb r e w l a n gua ge s A fter this b e devoted him sel f wholly to the study o f the s a cred scriptures , in order to qua l i fy hi m sel f fo r pre a chi n g the gospel In st u dy he wa s d ilige n t , a n d p r a cti c a l in holi n e s s o f li fe : in doi n g good fe w e q ua lled him , a n d he seemed to h a ve n othi n g in V ie w b ut the h a ppi n ess o f i m m o r t a l so uls e In the begi n n i n g o f kin g Ed wa rd s reig n ,whe n the tru religio n beg a n to b e co un te n a n ced ,he e n tered i n to o r ders , ccess H is fi r st a ppo i n t m e n t a n d pre a ched with g r e a t s u re wa s a t F o t he r in gh e m , where he re a d a divi n ity le ct u bu t th a t college h a vi n g b ee n dissolved , he wa s a ppo i n te d a ct I n th a t n e w st a tio n his co n d u pre a cher in Lichfi eld en titled him to g r e a t respe ct ; fo r s u ch was his s weet n ess e nt of temper , his k n o wledge in h is p r o fessio n , his elo qu m a nn er o f a ddressi n g his he a rers , the p ur ity o f h is ma n n ers , a n d his a ffecti o n a te a dd r esses to the he a rt ,th a t he wa s u n ivers al ly respe cted , a n d his mi n istry wa s ve ry use ful A ft e r b e i n g so m e mo n ths in L ich field , he re mo v e d t o the li vin g o f Ch ur ch L a n gto n , in L eiceste r sh ire : there he cted m a n y who b efo re e s id ed wit h his peopl e , a n d i n str u st . . , . . . . . . . ’ . . . - 32 ’ 87 4 r o x s no o n o r ma nr r ns . were ig n ora n t o f the true pr in c iples o f the Christ ia n reli ' He wa s the s a me to me n s b odies a s to their so us All th a t he receive d ,beside the sm a ll pitt a n ce th a t sup ported his pe r so n ,wa s give n a wa y to fee d the h un gr y a nd clothe the n a ked Here wa s the Christi a n mi n ister inde e d ! for n o i n st r u ctio n s will m a ke a l a sti n g im pressio n o n the mi n d ,while the e x a m ple is co n t r a r y His n e x t r e m ov a l wa s to Allh a llo ws , in B re a d -stre e t , Lo n do n a n d wh e n he h a d t a ke n possessio n o f it , he we nt do wn to the co un try , to p a rt , in a n a ffe ctio na te m a n n er , wi t h his fr ie n ds W hile he wa s in the co un try ki n g Ed wa rd d ied , a n d Ma ry s ucceedi n g ,p ublished a pr o cla m a t io n ,co mma n d ing a ll her s ubj e cts to a tt e n d m a ss Ma ny p io us m i n isters r e fu sed to obey t he r oy a l p r ocl a m at io n ,a n d n o n e wa s more for wa rd in d oi n g so th a n Mr S a u n ders He co n ti n ued to pre a ch whe n ever he h a d a n oppo r t un ity , a n d re a d the pr a ye r b ook ,wi t h t he sc r ipt ur es , to the people , till he was a pp r e he n ded in the follo wi n g m a n n er Mr S a un de r s wa s a dvised to le a ve the n a tio n , a s pio us Dr Je wel a n d m a n y othe r s did b ut he wo uld n ot ,d e clar in g to his fr ie n ds , th a t he wa s willi n g to die fo r the n a me o f the L ord Je s u s Acco r di n gly , he le ft his people in L ei ceste r shire , a nd tra velled to wa r d Lo n do n , o n his a r riv a l n e ar whi ch , he w a s m e t by sir Joh n Mo r d a n t ,a p r ivy co un sellor to q uee n Ma r y ,wh o a sked him where he wa s goi n g ? Mr S a un de r s s a id ,t o his l ivi n g in B r e a d st r eet ,to in st r u ct his people Mo rd a n t desi r ed him n o t to go : to which Mr S a u How sh a ll I the n b e n d ers a n s we r ed , a cco u n t a ble to God ? I f a n a n d d ie b e fo r e co n so b e si ck y l a tio n ,the n wh a t a lo a d o f g uilt will b e upo n my co n ” scie n ce , a s a n un fa i t h ful shephe r d ,a n unj ust ste wa r d l Mo r d a n t a ske d h im whethe r he did n o t fr eq ue n tly p r e a ch in B r e a d st r eet ; a n d b ei n g a ns wered in the a ffi r m a tive , he e n de a vo ur ed to diss uade him fr o m d oi n g so a ny mo r e S a un de r s , ho wever ,wa s resol ute , a n d told h im he wo ul d co n ti n ue to p r e a ch a s lo n g a s he lived , a n d in vite d t he othe r to co m e a n d he a r him the n e x t d ay a ddi n g th a t he wo u ld co n fi r m hi m in the t r uth o f those se n time n ts wh ich he t a u ght Upo n this they p a r ted ,a n d Mo r d a n t we nt and ld nders wo u ga ve i n form a tio n to b ishop Bo n n er , th a t S a u nday r ch t he n e x t S u pr e a c h in his ch u gio n ’ . . . . . . . . . - . . . - . . . - . . . 3 76 r ox ’ s no on on ma ri n a s . J o h n Mord a n t , to the h o use o f the c ha n cell o r ,who ha ppe n ed no t to b e a t home ; so th a t he wa s obliged to wa it fo r h im fo u r ho urs in the se r v a n ts h a ll D uri n g the n d ers stood b a rehe a ded , wh il e whole o f th is time , Mr S au Mord an t kept wa l k i n g b a ck wa r ds a n d for wa rds a cross the roo m At le n gth the ch a n cellor a rrived , a n d se n di n g for Mr ld b e S a un ders in to h i s ch a mber , a sked hi m ho w he co u ee n s p r ocl a m a tio n S a un de r s so bold a s to disobey the q u He h a d pre a ched co n tr a r y to t he a c k n o wledged th a t pro cl a m a tio n , a n d th a t he tho ught i t his d uty to d o so , gh it sho uld cost h im his li fe He a dded , th a t e ve n a ltho u wh a t he d id a rose fr om the d ict a te s o f his he a rt ,whic h com m a n ded him to pre a ch the gospel , in se a so n a nd o ut o f se a so n ; a n d th a t he m ust be a cco un t a ble a t the j udgme n t se a t of C hrist ,if b e n egle cted a ny p a rt o f his d uty in te a ch in g a n d co m fo r ti n g his people in their m ost holy fa ith ,so ” d ge a s to meet the m o n the right h an d o f t h e j u T he ch a n cello r po ur ed o ut m uch a b us e o n Mr S a un de r s , telli n g h im he wa s a hyp oc r ite a n d a hereti c , n o t wi t hst a n di n g a ll his p r ete n sio n s to a te n der co n s cie n c e He a cc used him , fur ther o f h a vi n g c a lled the quee n a ha s t a rd , or r a the r worse ,n a mely , th a t she ha d b ee n bor n in a s ta te o f i n cest It wa s well k n o wn th a t He n r y s m a rri a ge with C a th a ri n e h a d bee n d e cl a r ed i n co n s iste n t wi t h the c a n o n s o f the ch ur ch a nd , there fo r e , h a d Mr S a un ders c a lled he r by s uch n a mes ,he m ight ,a cco r di n g to la w,h a ve sheltered him Bu t the t r u sel f un de r a n a c t o f p a r li a m e n t th is he n ever tr a d uced her ch a r a cte r ; b ut in sp e a ki n g to G a rdi n er h e m a de us e o f a m ost seve r e s a rc a s m , by telli n g him th a t there n eed n o t to be m uc h d isp ut e co n ce r n i n g this m a t ter with his l ordshi p , wh o ha d a ct ua lly sig n ed t he de cl a r a ” tio n co n ce rn i n g the illegitim a cy o f Ma ry s b irth Thi s m e n t ho m e to h im bu t the se veri ty wa s bri n gi n g the a rg u g m e n ted G a r di n er s desire o f r eve n ge o f the s a ti r e a u S a un de r s told the ch a n cellor , He h a d n o obj e ct i o n t o r a ge to de cl a re ffer fo r th a t G o d wh o h a d give n him co u su l d s upport him un de r his se n t im e n ts witho ut fe a r , a n d wo u gh he wo uld n ever give a ll so r ts o f a ffli ctio n s ; a n d a ltho u ld n o t ,by a ny m ean s ,i nj ure t nt e n t io n al o ffe n c e , yet he wo u o f s ir ’ . . . . ’ . “ . . . . . ’ . . ’ . ’ . p ox ’ s no o n MA RT YRS on 37? . his co n sc ie n c e , b y g iv in g u th a s it was p the tru in the wo r d o f G o d ” re ve ale d . G a r di n e r upo n this , re m a nded Mr S a un ders to pr iso n bu rbe d t fi r st told him he wa s o u t o f his m i n d ,a n d a dist u m a d m a n , witho u t the use o f se n se or re a so n He wa s co n fi n ed in the Ma r sh a lse a p r iso n , a nd s tri ct orders were give n to the keeper s n ot to suffer a ny perso n to co n ve r se with him His wi fe , ho wever , c a me to the priso n with her yo un g child in her a rms , a n d the keeper had so m u ch co m p a ssio n , th a t he took the child a n d car ried i t to its fa ther Mr S a u n de r s seei n g the child , rej oiced g r e a tly , s a y in , g it wa s a pe c u li a r h a ppi n ess fo r him to h a ve s uch a b oy An d to the byst a n de r s , who a d m ired the be a uty o f the chil d , he s a id , W h a t m a n ,fe a ri n g God , wo uld n o t lo se his li fe , soo n er th an h a ve it s a id th a t t h e m other o f th is ” child wa s a h a r lot ? He s a i d these words , in order to poi n t o ut the wo fu l e ffects o f popish celib a cy ; for the p r iests b ei n g de n ied t he pr ivilege o f m a rri age , se d uced the wi v es a n d d a ugh t ers o f m a n y o f the l a ity , a n d filled the n a ti o n with b a st a r d s , who were l e ft e x posed to a ll sorts o f h a r dships A fter a ll thes e a ffli ctio n s a n d s uffe r i n gs , Mr S aun ders wa s b r o u ght be for e the co un cil ,whe r e the ch a n cellor s a t as preside n t ; a n d there he wa s a sked a gre a t n umber o f q uestio n s co n ce r n i n g his opi n io n s These questio n s we r e proposed in so a r t ful a n d e n s n a r i n g a m an n e r , th a t the pri so n e r , by telli n g the t r u th , m ust crimi n a te hi m sel f ; a n d to h a ve stood mut e wo uld h a ve s ubj ected him to the torture Un der s uch ci r c umst a n ces God g a ve him fort itude t o a ssert the tr u th ,by de cl a ri n g his a bhorre n c e o f a ll the doc tr i n es o f popery The e x a m in a tio n b ei n g e n ded , the o ffi cers led him o ut o f the pl a ce , a n d the n wa ited till some other p r iso n ers were e x a m i n ed W hile Mr S aun ders wa s st a n d in g a m o n g the o ffi cers , seei n g a gr e a t number o f peo p le a sse m bled ,a s is com m o n o n s uch occ a sio n s ,he e x horted them to be war e o f fa lli n g o ff fr om Christ to A n ti christ , a s m an y were the n retur n in g to popery , be c a use they h a d no t fort itude to ffer su T he ch a n cellor ordered him to o e e x c o mm u n ic a t e d ,a n d Th is wa s a gr e a t co m comm itted him to the Co m pter . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . ” 32 3 78 Fox ’ s n o o n o n MA RT YRS . fort t o him, b ec a use he wa s visited by m a n y o f his p e opl e who m he e x ho r t ed to co n st a n cy ; a n d whe n they were de n ied a d m itta n ce , he spoke to the m th r o ugh the gr a te a r y t h e she r i f f o f L o n do n delivere d O n the 4 t h o f Feb r u him to the b isho p , wh o degr a ded h im ; a n d Mr S a u n ders ” Th a n k God , I a m n o w o ut o f yo ur ch u rch s a id , The d ay follo wi n g b e wa s give n up to so m e o f the quee n s o ffi cers , wh o we r e a ppoi n ted to co n vey h im do wn to Co v e n t r y , t he r e to be b ur n ed The first n ight they n de r s took a n opp e r lay a t S t Alb a n s , where Mr S au un i t y o f reb uki n g a pe r so n wh o h a d ridi c ule d the Chris ti a n fa ith A ft er they a rr i ved a t Cove n tr y , a poor shoe m a ke r , wh o n de r s , c a m e to h im , a n d ha d fo r m e r ly worked fo r Mr S a u ” s a id , O h ! m y good m a ste r , m a y God st r e n gthe n y o u ” Good shoe m a ke r , a n swe r ed Mr S a un de r s , I beg y o u w ill p r a y fo r m e , fo r I a m a t p r ese n t in a ve r y we a k c o n di t io n ; b ut I hope my gr a ci o us God , wh o h a th a ppoi n ted ” me to it , will give m e str e n gth The s a m e n ight he spe n t in the co m m o n p r iso n ,pra y in g fo r a n d e x ho r ti n g a ll those wh o we n t to he a r him The n e x t d a y , whi ch wa s the 8th o f Feb r ua r y , he wa s led to the pl a ce o f e x e c utio n ,in the P a r k ,w itho ut the g a te o f th a t city , go i n g in a n old go wn a n d a shi r t , b a r e foote d , n d a n d p r a yed a n d o fte n fell o n the gr o u W he n b e a p n der she r i ff told him n ,the u tio r o a c h e d the pl a ce o f e x e c u p h e wa s a he r eti c , a n d th a t he h a d led the people a wa y e religi o n ; b ut yet , if he wo uld r e c a n t , the fr o m the t r u q uee n wo uld p a r do n h im To this Mr S a un de r s a n swe r e d , Th a t he h a d n ot filled the r e a l m with he r esy , fo r he h a d ta ught the people the p ure t r uths o f the gospel ; a n d in a ll his se r m o n s , while he e x horted the people fi r m ly , desired h is he a rers to b e obedie n t to the quee n W he n bro u ght to the st a ke he e m b r a ced it , a n d a fter be in g fa ste n ed to it , a nd the fa gots lighted , he s a id W elcome the cross o f C hr is t ,welc om e everl a sti n g li fe ; l in t o t he h and s o f him s oo n a fter whi c h h e resig n ed his s o u . . . ’ . . . . . . . . . . - . . . who ga ve it . 380 r ox ’ no o n s ma n r vn s or . mas Ar u n del , a n d b orro wi n g a horse from a fr i e n d , W hos e li fe he h a d s a ved , rode o ff to wa r d t h e se a -side , i n te n d in g to go to F r a n ce , se n di n g b a ck the ho r se by a se r va n t He r es ided so m e ti m e a t P a r is , in a s p r iv a te a m a n n e r a s possi b le Ret ur n i n g a g a i n to E n gl a n d he wa s i n fo r m ed n try a se co n d a g a i n st , a n d obliged to le a ve his n a tive co u . . ue tr . He we n t over a g a i n to F r a n ce ,b ut n o t bei n g s a fe the r e , he tr a velled i n to Germ a n y : fr o m the n ce he we n t to B a sil , s wo m a n , a n d a ft e r wa r d sett led whe r e he m a r r ied a pio u so m e time a t Z ur i ch , in S witzerl a n d : there he a pplied closely to his st udies , a n d m a de himsel f m a ster o f the Heb r e w l a n g ua ge At le n gth whe n the true r eligio n wa s set up a fter the de a th o f k i n g He n ry VIII , a m o n g other E nglish e x iles th a t ret ur n ed wa s Mr Hoope r In the m ost g r a te ful m a n r n ed th a n ks to a ll his fr ie n ds a b r o a d , who h a d ne r he ret u sho wn him so m uch co m p a ssio n ; p a r ti cul a r ly to the le a r n ed B ulli n ge r , wh o wa s a g r e a t frie n d to a ll those who ted fo r the gospel W he n he took a n a ffe c we r e pe r sec u lli n ge r , he told him th a t he wo uld write t io n a t e le a ve o f B u to him a s o ft e n a s he co uld fi n d a n oppo r t un ity ,b ut a dded P rob a bly I sh a ll be b ur n ed t o a shes , a nd the n so m e A n other circ um st a n ce frie n d will give y o u i n fo r m a tio n ld n o t b e o m itted in this pl a ce , a n d th a t is , th a t whe n s ho u he wa s a ppoi n ted bishop o f Glo ucester a n d W orcester ,the her a ld wh o e m bl a zo n ed his a r m s p u re o f a l a m b t the fig u sh , with the r a ys o f glory des ce n di n g fro m in a fiery b u he a ve n o n the l a m b , which h a d s uch a n e ffe ct o n D r Ho oper , th a t he s a id he k n e w he sho uld die fo r the tr uth ; r a ge Bu t to a n d thi s co n sider a tio n i n spi r ed hi m with co u ret urn to o ur n a r ra ti ve W he n Dr Hooper a rrived in L o n do n , he wa s so m uch filled with ze a l to p r o m ote the gospel , th a t he p r e a ched In his ser m o n s he e very d ay to cro wded co n g r eg a ti o n s re proved si n n ers in ge n er a l , b ut p a rt i c ul a r ly directed his rse a g a i n st the pec uli a r vi ces o f the ti m es d isc o u The a b uses he co m pl a i n ed o f were o wi n g to a v a riety o f c a uses : the n obili ty h a d got the ch ur ch l a n ds , a n d the s in thei r co n d uct ,b ut ign o clergy were no t o n ly s editio u This occ a sio n ed a sce ne o f ge n e ra n t eve n to a proverb a ll r a n ks a n d de r ee s o f p e op l e, ra l im mor a l ity a mo n g g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n r o x s no u or m um s 38 1 . s m e n with s uffi cie nt m a tter fo r r e whi ch fu r n ished p io u proo f e n t , an d I n h is do ct r i n e , Hooper wa s cle a r ,pl a i n , elo qu pe r s ua sive , a n d so m uc h follo wed by a ll r an ks o f p e opl e th a t th e ch ur che s co uld n ot co n t a i n the m Altho ugh n o m a n co uld l a bo ur m o r e i n de fa tig a bly in the ’ L o r d s v i n ey a r d , yet Hooper ha d a m o st e x celle n t co n st i pp orted by t e m pe r a n ce ,a n d wa s there tu t io n , which he s u ch good In the whole o f his co n fore e n a bled to d o m u ve r s a t i o n with t hose wh o wa ited on him in priv a te , he spoke o f the p ur i ty o f the gosp e l , a n d o f the gr e a t thi n gs r n i n g to o f God , c a u t io n i n g the people a g a i n s t ret u po if a n y ch a n ge in the gove r n m e n t sho u ld ta ke pl a ce This t wa s the m o r e n e cess a r y ,a s the pe ople in ge n er a l were b u ill gro un ded , tho ugh Cr a n m e r , Ridley , a n d m a ny other . . . . p io us m e n w e r e usi n g eve r y m e a n s in thei r po wer to m a ke the m a cq ua i n ted wi t h the p r i n c iples o f the Christi a n reli gio n In this pio us undert a ki n g , n o o n e wa s mo r e fo rwa r d th a n Dr Hooper a t a ll ti m es , in se a so n ,a n d o ut o f s e a ” he wa s re a dy to dis ch a r ge his d uty as a fa ith ful s on , m i n ister o f the gospel Afte r he h a d p r e a ched som e ti m e wi th gre a t s u ccess ,in , the city , he wa s se n t fo r by Ed wa r d VI ,who a ppoi n te d him o ne o f his ch a pl a i n s , a n d soo n a fter m a de h im bishop cester , by let ters -p a te n t un der the gre a t se a l o f Glo u h a vi n g a t the s a me ti m e the c a r e o f the b ishopri c o f W or c e s t e r co m m itted to him As D r Hoope r h a d bee n s o m e ti m e a b r o a d ,he h a d co n tra cted a n a versio n to the popish ce r e m o n ies , a n d be fore he wen t t o his b ishop r i c , he req uested o f the ki n g th a t he might n o t be obliged to give co un te na n ce to the m , whi ch request the m o n a r ch co m plied with , tho ugh m uch a g a i n st the i n cli n a t i o n s o f the other bishops D r Hooper a n d his b r eth r e n o f the r e formed ch urch h a d m a n y disp utes a b o ut the Romish te n ets , whi ch sho ws th a t the r e a r e so m e r e pt io n in the best o f m e n S o m e perso n s ma i n s o f corr u r s with u n we a ri ed ze a l , a n d see m to t a ke mo r e see k ho n o u ple a s ur e in titles ,th a n in co n side r i n g th a t a n elev a ted ra n k o n ly i n cre as es the n e cessity o f be i n g m ore observ an t o f r du ty ou D r Hooper di ffered f o m those m e n ,for i n ste a d o f s e ek ld n eve r h a v e a ccep t e d o f a ny ing p r e ferme n ts , he wo u . . . . . . . . . . . r . 382 Fox ’ s no o n o n ma a r m s . had they n ot b e e n pressed o n him H a v in g th e c are of two d io c es s e s , he held a n d g u ided the m both togethe r ,a s if they h a d bee n b ut o n e Hi s leis ur e ti m e , whi ch wa s b ut litt le , he spe n t in he a r i n g c a uses , in priva te pra ye r , a n d . . re a di ng t h e s c r ipt ur es He like wise visited the schools , r a ged yo u a n d e n co u t h i n the p ur s uit o f le a rn i n g He h ad child r e n o f his o wn who m he like wise i n str ucted , a nd tre a ted the m with a ll the te n de r n ess o f a good p a re n t , b ut t t he i n d ulge n ce o f a w e a k o n e wi t ho u He kept o pe n ho use , wi t h provisi o n s for the po o r ; which wa s a very p io u s a n d n ecess a r y a ctio n in those times , b ec a u se m a n y pe r so n s wh o h a d bee n d r ive n o ut o f the co n ve n t s r oved up a n d do wn the co un try st a rvi n g He r e lie ve d a ce r t a i n n u m ber o f these every d ay ,a n d whe n they ha d s a tisfied t he i r h u n ge r he delive r ed a disco u r se to them o n the p r i n ciples o f the Ch r is t i a n religi o n A fte r this m a n n er , b ishop Hoo p er co n ti n ued to disch a rge his d uty a s a fa i t h ful p a stor , d ur i n g the w hole o f ki n g Ed wa r d s reig n Bu t n o soo n er wa s Ma r y p r ocl a i m ed , th a n a serge a n t a t a r m s wa s se n t to a rrest o ur b ishop , in orde r to a n s wer t o t wo ch a r ges Fi r st , to D r He a th , wh o h a d b ee n deprived o f the dio cess o f Glo ucester fo r his a dhe r e n ce to pope r y , b ut was ne w resto r ed by the q u ee n seco n dly , to D r B o n n er , b ishop o f L o n do n , fo r h a vi n g give n evide n ce to k i n g Ed wa r d a g a i n st the perse c u t i n g p r el a te B ishop Hooper wa s desi r ed by so m e o f his frie nd s t o m a ke hi s esc a p e ,b u I o n ce fled for my t his a n s wer wa s , li fe , b ut I a m n o w de t ermi n ed , th r o ugh the st r e n gth an d ” g r a ce o f God , t o w it n ess the trut h to the l a st B ei n g bro ught b e fo r e the q uee n a n d co un cil , G a r d in er , sed bishop Hooper o f he r esy , s itti n g a s p r eside n t , a cc u c a lli n g him by the m ost opprob r io us n a m es This wa s in September , 1 55 3 , a n d a ltho ugh b e s a tis fa ctorily a n s wered the ch a rges bro ught a g a i n st him , h e wa s co m m itted to pr i ee n in seve s on o n the prete n ce o f bei n g i n debted to the q u ms o f m o n ey O n the 1 9 t h o f Ma rch , 1 5 5 4 , whe n ra l su he was c a lled a g a i n to a p p e a r b e fo r e G a rdi n er , the ch a n l d n o t s uffer him to ce llo r , a n d sever a l othe r bisho ps , w o u se ,b ut dep r ived him o f his b ishop r i c p le a d his c a u Bei n g a sked whether he wa s a m a r r ied m a n , he a n s we r e d in the a ffi r m a tive , a n d de cl a r ed th a t h e wo u l d not . . . . . . . ’ . . . . . . . . 384 F ’ o x s no o n o n MA RT Y RS . d i n n er a n d su pper ,the wa rde n a nd his wi fe picked quarrea with me , a n d co m p l a i n ed u n tr u ly o f me to th e ir gre a frie n d , the bishop o f W i n cheste r A ft er o n e qua rte r o f a y e a r ,B a bi n gto n t he wa rde n ,a nd his wife , fell o ut wi t h m e , respe cti n g the wi ck ed m a ss a n d the r e u po n the wa r de n resorted to the b ish o p o f W in chester , a n d obta i n ed to p ut me in to the wa rd s , where l ' . ‘ h a ve co n t i n ued a lo n g ti m e , h a vi n g n othi n g a ppoi n ted to m e fo r m y b ed b u t a little p a d o f str a w a n d a rotte n coveri n g ,with a ti ck a n d a fe w fe a thers the r ei n ,t h e ch a m ber bei n g vile a n d s t i n ki n g , un til by God s m e a n s good O n o n e side o f the people se n t me b eddi n g to lie o n p r is o n is the si n k a nd fil t h o f the ho use , a n d o n the o t her the to wn d itch ,so th a t the ste n ch o f the ho use has i n fe cted me with s un dry dise a ses Du ri n g whi ch time I h a ve bee n sick , a n d the doors , b a r s , h a s p s , a n d ch a i n s be i n g a ll closed up o n m e , I h a ve mou r n ed , c a lled a n d c r ied fo r hel p ; b ut the wa rde n,whe n h e h a t h k n o wn m e m a n y times r e a d y to die , a n d whe n the poo r m e n o f t h e wa rds h a v e c a lled t o help me , h a t h com m a n d e d the doo r s to be kept fa s t , a n d ch a r ged th a t n o n e o f his m e n sho u ld co m e a t me , s ayi n g , L et him a lo n e , it we r e a goo d r idd a n ce o f him I p a id a l wa y s like a b a ro n to the s a id wa r de n , a s well in fees , a s fo r my bo a rd , which wa s t we n ty shilli n gs a n til I wa s wro n g fu week , b eside my m a n s t a ble , u lly de p r iv e d o f m y b ishop r i cs , a n d si n ce th a t time I h a ve p a id h im a s the b est ge n tle m a n d oth in his ho u se ; y e t h a t h he sed m e worse a n d m o r e vilely t h a n t he veriest sl a ve th a t u ve r c a m e t o the com m o n side o f the p r iso n The wa r de n h a t h a lso i m p r iso n ed my ma n ,W illi a m t o f his clo t hes t o se a r ch for D o wn to n ,a n d st r ipped him o u letters , a n d co uld fi n d n o n e b ut a little re m e m br a n ce of goo d peo ple s n a m es who h a d give n me thei r a lms to r elieve me in priso n ; a n d to u n do them a lso , the wa rde n delivered the s a m e b ill un to the s a id S tephe n G a rdi n er , God s e n e m y a n d m i n e I have su ffe r ed i m p r iso n m e n t a l m ost eigh t ee n m o n ths , my goods i vin gs , frie n ds , a n d co m fo r t t a ke n fr om me ; the q uee n o wi n g me , by j ust a cco un t , fo ur sco r e po unds o r mo r e She h a t h p ut m e in p r iso n , a n d give t h n othi ng to k ee p m e , n either is there s uffered a ny o n e t o co me a t me , ’ . . ’ . ’ ‘ . ’ ’ . . . F ox ’ B O O K o r MA R T YRS s 3 85 . w h e r eby I m i gh t h a v e r elie f I am w i t h a w i cke d m a n a n d w o m a n , so th a t I see n o r e m e d , s a v i n g God s help y but I s h a ll be c a s t a w a y in p r iso n be fo r e I co m e t o j udg m en t B ut I co m m i t m y j us t c a use t o G o d ,w hose w il l be ” do n e ,w he t he r it be by li fe o r de a t h A ft e r h e h ad bee n ei gh t ee n m o n t h s in p r iso n , o n t h e 22 d o f Ja n u a r y , in 1 5 5 5 , t h e w a r de n o f t h e F lee t w a s o r de r ed t o b r i n g h im be fo r e t h e C h a n cello r G ar di n e r , w h o , W i t h o t he r bishops , w e r e a pp oin t ed t o e x a m in e him a seco n d t i m e , a t G a r di n e r s p a l a ce in S o u t h w ar k W h e n b r o ugh t be fo r e t hese m e r ciless p e r se c ut o r s , t h e ch a n cello r m a de a lo n g sp ee ch t o h im , desi r i n g h im t o for s a ke t h e opi n io n s h e h a d e m b r a ced , a n d r e t ur n t o t h e boso m o f t h e ch u r ch a ddi n g , t h a t a s th e p e pe w a s t h e he a d o f th e ch ur ch , so it w a s b r e a ki n g t h r o ugh h e r un i t y t o sep a r at e ’ fr o m h e r H e p r o m ise d t o p r oc ur e h im th e p op e s a bsol u t io n if he w o u ld r ec a n t his opi n io n s b ut t hi s w a s m e r ely an os t e n t a t io u s p r e t e n ce t o m e r cy fo r G a r di n e r k n e w , t h a t H oop e r w a s t o o w e ll g r o u n io n s , s opi n de d in his r eli io u g t o co m ply w i t h hi s r e q u es t ’ To t his D r H oope r ,a n sw e r ed ,t h at a s th e p op e s doc t r i n e w a s co n t r a r y t o t h e s a c r ed sc r ip t u r es , a n d a s h e co u ld not be t h e he a d o f t h e ch ur ch , b ec a use t he r e w a s n o he a d o f i t bu t C h r i s t , so h e w o u ld l i v e an d die a sse r t i n g t he doc t r i n es he h a d t a ugh t G a r di n e r r eplied , t h a t t h e quee n w o uld n e v e r sho w an y m e r cy t o t h e e n e m ies o f th e p ope w he r e up o n B a b i n g t o n , th e w a r d e n ,w a s co m m a n ded t o t a ke h im b a ck t o t h e F le e t It w a s like w ise o r de r e d , th a t he sho uld b e shi ft e d fr o m his fo r m e r ch a m be r , w hich w a s do n e a n d h e w a s se a r ch ed ,t o fi n d ,if p ossible , w h e t he r he h a d a n y books co n ce a le d a bo u t him , b ut n o n e w e r e fo un d On th e 2 5 th o f J a n uar y he w a s a g a in b r o ugh t be fo r e t h e ch a n cello r t o b e e x am i n ed , a n d w a s a g a i n a sked w he t he r o r n o t he w o u ld r ec a n t ; b ut n o t hi n g co uld sh a ke his c on . ’ ’ . . ’ ' . . . . . . . stan c y . O n Mo n d a y m o r n i n g,F eb r uar y 4 th ,th e b i sho p o f L o n d o n w e n t t o t h e p r iso n t o de g r a de him , w h i c h w a s d o n e in t h e us ua l fo r m , by p ut t i n g th e di ffe r e n t r ob e s upo n h im w o r n by p r ies t s an d t he n t a ki n g t he m o ff The y d i d n o t p ut o n h im th e bi shop s r ob es , b ec a use t hey did n o t a d m i t o f t h e v a lid i t y o f h i s o r di n a tio n W hi le t hey w e r e s tr ip pi n g h im o f t hes e _ . ’ . 33 3 80 F ox ’ s or soo n mur m u r s Ro m ish r a gs ,h e t ol d t he m he w a s gl a d t o p ar t w i t h t he n be c a us e hi s m i n d h a d b ee n a l w a ys a ga i n s t t he m , a n d c o n a s in fa c t s id e r e d t he m a s n o be t t e r t h a n h e a t h e n i sh r elics t hey w e r e , fo r t h e s a m e ki n d o f r obe s w e r e w o rn by th e p r ies t s b e fo r e th e t i m e o f C o n s t a n t i n e th e G r e a t A fe w ho ur s a ft e r he w a s de gr a de d , t h e keep e r c a m e to him a n d t ol d h im , h e w a s t o be se n t do w n t o G lo uces t e r t o s uf Up o n t his he li ft e d up h is eye s a n d h a n ds t o h e a fe r de a t h v e n , p r a isi n g G o d t h a t he w a s t o d ie a m o n his p eople a s it , g w ou ld b e t h e m e a n s o f co n fi r m i n g t he m in t h e t r ut h o f w h a t he h a d t a ugh t t he m H e i m m edi a t ely se n t t o hi s se r v a n t fo r his b oo t s a n d cl o a k , t h a t he m i g h t be in r e a di n ess t o a t t e n d t h e o ffi ce r s w he n e v e r t h ey sh o u ld co m e fo r h im Abo ut fo ur in t h e m o r n i n g he w a s t ak e n o ut o f p r iso n o h c t e d t o t h e si gn o f t h e A n gel ,n e a r t e sh e r i ff, a n d co n d u y n s t a n s s ch u r ch , F lee t s t r ee t The r e h e w a s r ecei v ed St D u by t h e q ue e n s o ffi ce r s , w h o h a d th e w a r r a n t fo r hi s e x e c u t io n a ft e r w hich t hey p e r m i tt ed him to t a ke so m e r e fr esh . . . . . ’ — . . ’ m en t . Ab o ut b r e a k o f d ay h e chee r fully m o un t e d o n ho r se b a ck w it ho ut hel p , h a v i n g a hoo d o n hi s h e a d un de r his h a t , t h a t he sho u ld n ot b e k n o w n a n d t h us e qui pp ed , w i t h a s er e n e a n d ch ee r ful co un t e n a n ce , p r o ceeded o n th e r o a d fo r Glo uce s t e r ,a t t e n de d by his ke ep e r s The gua r d s a sked him w h a t h o use s he w a s a cc us t o m ed t o us e o n t h e r o a d a n d w he n t hey w e r e i n fo r m ed ,in o r de r t o p e r ple x h im ,t h ey t ook h im t o o t he r s On t h e Th ur sd a y follo w i n g t hey a r r i v ed a t Ci r e n ceste r , a t o w n in h is o w n d io c e s s , a n d a b o u t el e v e n m ile s fr o m G lo uce s t e r , w he r e t hey di n e d a t th e ho use o f a w o m a n w h o h a d a l w a ys h a t ed t h e p r o t es t a n t s , a n d t r a d uce d b isho p H oop e r s ch a r a c t e r a s m uch a s p ossib le This w o m a n seei n g his co n st an cy , w a s so a ffe c t ed , t h a t s h e l a m e n t e d hi s c a se w i t h t e a r s ,a n d b e g ge d his p a r do n fo r th e m an n e r in w hich she h a d sp oke n o f him D i n n e r bei n g o v e r , t hey p r oceeded t o G lo uces t e r , w h e r e t hey a r ri v ed a b o u A g re at c r ow d o f t fi v e in t h e a ft e r n oo n p eople w e r e as se m b led a b o ut a m il e w i t h o ut th e to w n s o t h a t o n e o f th e e a r d , fe a r i n g a r e sc u r ode u t o t h u e , g p m a yo r s h o use t o de m a n d a id a n d a ssis ta n ce This b ei n g gr a n t ed ,th e p eople dispe r sed Hoo pe r w as t h a t n i gh t lod g ed in the h o use o f o n e I n gr a m , . . ’ . . . . ’ . . F O ’ X S B OOK o r MA RT YRS . m e r ly s u b s ste d b e tw ee n t h em , fo r h e h a d lo n g b e e n ac u a in t e d o f t h e she r i ffs t h a t t he w i h he H e be gged t m t q y wo uld m a ke th e fi r e a s viole n t a s possible , t h a t hi s p a m s . m m i gh t be o f t h e sho r t e r d u r a t io n ; a ddi n at t he i gh t h , g o h a v e h ad his li fe if he chose it , b ut c o uld n o t co n sis t e n t ly w i th th a t d u he o w e d t o God , a nd his o w n co n scie n ce t H e s a id , he n e w the Bi shop o f Ro m e w a s A n t i ch r i s t , a n d t h e r e fo r e h e co u ld n o t b e obed ie n t t o h im H e d e si r ed t hey w o uld n o t de n y his r e ques t , b ut le t h im s uffe r a s k . . oo n a s p ossible , w it ho ut e x e r ms m g a n y un n ecess a r y c r u c it y , w hich w a s u r n b e co m i n g t h e dig n i t y o f m e n o f ho n o u A co n s ul t a ti o n w a s held by t h e she r iff s , w he t he r o r n o t hey sho uld lod ge h im , t he e v e n i n g be fo r e h i s e x ec ut io n ,in t h e co m m o n g a ol o v e r t h e n o r t h t the a te o f t h e ci t y , b u g g ua r d s w h o h a d b r o ught h im fr om L o n do n , i n t e r cede d so e a r n es t ly in his fa v o ur , t h at he w a s p e r mi tt ed t o r e m a i n in hi s fo r m e r l od g i n gs a n d he spe n t th e eve n i n g in p r a ye r , t o e t he r w i t h a s m u c h o f t h e n i gh t a s he co uld sp a r e g fr o m hi s o r di n a r y r es t The b elie v e r , w h o i s t o r es t in Ch r is t J es us t h r o ugh o ut t h e e n dless a ges o f e t e r n i t y , m ay w ell e nj o y a n ho u r s sleep , b e fo r e th e co m m e n ce m e n t 0 1 e v e n t h e m o s t e x c r uci a t i n g t o r t ur es W he n bisho p H0 0p e r a ose in t h e m o r n i n g , h e desi r e d th a t n o p e i s o n w h a t e v e r sho uld dis t ur b h im in hi s de v o i o n s , t ill th e o ffi ce r s c a m e t o le a d him o ut t o e x e c ut io n Abo ut ei gh t o clock , th e lo r d Ch a n d o is , a tt e n ded by s e v e r a l o t he r n o ble m e n a n d ge n t le m e n , c a m e t o co n d uc t him t o th e pl a ce o f e x ec u H oope r t io n ; a n d a t n i n e D r w a s r e a dy B ei n g b r o ugh t d o w n fr o m his ch a m be r , w he n he s a w t he g ua r ds , he t old t h e she r i ffs h e w a s n o t r a i t o r , b ut o n e w h o w a s w illi n g t o die fo r t h e t r ut h ; a n d t h a t , if t h ey w o u ld h a v e p e r m i tt ed h im , h e w o uld h a v e w illi n e go n e un gua r ded to t he s ta ke , w i t ho ut t r o ub li n g a ny o fii c e 1 s A ft e r w a r d looki n g upo n t h e m ul t i t ude o f p eople t h a t w e r e a sse m bled , a b o v e se v e n t ho us a n d in n um be r , he s a id Al a s ! w h y a x e so m a n y pe ople a sse m ble d ? I d a r e n o t spe a k t o t he m a s fo r m e r ly H e w a s led fo r w a r d be t w ee n t h e tw o sh e r i ffs , a s a l a m b t o th e s l a u gh t e r , h a v i n g 0 11 a go w n w hich t h e m a n o f t h e ho use , w h o m he w a s co n fi n ed , h a d le n t h im a n d bei n g m uch a ffl ic t e d w i t h a n ill n ess h e h a d c o n t r a c t e d 1 11 p r i so n ,he was oblige d to w a lk w i t h a s t a ff in l US h a n d The she r i ffs s . o . ’ o r t . ’ . . . . F ox ’ s B OO K o r MA RTY RS 3 89 . h a vin g co m m an ded h im n o t to spe ak o n e w o r d , h e w a s n o t see n t o ope n his m o ut h b ut beholdi n g t h e p eop le , w h o ‘ fn o ur n e d bi tt e r ly , he so m e t i m e s li ft ed up h is eye s to w a r d he a v e n , a n d looke d chee r fully upo n s uch a s h e k n e w ; an d , i n deed , hi s co unt e n an ce w a s m o r e chee r ful t h a n it h a d b e e n fo r a lo n g t i m e b e fo r e W he n he w a s b r o ugh t t o th e s tak e , h e e m b r a ced it , a n d look ed s m ili n gly a t a p l a ce w he r e h e use d fo rm e r ly t o p r e a ch H e t he n k n eeled do w n t o p r a y , an d b ecko n ed se v e r a l t i m es t o o n e w h o m he kn e w v e r y w ell , t o co m e a n d he ar him t h a t he m i gh t gi v e a fa i t h fu l a cco un t o f w h a t he s a id , a ft e r hi s de a t h , a s h e w a s n o t p e r m i tt ed t o spe ak a lo u d W h e n h e h a d b ee n so m e tim e a t p r a ye r , a p a r do n w a s b r o ugh t ,a n d o ffe r e d t o him , o n co n di t io n t h a t he w o uld r ec a n t b ut n ei t he r p r o m ises o f p a r do n , n o r t h r e a t e n i n gs o f p u e ff e c t o n h im so n i sh m e n t , h a d a n y i m m o v e a b le w a s he in t h e fa i t h , a n d so w ell es t a b lished in the p r i n ciples o f th e gosp el P r a ye r s bei n g e n d ed , he p r ep ar ed hi m sel f fo r t h e s t ake , by t a ki n g o ff hi s l an dlo r d s go w n , w hich h e deli v e r e d t o th e she r i ffs , r e ques t i ng t he m t o se e it r es t o r e d t o t h e o w n e r He t he n t ook o ff t h e r es t o f his clo t hes ,e x cep t his do ub let a n d ho se , in w hich h e i n t e n de d t o b e b u r n ed b ut th e she f r i ffs n o t p e r m i tt i n h p b m i tt e d A e r t a t , he a t ie n t ly s u t g n d of t hi s a p o u h is legs n p o w de r w a s pl a ce d b e t w e e n u , g a n d t h e s a m e qu a n ti t y u t h r ee ch a i n s w e r e n de r e a ch a r m n d h im , o n e to hi s n eck , a n o t he r t o his m id t he n fi x ed r o u dle , a n d a t hi r d to his le gs ; a n d w i th t hese he w a s fa s t e n ed t o th e s t a ke This b ei n g do n e , fir e w as p ut t o th e fa go t s b ut th ey bei n g gr ee n , he suffe r e d i n e x p r essible t o r m e n t S oo n a ft e r t his , a lo a d o f d r ght f a ots w a s b r o u b n t still th e w i n d , y g ble w a w ay t h e fla m es so t h a t he b egge d fo r m or e ,t h a t h e m i gh t b e p ut o ut o f his m ise r y At le n gth t h e fi r e t ook e ffec t , a n d th e m a r t yr tr i um ph en t ly a sce n ded i n t o he a v e n , a ft e r such a fi e r y tr i a l as a l m ost e x ceeds a n hi t n g w e m eet w i t h in t h e p r i m i t ive y a ges H is l a st w o r ds w e r e , L o r d Je s us h a v e m e r cy up o n m e e n a ble m e to h e a r m y s uffe r in gs , fo r thy n am e s ” spi s a ke , a n d r ecei v e m r it y S uch w a s th e e n d o f o n e o f th e m os t e m i n e n t fa the r s o f r ch o f E n l an d ; an d s u r ely t h a t r e li i o n w hi ch co u th e ch u l d g g l . . . . ’ . . . . . “ . ’ . ” 33 390 Fox ’ s B OOK o r ma n r vn s . up p o r t h im un de r such d r e a d ful to r t ur e s must b e o f Go d F a n a t icis m a n d s upe r s t i t io n m ay g1 v e r esol ut io n b ut it is? e n ce o f p ur e r e li gi o n w h i ch c a n bes t o w o n ly t h e d i v i n e i n fl u r o f de a th a l m n ess in t h e ho u s c “ . S egfler z ng s a n d Ma r ty r d o m q ' ' r. Ro wla n d Ta y lor . D r R o w l an d T a ylo r w a s bo r n in the to w n o f H a dl e i gh , 1n S u ffolk , w hi ch w a s o n e o f t h e fi r s t pl a ces in E n gl a n d O spel a n d he r e he p r e a ched co n s t a n t ly t h a t r e cei v ed t h e d ur i n g t h e r ei gn 0 ki n g E d w ar d A r chbishop C r a n m e r , w h o w a s a good j ud ge o f m e r i t , a n d lo v ed t o r e w a r d it in le a r n ed m e n , took h im i n t o his fa m ily , a n d p r ese n t ed him H e r e h e p r o v ed hi m sel f a m os t t o t h e li v i n g o f Ha dlei gh e x celle n t p r e a che r a n d a fa i t h ful p a s t o r He m a de h im sel f a cq ua i n t ed w i t h e v e r y i n di v id ua l in his p a r ish ; h e gh t t he m like th e a pos t les a n d p r i m i t i v e C h r is t i an s , w h o ta u se t o ho use The lo v e o f C h r is t w r o ugh t so w e n t fr o m h o u s t r o n gly o n h is m i n d , t h a t e v e r y S un d a y a n d h olid ay he p r e a che d in th e m os t fe r v e n t m a n n e r t o his people No r di d h e r e s tr ic t hi m sel f t o p r e a ch in g : hi s li fe w a s o n e co n t i n u ed co m m e n t o n hi s doc t r i n e : it w a s a li fe o f holi n ess ; he s t udied n o t hi n g s o m uch a s t o d o good ; w a s st r a n ge r t o p r ide ; a n d w a s clo t hed w i t h h um ili t y H e a l a r ly a t t e n t i v e to th e p oo r , a n d his ch a r i ty w a s w a s p a r t ic u . . . . . . . bo un ded o n ly by his a bili t y W hile he r eb uke d si n n e r s fo r t hei r e n o r m i t ie s , h e w a s r e a dy t o r elie v e t hei r w an t s Thi s w a s a godlike disp osi t io n , a n d th e ch ar a c t e r is t ic o f a tr u e Ch r is t i a n In t h e co ur se o f his m i n i s t e r i al l a b o ur s he o ft e n m e t t he a t t e n de d t o t h e w it h O pposi t i o n ,a n d e v e n w i t h a b use b u m a x i m l a i d do w n by th e a p os t le , t h a t w e m us t go t h r o ugh e v il a s w ell a s t h r o ugh good r epo r t He w a s a m a r r ied m an , bu t n e v e r s e t d o w n t o di n n e r w i t h his fa m i ly ,w i t ho u t fi r s t i n qui r i n g w he t he r t h e p oo r w a n t ed a n y t hi n g To t h ose w h o w e r e dis t r essed , he g a v e r elie f b e fo r e he a t e a n y t h i n g hi m sel f H e fa m ili a ri zed hi m sel f w i t h a ll r a n ks o f m e n , in o r de r t h a t he m i gh t w in t he m t o t h e k n o w led ge p r a c t ice o f t h e t r uth H e w a s a n i n d ul ge n t , te n de r an d sb a n d , a n d b r o ugh t up hi s child r e n in t he a ffec t i o n a t e h u f a r o f God w ell k n o w i n g , t h a t t o la y a good fo u n d a tio n is r e a be a u t i fu l s up e r s tr uc tur e the o n ly w a y t o sec u . . . , . . . . . e . 3 92 Fox ’ s B OO K o r MA R TY RS . i s t D r T a ylo r , t o t h e ch a n cello r G a r di n e r , w h o s e nt g T a ylo r t o a p p e ar be fo r e a m e s s e n ge r , co m m a n di n g D r h im , in o r de r t o a n s w e r t o th e ch a r ge W he n D r T a ylo r s fr ie n d s he ar d o f thi s , th ey w e r e ch g r ie v ed , a n d fe a r i n g w h a t w o uld b e t h e r es ul t ,a s jus mu r io u s bi go ts t h e n in t ice w a s n o t t o b e e x pec t ed fr o m t h e fu p o w e r , a d v ised him t o go a b r o a d t o s a v e hi s li fe B ut t his he w o uld b y n o m e a n s co m ply w i t h ; sa yi n g t h a t it w a s r a ble t o s u ff e r fo r th e c a use o f God , t h a n to fle e m o r e ho n o u God , s a i d he , w i ll fr o m th e w r at h o f w icke d m e n ei t he r p r o t ec t me fr o m suffe r i n gs , o r he w ill e n a b le m e t o ” H e a dded , Th a t he k n e w his d y in fo r t he he a r t he m l d b e o f m o r e se r v ice t o t h e c a use 0 C h r i s t tr u th w ou ” t h a n hi s flyi n g a w a y fr o m t h e m a lice o f his p e r sec u t or s W h e n his fr ie n d s sa w t h a t n o t hi n g co uld p r e v a i l upo n him , t hey t ook le a v e o f hi W l t h t e a r s ; a ft e r w hi ch he s e t ou t fo r L o n do n , a cco m p an ied by a se r v a n t n a m ed Joh n Hull , w h o h a d bee n a co n si de r a ble t i m e in his fa m ily This fa i t h ful se r v a n t a d v i sed h im t o m a ke hi s esc a pe , b ut r p ose ; to n o p u fo r T a ylo r s a id , t h a t th e goo d she p he r d sho uld n e v e r le a v e hi s sheep , till h e w as t o r n fr o m t he m by fo r ce In t h e s a m e h e a v e n ly m a n n e r he e x h o r t ed J oh n t o b e co n s t a n t in th e p r o fessio n o f C h r is t i a n i t y , an d n ot to r e tu rn to p ope r y He s a id , th a t w o r ldly w isdo m w a s a p t t o t a ke t o o de ep a r oo t in o ur he ar t s , a n d t h at it w a s , t he r e fo r e , o u t y t o do a ll w e co u ld t o t r i um ph r du o v e r t h e w o r ld , th e flesh , a n d th e d e v il ; t o b e co n sis t e n t in o ur a tt a ch m e n t t o t h e t r ut h ; t o kee p in v ie w th e g lo r i l ; t o de spise e a r t hly o i s e t e r n i ty p r ovi ded fo r t h e fa i t h fu e r o rn e n t s , w hile w e s t r i v e t o r e n d e r o u r sel v e s w o r t hy o f g y he a v e n ; to fe a r G o d m o r e th an m e n ; t o b elie v e t h a t he w il l s w ee t e n a ll o u r su ffe r i n gs , by th e i n fl ue n ces o f h is H oly S pi r it ; t o t hi n k n o t hi n g t o o h a r d t o e n d ur e , in o r de r to obt a i n a b le s se d i m m o r t a li t y ; an d ,w i t h a C h r is tia n co u r a ge , to t r am ple m ph o ve r the o n de a t h , a n d t r i u gr av e W he n D r Ta ylo r w a s b r o ught be fo r e th e ch an cell o r G a r di n e r , t h a t p r el a te r e v iled h im in t h e m ost sho cki n g m a n n e r , c a lli n g h im a t r a i t o r a n d h e r e t i c ; a ll w h ich o u r pi o us m ar t y r p a t ie n t ly sub m i tt ed to In th e Op i n i o n o f G a r di n e r he m i gh t h a v e b ee n a he r e t ic , b ut , a cco r di n g t o law , he c ould no t h a v e b e e n a t r a i t o r ; fo r th e stat u te o f a a n . . . ’ . . “ . “ . . . ' . . . ' . . . ‘ r ox s B OO K o r mum 3 93 ‘ s. s t a tute o f her e sy e n fo r ce d di ffe r e n t p un i sh m e n t s : fo r tr e a so n t h e o ffe n di n g p a r t y w a s t o be h a n ged a n d q uar t e r ed fo r he r esy he w a s t o b e b ur n ed al i v e Ha d quee n Ma r y p r oceeded a ga i n s t t hi s m a n , a n d t e o f hi gh t r e a s o n ,t hey m u st h av e m a n y o t he r s , o n t he s ta t u bee n a c q ui t t e d ,a s th e t r i a l w o uld t he n h a v e bee n co n d uc t ed t o t h e p r i n c i p les o f co m m o n la w his she a cco r d i n B u t t g ha d n o i n t e n t io n t o d o ; h e r desi g n w as t o gr a t i fy t h e cle r gy , by c a usi n g a ll t hose w ho o pposed t hei r se n t i m e n t s , t de a t h in t h e m ost b a r b ar o u to b e p u s m a nn e r D r T a ylo r a n s w e r ed t h e ch a n cello r w ith beco m i n g fir m n ess he t old him , t h a t he w a s t h e pe r sec ut o r o f G od s p eople , a n d t h a t h e , hi m sel f h a d a dhe r ed t o o ur S a v i o ur a n d h is w o r d z h e bi shop G u a r di n e r in m i n d o f t h e o a t h t p he h a d t a ke n in th e be gi n n i n g o f ki n g E d w a r d s r ei gn , t o m a i n ta i n t h e p r o t es t a n t r eli io n , a n d o ppo se t h e p a p a l g s up r e m a cy : b n t G a r di n e r a n s w e r ed t h at t h e o a t h h a d bee n e x t o r t ed , so t h a t he w a s n o t ob li ged t o a bide by it It i s ce r t a i n , t h a t e v e r y o a t h e x t o r t ed b y t h e t h r e a t e n i n g fo r ce ; a n d the m an n i sh m e n t , c an h a v e n o m o r a l of pu w h o h a s bee n w e a k e n o u gh to s w e ar , m ay r ecede fr o m th e ob li a t o r y p a r t a s soo n a s he h a d a n op po r t u n i ty B ut g t hi s w a s n o t t h e c a se w i t h G a r di n e r ; h a d he r e fu sed t h e o a t h , a ll th e p un i sh m e n t i n flic t ed upo n h im w o uld h a v e bee n the loss o f his bishop r i c An d s ur ely he w ho p a ys t h e le a s t r e ga r d to th e s a c r ed N am e in voke d to w i t n ess his sin s u bsis e c e r it , w ill n o t choose t o e nj oy a t e m po r a l t n ce a t y il ty co n scie n ce th e e x p e n se o f a g u D r T a ylo r e x p l a i n ed t o t h e bishop t h e n a t u r e of an o a t h , a n d t old him , t h a t a s he h a d n o t been fo r ced t o t ake o n e co n t r a r y t o t h e di c t a t es o f co n scie n ce , so he w a s ei t he r re u i diced n w h a t he did , o r w h a t w a s s t ill w o r se , he t r i j p fled w i t h a s a c r ed obli gat io n t h a t n o m a n w h a t e v e r co uld dispe n se w i t h a n o a t h ,un less he k n e w it wa s hi s d ut y t o do so , in co n se que n ce o f its h a v i n g b ee n i m posed o n him b y v iole n ce bj e c t t o Ga r din e r w h o w as sel f co n v icted , tur n e d th e s u th e disp u ted p oi n t s co n ce r n i n g t he r e a l p r ese n ce , a n d so m e o t he r t hi n gs in pope r y W i t h r espect t o th e re a l p r e se n ce in the s a cra me n t ,D r T a ylo r tol d hi m , t h a t it h a d n o fo un d a t io n in sc r ip t ur e ry H ou t had b e e n fi rs t ta u ht a b o u t he t e n th c e n t u e t g high tr e a son a n d th e . - . . . ’ , ’ . . . . . . - . 3 94 F ’ o s s o o n o r Mi n r vn s x ' . quo t e d th e b ook o f B e r t r a m , w hi ch w a s w ri t t e n ab o ut tha t i m e , w h e r ei n t h e r e a l p r ese n ce w a s de n ied , a n d t r an s u e s t a ntia tio n co n side r e d a s n o b e tt e r t h a n a n o v el doc t r i n e He m a de it a ppe a r , t h a t Ch r is t o n ly co mm a n ded his fol lo w e r s t o keep t h e fe a s t o f t h e E uch a r is t ,in r e m emb r an ce o f his l a s t s u ppe r w i t h t he m Th at a s C h r is t b r oke b r e a d an d d r a n k w i n e w ith his disciple s in a fr ie n dly m a n n e r , b e fo r e he w as d r a gged t o p r iso n ,t o j ud g m e n t , a n d t o e x e cu t io n , co n se q u e n t ly hi s follo w e r s sho uld ob se r v e it a s a fe a st of u n i t y t o t h e e n d o f the w o r ld S uch w e r e t h e se n t i m e n t s o f t h i s p i o us m an , co n cern i n g a v e r y disp u t ed p oi n t H e w a s cl e a r in hi s co n ce p ti o n s con ce r n i n g t h e sc r ip t ur e a cco un t o f th e l a st s upp er, fo r a ll gh t us t o co n side r it in t h e th e p r i m i t i v e fa t he r s h a v e t au ” s a m e li ght W he n Ch r is t s a i d , Thi s is my b ody , h e co uld o n ly m e an t h e a to n e m e n t t h a t w a s to b e m a de fo r s in , r ely t h a t co u an d su ld n o t b e t h e b r e a d he took in his h a n d Th e body o f Ch r is t , j oi n ed t o his h um a n so ul , a n d b o th un i t ed to th e d i v i n e n a t ur e , a r e n o w in a s t a t e o f glo r y in he a v e n ; a n d h o w t he n c a n t h e p r i es t tur n a m o r sel o f b r e a d i n to th e b ody o f o ur D i v i n e Redee m e r ? The b a r e gh t p ut s co mm o n se n se t o t h e bl ush It i s full o f a h t h ou s ur di ty , a n d c a n o n ly i m p ose o n t h e g r osses t c r ed uli t y , fo r l and d e th e p ur p ose o f in c r e a si n g th e i n fl ue n ce o f a r t fu S i n i n g p r i ests g D r T a ylo r , a ft e r be in g in t e r r o g a t ed b y t h e ch an cello r fo r a co n side r a ble t i m e , w a s a t le n gt h co m m i tt ed t o p r i so n fo r bi go t r y k n o w s n o feeli n g ; pe r sec ut io n n o r es t i n g pl a ce VVhile he w a s in p r iso n , he sp e n t th e gr e a t es t p a r t of his t i m e in p r a ye r , in r e a di n g t h e s a c r e d sc r ip t ur es , a n d in e x ho r t i n g t h e p oo r p r i so n e r s co n fin ed w i t h h im t o a s e ns e ty This w as t h e m o r e n ecess a r y , a s th e o f thei r d u w as (p eople deo a t t h e ti m e w e r e e x t r e m ely i n o r a n t ; li gh t , i u g b e gi n n i n g to b r e a k in upo n t he m , b ut they k n e w n o t h o w The p r iso n in w hich D r Ta ylo r w a s co n fi n ed , t o w a lk w a s t h a t co m m o n ly c a lled t he K i n g s B e n ch , a n d t he r e h e B r a d fo r d , w hose m e t w i t h t h a t holy a n d p io u a m an Mr s se n t i m e n t s co n t r ib ut ed t o m i t i ga t e his a ffi n ity in r eli gio u su ffe ri n gs If t w o v i r t uo us o r pio us pe r so n s a r e o f th e s a m e Op i n io n , a n d un de r th e s a me ci r c um sta nc es , they w a s the c a s e e This n e ra lly sy m p a t hize w i t h e a ch o t he r g fo r n o soo ne r did t hey w it h D r T a ylo r a n d Mr B r a d fo r d t . . « . . . . . . . . . . . ’ . . . . . 396 F ox ’ B OOK o r ma ri n a s s . He a ck n o w led ged th a t h e a r bish op s w h o w e r e p r ese n t ho r r ed all th e p opish do c t r i n es o f th e ch ur ch o f Ro m e , t h a t t o de n y t h e cle r gy t h e t h a t t h e p e p e w a s A n t ich r is t p r i v ile ge o f m a r r i a ge w a s th e do c t r i n e o f de v ils th a t t he r e w er e b u t t w o s a c r a m e n t s in t h e Ne w Tes t a m e n t ; t h a t t h e m a ss w a s idol a t r y , t h e bo dy o f C h r is t b ei n g in he a v e n ; ld a bide by t h ese se n t i m e n t s t o a n d l a s t o f a ll, t h a t he w o u t h e l a s t , b ei n g co n v i n ced t h a t t hey w e r e co n sis t e n t with t h e doc t r i n es l a i d do w n by Ch r is t a n d hi s a po s t les On e m ay e a sily i m a gin e w h a t w o uld b e the co n s e a fr ee a n d op e n decl a r a t io n ch The p a pist s u en c e s o f s u q co uld n o t b e ar to he ar t hei r fa v o ur i t e n o t i o n s t hus c a lled in q ue sti o n , a n d eve n co n de m n e d a s idol a t r y The ch a n cello r t he r e fo r e p r o n o un ced se n t e n c e o n him , t a ke n t o a p riso n in S o ut h w a r k , c a lle d th e a n d he w a s C li n k , w he r e h e r e m a i n e d t ill n i gh t , a n d t h e n w a s se n t to l t r y He r e he r e m a i n e d sev e n t h e C o m p t e r in t h e P o u d a y s w he n , o n t h e 4 th o f F eb r ua ry 1 5 5 5 , B o n n e r , bi shop o f L o n do n , w i t h o t he r s , c a m e t o t he s a i d C o m p t e r to d e opish r a de him , b r i n g i n g w i t h t h e m t h e g The l a st p a r t o f th e ce r e m o n y o de g r a d a ti o n is fo r th e bishop t o s t r ike t h e pe r so n de gr a ded o n t h e b r e a st ; b ut B o n n e r s ch a pl a i n a d v i sed h im n o t t o s t r ike D r T a ylo r , Y e s , t h a t I w ill , b y for he w o uld s ur ely s t r ike a ga i n ” ’ fo r the c a use is Ch r i s t s , a n d S t P e t e r , s a id th e d o c t o r I sh o ul d n o t b e a g md S o ld e r , if I did n o t figh t m y m a s t e r s b a t t les Th e b i sh o p ,t he r e fo r e ,co n t e n ded him slf w i t h p r o n o u n c in a c u rs e u po n D r T a ylo r ; to w hich th e doc t o r an s w e r e , Yo um a y c ur se a s lo n g a s y o u p le a se , b ut I a m co n fide n t G o d w i ll s up Po r t m e : I h a v e t h e w i t n ess o f a good c o n t h ; w he r e s cie n ce , t h at I a m s t a n di n g in de fe n ce o f t h e t r u as y o ud a r e n ot s a y t h a t y o ua r e d oi n g so b ut I w il l p ra y ” fo r y o u W he n h e w a s b r o ugh t up to his ch a m b e r , he told Mr Br a d fo r d t h a t he h a d m a de the bishop o f Lo n do n a fr a id ; ' . . . . . . . p ’ . . . ’ . d . . . Su p e r titio n h a d ri en to uh a p it c h in th e r e ig n o f He n r y I ,t h a t th e ler gy w e r e e x e mp te d fr o m o r p ore a l p u n i h m en t ; bu t his g ra n d o n He n r y II ,in th e o n t it ut io n o f C a r en d o n ,o r d a ine d th a t th ey o ud s uf n i h m e n t a s t h e la i ty ; a n d t h e re fo r e th e fe r t h e a m e p u e r g y , t h a t it mig h t n o t b e a id t a t a p r ie t s u fle re d d e a th , a w ay d e g ra d e d him b e fo re ex e u t ion ; t h u b y a p i t ifu l qu ib b e m a in t a ining the s ha d o w o f ex emp b s tan c e Q tio n, wh en they ha d lo t t h e s u s c s . s c s s c s s h s s s c c s l s s ’ l . s l s cl sh l s r for , o x s B O O K o r MA RT YRS ’ 97 . s a i d b e , his ch a pl a i n a d v ised him n ot t o str ike l d s t r ike him a ga i n , w hich I m a de him b e m e , le s t I sho u ” li e v e 1 w o uld ,a l t ho ugh I n e v e r i n t e n ded t o do so To s t r ike a n e n e m y is s t r ic t ly fo r bi dde n in th e gosp el a r ded a s t o s t r ike b ut e v e n h a d D r T a ylo r b ee n so un gu ld o n ly h a v e bee n i m p ut ed to the ig no t h e bishop , it Co u r a n ce w hich a t th a t tim e p r e v ai led , e v e n o v e r th e m i n ds o f p io us m e n The n i gh t a ft e r he w a s de gr ad e d , hi s w ife , w i t h hi s s o n Tho m a s , c a m e t o see h im an d s uch w as th e good n a t ur e o f th e k eepe r , t h a t b e p e r m i tt ed t h e m to o i n t o hi s a p a r t g m e n t an d su r T a ylo r fo u n d a gr e a t w i t h h im Th u s D p di ffe r e n ce b e t w ee n t h e keep e r o f th e bi sho p s p ri so n a n d th e keepe r o f t h e C o m p t e r The bi sh op s keepe r s w e r e e v e r c r uel , bl a sphe m o us , a n d t yr an n i c a l , like t hei r m a st e r ; b ut th e ke ep e r s o f t h e r oy a l p r i so n s , fo r th e m os t p a r t , sho w ed a s m uch fa v o ur a s co uld be gr an t ed to t hose w ho m they h a d in c us t ody Joh n H ull , t h e se r v a n t , c am e w it h t h e w i fe a n d s o n o f D r T a ylo r ; a n d a t t hei r fi r s t co m i n g in , t hey a ll k n eeled do w n a n d p r a yed A ft e r s uppe r the d oct o r w al ked t w o o r t h r e e tim es a c r oss th e r oo m ,b lessi n g G o d t h at he h a d si n gled him o u t t o b e ar w i t n ess t o th e t r u t h , a s it i s in Jesu s : t h at he h a d b ee n tho ugh t w o r t hy t o s uffe r fo r hi s n a m e s s a ke : a n d t he n , rn i n tu g t o his s o n , h e s a id , My de a r s o n , God Al m i gh t y b less y o u, a n d giv e y o uhis H oly Sp i r i t , t o be a t r ue se r v e n t o f Ch r is t ; t o he a r hi s w o r d , a n d co n s t a n t ly to s t a n d by t h e tr u t h al l t hy li fe lo n g ; a n d ,m y s o n , see t h at t ho ufe ar G o d fle e fr o m a ll s in a n d w icke d li v i n g ; b e v i rt uo us ; a l w a ys a n d p r a y t o G o d si n ce r ely b ook a t te n d cl ose ly t o t h In , y l , see t h a t t ho u b e ob edie n t to th y a ll t hi n gs t h a t a r e l a w fu m o t he r lo v e h e r a n d se r v e h e r ; b e r ule d a n d di r ec t ed b y h e r n o w in t hy yo ut h , a n d follo w h e r good co u n sel in a ll t hi n gs B e w a r e o f le w d co m p an y ,o f yo u n g m e n t h at fe a r n o t G o d , b ut in d ul ge t hei r v a i n a ppe t i t es an d l us t s F ly fr o m w ho r e do m , a n d ab ho r a ll fil t h y livin g ; r e m e m b e rin g th a t I , t hy fa t he r , a m t o die in de fe n ce o f h oly m a r A n othe r d a , w he n G o d sh a ll bless t hee , love an d r ia e y g n t t h a t th c he r i sh the p oo r peop le , an d co u y chie f ri ches is to b e r ich in a lm s : a n d w he n th y m o t he r i s far a d v e n ced in ye a r s , fo r s ake h e r n o t ,b ut p r o v ide fo r her a o ab ilities , an d see t h a t she w an t for n othin to t h c ord in y g g " “ . . . . . ’ ’ . . . . ’ “ . . . . 34 ’ 3 98 r ox s B O OK o r w a r m s . An d Go d wil l b les s thee , an d giv e th e e lo n g l ife upo r e ar th , a n d p r ospe r i t y fo r w hi c h n o w , up o n m y kn ees ,] ” p ra y , t h r o ugh t h e m e r i t s o f’ J e s us C h r ist The n , t ur n i n g t o hi s w i fe , h e s ai d , My de a r w i fe , c on ti n n e ste a d fa st in th e fa i t h ,fe a r ,a n d lo v e o f God K eep yo ur pe r s t i t io n I h a v e n d e file d by t h e p opish idol a t r ies a n d s u s el f u bee n un t o y o u a fa i th ful yoke fello w ; a n d so h a v e y ou bee n un t o m e ; f o r th e w hi ch I p r a y Go d to r e w a r d y o u b t n o t ,m y de a r , b ut Go d w i ll r e w a r d y o u No v a n d do u t h e t i m e i s co m e t h a t I sh a ll b e t a ke n fr o m y o u , a n d y ou di sch a r ge d o f t h e w edlock b o n d t o w a r d m e : t he r e fo r e I n sel , t h a t I t hi n k m os t e x p edie n t fo r w il l gi v e y o u my co u Y o ua r e y e t a child be a r i n g w o m a n , an d , t he r e fo r e , ou y i t w ill b e m os t co n v e n ie n t fo r f o r , do u bt o u t o m ar r y ; y less , y o uw ill n o t o f yo ur sel f b e a bl e t o s uppo r t o ur de a r chil d r e n , n o r b e o ut o f t r o ub le , t ill y o u b e m a r r ied The r e fo r e , a s soo n a s P r o v ide n ce sh a ll p oi n t o ut so m e pi o us , ho nes t m a n , w h o y o u t hi n k w ill s upp o r t th e p oor child r e n , be s ur e t o m a r r y h im , a n d li v e in th e fe a r o f ” God ; b ut by a ll m e a n s a v oid i dol a t r y a n d s upe r st i tio n H a v i n g s a id t hese w o r ds , he fell do w n a n d p r a yed fo r hi s fa m ily ; a n d t he n he g a v e his w i fe a n E n gl ish P r a ye r B ook , a s s e t fo r t h by ki n g E d w a r d VI ; a n d to his s on Tho m a s , he g a v e a L a t i n b ook , co n t a i n i n g a collec t io n o f se n tim e n t s fr o m t h e w r i t i n gs o f th e p r i m i t i v e fa t he r s , r el a t i n g n st a n cy o f t h e co u ra e an d co the a n cie n t g m a r ty r s The r e a de r w h o a tte n d s to t h e c on d uc t o f t hi s dyi n g m a r t y r , w i ll fi n d t h a t t he r e i s so m e t hi n g in t r ue r eli gio n far s upe r io r t o de cep t io n In t h e p r i m i t i v e t i m es it w a s co m mo n fo r th e m a r ty r s , p r e v io us to t hei r s uffe r i n gs , t o c o n v e r se w i t h t hei r fr ie n d s , a n d a lso t o w r i t e epis t les t o r ches a t a dis t a n ce So m e o f t hose epis t les a r e th e ch u s t ill e x t a n t , a n d w e k n o w t h a t t hey w e r e fr e que n t ly r e a d ch ur ches a ft e r w a r d : b ut n o eloq ue n ce c a n e x cee d i n th e t h a t o f D r T a ylo r , in t a ki n g le a v e o f his w i fe a n d s o n Ho w s w eetly d o hi s e x p r essio n s flo w fr o m th e he a rt ! W h a t a m a n ly di gni t y un d e r his s uffe r i n gs doe s h e d ispl a y W h a t r esi g n a t io n t o t h e w ill o f God , a n d w h a t a fi r m r e lia n c e o n di vi n e P r o v ide n ce H e r e ,i n deed , g r a ce t r i u m phed m a n n atu r e , a n d th e so u l sho w ed it s n a tive spl en o v er h u r , a lt ho u h co n fin e d w i t hi n a m o r ta l body dou g . . . - . - . . . . . . . . . . 1 00 Fox ’ s B OOK o r MA RT Y RS . As th e y cam e d th ey p r ep a red t o set o ut o n ho r seb a ck ll , his old se r v a n t w h om ou t o f t h e g a t e o f t h e i n n , Joh n H u an . w e h a v e m e n ti o n e d be fo r e ,w a s t he r e w a i t i n g , h a v i n g w i t h ’ t h e b oy t h a t him D r T a yl o r s s o n Thom a s Joh n h ft e d u p he m i gh t s e e his fa t he r , a n d t he n se t h im o n t h e ho r se b e “ D r T a ylo r , t a ki n g o ff his h a t , s a id , Good fo r e h im peo ple , t his 1 5 m y o w n s o n , b e go t t e n in l aw ful w e dlo ck , ” l m a t r i m o n y H e t he n li ft ed up a n d I bless G od fo r l a w fu his eyes t o w a r d he a v e n , a n d p r a ye d for h is s o n ; l a i d hi s ’ h a n d up on th e boy s he a d , a n d b lessed him A ft e r t his he deli v e r ed h im t o Joh n H ull , w ho m h e shook by t h e h a n d , Tho u h a s t bee n th e fa ith fulle st serv an t eve r an d sa i d , . . . . . m an h a d \Vhe n t hey a r r i v e d a t B r e n t w ood , t hey m a d e a close hood fo r D r T a ylo r , h av i n g t w o h ole s fo r hi s eyes , a n d They did t his , t h a t n o o n e fo r h is m o u t h t o b 1 e a t he a t w hi ch p r a ctice m a n sho uld k n o w h im , o r s p e a k t o h iin Th e e v ide n ce o f t he i r w a s fr e que n t ly use d in s uch c a ses o w n c o n s c 1 e n c e s co n v i n ce d t he m t h a t t hey w e r e le a di n g G uil t c r e a t es fe ar , a n d in n oce n t p eople t o th e sl augh t e r s d o e s S a t an r e w a r d h i s v a ss a ls thu All th e w ay D r T aylo r w a s a s j o y ful a s if h e h a d bee n goi n g t o t a ke p o s s e s s mn o f an e s t a t e ; a n d , i n de ed , h o w co uld it b e o th e r w i se 21 H e k n e w he w a s s i ffe r in g fo r th e t h w a s a ble t o s u p po r t h im ; a n d b e fa i t h , a n d t h a t t h e t r u s r e w a r d fr o m Him for w hose c ause a n t icip at ed a glo r io u he s uffe r e d At C hel m s fo r d t hey w er e m e t by the she r i ff o f S uffolk , nt w h o w a s t o t a ke h im i n t o t h a t co u y t o b e e x e c ut e d W hile t hey w e r e a t sup pe r , t h e she r i ff o f E sse x l a b o ur ed e a r n es tly w i t h h im t o r e tur n t o th e p op ish r eli gi o n H e Th a t a s h e w a s a m an o f un i v e r s a l le a r n i n g , so t old him , ” h is de a t h w o uld b e a gr e a t loss 0 th e n a t i o n The s he r i ff, w h a t e v e r his o w n op i n i o n s w e r e , s a i d a gr e a t de a l to D r T a ylo r , a n d fa lli n g b e fo r e h im o n hi s k n ees ,w i t h th e t e a r s r un n i n g do w n hi s cheek s , e a i n e s tly be 0gged o f h im to 1 e c an t h is opi n i o n s , a n d be r e co n cile d t o t h e ch ur ch ; p r o m is in g t h a t he a n d a ll his fr ie n ds w o ul d p 1 o cu re hi s . . . . . . i . . . . p a r do n . . Ta ylo r t he n took th e c up in hi s h an d , a n d looki n l ar ly to t h e she r i ff o f E sse x , s aicf to the co m p a n y , p a r t ic u I h ea rtily th an k va n f vo ur g oo d w ill ; I h ave Dr “ . o r r ox s B O OK or un a r m 40] r wo r ds , a n d mi n ded well yo ur co un sel s ; he a rke n ed to yo u a n d , to be pl a i n with y o u , I d o perceive th a t I h a ve bee n de cei v ed mysel f, a n d a m likely to dece ive a g r e a t m a n y i n H a dleigh o f th e ir e x pe ct a tio n s At these w o r ds the whol e co m p a n y cl a pped the i r h a n ds wi th j oy God bless y o u, s a id the she r i ff o f Esse x , keep to th a t , it is the most co m fort a ble w o r d we h a ve he a rd fi om y o u Why sho uld r sel f 3 P l a y a w ise m a n s p a r t , a n d the n y o uc a st a wa y yo u ” I a m ce r t a i n y o uw ill fi n d fa vo ur Upo n t hi s D r T ay lor r epl ied , I a m , a s y o u see , a m a n o f a very l a rge b ody ,whi ch I tho ught sho uld h a ve l a i n in H a dleigh ch ur ch y a rd , a n d there a r e a g r e a t n um ber o f wo r m s t he r e wh o wo u ld h a v e h ad the fe a sti n g , whi c h n o d o ub t they wished ” fo r m a ny a d ay ; b u t I k n o w I a m de ce ived , s a id he , a n d th e wo r ms a r e so too ,fo r m y b ody is to b e b ur n ed t o a shes , a n d they w ill lose their fe a st W he n the she r i ff a n d h is co m p a n i o n s he a r d h im s ay this , for the n e a r er his s u t hey we r e a m a zed a t his co n s t a n cy f fer in gs a ppro a ched ,the m o r e he wa s stre n g t he n ed to e n d u re the m In this he i m it a ted o ur blessed Redee m er , who , whe n he felt his fa the r s wr a th begi n n i n g to be i n flicted upo n h im , he s we a ted a s i t were gre a t d r ops o f blood ; b u t whe n led for t h , a n d n a iled to the cross , he looked r o u nd with co m pl a ce n cy , a n d co n vi n ced the spe c t a tors th a t the glo r y o f God sho n e thro ugh his h um a n n a t ur e S uch h a s b ee n the c a se o f the n a r ty r s in a ll a ges a n d n a tio n s H um a n n a ture might , a t first , sh udder a n d shri n k b a ck a t t he tho ught o f the s ufferi n gs t hey were e x posed to ; b ut th e ir co ns t a n cy i n c r e a sed a s the fie r y tr i a l d re w n e a r W he n the p r ocessi o n a r rived a t Aldh a m Commo n , where D r T a ylor w a s to b e b u r n t , he li ft ed u his eye s p to he a ve n , a n d th a n ked G o d th a t th e l ast st r uggle wa s come , a n d he hoped he sho uld b e e n a bled to go thro ugh wi t h it He tore the hood fr o m his fa ce , th a t he might b e see n by the n um ero us spe ct a tors , m a n y o f whom h a d formerly bee n hi s p a r ish o ne r s He the n b eg a n to spe a k to the p eo st sti ck s t the o ffi ce r s th r u ple wh o were p r a yi n g fo r him b u i n to hi s m o ut h , a n d thre a te n ed to c ut his to n g ue o ut , un less he wo uld p r omise to keep sile n ce a t the p l a c e o f e x e cu tio n Whe n he h a d pr aye d, he kiss ed the st a ke,a nd get into . . ’ “ . ’ . . ’ . . ’ . . . . . . 402 F ox ’ s B O OK o r M A RT Y RS . p itch , which wa s pl a ced fo r that r pose Fi r e be i n g set to the pitch , Dr T a ylo r con pu tin u e d pr a yi n g in the m ost devo u t m a n n er , til l o n e o f the m a n e t h a n the r est ,k n oc ked o u o ffi ce r s , m o r e h u t his br a ins t a n e n d to his m isery wi th a h a lbe r d , a n d th us p u W e h a ve i n t his c a se a n i n st a n ce o f popis h s uperstit io n , in so m e respec t s m o r e viole n t th a n a ny we h a ve yet t a ke n D r T a ylor wa s n o t o n ly a p io u s m a n , b ut he n otice o f ha d bee n , fo r his k n o wledge o f the c a n o n a n d civil l a ws , lo n g estee m ed a s t he glo r y o f C a m b r idge He ha d , fr o m uis dis t i n g uished a b ilities a n d le a r n i n g , co n futed the ch a n m e n ts co n ce r n i n g the m a r r i a ge o f the c e llor in h is a r g u cle r gy ; a n d , i n dee d , in a ll other res p e cts , he wa s so well a i n ted w ith the a n cie n t fa t he r s , t h a t he wa s wi t h gre a t a cq u ” prop r i ety c a lled The W a lki n g L i b r a r y Bu t n o m e r cy s r a n co ur t a kes pl a ce There c a n be sho wn ,whe r e r eligio u is so m ethi n g in s uch pe r se c u tio n s t h a t sh uts up the bo w els o f co m p a ss io n , eve n to wa r d t he n e a r est r el a tio n s C ivil persec uto r s m ay oc c a sio na lly r el a x i n to co m p a ssi o n ; b ut those wh o perse c ute fr om e r ro n eo us n otio n s o f religio n ,a r e m a n e se n s a tio n ; a n d p a n t fo r t he s tr a n gers t o e v e r y h u blood o f those wh o di ffer fr o m them , eve n a s the h ar t d o th for the wa ter-b r ooks b a rre l p a rtly filled with . . . . . . . . . . C H A PT ER III . Ma r ty r d om of n umer ous P er s ons in va r i ou s p a r t s of E ng la n d . T HE follo wi ng perso n s were n e x t c a l led t o se a l th ei r fa ith with their blood ,the p a r t i c u l a r s o f whose m a rtyrd om s r limits w ill n o t perm it u ou s to give T h om a s To m ki n s ,a we a ver in the p a r i sh o f S t L eo na rds , Sho r e d itch ,a n d Willi a m H un t e r ,a silk we a ve r in C ole m a n s treet , L o n do n , w e r e b u r n t ; the fo r m e r a t S m ith field a n d , th e l a tte r a t B re n t wood , o n the l 6 t h o f Ma r ch , 1 555 O n the 2 8 th d ay o f the s a m e m o n th , W illi a m P igot a n d S tephe n K n ight w ere b ur n t ; the for m e r a t B r a i n t r ee , a n d the l a tter a t Ma l d e n in E s se x , a n d t he d a y follo win g ,t he Re v Jo hn L awre n c e was a ls o b u r n t a t C olchester . . - . , . . 404 F ox ’ s B OOK o r ' A R I YRS M . Ma r ty r d om of th e R ev G eorg e Ma r s h . . s d ivi n e wa s d es ce n d e d fr om p oo r T hi s e m i n e n t a n d pio u s p a r e n ts , who ed uc a ted him , fr om bu t ho n e s t a n d religio u his e a r li est ye a r s ,in th e p r i n ci p les o f t he r e fo r m ed r eli gio n ; so th a t whe n he a r r ived a t m a n hoo d , he wa s well versed in the doc t r i n es o f the p ur e gospel o f Ch r i st At h is first e n t r a n ce i n to the b usi n ess o f li fe he follo we d the occ up a t io n o f fa r m i n g , a n d by his ho n est e n d e a vo urs m a i n t a i n ed hi s fa m ily w i t h de ce n cy a n d rep ut a t io n fo r s o m e ye a r s : b ut ,o n the d ece a se o f h is wi fe ,bei n g d is p osed to st udy , he pl a ced his chil d r e n wi t h his fa t her, q uitted hi s fa r m , a n d we n t to C a m b ri d ge , whe r e he m a de . s uch p r og r ess in liter a t ur e , t h a t he soo n e n tered i n to holy orde r s H e o ffi ci a ted a s c ur a te in severa l p a rishes in the co un ty s o f L a n c a ste r , kept a s chool a t D e a n , a n d wa s a ze a lo u p r o m ote r o f the t r ue r eligio n ,a s well a s a vigo r o us oppose r idol a t r ies o f the ch urch o f Ro m e , d ur i n g t he r eig n o f th Bu t whe n pope r y a g a i n r a ised its de o f Ed wa r d VI cti ve he a d , b e , a m o n g m a n y o t he r s , bec a m e the obj e ct s tr u t io n , a s o n e t h a t p r op a g a t ed d oct r i n es c on o f its pe r se c u r c h , a n d , the r e fo r e , li a ble to t h e t r a r y to the inf a lli b le c hu r e a nd p u n ish m e n t s eve r est ce n s u Mr Ma r sh , o n he a r i n g t h a t se a r ch wa s m a de a fter him , a b sco n d ed fo r so m e t i m e , a n d in his reti r e m e n t o fte n de liber a ted wi t h hi m sel f, whether h e sh o uld go a b r o a d to s a ve hi s li fe , o r s ur r e n d er hi m sel f up , in o r de r to wa rd o fl the m ischie f whi ch th r e a te n ed his mo t he r a n d b r othe r ,who spected o f h a vi n g co n ce a led him we r e s u D ur i n g this un settled st a t e o f his m i n d , b e co n s ulted ght di r ectio n o f G od , wi th his fr ie n ds , a n d e a r n estly so u th a t he m ight b e g uided in the wa y , which m ost co n d uced to His glo r y ,a n d his o wn spiri t ua l a n d e ter n a l i n te r est At le n g t h,thi n ki n g th a t flight wo uld e v i n ce co wa r di ce ses , he deter m i n ed , by the g r a ce o f Go d , in the best o f c a u to a b ide by the co n seq ue n ce , a n d a cco r di n gly s urr e n dered himsel f to t he e a r l o f De r by ,a t his se a t a t L a tha m , in the co un ty o f L a n c a ster W he n he wa s b r o ught i n to the e a rl s prese n ce ,he wa s c h a rged with p r op a g a ti n g he r esy , a n d s e wing s e d itio n am on g th e people ; b u t he d en ied the c har ge ,a n d d e . . . . ' . . . ’ 6 F OX s 11 6 0 11 or a r y as . th a t he p r e a ch ed n o othe r do ctr i n e th a n wh a t wa co n t a i n ed in t h e wo r d o f God , a n d t h a t he a l wa ys e n fo r ced a lle g i a n ce to his sove r eig n a cco r d i n g to t h e w ill o f God Bei n g a sked t o delive r a s umm a r y o f his belie f, he de cla r e d , t h a t he believed in God t h e F a t he r , S o n , a n d H oly Ghost , a cco r di n g to t he c r eeds o f t he Apos t les , t he co un cil s , A us t i n , a n d A m b r ose o f Ni ce ,a n d the s a i n t s A t h a n a si u A Ro m ish p r iest , wh o wa s p r ese n t , th e n p r oceeded to i n q ui r e his O p i n io n co n ce r n i n g the fa vo ur i t e te n et o f t he ch ur ch o f Ro m e , r el a t i n g to the s a c r a m e n t Ma rsh a n s we r e d , in ge n e r a l , th a t he beli e v ed w hosoeve r re ceived the holy s a c r a m e n t o f the b ody a n d blo o d o f Ch r is t , a c co r di n g t o hi s o wn a ppo i n tm e n t , did e a t a n d d r i n k his body a n d blood , w i t h a ll t h e be n efi t s a r isi n g fr o m t h e s a m e , b e c a use o ur L o r d wa s eve r p r ese n t a t his o wn o r di n a n ces Thi s ge n e r a l r e p ly n o t a ppe ar i n g s a t is fa cto r y ,t he i n q ui l a r s , a n d d e m a n ded his opi n io n , s it or s desce n ded to p a r ti c u whe t he r o r n o t the ele m e n ts we r e ch a n ged i n t o the ve r y body a n d blood o f Ch r ist a ft e r co n sec r a tio n O ur m a r t y r b r iefly o bse r v ed ,t h a t wh a t he believed he h a d a l r e a dy de ch h ar d c la r e d , a n d desi r ed t h e m n o t to p r opose to h im s u estio n s , in o r de r to e n d a n ge r h is li fe , n p i o fi t a b le q u and u c k f1 o m h im his ve r y blood a n d , a s i t we r e , t o s u I ii ce n s e d a t t his 1 e p ly , t h e e a r l t old h im , th a t i n s te a d o f seeki n g hi s des tr uctio n , he m e a n t t o p r ese r ve his li fe in thi s wo r ld , a n d se c ur e his h a pp i n ess in t h a t which is to co m e , by co n ve r t ih g him fr o m d a m n a ble e r r o r s a n d here sies , a n d b r i n gi n g h im o v er t o t he holy m o t he r ch ur ch ,o ut of t h e p a le o f whi ch the r e w a s n o s a l v a t io n A fte r m a ny q uestio n s a n d e x ho r t a t io n s , fi n d i n g he still pe r seve r ed in the fa i t h whi ch o p posed t h a t o f the in fa l ” lib le ch ur ch , t he e a r l g a v e h im p e n a n d in k , a n d o r de r ed h im t o wr i t e do wn his bel ie f co n ce r n i n g t h e s a c r a m e n t o f th e a l t a r ; a n d 0 11 his wr i t i n g t h e s a m e w o r ds he h a d b e fo r e delive r ed , he w a s co mm a n ded to be m o r e p a r t i c u lar , F ur ther I k n o w whe n he wr ote o n ly the follo wi n g : c la r e d , s . . . . . . - . “ n o t. ” This r esol ut e beh a v io ur e x posed him to the kee n est r e t o r s , w ho co mm i tt ed h im t se n t m e n t o f his po p ish pe r sec u n, a nd su f f r ed n o n e ar riso e ne to co m e h i m b ut t h o p kee p e r , who b r o ugh t him d a ily t h e sc a n ty a llo wa n ce o f t h e a r io u a tte m pts were m a de , d u n l V s ri h i a ce s c o nfin e g p 1 . ’ 406 r ox s B o o k o r n x nr r ns . me n t , t o b r i n g h im to a re c a n t a t io n ; b ut a s he still r e m a i n ed fi x ed a n d de t e r m i n ed in his fa ith , they a d m in is r follo w i n g a r t i cles , a n d t h e e a rl de te r e d to h im t h e fo u c la r e d , if he wo u ld n o t s ubsc r i be t he m , he sho uld be im p r iso n ed , a n d p r oceeded a g a i n st wi t h t he ut m ost se ve r ity sed i n the ch ur ch o f E n gl a n d 1 Wh e t h e r t h e m a ss n o w u t io n ; a n d wi t h fa i t h a n d wa s a cco r di n g t o Ch r is t s i n s t i t u ” reve r e n ce a n d devo t io n , to be he a r d a n d see n 1 2 Wh e t he r Al m ighty G o d , by the wo r ds pr o n o u n ced b y t h e p r ies t , did c ha n ge t he b r e a d a n d wi n e , a ft er t h e wo r ds o f co n sec r a t i o n , i n t o the body a n d blood o f C hrist , ” whe t he r it we r e r ece ived o r rese r ved 1 3 W he t he r the la y peo ple o u ght to re ceive it b ut under t he fo r m o f b r e a d o n ly , a n d whethe r the o n e ki nd ” ffi cie n t fo r the m 2 wa s s u sed in En g 4 Whet h e r co n fessio n to the p r iest n o w u ” la n d wa s godly a n d n e cess a r y 2 H a v i n g r e t i r ed fo r so m e t i m e to co n side r o f these a rt i cles , he ret ur n ed , a n d del ive r ed his opi n io n o f the m a s follo ws The fi r st b e a bsol ut ely de n i ed The se co n d he a n s we r ed in the very wo r ds he ha d b e fore wr i t t e n W i t h respect to th e thi r d , he de cla r ed , th a t la y people , t io n o f Ch r ist , o u ght to rece iv e t he i n s t i t u a cco r di n g to un de r bo t h ki n ds ,a n d th a t ,the r e fore , to r e ce ive un der o ne ki n d o n ly wa s n o t s uffi cie n t To the l a st he obse r ved , th a t tho ugh a ur i c ul a r c o n fe s m a ns t o i n stru n or a nt w as ood e c ig eople it s 1 o n wa s a t , p g n o t n ecess a ry to s a lv a tio n , b ec a u se n o t co m m a n ded by G od T o these a n s we r s he a dded , th a t his fa i th in Christ , n ded o n the i n fa llible w o r d o f the o n ly livi n g a n d tr u e fo u God , he n ever wo uld de ny a t t he i n s t a n ce o f a ny livi n g cre a t ure , o r th r o ugh fe a r o f a n y p un ish m e nt wh a t soever He wa s a ft e r wa r d co m m itted t o L a n c a ster g a ol ,l a id in iro n s , a n d a r r a ig n ed a t the b a r with t he co m m o n felo n s where t he pe r sec u t o r s e n de a v o u r ed to e x to r t fr o m h im in n t y , w ho m ma y fo r m a tio n s o f se v e r a l p e r so n s in t h a t co u s pec t ed o f m a i n t a i n i n g he r e t i c a l o p i n io n s ; b ut n o t hi n g su c ou ld p r ev a il w i t h h 1m to utt er a wo r d t h a t m ight e nd a n h i e l iv es o r lib e rtie s of his fa it hfu h l br t r C e t t h e en i n r st g . . ’ . - . . . . - . . . 408 se x Bo c k s oF MAR I YRS '‘ . ere propo un ded to him ; to which he se vera lly an s we r e d in the n eg a tive B ei n g c ha rged wi t h h a vi n g decl a r ed th a t t h c h ur ch a n d d oct r i n e t a u ght a n d set fo r th in ki n g Ed wa r d s t ime wa s the t r ue ch ur ch , a n d th a t the ch ur ch o f Ro m e is n ot the tr u e C a tholi c ch ur ch ; he a ck n o wledged the de cl ar a tio n a n d r a t i fied i t by a r e p eti t io n S eve r a l p e r so n s p r ese n t t a ki n g o cc a sio n to a sk h im , a s he de n ied the bishop o f R o m e s a utho r i ty in E n gl a nd , whe t he r L i n u s ,A n a clet us ,a n d Cle m e n t ,who w e r e b ishops o f Ro m e ,we r e n o t good m e n he replied in the a ffir m a tive , bu t ho r ity in t re m i n ded t he m th a t t hey cl a i m ed n o m o r e a u En gl a n d ,th a n t he a r chbishop o f C a n te r b ur y dot h in Ro m e As th is obse r v a tio n highly r e fle cted o n t he va lid iity o f t he p a p a l s u p r e m a cy , t h e b isho p wa s so in ce n sed , th a t he g a ve Ma r sh ve r y a b usi v e l a n g ua ge , c a lli n g him , a m ost d a m n a ble , i r r e cl a i m a ble ,un p a r do na ble he r eti c In r et u r n fo r this , Mr Ma r sh m ildly e x post ul a ted with the bishop , telli n g him , if he co uld be pe r s ua ded , in his o w n co n scie n ce , t h a t the a r ticles p r o p osed to h im we r e fo u n ded o n God s wo r d , he wo u ld gl a dly yield in eve ry o i n t ; de cl a r i n g , th a t he held n o he r e t i c a l opi n io n , b u t p utte r ly a bho r r ed eve r y ki n d o f he r esy a n d the n c a lled a ll p r ese n t to be a r wit n ess , th a t in the a r ticles o f r eligio n he held n o o t he r op i n io n t h a n wh a t wa s by la w es t a blished , blicly t a ugh t in E n gl a n d , in the ti m e o f Ed wa r d VI a nd p u a n d in s u c h religio n a n d do ct r i n e , by the g ra ce o f God he wo u ld live , a n d die He wa s t he n , fo r the l a s t ti m e , a sked , whethe r he wo ul d ll o f he r esies , o r fo r s a k e s t a n d to these o p i n io n s , bei n g fu r ch ; a n d o n his he a r r n to t h e C a tholi c ch u the m , a n d r et u ld co n t i n ue ste a d fa st a n d im m o ve a b lc tily decl a r i n g he wo u r ch in t he fa ith o f God s w o r d , n o r eve r r e t ur n to a n y ch u th a t wa s n o t fo un ded o n sc r i p t ur e a ut ho r i t y , the b isho p beg a n to r e a d his se n te n ce o f co n de mn a t io n , b ut wa s in te r r u p t e d by the ch a n cello r , in o r de r to give h im a n other Op p o r t un ity o f r e c a n ti n g He r esol ut ely wi ths t ood the e a r n es t e n t r e a ties o f sever a l peo ple , wh o d esi r ed h im to a ccep t o f the p r o ffe r ed me r cy ; ld eve n t he r e pe a t ed e x ho r t a t io n s o f the b ishop a nd n o r co u ch a n cellor p r ev a il with this emi n e n t se r v a n t o f Chr ist ,t o tic le s w . e . ’ . ’ . . . ’ . . ’ . Fo x ’ s B OOK o r MA R T Y R S 409 . . b m it to the usurp a tio n of d e ny his Lord a n d m a ster , a n d s u c r uel ,ty r a n n i c a l m e n All e n de a vo ur s p r ovi n g i n e ffe ctua l ,the b ishop pro ceeded in p a ssi n g se n te n ce , wh ich bei n g e n ded , Ma rsh wa s deli ve r ed up to the sheri ffs ,who co n veyed h im to No r th G a t e p r iso n , whe r e he wa s co n fi n ed in a d un ge o n till the d ay a ppoi n ted fo r his e x e c u tio n O n the 4 th o f Ap r il , 1 5 55 , thi s fi r m believer wa s led to the pl a ce a ppoi n ted fo r his m a r tyrdo m , a m id a cro wd o f l a m e n ti n g spect a to r s It was n e a r a vill a ge , c a lled Spi t tle -B o ughto n , a t a s m a ll dis t a n ce fr o m Cheste r As soo n a s he a r rived at the pl a ce , t he C h a m be r l a i n o f th a t ci ty sho wed him a b o x , co n ta i n i n g the quee n s p a rdo n , o n co n ditio n th a t he wo uld re c a n t O ur m ar ty r coolly a n s we r e d , th a t he wo uld gl a dly a ccept the s a m e , fo r he loved the qu ee n ; b ut a s it te n ded to pl uck him fro m God , ld no t wh o wa s K i n g o f ki n gs , a n d L o r d o f lords , he co u ” ece ive it o n s uch terms The n t ur n i n g to the specta to r s , h e told them the c a use el de a t h whi c h a wa ited h im , a n d e x h o r ted the m o f the cru to r e m a i n ste a d fa st in the fa ith o f Christ As soo n a s he wa s ch a i n ed to the st a ke , he a g a i n a dd r essed h imsel f e a r n estly in p r a yer to God ; a n d t h e fire b ei n g ki n d led , he s uffe r ed for a co n sider a ble ti m e ,the m ost e x q uisite tort ur e , his flesh b ei n g so b r oiled a n d p uffed up , th a t those who stood be fo r e h im co uld n o t see the ch a i n with whi ch he wa s fa ste n ed At le n g t h , w ith the utm ost fo r tit ude , b e sp r e a d fo r th his a rm s , a n d s a id , with a voi ce to b e un ive r s a lly h e a r d by the spect a to r s , F a ther o f He a ve n , h a ve m ercy ” S oo n a ft er whi ch he yielded up hi s spi r it i n t o upo n m e the h a n ds o f Him wh o g a ve it . - . . . ’ . “ r . . . . . Th oma s Ha wkcs . This perso n wa s the so n o f rep ut a ble a n d p io us p a re n ts , wh o g a ve him a good ed u c a t io n , a n d b r o ught h im up in he re for m ed r eligio n He st r i ctly a dhered t o the religio us p r in ci ples which ha d bee n i n s t illed i n to his yo uth ful m in d ; so th a t fi n di n g the gospel , a fte r the de a th o f ki n g Ed wa r d , b eg a n to d ecli n e , ( especi a lly a m o n g g r e a t fa m ilies in o n e r n ed home , of whi ch , th a t o f lord O x fo r d , h e live d ,)he r et u . . 35 4 10 F o x s n o o n o r M A R T Y RS ’ . o e nj oy the wo r ship o f God , a c co r di n g t e the di ct a tes o f his o wn co n scie n ce In these e x pect a t io n s , ho weve r , he soo n fo u n d hi m sel f d i s a ppoi n ted As the r e we r e n o w po p ish e m iss a r ies in eve r y co r n e r , lyi n g in w a it to give i n fo r m a ti o n o f those r ed the doc t r i n es o f the re fo r m a ti o n , H a wke s wh o fa vo u w a s a p pr ehe n ded , a n d b r o u ght be fo r e the e a r l o f O x fo r d , The e a r l re fer r ed h im to bishop Bo n h is fo r m er m a ste r ner sed to h a ve t o who m h a vi n g writte n th a t he h a d re fu n is child b a ptized a c co r di n g to the o r de r o f the ch u rch n o w in u se , he le ft h im to his lo r dsh ip s disc r etio n W he n H a wkes wa s bro ught be fo r e the b ishop , he wa s a sked the c a u se o f keepi n g the child un b a ptized s o lo n g to w hich he ret ur n ed fo r a n s we r th a t he wa s b o un d to do n othi n g co n t r a r y to the wo r d o f God The bi sho p the n ur ged , t h a t b a ptis m b ei n g a s a cr a m e n t co n t a i n ed in the wo r d o f God , a nd i n c um be n t o n eve r y Ch r isti a n , he wa s , co n seq ue n tly , c r i m i n a l in de nyi n g , o r no t co n fo r m i n g to the s a m e To this he s a id th a t he by n o m e a n s d e n ied God s i n stit u tio n , b ut m e n s i n ve n tio n the r e i n s uch a s the use o f oil , cre a m , spittle , s a lt , c a n dle , & c A ft er m uch deb a te o n t he s ubj e ct ,the b ishop a sked him if he wo u ld h a ve his child b a p t ized a ccordi n g to the s e r v i ce b ook , set o u t in the r eig n o f Ed wa r d VI To whi c h he replied , t h a t it wa s the ve r y th i n g he desi r ed fr o m his so ul Th is , ho wever , wa s b ut m e r e e q uivoc a t io n to le a r n hi s se n ti me n ts ; fo r it a ppe a r ed , in the s e que l, t h a t Bo n n e r s w ish wa s to co m pel h im to s u b m i t to the s up e r stition s o f the ch u r ch o f Ro m e ; b u t this , w i th a ll his a r t i fice , he wa s u n a ble t o e ffe ct The b isho p ,wi t h seve r a l othe r s ,held v a r i o us co n fere n ces with H a wkes , co n ce r n i n g his belie f o f t h e co r po r e a l pre s e n ce in the s a cr a m e n t o f the a lt a r , t he m a ss , the holy c r e ed , hol y wa te r , a n d oth e r ce r e m o n ies o f th e ch urch o f Ro m e b ut these a lso he r ej e c t ed a s he h a d do n e th a t o f b a p t is m At le n gt h B o n n e r , fi n di n g he co uld by n o m e a ns p r ev a il with h im to r e c a n t his opi n i o n s a n d s ub m it to the church o f Rome , se n t h im p r iso n e r to the G a teho u se , in West m i n iste r , co mm a n di n g the keepe r to co n fi n e him llo se y , a n d n o t to pe r m i t a n y p e r so n to co n ve r se with h im ietly to where he o oped q u . . . . ’ . . . ’ . - . . ’ . . . ’ . . 4 12 Fox ’ s no o n or MARI YRS '' . who c a me to v is it h im esting, a n d sever a l o f the m re qu if it we r e possible , th a t he wo u ld sho w t he m so m e toke n , by whi ch the p ossib ility o f b ur n i n g w i t ho ut repi n i n g might a ppe a r , he p r o m ised by the help o f God , to sho w the m t h a t the m ost e x q u isite to r m e n ts we r e to b e e n d ur ed in the glo r io us c a use o f Ch r ist Ac cordi n gly , it wa s a g r eed b e t wee n them , t h a t if the r a ge o f p a i n were toler a ble , he s ho uld li ft u his h a n d s to wa r d he a ve n , be fore he g a ve u p p . the ghost A short ti m e a fter this ag r ee m e n t , he wa s led to t he pl a ce o f e x ec utio n , a nd a fter h a vi n g fe r ve n tly p r ayed to Al m ighty God , the fl a m es were ki ndled a ro un d h im , a n d he co n ti n ued in the m s o lo n g , th a t his speech wa s t a ke n a wa y by the ir viole n ce his ski n w a s co n t r a c t ed , a n d the spe ct a to r s tho ught he wa s de a d , whe n ,o n a s ud d e n , a n d co n tra ry to a ll e x pe ct a t i o n ,this e m i n e n t a n d ze a lo us s e r v a n t o f Go d , mi n d ful o f the pro m ise he h a d m a de to his fr ie n ds , held his h a n ds fl a m i n g over his he a d , a n d , a s if in a n e cst a cy o f j oy , cl a pped the m th r i ce togethe r The a sto n ished m ultit ude tes t i fied the ir a pp r ob a tio n 0 hi s fa ith a n d p a tie n ce , a n d his fr ie n ds , to who m he m a de the promise , we r e e x ceedi n gly co n fi r med in thei r most holy fa ith , by be in g eye wi t n esses t o the po we r o f divi n e stre n gth , whi ch i s a ble to s uppo r t the se r v a n ts o f G o d , u n der every tri a l th a t m a y be fa ll t hem , fo r the s a ke o f t he t h ,a s it is in o u r B lessed Rede emer tru . . . - . C H A PT E R I V . Ma rg a r et P olley ,fi r s t F ema le Ma r ty r m E ng la n d . the fury o f b igoted ze a l d uri n g the r eig n o f V l a ry , th a t eve n the mo r e te n de r s e x did n o t esc a pe t he to r s These m o n ste r s e se n t m e n t o f the Ro m ish perse c u m a n form , e m b r a ced e v e r y op p o r t un ity o f e x e r cisi n g n hu the ir c r uelty ,tyr a n n y , a n d us ur p a t io n ; n o r co uld yo ut h , a e , or s e x , impress o n thei r m i n ds the le a st feeli n gs o f g h um a n ity I n fo r m a ti o n b e i ng give n a g a i n st Ma r g ar et P olley , t o Ma urice , bishop o f Ro ches t e r ,she wa s bro ught be fore him, S UC H wa s . . r ox 1n s B O OK o r M An r m s 413 ' . d wa s e x a mi n ed a s to her belie f o n the co n te sted po in ts religio n He r doct r i n es bei n g co n t r a ry to those t a ught by the ch ur ch o f Ro m e , a n d r e fusi n g to re c a n t , the bishop p r o n o un ced se n te n ce o f co n de m n a tio n a g a i n s t he r ; a fter which s h e wa s c a rr ied b a ck to priso n , whe r e she re m a i n ed p wa r d o f a m o n th fo r u She wa s a wo m a n in the p r im e o f li fe , p io us ,ch a r it a b le , h um a n e , le a r n ed in the sc r i pt ures , a n d belove d by a ll who a i n ted with her we r e a cq u D ur i n g h e r i m p r iso n m e n t she wa s r epe a tedly e x horted to re c a n t ; b ut she r e fused a ll o ffe r s o f li fe o n s uch ter m s , choosi n g glo r y , ho n o ur , a n d i m m o r ta lity he r e a fter , r a ther th a n a fe w sho r t ye a r s in thi s v a le o f g r ie f,a n d eve n those p ur ch a sed a t the e x pe n se o f t rut h a n d co n s cie n ce W he n the d ay a pp oi n ted fo r h e r e x e c ut io n a rrived , ly , 1 5 5 5 , she wa s co n d ucted fr o m the pri which wa s in J u n b r idge , where she wa s b u r n ed , s o n a t Rocheste r to T u se a li n g t he t r uth o f wh a t s he ha d te stified with her blood , a n d s ho win g th a t t he God o f a ll g r a ce , o u t o f the we a kest vessel ca n give st r e n gth ,a n d c a use the m e a n est in str u me n t to m a g n i fy the glories o f his redeemi n g love of . . . . . C hr is t op h er Wad e . ffered , o n e O n th e sa me d ay th a t Mar g a ret P olley s u Ch r istopher W a de , a we a ve r o f D a r t ford , in K e n t , wh o h a d like wise bee n co n de m n ed by the b ishop o f Rocheste r , sh a red the s a m e fa te , a n d a t the s a m e pl a ce ; b ut they were e x e cu ted sep a r a tely , he first s ubmitti n g to the dre a d fu l s e n t 3n ce . Oth er Ma r ty rs . Ab o ut the s a me ti m e , Joh n B l a n d , Joh n F r a n k o sh , Ni chol a s S he t er d e n ,a n d H um phrey Middleto n , were a ll b ur n t togethe r a t C a n te r b ur y The first t wo we r e m i n isters a n d pre a chers o f the gospel , the o n e bei ng re ctor o f Ad e s ha m , a n d the othe r vi c ar o f Ro lv in d o n , in K e n t They a ll t e sig n ed themselves to their fa te with Christi a n fo r titud e , ferv e n tly pr a yi n g t o God t o re ceiv e them in t o his h e a venly kin gd om ' . . . 41 4 r ox ’ s B OOK or MA RT Y RS . Ma r ty rd om of J ohn D en ley , J o hn Newma n , a n d P a trick P a cking h a m S o perpet ua lly we r e the popish e m iss a rie s in se a rch of their pr ey , in a ll p a r ts o f the ki n gdo m , th a t it wa s a l m ost i m possible lo n g to esc a pe the m As Mr De n ley a n d Mr Ne wm a n we r e tr a velli n g togethe r in E sse x t hey we r e m et by Mr T y r r el,j usti ce o f t h e pe a ce fo r t he co un t y ,wh o ,s us p e ct in g the m o f heresy , c a u sed the m t o be a pp r ehe n ded , a n d a n d , a t the s a m e ti m e , took fr o m Mr s e a r ched D e n ley a co n fessio n o f his fa i t h i n wr i t i n g , co n ce r n i n g the s a cr a me n t o f t h e a lt a r , together w ith ce r t a i n n otes collected from the h oly s cri p t ur es The j usti ce i m m edi a tely se n t the m t o L o n do n ,a n d with the m a lette r to b e p r ese n ted to t h e co un cil ,toge t her with the pa p e r s he fo und o n the fo r m e r O n t hei r b ei n g b r o u ght b e fo r e the co un cil , they were a d m o n ished to yield obedie n ce to the q u ee n s l a ws ; b ut this a dvice p r ovi n g i n e ffectua l ,thei r e x a m i na tio n wa s re fer red to B o n n e r , bishop o f L o n do n n e , 1 5 5 5 , D e n ley and O n the 2 8 th o f J u Ne wm a n , togethe r wi t h P a t r ick P a cki n gh a m , wh o ha d bee n a ppr e he n ded t wo d ays be fo r e ,were b r o ught be fo r e B o n n er ,a t his p a l a ce in L o n d o n ly the bishop p r oceeded , in t he usua l O n the 5 t h o f J u form , a g a i n st these th r ee perso n s , in his co n sistory co u rt a t St P a u l s A fter the v a rio us a r ticles a n d thei r a n s wers h a d bee n re a d ,they were e x ho r ted to re c a n t ,a n d both p r o mises a n d th r e a ts we r e used by B o n n er ,in orde r to p r ev a il wi t h the m b u t o n thei r re m a i n i n g ste a d fa st in thei r fa ith , they we r e a ll co n de m n ed a s hereti cs ,a n d d elivered in to the c u stody o f the she r i ffs o f Lo n do n ,who co n d ucted them 0 Ne wg a te , where they were kept till writs were iss u ed fo r their e x e c u tio n D e n ley wa s o r dered to be b ur n ed a t Ux b r idge ,where , be i n g co n veyed o n the d ay a ppoi n te d , he wa s ch a i n ed to the st a ke ,a n d e x p ired a m id the fl a m e s ,si n gi n g a P s a lm to the p r a ise o f his Re d eeme r A popish p r iest wh o wa s pre se n t ,wa s so in ce n sed a t his si ngi n g , th a t he ordered o n e o f t he a tte n d a n ts to thro w a fa got a t h im , whi ch wa s a cco r d in gly do n e ,a n d he re cei ved a viole n t fr a ct u re in his s k ull , whi ch , w ith the fire ,soo n de p r ived him b o th o f s pee ch a nd ‘ . . . . . . . . ’ . . ’ . . . . 41 6 ’ r ox s B OOK o r M A RT Y RS . g a in st a pro cl a m a tio n , the n j ust p ublished , forb iddi n g the use o f the b ible in E n gl ish , a nd other b ooks o n r eligio us s ubj ects He h a d pre a ched be fore his m aj esty o n ce or twic e a t W i n dso r ; a n d h a d b ee n t a ke n n o t ice o f b y h im in a m o re a fla b le m a n n er , th a n th a t m o n a rch us ua lly i n d ulged o wa r d his s ubj e cts But wh a t eve r hopes o f pre fe r m e n t his sovereig n s fa vo ur m ight h a ve r a ised in him , he chose to p ut all to the h a z a r d r a ther th an o m i t wh a t he tho ught his d uty His le t ter is the pi ct ur e o f a si n cere he a rt , a n d co n cl udes in these t e r m s ; Accept , gr a ci o us sove r eig n , t d isple a s ur e , wh a t I h a ve writte n : I tho ught it my witho u r m aj esty No pe r du t y to m e n ti o n these t hi n gs to yo u so n a l q ua r r el , a s God sh a ll j udge m e , h a ve I with a ny r m aj esty to co n sider m a n : I wa n ted o n ly to i n d uce yo u t y o u, a n d the well wh a t ki n d o f pe r so n s y o u h a ve a bo u e n ds fo r whi ch they co un sel I n deed , g r e a t p r i n ce ,m a ny ch sl a n dered , h a ve ve ry p r iv a te o f t he m , o r they a r e m u e n ds Go d g r a n t yo ur m aj esty m ay see th r o ugh a ll the desig n s o f evil m e n , a n d be in a ll t hi n gs eq ua l to the high o ffi ce ,wi th wh ich y o u a r e i n t r usted W he r e fo r e ,g r a ci o us ki n g , r e m e m be r yo ur sel f ; h a ve pity upo n yo ur o wn so ul , a n d t hi n k t h a t the d ay is a t h a n d , whe n y o ush a ll give a c co un t o f yo ur o ffi ce a n d the blood whi ch h a th bee n shed by yo ur s wo r d : in t he whi ch d a y , t h a t yo ur g r a ce ma y s t a n d ste a d fa s t ly a n d n ot b e a sh a m ed , b ut be cle a r a n d r r e cko n i n g , a n d h a ve yo ur p a rdo n se a l ed r e a dy in yo u r S avi o u r Ch r ist ,w hi ch a lo n e serveth with t he blood o f o u ffered d e a th a t t h a t d a y , is m y d a ily p r a ye r to h im , wh o s u ” r si n s T he s p irit o f God prese r ve y o u f r ou L ord C r o m well ,who wa s n o w in po we r ,be in g a fa vo ur er o f the r e for m a ti o n ,obt a i n ed a b e n e fi c e in W iltshi r e fo r L a ti m er , wh o i mm edi a tely we n t thither a n d resided , dis ch a rgi n g his d uty in a co n scie n tio us m a n n e r , tho ugh m uch pe r sec uted by the Ro m ish clergy wh o a t le n gth obt a i n ed a n a r chiepiscop a l cit a t io n fo r his a ppe a r a n ce in Lo n do n His fr ie n ds wo uld h a ve h a d him q uit E ngl a n d ; b ut the ir pe r s ua sio n s were in v a i n He set o ut for L o n do n in the d epth o f win ter ,a nd under t he wa s most d is a seve r e fit o f the sto n e a n d cholic ; b u tressed a t the th o ughts o f le a vi n g his p a r ish e x posed to the n his a rr iv a l a t L o n do n ,h e fo u r O n d a co u o pish clergy p where ,in of b is ho ps a nd c a n o n ists re ad y to re ce iv e h im a . ' t . ’ . “ . . . . > . . \ . . . ’ Fox s B O OK o r M A R T Y RS 417 . t d o f be n g e x a m i n ed ,a s he e x pe cted ,a b o ut his sermo n s , a p a per wa s i n hi s h a n ds ,whi ch he wa s orde r ed to s u u t b p s cribe , de cl a ri n g hi s be lie f in th e e ffi c a cy o f m a sses fo r the so uls in p ur ga to r y , o f pr a ye r s t o de a d s a i n ts , o f p i l gr i m a ges to the i r sep ulch r e s , the p ope s po we r to fo rgive si n s , the do ct r i n e o f me r it ,t h e seve n s a c r a m e n ts , a n d t he w o r ship o f i m a ges ; whi ch , whe n he re fu se d to sig n , the a r chbishop o r de r ed h im t o co n side r wh a t h e d id We ” i n te n d n o t , s a i d h e , Mr L a t i m e r ,to be h ar d upo n y o u, we d is m i ss y o ufo r t h e p r ese n t ; t a k e a copy o f the a r ti c les : e x a m i n e them c a r e fu lly , a n d G od g r a n t th a t a t o ur ” n e x t m ee t i n g we m a y fin d e a ch othe r in be tte r te m pe r At seve r a l s ucceedi n g m eeti n gs the s a m e s ce n e wa s a cted ove r a g a i n H e wa s i n fle x i ble , a n d they co n t i n ued to dis t r ess h im T h r ee ti m es eve r y week t hey se n t fo r him wi t h a vi e w ei t he r to d r a w so m e t hi n g fr o m h im by ca p t io n s que s ti o n s ,o r to te a se h im a t le n g t h i n t o co m pli a n ce T ir ed ou sa ge ,w he n he wa s a g a i n s u t with this u mm o n ed , i n st r a d o f goi n g , he se n t a letter to the a r chbishop , in w hich , he told h im , Th a t t h e t re a t m e n t he h a d l at ely met wi t h h a d b r o ught h im i n to s uch a d iso r de r a s re n de r ed h im un fit t o a t te n d th a t d a y ; th a t in the m e a n ti m e he co u ld n o t help t a ki n g this oppo r t un i t y t o e x post ul a te with hi s g r a ce fo r det a i n i n g h im so lo n g fr o m hi s d uty th a t it se e m ed to him most un a cco un t a b le , th a t they , wh o n eve r p r e a ched them selves , sho uld hi n der o t he r s t h a t a s fo r thei r e x a m i n a tio n ld n o t i m a gi n e wh a t they a i m e d a t ; o f h im , he r e ally co u they p r e t e n ded o n e t hi n g in the begi n n i n g , a n d a n o t her in t h e p r og r ess ; th a t if his se r m o n s ga ve o fle n c e , a l t ho u gh he pe r s ua ded hi m sel f they were n ei t he r c on t r a r y to the tr ut h , n o r to a ny c a n o n o f the ch ur ch ,he wa s r e a d y to a n s we r wh a teve r m ight b e tho ught e x cep t io n a ble in them th a t he wis hed a lit t le m o r e reg a rd m ight b e h a d to the d g m e n t o f the people : a n d t h a t a disti n cti o n m ight be ju m a de bet wee n th e o r di n a n ces o f God a n d m a n ; th a t if s o m e ab u ses in religi o n did p r ev a il , he tho ught p r e a chi n g wa s the best m e a n s to disco un t e n a n ce the m ; t h a t he w ished a ll p a stors might be obliged to per for m thei r d u ty ; b ut th a t ,ho we v e r , liberty m ight J e give n t o those wh o wer e willi n g ; th a t a s to the a r ti cles p r oposed to him , he begged to b e e x c u sed s ubscribi n g to the m ; while he lived , he neve r wou ld a b et superstitio n a n d th a t ,l as tly , he h o pe d s ea ’ . . . . . . ’ 41 8 B O OK o r r ox s ' A M li r vn s chb ish op wo uld e x c use w h a t he ha d writt e n he k ne w his d u ty to his s upe r i o r s ,a n d wo uld pr a ctise it b ut in th at ” c a se h e tho ught a st r o n ge r o blig a tio n la y upo n him The b ishops , ho weve r , co n ti n ued th eir perse c utio n s ,b ut t hei r s che mes we r e fr u str a ted in a n un e x p ected m an n er L a ti m er bei n g r a ised to the s e e o f W orceste r , in the ye a r r o f An n e B oley n , to who m he wa s r e 1 53 3 , by the fa vo u c om m e n ded by lord C r o m well , he h a d n o w a m o r e e x te n sive field to p r o m ote the pri n ciples o f the r e fo r m a tio n , in r ed with the u whi ch he l a bo u t m ost a ssid uity All the his t o r ia n s o f those ti m es m e n ti o n him a s a perso n r e m a r k a bly ze a lo us in the d isch a rge o f his n e w o ffice In visiti n g , he w as fr e q u e n t a n d observ a n t in ord a i n i n g ,strict a n d wa ry ; in pre a chi n g , i n de fa tig a ble ; a n d in reprovi n g a n d e x hort a sive in g, se v e r e a n d p e r s u In 1 5 3 6 he re ce ived a s u m mo n s to a tte n d the p a rli a m e n t a n d co n vo c a ti o n , whi ch g a ve him a fu rthe r o pp ort u n ity o f pro m oti n g the work o f re fo r m a tio n , w he r eo n his he a r t wa s so m uch set Ma ny a ltera tio n s we r e m a de in r e ligio u s m a tte r s , a n d the B ible w a s tr a n sl a ted i n to E n glish , a n d r e co m me n ded to a ge n e r a l pe r u s al , in O ctobe r , 1 5 3 7 L a t i m er , highly s a tisfied wi t h the p r ospect o f the ti m es , n o w r ep a i r ed to his d io c e s s , h a vi n g m a de n o lo n ger st a y i n Lo n do n t h a n wa s a bsol ut ely n ecess a r y He h a d n o ta le n ts , a n d he p r ete n de d to h a ve n o n e ,fo r st a te a ffa i r s His whole a m bi t io n wa s to disch a r ge t h e p a sto r a l fu n ctio n s o f a b ishop ; n either a i m i n g to displ a y the a b ilities o f a st a tes m a n , n o r rtier Ho w very un q ua li fi ed he wa s t o s uppo r t the o f a co u l a tte r o f these ch a r a cters , the follo wi n g sto r y will prove It wa s the c u s to m in those d a ys fo r t he bi shops to m a ke p r ese n ts to the ki n g o n N e w-Y e a r s d ay ,a n d m a n y o f them prese n ted very liber a lly , propo r tio n i n g thei r gi ft s to their hopes a n d e x pect a tio n s A mo n g the res t, L a ti me r , bei n g t he n i n to wn , wa ited u po n the ki n g ,with his o fferi n g b ut i n ste a d of a p urse o f gold ,whi ch wa s the co m m o n obl a tio n , he prese n ted a Ne w Test a m e n t , with a le l f do ubled do wn in a ve r y co n spic u o us m a n n er , a t this p a s s a ge W hore ” m o n gers a n d a d u lte r ers God will j udge In 1 5 3 9 he wa s s u m mo n ed a g a i n to a tte n d the p a rli a m e n t : G a r di n e r , b ishop o f W i n cheste r , wa s his gre a t e n e my and , u po n a p a r ti c ul a r o cc a si o n , whe n the b ish op s were with t he ki n g , k n eeled do wn a n d s o le m n ly a c c u se d t he a r . . . . . . . . . . ’ . . . 420 r ox ’ s B OOK o r MA RT Y RS . An ad n d e r Ed wa rd , a n d L a timer wa s set a t libe r ty u dress wa s m a de to the p r ote ctor , to resto r e h im to his d io cess : the prote ctor wa s w illi n g to g r a ti fy t he p a r li a m e n t mp tio n of his bishop r i c to Mr L a ti a n d p r oposed the res u n e qu a l to the weight o f it , r e m e r ; wh o , thi n ki n g hi m sel f u sed to res um e it , choosi n g r a ther to a ccept a n i n vita tio n fu fr o m a r chb ishop C r a n m er ,to t a ke u p hi s reside n ce with him a t L a m beth where his chie f e m ploy m e n t wa s to he a r the compl a i n ts a n d r ed r ess the griev a n ces o f the poor people ; a n d his ch a r a cter for se r vices o f this ki nd , was so un ivers a lly k n o wn , th a t stra n ge r s from eve r y p a rt o f En gl a n d reso r ted to h im In these e m p loy m e n t s he spe n t t wo ye a rs , d u ri n g wh ic h time b e a ssisted the a r chb ishop in co m posi n g the ho m ilies , whi ch were se t forth by a u tho r ity , in the reig n o f Ed wa r d he wa s a lso a ppoi n ted to pre a ch the Le n t sermo n s be fo r e ‘ his m aj esty , wh ich o fi i ce he p e r fo r me d d ur i n g the fi rs t th r ee ye a rs o f his re ig n Upo n t h e revol utio n , which h a ppe n ed a t co urt , a fter the de a th o f the d uke o f S o m erset ,he reti r e d i n to the co un try a ces ,whe r e he tho u a n d p r e a ched in those l ght his l a b o urs p m ight b e most service a ble He wa s th us e m ployed d uri n g the re m a i n der o f th a t rei gn , a n d co n ti n ued the s a m e co urse , fo r a sho r t ti m e , in the begi n n i n g o f the n e x t ; b ut whe n the rei n t r od uc t io n o f pope r y w a s r esolved o n , the first step to wa rd i t wa s the p r ohi bitio n o f a ll p r e a chi n g , a nd li c e n si n g o n ly s uch a s w e r e k n o wn to b e popishly in cli n e d The bishop o f W i n cheste r , wh o wa s n o w pr im e m in ister , h a vi n g p r o scribed Mr L a ti m e r ,se n t a mess a ge t o cite h im b e fore the n cil H e ha d n otice o f this des ig n so m e ho ur s be fo r e co u the messe n ger s a r ri va l , b ut he m a de n o us e o f t he in t elli ge n ce The m esse n ger fo un d him e q uipped fo r his j o ur r r 1 se ,Mr L a t im er told him n e y ,a t whi ch e x p r essi n g hi s s u p th a t he wa s a s r e a dy to a t t e n d him to Lo n d o n , t hus c a lled upo n to a n s we r fo r his fa i th , a s he e ve r wa s t o t a ke a n y n ey in hi s li fe a n d t h a t he do u o r b t th at G od , u t ed n o t b u j who h a d a l r e a d y e n a bled h im to p r e a ch t he wo r d b e fo r e t wo pri n ces , w o u ld e n a ble him to witn ess the s a me be fo r e a third The m esse n ge r a cq ua i n ted hi m th a t he ha d n o ord e rs to s eize his p e r so n ,delive r ed the letter a nd gd e p a r te d Ho n ever, ope ni n g the lette r and find i ng it a c ita t io n fro m . . . . . . . . . ’ w . . . . r o x s B OOK o r MAnr r i u ’ 42 1 ' . the co un cil ,he r esolved to obey it ,a n d set o ut immedi a tely As he p a ssed t hro ugh S m it hfi eltl ,he s a i d c hee r fii lly , This ” pl a ce o f b ur n i n g h a th lo n g gro a n ed for m e The n e x t mor n i n g he wa i ted upo n t he co un cil , wh o se n t him to the to wer , fr o m wh e n ce , a fte r some time ,he wa s re m oved to O x fo r d N I C H O L A S RI DL E Y , b ishop o f Lo n do n , rece ived the e a r lies t p a r t o f h is e d uc a ti o n a t Ne wc a stle -upo n -Ty n e , n ive r sity of C a m from whe n ce he wa s re m oved to t he u bridge , whe r e his le a r n i n g a n d a bilities so r e co mme n ded him , th a t he wa s m a de m a st e r o f P e m b r o k e h a ll , in t h a t un ive r s ity A ft e r be i n g so m e ye a rs i n this o ffi ce , he le ft C a m bridge , a nd t r a velled for his a dv a n ceme n t in k n o w le d ge O n his r et ur n to E n gl a n d he wa s m a de ch a pl a i n to He n ry VIII a n d b ishop o f Rocheste r , fr om whi ch he wa s tr a n sl a ted t o t h e see o f Lo n do n by Ed wa r d VI s , h um a n e , a n d a ffa ble : in In p r iv a te li fe he wa s pio u p ublic he wa s le a r n ed , so un d , a nd eloque n t ; d ilige n t in his d uty , a n d ve r y p op ul a r a s a pre a che r He ha d bee n ed uc a t ed in the Ro m a n C a tholi c r el igio n , ght over to the re form ed fa i t h by re a di n g B er bu t wa s b r o u tra m s b ook o n the S a cr a m e n t a n d he wa s co n firmed in the s a me by freque n t co n fere n ces with Cr a n m er a n d P eter Ma r tyr , so th a t he b e c a m e a ze a lo us p r omote r o f the r e r i n g the reig n o f ki n g form ed d o ctri n es a n d d iscipli n e d u Ed wa rd ee n Ma ry he sh a red the s a me fa te O n the a ccessi o n o f qu t h o f the gospel wi t h m a n y others wh o pro fessed the tru Bei n g a cc used o f heresy , he wa s rem oved fr om his bis ho p ri c a nd se n t priso n er to the to we r o f L o n do n , a n d a fter wa r d to B o c a r do p r iso n ,i n O x fo r d ; fr om whe n ce h e wa s co m mitted to the c ustody o f Mr I r ish ,m a yor o f th a t city , se he rem a in ed till the d ay o f his e x ec utio n in whose ho u O n the 3 0th o f S eptembe r , 1 55 5 , these t wo emi n e n t prel a tes were cited to a ppe a r in the divi n ity school a t C x ford , w h ich they a c cord i n gly d id D r Ridley wa s fi r st e x a m i n ed , a n d seve r ely reprim a n d ed by the b ishop o f L i n col n , b ec ause ,whe n he he a rd the ” ” c ardi na l s g r a ce a n d the pope s holi n ess me n t io n ed The words o f the in t he commissio n , he kept o n his c a p b ishop we r e to this e fle ct : Mr Ri d ley ,if y o uwill n o t b e ncove r ed , in re s pe ct to the pope a n d th e c a rd ina l his 10 u . . . - . . . . . ’ . . . . . ’ ’ . . » 36 ’ 422 r ox s B O OK o r M A RT Y R S th or ity we S i t wn ose a u ” s h a ll be t a ke n o ff ga t e ,b y in . c o mml ss io n , yo ur cap . E x a m i n a t i o n of R i d ley a n d L a t i me r . The b ishop o f L i n col n the n m a de a for m a l h a r a n g ue m which he e n tre a ted Ridley to r et u rn to the holy m other ch urch , a n d i n sisted o n the a n ti q uity a nd a utho r ity o f t he ccessor se e o f Rome ,a n d o f the pope ,a s the i m medi a te s u o f S t P eter Dr Ridley , in ret ur n , stre n uo usly oppos e d the a rgu me n ts o f the bishop , a n d vi n di c a ted the do ctri nes o f t he re form a ti o n A fter m uch deb a te t he fi ve follo wi n g a r ticles were p r o posed to him ,a n d his im m edi a te a n d e x pli cit a n s wers r e q ui re d e n tly a fli r me d , a nd o pe n ly m a in 1 Th a t he h a d fr eq u t a in e d a n d de fe n ded , th a t the t r u e n a tur a l body o f Christ , a fter co n se c ra tio n o f the priest , i s n o t r e a lly prese n t in the s a cra m e n t o f the a lta r blicly a ffi rm ed a nd de fe n d e d , 2 Th a t he h a d o fte n p u b t n a t in the s a cr a me n t o f the a lt a r rem a i n eth still the su s t a n ce o f b r e a d a n d wi n e 3 Th at he ha d o fte n op e n ly a ffi rmed , a n d obst ina t ely m a i n t a i n ed , th a t in the m a ss is no p r o piti a tory s a crifice fo r ick a n d t he de a d t he q u . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 4 r ox ’ s B OOK o r mx a r v n s . t t he b ish op h avin g his a nsw e r s to the a rt icl es proposed ; b u pr iv a tely re vie wed it ,would n ot permit it to be re a d in pe n co urt W he n t he a rticles were a ga i n a dm in istered , he re fe rre d the n ot a r y to his writ in g , wh o set the m do wn a ccord in g to the s a m e The b i shop o f Glo ucest er ,affecti n g m uch co n ce r n for D r Ridley ,pers u lge a n obsti n a te temper , a ded him n o t to i n d u bu t re c a n t his e r r o n eo u s opi n io n s , a n d retur n to the un ity o f the holy c a tholi c ch u rch Dr Ridley coolly repli e d , he wa s fu lly pe r s ua ded th a t t he r eligi o n he p r o fessed wa s fo u n ded o n God s most holy a n d i n fa llible ch u ld n o t a b a n r ch ; a n d , there fore , he co u d o n o r de n y the s a m e , co n sis t e n tly with his r eg a rd fo r the ho n o ur o f Go d , a n d the s a l v a tio n o f 1is so ul He desi r ed to de cl a re hi s re a so n s , why he co uld n o t a d m it o f t he popis h s up r e m a cy , b ut his r e q uest wa s de n ie d The bishop fi n di n g h im i n fle x ible in the fa i th ,a ccord i ng to the do ct r i n es o f t he re fo r m a tio n , th us a dd r essed him : t m ost co n cer n th a t I observe D r Ridley ,it i s wi t h t he u yo ur st ub bo r n n ess a n d obsti n a cy ,in pe r si sti n g in d a m n a ble e r r ors a n d he r es i es b ut un less y our e c a n t ,I m ust procee d to the othe r p a r t o f m y co mm issio n , tho ugh ve r y m uch ” Ridley n o t m a ki n g a ny reply , a g a i n st my will a n d desi r e se n te n ce o f co n de m n a tio n was re a d ; a ft e r whi c h he wa s c a r ri ed b a ck to co n fi n eme n t W he n L a ti m er wa s b r o ught be fore the co urt ,the b ishop gh they h a d a l r e a dy o f L i n col n i n for m ed h im , th a t t h o u t a ke n h is a n s wers to cert a i n a rti cles a lleged a g a i n st him , yet they ha d give n h im time to co n sider o n the s a m e , a n d l d pe r m it h im to m a ke wh a t a lter a t io n s he sho uld deem wo u ch m e a n s , to re cl a i m h im fr o m his fi t , hopi n g , by s u e r r ors ,a n d bri n g h im over to the fa ith o f the holy C a tholi c ch urch The a rti cles were a g a i n re a d to him , b ut he devi a ted n ot , in a si n gle poi n t , fro m the a n s we r s he h a d a lre a dy g ive n B ei n g a g a i n wa r n ed to re c a n t , a nd revok e his errors ,he re fused , de cl a r i n g th a t he n ever wo uld de ny God s tr uth , Se n te n ce o f whi ch he wa s re a dy to se a l w ith his blood co n de m n a tio n was the n p r o n o un ced a g a i n st him , a nd he was c o mm itted t o the c ustody o f the m a y o r o . . . . . ’ . . . . . . . ’ . . Fox ’ s s o o n o r MA R T YRS rm ng o Bu f d ley a nd . L a t i m er O n the n orth side o f the to wn , in a d itch o v e r a g a i n s t Ba liol- college , t he pl a ce o f e x ec u tio n wa s a ppoi n t ed : a nd fo r fe a r o f a n y t u mu lt th a t might a rise to hi n de r t h e b ur n ’ ing , the lord W illi a m s wa s co m m a n ded by the q u ee n s let ters , a nd the ho useholde r s o f the city to be the r e a ssist a n t s uffi cie n t ly a p p oi n ted ; a n d whe n every th in g wa s in r e a d in e s s , the p r iso n ers were bro u ght fo rt h by the m ayor a n d b a il i ffs “ r red a n d fa ced wi t h D r Ridley ha d o n a bl a ck go wn fu foi n s , s u ch a s he used to we a r whe n he wa s a b ishop ; a ti p pet o f velvet , fur re d , like wise a b o ut his n e ck , a velve t n ight - c a po n his he a d ,with a cor n er c a p ,a n d sl ippers o n pu his feet He wa lked to the st a ke bet wee n the m a yor a n d a n a lde r m a n , & c A ft er h im c a m e Mr L a ti m er , in a poor B ristol fri e z e fr o ck m u ch wor n , w it h his b utto n ed c a p a nd kerchie f o n his he a d , a ll r e a d y to the fire ,a n e w lo n g sh r o ud h a n gi n g d o wn to the feet : whi ch a t the firs t sight e x cited sorro w in . . . . . the spect a tors , beholdi n g , o n the o n e side , the ho n o u r they o n ce h a d , a n d , o n the o t her , the c a l a m ity i n to w hi ch the y ha d fa lle n D r Ridley looki n g b a ck ,s a w Mr L a ti m er c o m i n g a fte r ‘ r a d e o u r t he e ? Yea, sa i d Unt o who m he s i , O h , a y ‘ M Lat i me r h av e afte r, as fast as I can So he fol . . . . ’ ’ ’ r, . 36 * 42 6 Fox ' s BO OK M Aa r r n s ' or . lo we d a t a d ist a n c e ,t ill they c a me to the st a ke Dr Rid ley fi rst e n teri n g t he pl a ce , e a r n estly held u p both h is h a n ds ,an d lo oked to wa rd he a ve n : the n sho r tly a fter s ee in g Mr L a timer with a chee r ful look , he r a n to him ,a n d e m b r a ced him , s ayi n g , B e o f good he a rt , b r other , fo r God a ge the fu ry o f the fl a m e , or else str e n gthe n will eit her a ss u . . . us to a b ide it ’ . He the n we n t to the st a ke , a n d k n eeli n g do wn ,pray e d r , while Mr L a ti m er follo wi n g , k n eele d with gre a t ferv o u a lso ,a n d p r a yed a s e a r n estly a s he A fter this they a rose a n d co n ve r sed together , a n d wh ile th us e m ployed , Dr S m ith b eg a n his se r m o n to t h em upo n thi s te x t o f S t P a ul , in the 1 3 t h ch a pte r o f the epistle to the Co r i n thi a n s : I f I yield my body to the fi r e to b e b ur n t ,a n d h a ve n ot ch a r ity , I sh a ll g a i n n othi n g the r eby W he r ei n he a lleged , th a t the good n ess o f the c a use , a n d n ot the ord e r o f de a th , m a keth the holi n ess o f the pe r so n : whi ch he co n fi r m ed by the e x a mples o f Jud a s ,a n d o f a wo m a n in O x fo r d who o f l a te h a n ged hersel f,fo r th a t they a n d s uch like a s he re cited , might the n be a d judged r ighte o us ,whi ch despe r a tely sepe r a ted their l ives fr o m the i r bodies , a s he fe ar ed those m e n th a t stood be fo r e him wo uld d o Bu t he cried still to the pe o p le to b e wa r e o f them , for they were he r eti cs a n d died r ch He e n ded with a v ery short e x hort atio n ou t o f the ch u rch , a n d to the m to re c a n t a n d co m e hom e a g a i n to the ch u s a ve their lives a n d so uls , whi ch else we r e co n de m n ed His se r m o n s c ar cely l a sted a q ua r te r o f a n ho ur At its co n cl usio n , Dr Ri d ley s a id to Mr L a ti m e r , W ill y o ua n s we r t he sermo n , or sh a ll I 1 Mr L a ti m e r ‘ ‘ I will , s a id Dr s a id , B egi n y o u fi r s t,I pr a y y o u Ridley He the n , with Mr L a ti m er , k n eeled to lord W illi a ms , t he vi ce - ch a n cellor o f O x ford ,a n d the other commissio n e r s h o sa t u w rpose po n a form the r eby , a i h t e d fo r th a t p u o , pp I besee ch y o u, m y lord ,eve n for Christ s s a ke , a n d s a id , th a t I m ay spe a k b ut t wo o r three word s : a n d while my lord be n t his he a d to the ma yo r a nd v ice -ch a n cellor , to k n o w wheth e r he m ight h a ve le a ve to spe a k , the b a il i ff s , a n d Dr Ma rsh a l , the v ice ch a n cellor r a n h a stily un to him , th ,s a i d , Mr Ridley a n d w ith thei r h a n ds stoppi n g h is m o u if y o uwill r evoke yo u r er r o n eo us Opi n io n s ,y o u s ha ll n o t ‘ — er b u t u so to do lso yo r l e N ot ot f o nly h a ve libert a h i , y . . . . ’ . . . . . . . ’ . ’ — . . . ’ ’ . - . ’ . . rox ’ B OOK o r s MA R T Y R S . ‘ ’ T hen s a id he , I will t a ke it to b e se n t o f God ,the r e for e ‘ I Will receive it An d h a ve y o u an y , s a id he , fo r my brothe r 2 ( m e a n i n g Mr L a ti m e r ) Ye a ,s ir , th a t I h a ve , ‘ n s a id he The give it un to h im , s a id he , in ti m e , lest S o h is brothe r we n t a n d c a r ried it to y o uco m e too l a te Mr L a ti m er T hey the n bro ught a lighted fa go t , a n d l a id it a t D r Ridley s feet ; up o n whi c h Mr L a timer s a id , B e o f good com fo r t , Mr Ridley , a n d pl ay the m a n , we sh a ll thi s d ay ligh t s uch a c a n dle by God s g r a ce in E n gl a n d , a s I t r ust n eve r sh a ll b e p u t ou t W he n D r Ridley s a w the fi re fl a mi n g up to wa r d h im , he c r ied with a n a m a zi n g l o ud voi ce : I n to thy h a n ds , 0 L o r d , I co m m e n d m y spi r i t ; L ord , re ce ive my spi r it a n d co n ti n ued o fte n to repe a t , L ord , Lord , r e ce ive m y sp i r it Mr L a ti m e r , o n the o ther side , c r ied a s vehe m e n tly , O fa ther o f he a ve n , r e c e ive m y so u l A fte r whi ch he soo n died ,seemi n gly with very little p a i n Bu t D r Ridley , fr o m the ill m a ki n g o f the fire , the fa gots be i n g g r ee n , a n d piled too high , so th a t the fla m e s b ei n g kept do wn by the g r ee n wood , b ur n ed fiercely b e n e a t h , was u u to s ch e q isite p a i n , th a t he d esi r ed them x t u p fo r God s s a ke , to let the fire co m e u n to hi m ; whi ch hi s brother in la w he a r i n g ,b ut n o t ve r y well un derst a n di n g ,to rid him o ut o f his p a i n , he a ped fa gots upo n him ,so th a t he q uite cove r ed him , whi c h m a de the fire so veheme n t b e r n ed a ll his n ether p a r ts be fore it to u ched n e a th , th a t it b u the uppe r , a n d m a de him str uggle un de r the fa gots , a n d o fte n desi r e the m to let the fire come to h im , s a yi n g , I c a n n ot b ur n Y et , in a ll his torme n t he fo r got n ot to c a ll up o n God , still h a vi n g in his m o uth , Lo r d h a ve po n m e , i n termi n gli n g his cry , Let the fire co m e m ercy u In whi ch p a i n s he l a bo u red till un to m e , I c a n n ot b ur n lled the fa gots fr om o n e o f the byst a n de r s ,with his b ill , p u a b ove , a n d w here he sa w the fi r e fl a me u p , he wrestle d hi ms e l f to th a t side An d whe n the fi r e to uc hed the gun po wder , he wa s see n to stir n o m o r e , b ut b ur n ed o n t ht his b o d y o ther side , fa llin g do wn a t Mr La t im e r s feet b e in g divided The d r e a d ful sight fill e d a lmost every eye with te a rs sly to see their de a ths whos e live s S o m e took it grievo u S o m e nit ie d the ir p ers o ns ,who they ha d he ld s o de a r ’ . ’ . . ’ . ’ . . . . ’ . . ’ ’ . . ’ . . . . “ - . ’ - - ’ . ’ ’ . . ’ . . . . o F x ’ s n 42 9 o o n o r mx nr r ns . ou ls had n o n eed thereo f But the so r r o w ght their so u o f his b r o t her , wu e se e x tr eme a n x iety h a d led him to a t t empt to t a speedy e n d to his s u fle r in gs , b u t wh o , fr om pu er r or a n d co n fu s io n , h a d so u n h a ppily p r olo n ged them ,s c r p a ssed th a t o f all ; a n d so viole n t wa s h is g r ie f, tha t the spect a to r s p i t ied him a l m ost a s m uch as t hey did the ” m a rt yr Th us d id these t wo pio us divi n es a n d s te a d fa st believers , t esti fy , wi t h t hei r blood , t h e t r u th o f t he eve r l a sti n g gospel , upo n whi ch depe n ds a ll the si n n e r s hopes o f s a lv a tio n t o s uffer for which wa s the j oy , th e glory of m a n y e m i n e n t Ch r isti a n s , who , h a vi n g follo wed the i r d e a r L ord a n d Ma s t er ,t hro u gh m uch tr i b ul a tio n in t his v a le o f te a rs ,will b e glo r ified for ever with h im ,in the ki n gdom o f his fa ther a n d ou r fa the r , o f his G o d a n d o u r God th . . ’ . C H A P T E R VI . His tor y a nd Ma r ty r d om of Mr J ohn P h ilp ot . . Mr P hil p ot wa s o f a fa m ily highly respect a ble , ( his fa ther bei n g a k n ight ,)a n d wa s bo r n in H a m pshi r e He wa s bro u ght up a t Ne w College , O x fo r d , whe r e he s t udied civil la w a n d other bran ches o f a libe r a l ed uc a tio n , p ar t icu la r ly the le a r n ed l a n gu a ges , a n d bec a me a g r e a t proficie n t in the Hebre w He wa s a cco m plishe d , co ur a geo us , a n d s ; ever c are ful to a do r n h is doctri n e by his p r a e z e a lo u tice ; a n d his le ar n i n g is fully evi n ced by wh a t he ha s le ft o n re cord Desi r o us to tr a vel ,he we n t over t o I t a ly ,a n d j o urn eyi ng fr o m Ve n i ce to P a d u gh a Fr a n a , he wa s in d a n ger ,th r o u cis e a ufri a r ,who a cco m p a n ied h im , a n d a t P a d ua , so ught to a cc use him o f he r esy At le n gth he r etur ned to En g l a n d , st r e n gthe n ed ia his fa i th , by beholdi n g the a bs ur d i t i e s a n d i n iq u i ties o f A n ti ch r ist in his s t r o n g hold , a n d fi n di n g t h a t the ti m e pe r m itted m o r e bold n ess u n to him , it b e in g the r eign o f Ed wa r d , he ha d seve r a l co n flicts with b ishop G a rdi n e r in the ci t y o f lVin c he s t e r n After t h a t , he wa s m a de a r chde a co n o f W i n che s ter ,u der D r Po in et , wh o the n s ucceeded G a r d ine r in t ha t . . . . . . . 43 0 r ’ o x s B O O K o r MA RT YRS . bi shopric , a n d here he co n ti n u ed d ur i n g the reig n o f Ed wa r d ,to the gr e a t profit o f those who m his o ffi c e pl a ce d un der his c a r e W he n th a t pio us p r i n ce wa s t a k e n a wa y, a n d Ma ry s u cceeded , her st udy wa s wholly to a lte r t he st a te o f religio n in E n gl a n d : a nd she c a used a co n v oc a tio n o f the p r el a t es a n d o t he r r et a i n e r s o f her fa i t h , to be a s se m bled fo r the a cco m plishme n t o f he r desi r e In t his co n vo c a t io n , Mr P hilpo t ,wit h a fe w others ,s u s ta in e d the c a u se o f the gos p el a g a i n st the a dvers a ry , fo r whi ch ,n o t withs t a n di n g the lib e r ty the ho u se ha d p r omised , he wa s c a lled to a cco un t be fore t he ch a n cello r , by who m . . . he wa s fi r st e x a m i n ed F r o m the n ce a g a i n he wa s r e m oved to b isho p B o n n e r , a n d othe r co m missio n e r s , with who m he h a d dive r s co n fli cts , the l a st o f whi ch we sh a ll give verb a ti m a cco r di n g to his o wn st a teme n t . . C onf er en ce b etween B is h op B on n er , JlI r o t h er P r is on er s . P hilp o t , a n d . r be fo r e it wa s light , the T wo d a ys a ft er , a n ho u bishop se n t fo r me a g a i n by the keeper st co m e to my lo r d If eep er Mr P hil p ot a r ise , y o um u P h ilp ot I wo n de r wh a t my lo r d m e a n eth , th a t he s e a r ly ; I fe a r he will us e so m e viole n ce s e n deth fo r m e th u to wa rd me , whe r e fore I p r a y y ou m a ke h im this a n s wer Th a t if he do se n d fo r m e by a n o r de r o f la w, I will co m e other wise , si n ce I a m n o t o f his d io ce ss , a n d a n s wer ; vio o di t I b e n either is b e m n a ry , I will n o t , wi t ho u r y e n tly co n st r a i n ed , co m e un to him W ith th a t , o ne o f the m took me by force by t he ar m , a n d led m e u i n to the b ishop s g a lle r y p B onn er W h a t , t ho ua r t a fool ish k n a ve in deed ; tho u wilt n ot co m e wi t ho u t tho ube fetched P h ilp o t I a m b r o ught i n deed , m y lord , by viole n c e un to y o u, a n d yo ur cr uelty i s s uch , th a t I a m a fr a id to come be fore y o u; 1 wo uld yo ur lo r dship wo uld ge n tly proceed a g a i n s t me by the la w B on n er I a m bl a m ed by the bishops th a t I h a v e n ot desp a tched thee ere this ; a n d a m com m a n ded to ta k e a r ther o r der with t hee , a n d in good fa i th , if tho uwilt n o t fu rele n t , I wi ll m a ke n o fur ther del a y Ma rry , if tho uwilt Ve t be co n fo r m a ble ,I will forgive thee a ll th a t is p a st ,a nd . . . . . . . ’ . . . . . . . 43 9 F ’ o x s n o o n: o r MARTYRS . ver a m a n d id b eside , a n d I m a i n t a i n ed G od to b e the au thor of a ll s in a n d wi cked n ess P h ilp o t Ah , my lo r d , h a ve y o u n othi n g o f tr u t h to ch a rge me with a l , b ut y o um ust b e fa i n to i m a gi n e these bl a sphemo us lies a g a i n st me ? Yo um ight a s well h a ve s a id I ha d killed yo ur fa the r The scri pt ur es s ay , Th a t ” God will destroy a ll me n th a t spe a k lies And is n o t y o ur lo r dship a sh a m ed to s ay be fore this ge n t lem a n , ( who is un k n o wn to m e ,) th a t I m a i n t a i n wh a t y o uh a ve r e he a r sed ? whi ch if I did I we r e we ll wo r thy to be co un ted a he r eti c ,a n d to be b u rnt B on n er W ilt tho ua n s w er to t hem ? P h ilp o t I w ill fi r st k n o w y o uto b e m y o r di n a r y , a n d th a t y o um ay l a wfully ch a rge m e with s uch thi n gs ‘ B on n er W ell , the n I will m a ke thy fello ws to e wit n esses a g a i n st t hee : whe r e a r e they ? a r e t hey c o r a l K eep er They a re here , my lo r d B onn er C o m e hithe r , si r s ; ( hold them a b o o k ) y o u sh a ll s we a r by the co n t e n t s o f th a t b o ok , th a t ,w sh a ll s a y the t r u t h o f a ll s u ch a rti cles a s sh a ll b e d e m nd ed o f y o uco n cern i n g this m a n here p r ese n t , a n d t a ke y o u hee d o f h im th a t he do t h n o t dece ive ou a s I a m a f a i d he , y do t h , a n d s tr e n gthe n e th y o uin yo ur e r z o r s P r is on er s My l o r d , we will n o t s we a r ,e x cep t we k n o w whe r eto ; we c a n a cc u se him o f n o evil ; we h a ve bee n bu t a while a c q u a i n ted with h im r lor d shi p , k n o wi n g the la w, will P h ilp o t I wo n der yo u go a b o ut , co n t r a ry to the s a me ; for yo ur lor d ship d o t h ta ke the m to b e he r eti cs , a n d by the la w a he r eti c c a n n ot be a w i t n ess B onn er Y es , o n e hereti c a g a i n st a n othe r may b e we l e n o ugh And , Mr She r i ff, I will m a ke o n e o f the m to b e a witn ess a g a i n st a n othe r P r i s on er s No ,m y lo r d B o n n er No ! will y o u n o t ? I will m a ke y o u s we a r , I thi n k they be a na b a ptists , Mr whether y o uwill or n o S he r i ff, t hey t hi n k it n o t l a wful to s we a r be fore a j udge l to s we a r fo r a m a n j ud i P h ilp o t W e thi n k it l a w fu i n a bli n d cor n er c ia ll c lled t a s we a r e n o t n o w, b u a , y B on n er W hy t h e n , se e in g y o uwill n o t s we a r a g a i n s t o u r fello w , o ush a ll s we a r fo r yo u r selves , a n d I do he re y y She r i ff, obj e ct the s a me a rt i cl e! 11 the p r es e n ce o f Mr e . . . . . . . . . r . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . Fo x ’ s BOOK or M A RT Y RS 4 33 . n to h im ,a md req u ire y o u, un de r u nt o y o u , a s I h a ve do n e u p a i n o f e x co m m un i c a tio n , to a n s wer p a rti c ul a rly un t o every o n e o f the m whe n y o u sh a ll b e e x a m i n ed , a s y o u sh a ll b e soo n , by my r egis t er a n d so m e o f m y ch a p l a i n s se o ur selves If P r i s o n er s My lord , we will n o t a cc u s , we a r e he r e r e a dy a n y m a n c a n la y a n y t hi n g a g a i n st u o t he r wise we pr a y yo ur lo r dship n ot t o a n s wer the r e t o r de n u fo r some o f u s ar e he r e b e fo r e y o u to b u s , we k n o w st c a use why no j u ble y o u n o lo n ger with B o n n er Mr S heri ff, I will tro u t hese fr o wa r d m e n An d so he rose up , a n d wa s goi n g a wa y , t a lki n g w i t h Mr She r i ff P hi lp o t Mr S heri ff, I p r a y y o u re co r d h o w my lord t a ll o r de r o f la w, s in cor n ers , w i t ho u pr o c e e d th a g a i n st u h a vi n g n o j ust c a use to lay a g a i n st us An d a fte r this , we w ere a ll co m m a n d ed to b e pu t in the sto cks , whe r e I s a t fr o m m o r n i n g u n t il n ight ; a n d the keeper a t n ight u po n r let m e o u fa vo u t T he S u n d a y a fter , the b ishop c a me i n to the co a l - ho u se a t n ig ht , with the keepe r , a n d vie wed the ho u se , s ayi n g , t h a t he wa s n eve r the r e be fo r e : whe r eby a m a n m ay gu ess ho w he ke pt God s eo m m a n d m e n t in vi siti n g the p r i s o n e r s Bet wee n e ight a n d n i n e , he se n t fo r m e , s a yi n g : B on n er S ir , I h a ve gre a t disple a s u ee n a n d r e o f the q u n c il fo r kee i n g t ou p y o uso lo n g , a n d le tt i n g y o u h a ve so m uch liberty ; a n d bes ides t h a t , y o ust r e n gthe n t h e other p r i so n e r s in the i r e r r o r s , a s I h a ve l a i d wa it fo r y o ur doi n gs , a nd a m certified o f y o uwell e n o ugh ; I will s e q ueste r y o uthe r e fo r e fr o m the m , a n d y o ush a ll h urt the m n o m or e a s y o uh a ve d o n e ,a n d I will o u t o f h a n d desp a t ch ill b e n less u w a co n fo r m a ble o y o ua s I a m co m m a n ded , u y . . . . . . . . . . . . . ’ . . ma n P hi lp o t My o r d ,y o uh a ve m y b ody in yo u r cu stody , y oum a y t r a n s p o r t it whi t her y o u ple a se ; I a m co n t e n t An d I w ish y o uwo uld m a ke a s q ui ck e x peditio n in m y j udg m e n t a s y o u s ay ; I lo n g fo r it : a n d a s fo r co n fo rmi ty , I a m re ady to yield to a ll tru th , if a ny c a n bri ng b et t e r th a n I B o n n er W hy , will y o u b el ie ve n o m a n b u t yo u rsel f, wh a tsoever they s a y ? ’ P h i lp o t My belie f m u st n ot h a n g upo n m e n s s ay ings , ’ witho u t sur e a uthority o f G od s wo r d , whi ch if they ca n . . . . . . 43 4 r o x s BOO K o r MARr r a s ’ ' . s h ow me I will be p li a n t to the sa me other w i se I c a n n ot go fro m my cert ai n fa i th to th a t w h ich 1 s un cert a i n B o n n er H a ve y o ut h e n the tru th o n ly ? n to Ph ilp t My lord , I w ill spe a k my m i n d freel u y ou po n n o m a lice th a t I hea r to y ou,be fore o d Y ou and u h a ve n ot the tr uth ,n eith er a r e y ouo f the ch urch o f Go d ; bu t y oup ersec u te both th e tr uth a n d the tr ue ch urch o f Go d , for w h ic h c a u s e y o uc a n n ot pros p er lo n g Y ousee Go d doth n ot prosper yo ur d oi n gs a ccordi n g to y o ur ex ec p t a t io n s : h e b a th o f la te sho w e d h i s j u st j udg m n t a ga i n s t on e o f u o r gre a test d oers , w h o , by reports , d ie d m i ser a y I en v n ot the a uthority y oua r e i n Y o uth a t h a ve le a r n i n g , s o uld k n o w best h ow to r ule An d seei n g Go d h a th r estore d y o uto yo ur di gn ity a n d livi n g a g a i n ,use th e s a m e to Go d s glory , a n d to th e s etti n g forth o f h is true reli gi on ; ot ht wi se it will n ot co n ti n ue ,do w h a t y ouca n W it h th is s a y 1 h e p a used , a n d a t le n g th s a i d B o n n er Th a goo d m a n w a s p u c h a s th o u n i shed for s u a rt Wh ere 1 5 th e keeper ? Com e , let h im h a ve h i m to the pl a ce th a t 1s provide d for h im Go y o ur way be fore He th e n follow ed me , c a ll i n g the keeper a si d e , co m m a n d i n g hi m to keep a ll m e n fro m m e , a n d n a r ro w l y to se a r ch me , comm an d i n g t wo o f h i s m e n to a ccom pa n y the keeper to see me pl a ce d I a fterwa r d p a sse d thro ug h St Pa ul s , up to Loll a rds To wer , a n d a fter th a t tur n e d a lo n g th e w est si de o f St Pa ul s thro ugh t h e w a ll ,a n d pa ss i n g through s ix or seve n d oor s , c a m e to m y lo d gi n g thro u gh m a n y s tr a its w here I c a lled to re m e m br a n ce , th a t st r a it is the w a y to he a ve n An d i t i s in a to w er , right o n the other si de o f Loll a r ds To w er , a s h i gh a lmost a s the b a ttleme n ts o f S t P a ul s , ei ght feet in bre a dth , a n d th i r tee n in le n gth , a n d a l m ost over th e p r i so n w here I wa s be fore , h a vi n g a w i n d ow op e n i n g towa r d th e e a st , b y w h ic h I co ul d look over the t ps o f a gre a t m a n y h o uses ,b u t s a w n o m a n p a s s ing i n to ta em An d a s I c a m e to my pl a ce , th e keep er t ook o ff my gow n , se a rc h ed m e ve r y n a rro w ly , a n d took a wa y a pen c a se ,in k hor n ,g i r dle ,a n d k n i fe , b ut ( a s Go d w oul d h a ve it ) I h a d a n i n kli n g a l ittle be fore I w a s c a lle d , o f m y r e m o va l ,a n d there upo n m a d e a n e r r a n d to the stool , w here ll s ore a ga i n st m y w il l I c a st a wa y m a n y a fri e n dly fu . . o . . . e . . ’ ’ . t . . . . . ’ ’ . . ’ . ’ ’ . . . ‘ F o x s B OO K O F M a a r r it s 43 6 ‘ ' . bj ected a g a i ns t y o u, these t hre e y o u were pr incipally ch a rged wi t h The fi r st is , th a t y o u bei n g fa lle n fr o m the un ity of Ch r ist s C a tholic ch ur ch , d o re fuse to b e re co n c il ed the r e un to The se co n d is , Th a t y ouh a ve bl a sp he m o usly spo ken a g a i n st the s a c r ifice o f t he m a ss , c a lli n g it idol a t r y An d the t hi r d is , Th a t y o u h a ve spoke n a g a i n st t he s a cra m e n t o f t he a lt a r ,de n yi n g t he r e a l p r ese n ce o f Christ s body a n d blood to be in t he s a m e An d a cco r di n g to the will a n d ple a s ure o f the sy n od legisl a tive ,y o uh a ve bee n o fte n by m e i n vited a n d req ui r ed to go fr o m yo ur s a id e r rors a n d heresies , a nd to re tur n to n i ty o f the C a tholi c ch u the u r ch , whi ch ,if y o u will n o w willi n gly do , y o ush a ll be m e r ci fu lly a n d g la dly re cei ved , ch a r it a b ly used , a n d h a ve a ll t he fa v o ur I c a n sho w y o u An d n o w, to tell y o ut r ue , it is a ssig n ed a n d a ppoi n ted m e to gi ve se n t e n ce a g a i n st y o u, if y o ust a n d he r ei n a n d will n o t ret u rn W he r e fo r e if y o uso r e fuse , I do a s k o f y o u whether y o uh a ve a n y c a u se t h a t y o uca n sho w why 1 n o w sho uld n o t give se n t e n ce a g a i n st y o u P h i lp o t U n de r p r otes t a tio n , n o t to go fr o m my a p pe a l t h a t 1 h a ve m a de , a n d a lso n o t to co n se n t to y o ua s my co m p ete n t j udge , I s a y , respe cti n g yo ur fi r st obj e ctio n co n ce r n i n g t he C a tholi c ch ur ch , I n ei t he r wa s n o r a m o ut o f the s a m e An d a s to t he s a c r ifice o f the m a ss , a nd t he s a c r a me n t o f the a lta r , I n eve r spoke a g a i n st th e s a m e An d a s co n ce r n i n g the ple a s ur e o f t he sy n od , I s ay , th a t these t we n ty ye a r s I h a ve bee n b r o ught up in the fa i th o f the t r ue C a tholi c ch urch ,whi c h is co n t r a ry to yo ur ch ur ch , a n d in th a t ti m e I o ld h w u a ve me to co m e whe r e u n to u o y ha v e bee n m a n y ti m es s wo r n , both in the r eig n o f He n ry VIII a n d o f Ed wa r d VI his s o n , a g a i n s t t he us ur ped po wer o f the b ishop o f Ro m e ,whi ch o a th I t h in k I a m se I m ust o e r fo r m bo u n d in m y co n scie n ce to kee p , be c a u Bu t if y o u u n t o the Lo r d m in e o a th , o r an y o f the sy n od, a d e m e tha t m a t h was u o aw n l can , by God s wo r d , per s u y n d by Go d s la w to co m e to yo u r fu l, an d t h at I am bo u r eli n to r ch , fa i t h , a nd chu g o n , I wil l gl adl y yield u , y ou o t her wi se n o t Bo nn e r ,t hen, n ot a ble wi th all his lear n ed d o cto rs to so o . ’ . . ’ . . . . . . . . . ’ ’ ' . F ox ’ B OOK o r s MA R T YRS 43 7 . th is o ffered co n ditio n , h a d r e co urse , a s us ua l , to p r o m i s es a n d t h r e a ts ; to whi ch Mr P hilp o t a n s we r ed r so r t , a r e hy p o c r ites , a n d I Yo u, a n d a ll o the r o f yo u r hyp ocrisy , yo u r ty r a n n y , 1g wish a ll the wo r ld k n e w yo u ” n o r a n c e , a n d idol a t r y U p o n t hese w o r ds the b isho p dis m issed him , co m m a n di n g th a t o n Mo n d a y , t he 1 6 th o f the s a m e m o n th he sho uld a g a i n b e b r o ught thithe r , the r e to h a ve the de n ced a g a i n st him , fi n it ive se n te n ce o f co n de m n a tio n p r o n o u if he the n re m a i n ed resol v ed The d ay bei n g co m e , Mr P hil p ot wa s p r ese n ted b e fore t h e b ishops o f L o n do n , B a th , W o r cester , a n d L i ch fi eld whe n the fo r m e r th us b e gan B on n er My lords , S t o k e sly , my p r ede cesso r , whe n he sed to m a ke this we n t to give se n te n ce a g a i n st a h e r eti c , u pr a yer s ti t ia: s u i er r a n ti b u s , a t in via m o s s in t r ed ir e ,j u D eu q p co mplis ln . . . . . u uce lumen os ten d is , d e cun ct is gui C hr is t ia n a r o es s i o n e cen s en tu r , et i lla r es u er e u u i c i n im i ca m k p g p f u a; s in t a t a s ec t a r i er C h r is tu m D o s in t n o min i , e t ea q p p m Am en m in u m n os t r u W hi ch I will follo w An d so he re a d it with a l oud voi ce in L a ti n I w ish y o uwo uld spe a k in E n gl ish , th a t a ll P h i lp o t n de r st a n d l willeth , th a t a ll m e n m ight u y o u; fo r S t P a u thi n gs spoke n in the co n g r eg a t i o n to edi fy , sho uld be s po e th a t a ll m e n m ight un de r st a n d k e n in a to n g u VVhe r e up o n the b ishop r e a d it in E n gl ish th a n d righteo us O G o d ,wh o sh e w es t t h e light o f thy t r u n ess to those th a t st r a y , th a t they m a y r et urn i n t o t hy wa y , give to a ll who p r o fess the m selves Ch r isti a n s , to r e fuse ver it a t i s g e t . . . . . . . . those thi n gs whi ch a r e foes to thy n a m e ,a n d to follo w ” those thi n gs which a r e fit , by C hr ist o ur Lo r d Ame n An d whe n he c a m e to these w ords , To re fuse those ” thi n gs whi ch a r e fe e s to thy n a m e , Mr P hilpot s a id , The n they a ll must t ur n a wa y fro m y o u; fo r y ouar e ” e n e m ies to th a t n a m e B o n n er W ho m do y o um e a n ? Yo u, a n d a ll o f yo u r ge n er a tio n a n d s ec t P h i lp o t An d I a m so r ry to see y o usit in the pl a ce th a t y o un ow sit in , p r ete n di n g to e x e c ute j usti ce , a n d to do n othi n g less An d the n t ur n i n g hi m s e l f bu t de ceive all in this r e a l m 0 a ll y o u ge n tleme n , be wa r e u n to t he people ,h e s a id , . . “ . . . . . . 43 8 r ox ’ s B O OK o r MA RT Y RS . th ese me n ,a nd their doi n gs , whi ch a r e co n tr a ry to tne pri m itive ch urch An d I wo uld k n o w o f y o u, my lo rd , by wh a t a ut ho r i ty y o uproceed a g a i n st me B ec a use I a m bishop o f Lon d o n B on n er P h i lp o t W ell , the n y o ua r e n o t my b ishop , n o r h a ve I offe n d ed in yo ur d io c e ss a n d ,m oreover , I h a ve a ppe a led r o wn la w y o uo ught n o t to fro m y o u , a n d , t he r e fo r e ,b y yo u p r o ceed a g a i n st m e , espe ci a l ly bei n g bro ught h ither from a n other pl a ce by viole n ce B on n er W hy , wh o se n t y o uhithe r to me ? P h i lp o t D r S to r y a n d D r C ook , wi th o ther com missi o n e r s o f the ki n g a nd q uee n : a n d , my lord , is it n o t e n o ugh fo r y o u to wo r r y yo ur o wn sheep , b ut y o u m ust a lso m e d dle w ith othe r m e n s ? The bishop the n delive r ed t wo books to Mr P hilpot ,o n e o f the c ivil , a n d t h e o t her o f t he c a n o n la w,fr o m which he ld h a ve p r o v ed th a t he ha d a utho r i ty to p r o ceed a g a i n st wo u Mr P hilpot pe r usi n g the m , a n d see i n g the sle n der him I pe r ceive r o o f t ha t wa s the r e a lleged ,s a id to the b ishop : p yo ur la w a n d divi n i ty a r e a ll o ne fo r y o uh a ve k n o wledge r o wn i n o a n d I w is h o uk n e w y ou i n n either o f the m g y r a n ce bu t y o ud a n ce in a n e t a n d thi n k th a t n o m a n d oth ” see y o u He r e upo n they h a d m uch t a lk At l a st Bo n n to h im n e r s a id u P hilpot , a s co n ce r n i n g yo ur obj e ctio n s a g a i n st my ju n de r st a n d th a t both the civil a nd r is d ic t io n , y o u sh a ll u c a n o n l a ws m a ke a g a i n st y o u a n d a s fo r yo ur a ppe a l , i t is n ot a llo we d in this c a se : for it is writte n in the la w, There is n o a ppe a l fro m a j udge e x e c uti n g th e se n te n ce ” o f the la w My lo r d , it a ppe a r eth by yo ur in te r pret a tion P h i lp o t n de r st a n d it : for if y o udid , o f the la w, th a t y o u do n o t u o ld u n o t b r i n g in th a t te x t u w o y He r e upo n the bishop r e ci t ed a la w o f the Rom a n s , Th a t l for a J e w to keep a Chri sti a n in c a ptivity it wa s n o t l a wfu s e him a s a sl a ve , l a yi n g to Philpot s ch a r ge th a t a n d to u he did no t un derst a n d the la w, b ut did like uJ e W W here u n to P hil p ot a n s we r e d No , I a m n o J ew , b ut y o u, my lo rd , a r e a J e w Fo r r o fe ss o ess Ch r is t , a n d m a i n t a i n A n ti ch r ist ; p ou r f o u p y y the go s pel , a n d m a i n t a i n s upe r s t i t io n ,a n d y o uar e a bl e t o ” c ha rge me wi t h n othi n g of . . . . . . . . . . ’ - . . . . . . . . ’ . . , 440 F o x s 11 0 0 ; o r M A RT Y R S ’ . o ffer m a de from the sy n od , wh i ch is g a the r ed together 1 11 A n ti christ s n a me ; prove to m e th a t y o ube o f the C a tho lic rch , whi ch y o u n ever c a n , a n d I will follo w y o u ch u Bu ld h a ve me t y o u a r e idol a te r s a n d do a s y o u wo u fo r in yo u r pu lpits ye r a i l a g a i n st good thi n gs , a n d tr a itors Ed ward his s o n , wh o h a ve stood the a s ki n g He nr y a n d us ur ped po we r o f t he pope o f Ro m e : a g a i n st who m I ha ve a lso t a ke n a n o a th , whi ch if y o uc a n sho w m e by G od s la w th a t I h a ve t a ke n unj ustly ,I will the n yield un to r n the ki n g a n d q uee n s he a rt from t I pr a y God t u y o u: b u yo ur sy n gog ue a n d ch urch In o u r C a tholi c ch u rch a r e the a postles , C o ven tr y ev a n gelists , a n d m a r ty r s ; b ut be fore Ma rti n L ut her the r e r ch ur ch wa s n o a postle , ev a n geli s t , o r m a rtyr o f yo u W ill y o u k n o w the c a use why ? Christ did P h i lp o t p r op hesy th a t in the l a tte r d a ys there sho uld co m e fa lse p r o phets a n d hy p oc r ites , a s y o ua re Y o ur ch ur ch o f Ge n ev a , wh ich y o uc a ll t he C o ven tr y C a tholi c ch ur ch , i s th a t which Ch r is t prophesied o f I allo w the ch ur ch o f Ge n ev a , a n d the doc P h i lp o t t r i n e o f the s a me , fo r it i s C a tholi c a n d a pos t oli c , a n d doth fb llo w the do ctri n e whi ch the a postles p r e a che d My lord , th is m a n h a d a r o a sted pig bro ught B on n er un to him ,a n d this k n i fe wa s put secretly bet wee n the ski n An d a lso this po wde r , un der prete n ce a n d flesh thereo f t h a t it wa s good a n d co m fort a ble fo r him to e a t a n d d r i n k F 01 whi ch po wder wa s o n ly t o ma ke in k to wr ite wit ha l ght i t whe n his keeper pe r ceived it , he took i t a n d b r o u un t o m e : whi ch whe n I s a w I tho ught it h a d bee n gun po wd er , a n d the r e upo n put fir e to it ,b ut it wo uld n o t b ur n The n I took it fo r poiso n ,a n d so g a ve i t t o a dog , b ut it wa s n o t so I the n t ook a little wa te r , a n d m a de a s good The r e fore , my lord ,y o u in k as ever I did wr ite with a l ghty fello w thi s is n derst a n d wh a t a n a u m ay u Ah , m y lo r d ,h a ve y o un othi n g else to ch a rge P h ilp o t me wi t h a l , b ut t i ese tr i fles , seei n g I st a n d upo n li fe a n d rch o f B o t h the k n i fe in the pig prove the ch u d e a th rch 1 Ro m e to b e the C a tholic ch u The n the b ishop bro ught fo r th a ce r t a i n in strume n t ,c o n estio n s , a greed upo n both in Ox e i n i n g a rti cles a n d q u Als o he e x hib ited t wo boo k s in ford a n d C a m bridg e t he o ne wa s the c a techis m co m osed in k ing Dr in t ; p ’ . . ’ ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ’ Fo x s B OO K o r MA RT YRS 44 ] . ’ Ed wa rd s d a ys in the ye a r 1 552 ,th e o th er co n cer n i n g th e port o f the disp ut a tio n in the co n vo c a tio n ho use , m e n tio n Mo r eover , he b r o ught fo r th whereo f is a bove e x p r essed the o n e two le t t ers ,a n d l a id them to Mr P hilpot s ch a r ge wa s a dd r essed to him by a fr ie n d , com p l a i n i n g o f the bishop s ill us age o f a yo un g m a n n a m ed B a r tlet Gree n the o t her wa s a co n sol a to r y letter from L a dy V a n e Be si d e t hese , wa s i n trod uced a me m o r i a l d r a wn up by Mr P hilpot , to the q uee n a n d p a r li a me n t , st a ti n g t he ir e gula rity o f his bei n g b ro ught to bishop B o n n er , he not bei n g o f his d io c e s s ; a lso compl a i n i n g o f the severity o f his tre a t me n t These books letters , s uppli c a tio n s , 65 0 h a vi n g b ee n c a d , the bishop dem a n ded o f h im , if the book e ntitled , ” ‘ The tr ue r epo r t o f the disp ut a tio n , & c , were o f his pe n n i n g , or n ot ? To t his Mr P hilpot a n s wered in the a f re . ’ . ’ . . ‘ . . " . fi r m at iv e . The bishops gro wi n g we a r y , a n d n ot bei n g a ble to co n v i n ce a n d ove r co m e him ,beg a n with fl a tte r i n g spee ch to pe r s ua de him p r o m isi n g , if h e wo uld revoke his op i n io n s , a n d ret u r n to thei r Ro m ish ch u r ch , he w o u ld n ot o n ly be p a rdo n ed th a t whi ch wa s p a st , b ut they wo uld , a lso ,t e c e ive h im a g a i n a s a t r u e m e m ber the r eo f But whe n B o n n e r fo un d th a t it wo uld t a ke n o e ffect ,he de m a n ded o f Mr P hil p ot , whether he ha d a n y j ust c ause to a llege why ” he sho uld n o t co n de m n him a s a h ereti c W el l, q uo t h Mr P hilpo t , yo ur idol a t r o us s a c r a me n t , which y o uh a ve fo u nd ou t , y o u wo u ld fa i n d e fe n d ,b ut y o u c a n n ot , n o r ” ever sh a ll In the e n d the bishop , see i n g hi s ste a d fa st n ess in t he truth , ope n ly p r o n o un ced the se n te n ce o f co n dem n a tio n a g a i n st him In the r e a d i n g wh e r eo f,whe n he c a me to t hes e wo r ds , s , a n d im and y ou , a n obsti n a te , pe r n icio u ” n ite n t hereti c , a id , r c P hilpot s I th a n k God e & M p th a t I a m a he r e t i c o ut o f yo ur c ur sed ch ur ch ; I a m n he reti c be fore G od But God b less y o u, a n d give yo ” r w icked doi n gs gr a ce to repe n t yo u W he n B o n n e r wa s a b o ut the midst o f the se n t e n c e , the b ishop o f B a th p u lled him by the sleeve , a n d s a id , My ord , my lo r d , k n o w o f him fi r st whether he will re c an t or ” no t 0 , let him a lo n e s a id he ; a n d so r e a d forth the s e n t e n ce . . “ . . . . . . . . . . 442 ’ r ox s Bo on or MA R T Y RS . Wh e n he had co n cl uded , he delivered hi m t o the she ri ffs a n d so t wo o fii cer s bro ught him thro ugh the b ish o p s ho u s e i n to P a ter n oster r o w, whe r e hi s serv a n t met h im , a n d whe n he s a w him ,he s a id , Ah , de ar m a ster ” Co n te n t thysel f, s a id Mr P hilpot , [ sh a ll d o well ” n ou gh fo r tho ush a lt see me a g a i n The o ffi cers the n took him to Ne wg a te , where they d e livered him to the keep er The n his m a n st r ove to go in after his m a ste r ,a n d o n e o f the o ffi ce r s s a id u n to h im , ” He n ce ,fello w wh a t wo uldst t ho uh a ve ? An d he s a id , ” I wo uld spe a k with my m a ste r Mr P hilp ot the n turn ed a bo u t , a nd s a id to him , To -m orro w tho u sh a lt s pe a k ” with me W he n the ke eper un derstood it to b e hi s serv a n t , he g a ve hi m le a ve to go in w ith hi m An d Mr P hi lp ot a n d his m a n were t ur n ed i n to a ch a m b er o n the right h a n d , a n d there re m a i n ed a sho r t ti me , whe n the chie f ke eper c a m e un to h im ; wh o s a id , Ah , h a st tho u n ot do n e ” ” well to b r i n g thysel f hither l W ell , s a id Mr Philpot , I m ust b e co n te n t , fo r i t is God s a ppoi n t m e n t ; a n d I r , fo r sh a ll desire r ge n tle fa vo u y o uto let m e h a ve yo u y ou a n d I h a ve bee n o f old a cq u a i n t a n ce ” If y o uwill rec a n t , s a id the kee p er , I will sho w y o u ” ” an re I ca n Na y , s a id Mr P hilpo t , I w il l y ple a s u n e t er r e c a n t t h a t which I h a ve spoke n , while I h a ve li fe , th , a n d in wit n ess the r eo f, I will for it i s m ost ce r t a i n t r u ” se a l it with m y blood The n the keeper s a id , This is ” the s ayi n g o f the whole p a ck o f y o u he r eti cs W here upo n he com m a n ded h im to be se t upo n the blo ck , a n d a s m a n y i r o n s to b e p u po n his legs a s he co uld be a r t u Upo n T uesd a y ,the 1 7 t h o f De ce m be r ,while he was at pper , there c a m e a messe n ger fr om the she r i ffs , a n d b a de su Mr P hilpot m a ke re a dy , fo r the n e x t d ay he sho uld s uffer , a n d be b u r n ed a t a st a ke Mr P hil pot a n s we r ed , I a m ” re a dy ; God g r a n t m e str e n gth a n d a j oy ful r es ur re c t i o n t hi s sp ir it r ed o u An d so he we n t i n to his ch a m ber , a n d po u un to the L o r d God ,givi n g him m os t he a r ty th a n ks , th a t he ffe r for his tr u th ha d m a de hi m wo rthy to s u In the mo r n i n g the she r i ffs c a m e a cco r di n g to ord e r ab o u t eight o clo ck , a n d c a lli n g for him , he most j oy fully c a m e d o wn to t hem An d the r e his m a n m e t h im , a nd ” s a id , His m a s ter a ns wered, Ah ,d ea r m as te r , fa re well ’ - . ' . . . . . . . . . ’ . . . ' . . . . “ . . . . ’ . . 44 4 B OOK o r ma mmal s ’ Fo x s . in gr e a t este e m fo r theologi c a l le a r n i n g , he wa s c hose n divi n ity lecturer in his o wn college , a n d a ppoi n ted , by the un iversi t y , o n e o f the e x a m i n e r s i n th a t scie n ce In t his o ffi ce he i n c ulc a ted the study o f the script ur es , the n g r e a tly n egle cted , a s bei n g i n dispe n s a ble for the p r o fessors o f th a t d ivi n e k n o wle d ge The pl a g ue b r e a ki n g o ut a t C a m b r idge , Mr C r a n mer , wi t h so m e o f his p u r e m oved to W a lth a m a bbey ,w here , ils , p meeti n g with G a rdi n e r an d F o x , o n e the sec r et a ry , t he o ther a l m o n e r o f He n r y VIII th a t m o n a rch s i n te n de d divorce o f C a th a ri n e , the co m m o n s ubj e ct o f disco urse in t hose d a ys , wa s m e n tio n ed : whe n C r a n mer a dvisi n g a n a ppli c a tio n to the u n iversities ,fo r t heir o i n i o n i n the c a se , p they m t r o d uce d him to the ki n g , wh o wa s so ple a sed with h im , th a t he ordered him to wri t e his tho u gh ts o n the s ub e c t , m a de h im his ch a pl a i n , a n d a d m itted him i n to th a t j r a n d estee m , whi ch he n eve r a ft e r wa rd for feited fa vo u 1 11 1 53 0 he wa s se n t by t he ki n g to disp u b te o n the s u je ct o f the divo r ce , a t P a r is ,Ro m e ,a n d other fore ig n p a rts At Ho m e he deli ve r ed his b ook , whi ch he ha d wr itte n in de fe n ce o f the d ivorce , to the pope , a n d o ffe r ed to j usti fy I t in a p ubl ic disp ut a tio n : b ut a ft er v a rio us a p poi n t m e n ts n o n e a ppe a r e d to op p ose h im ; while ,in p r iv a te co n fe r e n ces , he fo r ced t he m to co n fess th a t the m a r r i a ge wa s co n t ra ry to the la w o f God The po p e co n sti tuted h im pe n ite n ti a ry ge n er a l o f E n gl a n d , a n d d is m issed him D ur i n g the ti m e he wa s a b r o a d , a r chbishop Wa rh a m died : He n r y , co n vi n ced o f C r a n m e r s m e r it , dete r m i n ed th a t he sho uld s ucceed h im a n d co mm a n ded him to r et ur n fo r t h a t p u r po se He wa s desi r o us ,by a ll m e a n s ,to decli n e thi s high st a tio n , fo r he ha d a tr ue a n d p r i m i t ive se n se o f the o ffi ce , b ut a spi r i t so d 1ffe r e n t fr o m th a t o f the ch urch l a ted t he ki n g s r esol utio n a n d the me n o f his ti m es , s t i m u mo r e r el uct a n ce C r a n m e r sho we d , the gr e a te r resol ut io n He n r y e x e r ted He wa s co n se c r a ted o n Ma r ch 3 0t h , 1 53 3 , to the o ffi ce ; a n d tho ugh he re ceived the us ua l b ulls fr om the pope , he p r otested , a t his co n sec r a tio n , a g a i n st t he o a th o f a lle gi a n ce , & c to him The fi r st se r vice he did the ki n g in his a rchiepi s cop al ch a r a cter , wa s pro n o un ci n g the se n te n ce o f his d ivor ce fro m C a th a ri n e : a n d the n e x t wa s j oi n i n g his h a n d wit h An n e B oley n , the co n se q ue nce o f which ma rri a ge was the . . . - ’ . . . . . ’ . ’ . . . r o x s B OOK o r M A RT YRS ’ 44 5 . rth o f t he glor io us El iz a beth , to whom he s to od god fa ther As the q uee n wa s gre a tly in terested in the re for m a t io n ,the frie n ds to th a t good work beg a n t o co n ceive high hopes ; a n d , in deed , it we n t o n with desir a ble s uccess Bu t the fickle dispositio n o f the k in g , a n d t he fa t a l e n d o f n ha th e u gh , ppy An n e ,fo r a while a l a rmed their fe a rs ; tho u b y Go d s provide n ce , witho u t a ny ill e ffe cts The pope s s up r em a cy wa s un ivers a lly e x ploded ; mo n a steries , & c destroyed ,upo n the fullest dete ctio n o f the m ost a bomi n a ble v i ces e x isti n g in t he m ; th a t v a l u a ble b ook o f the Er udi ” t io n o f a Ch r isti a n Ma n , was set fo r th by o u r g r e a t a rch bishop , with p ublic a uthority ; a nd the s a cred s cr 1p t ur e s , a t le n th ,to the in fi n ite j oy o f C r a n m er ,a n d o f lord Cro m g well ,his co n st a n t fr ie n d a n d a sso ci a t e ,were n o t o n ly t r a n s l a ted ,b ut in trod uced i n to eve r y p a r ish The tr a n sl a tio n wa s rece ived with i n e x p r essible j oy : every o n e th a t wa s a ble , p ur ch a se d it , a n d the poor flo cked gr eedily to he a r it re ad , some perso n s in ye a r s le a r n ed to re ad o n p urpose th a t they might pe r use it , a n d eve n little ch ild r e n c r o wded wi t h e ager n e s s to he a r it ! A short time a fter this , he g a ve a shi n i n g proo f o f his disi n tereste d co n st a n cy , by his oppos itio n to He n r y s S ix ” Arti cles , desc r ibed in a former p a rt o f t h is vol um e Ho w eve r , he we a thered the storm ,a n d p ublished , wi t h a n ia comp a ra ble pre fa ce , wr itte n by hi m sel f, the l a rger B ible ; s ix o f which , eve n B o n n er , the n n e wly co n sec r a t ed b ishop o f L o n do n ,c a u sed to b e fi x ed ,fo r the pe r us a l o f the people , in his c a thedr a l o f St P a u ls The e n emies o f the re for m a tio n ,ho wever ,we r e restless , a n d He n ry , a l a s wa s n o p r otest a n t in his he a r t Crom well fell a s a cri fice to the m ; a n d they a i m ed their m a lig n a n t G a rdi n er , in p a rti c ul a r , wa s ind efa t i s h a fts a t Cr a n mer g a ble : he c a used h im to b e a cc used in p a r li a m e n t , a n d n cil moved the ki n g to c o m s ever a l lords o f the p r ivy co u mit the a rchbishop to the to wer The ki n g pe r ceived their m a li ce ; a n d o n e eve n i n g , on prete n ce o f d ivertin g himsel f o n the wa ter ,o r dered his b a rge to b e ro wed t o La m T he a rchb ishop , b ei n g in formed o f it , c a me do wn b eth t o p a y his respe cts ,a n d wa s o r dered , by the ki n g , to co m e He n ry m a de h im i n t o t he b a rge , a n d s it close by h im s a t io n s which were l a id a g a in st ac u a in te d wi th the a cc u q bi . . , ' ’ ’ . . . ’ . ’ . . . . . . . 38 446 him ; r ox ’ s BO OK or ma m ms - . d s p oke o f his Opp o s it io n to the s1x t icle s ; the a rchb ishop a ck n o wledged h imsel f to b e o f the s a m e opi n io n , The ki n g the n , p utti n g o n a n a ir with respe ct to the m ld st a n d o f ple a s a n t r y , a sked him , if h is bed ch a m b er co u the test o f these a r ti cles ! The a r chbisho p co n fessed th a t he wa s m a rried in Ge r m a n y , b e fore his p r o motio n ; b ut r ed the ki n g , th a t , o n the p a ssi n g o f th a t a c t , he h a d a ss u a r ted w ith hi s wi fe , a n d se n t h e r a b r o a d to her fr ie n ds p His m aj es ty wa s so ch a r m ed wi t h his ope n n ess a nd i n tegr ity th a t he discove r ed the whole plot th a t wa s l a id a g a i n st h im e to prod uce upo n a n d g a ve him a ri n g o f g r e a t v a l u a ny fu tur e e m erge n cy A few d ays a fter th is , C r a n m e r s e n e m ies s ummo n ed n cil He a cco r di n gly a tte n d h im to a ppe a r be fore the co u ed , whe n they s uffe r ed h im to wa it in the lobby , a mo n g t he se rv a n ts ,t r e a t e d h im o n his a d m issio n w ith h a u ghty c o n te m pt , a n d wo uld h a ve se n t h im to the To wer But he p r od uced the ri n g , which ch a n ged t hei r to n e a n d , while h is e n e m ies re ceived a severe repri m a n d fr o m He n ry , Cr a n m er hi m sel f g a i n ed the h ighest degree o f fa vo ur O n this o cc a sio n he sho wed th a t le n i ty a n d mild n ess fo r ch disti ng uished : he n ever pe r se w hi ch he wa s a l wa ys so m u ted a ny o f his e n emies b ut ,o n the co n tra ry ,fr eely forg a ve ou eve n the i n vete r a te G a r di n er , o n hi s wr iti n g a s uppli c a to r y letter to him The s a m e le n ity he s ho wed to wa rd ffr a g a n o f D over , a n d D r B a rber , D r Thor n to n , the s u g h e n te r t a i n ed in his fa m ily , i n tr usted with h is wh o , tho u sec r ets , a n d i n debted to h im fo r m a n y fa vo ur s ,h a d un gr a te fu l ly co n spi r ed wi t h G a rdi n er to t a ke a wa y hi s li fe W he n Cr a n mer fi r st discove r ed their t r e a che r y , he too k the m a side i n to h is st udy , a n d telli n g the m , th a t he h ad se d by some in who m he h a d a l ways een fa l sely a cc u posed the gre a test co n fide n ce , desired the m to a dvise ld beh a ve hi m sel f to wa rd the m 1 They ho w he sho u lied , th a t s uch a b a n do n ed vill a i n s o ught t o be prose r : n a y , dese r ved to die with cu t e d wi t h the g r e a test r igo u ” At this the a rchb ishop , l i fti n g up his h a n d s t m ercy ou to he a ve n , cried o ut , Me r ci ful G od ! who m m ay a m a n ” t o f his boso m the letters by An d the n t a ki n g o u tru st 1 wn ich he ha d discovered their t r e a chery ,a sked the m ,if they Kn e w those p a pers ? W he n they s a w thei r o wn lette rs ced a g a i n st the m ,t he v wer e in the utmost co nfusio n; prod u an ar . . . ’ . . . . . . . . ’ 448 rox s B O OK o r MA RT Y RS . th a t the j udges , who , bei n g best skilled in the c o n s tit u tio n , o ught to be reg a r ded o n this poi n t , ha d a ss ured h im , th a t n o t withst a n di n g th a t e n t a il ,he might l a wfully be que a th ” the cro wn t o L a dy J a n e The ar chb ishop desi r ed to d is co urse with the m hi m sel f a b o ut it ; a nd they a ll a gree i n g th a t he m ight l a wfully s ub sc r ibe t he ki n g s will , he wa s at ple s to ast p rev a iled with to resig n his o wn priv a te scr u the ir a utho r ity , a n d set his h a n d to it H a vi n g do n e this , he tho ught hi m sel f obliged in co n s cie n ce to j o i n the l a dy J a n e : bu t he r short lived po we r soo n e x p i r ed ; whe n Ma r y a n d pe r sec utio n m o un ted t he th r o n e , a n d Cr a n m er co uld e x pect n othi n g less th a n wh a t e n s ued a tt a i n der , i m priso n m e n t , dep r iv a tio n , a n d de a t h He wa s co n de m n ed fo r tre a so n , a n d , with p r e t e n de d cle m e n cy , p a r do n ed ; b ut , to g r a t i fy G a rdi n e r s m a li ce , a n d her o wn i m pl a c a ble rese n t m e n t a g a i n st h im fo r he r m o t he r s d ivo r ce , Ma r y g a ve o r de r s to p r o ceed a g a i n st him fo r he r esy His fr ie n ds , who fo r es a w the storm , ha d a d v ised h im to co n s u lt his s a fe ty by reti r i n g beyo n d s e a ; bu t he chose r a t h e r to co n ti n u e ste a dy to the c a use , whi ch he h a d hithe r to so n ob ly s uppo r ted ; a n d p r e fe r red the r ob a b ility o f se a li n g his testi m o n y with his blood , to a n p s flight ign o m i n io u The to we r wa s c r o wded wi th p r iso n ers i n so m uch th a t C r a n m er , Ridley , L a ti m e r , a n d B r a d fo r d , we r e a ll put i n to o n e ch a m ber ; whi ch they we r e so far fr o m thi n ki n g a n i n co n ve n ie n ce ,th a t , o n the co n tr a r y , they blessed God fo r th e oppo r t u n ity o f co n ve r si n g togethe r : r e a di n g a n d co m p a r i n g the sc r ipt u r es , co n fi r m i n g the m selves in the tru e fa i t h , a n d m u t ua lly e x ho r ti n g e a ch othe r to c o n sta n cy in p r o fessi n g it , a n d p a tie n ce in s uffe r i n g fo r it In Ap r il , 1 55 4 , the a r chb isho p ,wi t h bishops Ridley a n d L a ti me r , wa s r e m oved fr o m the to we r to W i n dso r , a n d te w ith so m e sele ct pe r so n s fr o m the n ce to O x fo r d , to d isp u of both un ive r sities Bu t ho w v a i n a re disp u t a tio n s , where the fa te o f m e n is fi x e d , a n d e v e r y wo r d i s m isco n s tr u ed ! An d s uch wa s the c a se he r e ; fo r , o n April the ght to S t Ma ry s , be fore the 2 0t h , Cr a n m e r wa s bro u quee n s co m m issio n ers , a n d re fusi n g to s ubscribe to the pop ish a rticles , he wa s pro n o un ced a he r eti c , a n d se n te n c e po n h im Upo n whi ch he o f co n dem n a ti o n wa s p a ssed u nj u st se n te n ce to t o l d them , th a t b e a ppe a led from thei r u . ’ . ‘ - — . ’ ’ . . . . ’ . ’ . F ox ’ s n o o n o n ma n r r a s 4 49 . t o f the Al m ighty a n d th a t b e trusted to be rece ived i n t o his p r ese n ce in he a ve n fo r m a i n t a i n i n g the tr uth , a s set fo r t h in his most holy gospel A fte r thi s his s er v a n ts were dis m issed fr o m the i r a tte n d a n ce , a n d hi m se lf c losely co n fi n ed in B o c a r do , the p r iso n Bu t thi s se n te n ce b ei n g void in o f t he city o f O x fo r d la w , a s the p ope s a u t ho r ity wa s wa n ti n g , a n e w com m is sio n wa s s e n t fr o m Ro m e in 1 5 55 ; a n d in St Ma ry s rch , a t the h igh a l t a r , the co ur t s a t a n d t r ied the ch u He wa s he r e well n igh to o a l r e a dy co n de m n ed Cr a n m e r dges a n d if re a so n a n d t r uth co uld h a ve s t r o n g fo r his j u prev a iled , there w o uld h a ve bee n n o do ubt who sho uld h a ve bee n a cquitted , a n d wh o co n dem n ed The Feb r ua ry follo wi n g , a n e w co m missio n wa s give n to b ishop B o n n e r a n d bishop Thirlby , fo r the deg r a d a tio n o f the a r chb ishop W he n they c a m e do wn to O x fo r d he wa s bro u ght be fo r e the m ; a n d a fte r they ha d re a d their co mm issio n fr o m the p ope , ( fo r n o t a ppe a r i n g b e fo r e whom in pe r so n , a s they h a d cited him , he wa s d ecl a r ed co u tu s , th o u gh they t he m selves ha d kept h im a close ma c io u p r i so n e r ) B o n n er , in a sc urrilo us or a tio n , i n s ulted over h im in the m ost u n ch r isti a n m a n n er , fo r whic h he wa s o ft e n r eb uked by b ishop Thi r lby , wh o wept , a n d de cl a red it the most so rr o wful sce n e he h a d eve r beheld in his whole li fe In the co m m issio n it wa s de cl a r ed , t h a t the c a use ha d bee n i m p a r ti a lly he a r d a t Ro m e , t he w i t n esses o n both sides e x a m i n ed , a n d the a r chbishop s co un sel a llo wed to m a ke the bes t de fe n ce fo r h im they co uld A t the r e a d i n g th is , the a r chbishop co uld no t help cry in g o u t, Good God wh a t lies a r e these ; th a t I , bei n g co n ti n ua lly in p r iso n , a n d n o t s ufi e r e d to h a ve co un sel or a dvo c a te a t ho m e , sho u ld prod uce wit n esses , a n d a ppoi n t my co u n sel a t Ro m e st n eeds p un ish th is sh a m e Go d m u ” less a n d o p e n lyi n g l W he n B o n n er h a d fi n ished hi s i n ve c t ive , they pro ce eded to d eg r a de h im a n d th a t they m ight m ak e h im a s r id icu lo us a s they co uld , the episcop a l h a bit wh i ch they put o n hi m wa s m a de o f c a n v a s a n d old r a gs B o n n e r , in the m e a n ti m e , by way o f t r i u m ph a n d m o ckery , c a lli n g him Mr C a n terb ury , a n d the l ike He bore all this t r e a tm e n t w ith hi s wo n ted fortit ude a nd p a tie n ce ; t old the m , the deg r a d a tio n g a ve him n o co n tha . . ’ ’ . . . . . ’ . ’ . . . “ ’ 4 50 Fo x s B O OK or ma n r vn s ' . bu r he h a d lo n g desp ised thos e orn a me n ts t whe n they c a m e to t a k e a wa y his c r osier , he held it fa st , I a pp e a l to a n d delive r ed hi s a pp e a l to Thi r lby s a yi n g , ” the n e x t ge n e r a l co un cil t W he n t hey ha d s t r ipped h im o f a ll his h a b its , they pu o n h im a poor ye o m a n be a dle s go wn , th r e a d b a r e a n d ill a n d i n this m a n n er deli s h a ped , a n d a to wn s m a n s c a p ; l a r po we r to b e c a r r ied b a ck t o ve r ed him to the sec u priso n , whe r e he wa s kept e n t i r ely destit ute o f mo n ey , a n d tot a lly se cl uded fr o m his fr ie n ds Na y , s uch was t h e fury stody o f hi s e n e m ies , th a t a ge n tle m a n wa s t a ke n i n to c u by B o n n e r , a n d n a rr o wly esc a ped a tri a l , fo r givi n g the h i n n er D oo r a rchbishop m o n ey to b u di m a y C r a n me r ha d n o w bee n i m p r iso n ed a l m ost th r ee ye a rs , ld h a v e soo n follo wed his se n te n ce a n d d e a n d d e a th sho u g r ad a ti o n ; b ut his c r uel e n e m ies r ese r ved him fo r gre a ter m i se r y a n d i n s u lt Eve r y e n gi n e th a t co uld be tho ught o f w a s e m ployed to sh a ke his co n st a n cy t he held fa st t o bu the p r o fessio n o f his fa ith Nay , eve n whe n he s a w the b a r b a ro us m a rty r do m o f his de a r co m p a n io n s Ridley a n d L a ti m e r , he wa s so fa r fr o m sh r i nk i n g , th a t he n o t o n ly p r a yed to God to st r e n gthe n the m , b ut a lso , by th e ir e x a m ple , t o a n i m a te h im to a p a tie n t e x pe ct a tio n a n d e n d u r a n ce o f the s a m e fie r y t r i a l The p a p ists , a fte r t r yi n g v a r i o us se v ere wa ys to bri n g C r a n m e r over , witho ut e ffe ct , a t le n g t h deter m i n ed to tr y wh a t ge n tle m ethods wo u ld do They a cco r di n gly r e m oved h im fr o m priso n to the lodgi n gs o f the de a n o f C h r ist c h ur ch , wh ere they ur ged every pers ua sive a nd a ffe cti n g a rg u m e n t to m a ke h i m devi a te fro m hi s fa it h ; a n d , i n deed , to o m u ch m el t ed hi s ge n tle n a t ur e , by the fa lse sun shi n e o f p r ete n ded civility a n d r espe ct The un fo r tun a te p r el a te ,ho we ver ,withstood every temp t a t io n , a t which his e n e m ies were so ir r it a ted , th a t the y removed him fr o m t he de a n s lo d gi n gs to the m ost lo a th e p a r t o f the so m p riso n in which he ha d bee n co n fi n e d , a n d th en tre a ted h im with u This wa s n p a r a lleled severity mo r e th a n the in fi r m it ie s o f so old a m a n co uld s upport the fr a ilty o f h um a n n a t ure p r ev a ile d a n d he wa s i n d uce d to sign the follo wi n g re c a n t a tio n , d r a wn fr o m him by the ma lic e s a n d a r ti fi ce s o f his e n e m ies I, T HO MAS C RA N ME R , l a te a rchbishop o f C a nt erb u ry c e n , fo r . ’ - - ’ . . . . . . - . ’ . . . 45 2 F ’ o x s B O O K o r MA R T Y R S . Th is re c a n t a tio n wa s i m m edi a tely p r i n t ed , a n d d i s tr i b uted thro ugho ut th e co un tr y , a n d to est a b lish it s a ut he n t ic ity , fi r st w a s a dded t he n a m e o f Tho m a s C r a n m e r , w i th bsc r ip t io n , the n follo wed t he w it n e sses o f his a sole m n s u re c a n t a tio n , H e n r y S y d a l a n d fr i a r Joh n d e Vill a G a r ctlr All this t i m e Cr a n m e r h a d n o ce r t a i n a ss ur a n ce o f na h it w a s p r o m ised to h im by the d o c t o r s h is li fe , a l t ho u g r pose , the rest t hey c o m ou t a ft e r they h a d g a i n ed t hei r p u a l w ith m e n o f thei r r eligio n The m it t e d t o ch a n ce , a s us u q uee n , h a vi n g n o w fo un d a ti m e to reve n ge he r old g r udge his re c a n t a tio n ve r y gl a dly , b ut a g a i n st h im , re cei v ed t t i n g him to de a t h , t a ki n g wo uld n o t a lte r her i n te n tio n o f p u n sel h o w to desp a tch h im o u S he t o f the wa y s e c r et co u Cole t o p r ep a r e a fun e r a l se r m o n for Cr a n a ppoi n ted D r me r s b ur n i n g , a g a i n st the 2 1 s t o f Ma r ch e n s ui n g S o o n a fte r , lo r d W illi a m s , o f T a m e , lo r d S ha n d o is , s ir Tho m a s B r idges , a n d s ir Joh n B r o wn , we r e se n t fo r , a n d c o mm a n ded in the q uee n s n a m e to b e a t O x fo r d o n the e , lest C r a n me r s s a me d a y , with t hei r se r v a n ts a n d r e ti n u de a th sho uld r a ise the r e a n y t um ul t Dr C ole the d a y be fo r e the e x e c utio n took pl a ce , c a m e i n to the p r iso n to D r C r a n m e r , to t ry whethe r he a bode in t h e C a t holi c fa ith ,to who m C r a n m e r a n s w e r ed , th a t by God s gr a ce he wo uld be d a ily m o r e co n fi r m ed in the C a t hol ic fa it h ; Cole dep a r t i n g fo r th a t ti m e , t he n e x t d a y follo wi n g r ep a i r ed to t he a r chb isho p a g a i n , gi v i n g n o sig n ifi c a tio n a s yet o f his d e a th th a t wa s p r ep a r ed An d the r e fo r e in the m or n i n g ,whi ch wa s the 2 1 5 t d a y o f Mar ch , a ppo i n ted fo r C r a n m e r s e x ec u ti o n , C ol e co m i n g to him , n ey , to who m , whe n he a sked h im if h e h a d a n mo had y a n s wered th a t he h a d n o n e , he delive r ed fi ftee n c r o wn s to gi ve to t he poo r , to who m he wo uld a n d so e x ho r t in g him ch a s he co uld to co n s t a n cy in fa ith , d ep a rted the n ce as m u t his b usi n ess , a s to his se r m o n a ppe r ta i n ed a bo u By this , a n d othe r like a r g um e n ts ,t h e a r chb ishop beg a n more a n d m o r e to s ur m ise wh a t they we r e a b o ut The n bec a use the d a y wa s n o t fa r spe n t , a n d the lo r ds a n d k n ights th a t we r e looked fo r were n o t yet co m e ,t he r e c a m e t o h im the S p a n ish fr i a r , w i t n ess o f his re c a n t a t io n , b r i n g ld ope n ly p r o fess in his in g a r ti cles , wh ich C r a n m e r sho u r e c a n t a tio n b e fore the people , e a r n estly desi r i n g him th a t l d write the s a i d i n s tr um e n t a nd a rt icl es wit h his he wo u . . . . ’ . ’ ’ . . . ’ . ’ . . Fo x ’ Bo ok s or M A R T YRS 453 . own h a n d , a n d sig n it wi th his n a m e whi ch , whe n he h a d do n e , the s a i d fr i a r desi r ed th a t he wo uld wr ite a n o t her copy the r eo f, which sho uld r e m a i n wi t h him , a n d t h a t he did a lso But y e t the a r c h b ishop , bei n g n o t ig n ora r where u n t o t hei r se c r et d e v i ces t e n ded , a n d t hi n ki n g th a t t he ti m e wa s a t h a n d in whi ch he co u ld n o lo n ger d iss e m ble the p r o fessio n o f his fa i t h with Ch r is t s people , he p ut his pra yer a n d his e x ho r t a tio n , wr i tt e n in a n othe r p a pe r , se cretly i n t o his boso m , whi ch he i n t e n ded t o r e ci te t o th e people be fo r e he sho uld m a ke t h e l a st p r o fessi o n o f h is fa ith , fe a r i n g lest , if t hey he a r d the co n fessio n o f his fa ith fi r st , t hey wo uld n o t a ft e r wa r d h a ve s uffered him to ex hort t h e p eople S oo n a ft er lo r d W illi a m s , sir Thom a s Bridges ,s ir Joh n Br o wn , a n d t h e othe r j u sti ces , c a m e to O x fo r d with a gre a t m en mu a lso g a the r ed o n t r a i n o f wa i t i n The ltit de u g every side , a s 1 5 we n t in s uch a m a tt e r ,a n d g r e a t e x pec t a tio n s we r e e x cited , fo r fi r st o f a ll, t hey th a t were o f the pope s side we r e in gr e a t hope t h a t d ay to he a r somethi n g o f C r a n m er th a t sho u ld es t a blish the v a n i t y o f their e p i n io n the o t he r p a r t , who we r e e n d ued wit h a bette r mi n d , co uld n o t thi n k th a t he wh o , by co n t i n ued st udy a n d l a bo ur fo r so m a n y ye a r s , h a d s e t fo r th the doctri n e o f t h e gospel , either wo uld or co uld , in t h e l a st a ct o f his li fe , fo r s a ke the good p ar t D ur i n g thi s gre a t e x pect a t io n , the p r ocess io n a t le n gth c a m e fo r th in the follo wi n g order : The m ayor we n t be fore , n e x t him t he a lde r m e n in the ir pl a ce a n d deg r ee ; a fte r t he m wa s C r a n m er b r o u g ht b et wee n t wo fr i a rs , which m um bli n g to a n d fr o cert a i n ps a l m s in th e streets , a n n til they c a m e to t h e ch u r ch door s we r e d o n e a n othe r u Nun c d amit a n d the r e they beg a n the so n g o f S i m eo n , ( is i n t o t he ch ur ch , the ps a l m si n gi n g a n d e n te r i n g fr i a rs bro u gh t him to his st a n di n g , a n d the r e le ft h im There wa s a st a ge set over a g a i n st t he p ulpit , o f a me a n height fr o m the g r o un d , where Cr a n m er h a d his st a n di n g , n til D r Cole m a de r e a dy fo r his ser m o n wa i t i n g u The l a m e n t a ble c a se a n d sigh t o f t h a t m a n wa s a sor~ l s pe c t a cle t o a ll Ch r is t i a n eyes t h a t beheld him r o wfu He th a t l a tely wa s a r chb ishop , m e t r o p oli t a n , a n d p r i m a te n s e llm , be i n g n e w o f a ll E n gl a n d , a n d t h e ki n g s p r ivy c o u r edly cloth e d , wi th in a b a re a n d r a gged go wn , a n d ill fa vo u ’ . ’ . - . ’ . ' - . . . . ’ ' - ’ or F o x s Bo o t: MARTY RS . old s qua r e c a p , e x posed t o t h e co n t e m pt o f a ll m e n , d i e a d m o n ish m e n n o t o n ly o f his o wn c a l a m ity t a lso o f , bu t heir sta te a n d fo r tun e F or wh o wo uld n o t pi ty his c a se , ch a p r el a te , a n d m igh t n o t fe a r his o wn ch a n ce , to see s u so g r a ve a co un sello r , a n d o f so lo n g co n ti n ued ho n o ur , a fte r so m an y dig n i t ies , in his old ye a rs to be dep r ive d o f h is est a te ,a dj u dged to die , a n d in S p a i n ful a de a th to e n d his li fe , a n d n o w prese n tly fr o m s uch fresh o r n a me n ts , to des ce n d to s uch vile a n d r a gged a p p a r el ? I n t his h a b i t , whe n he h a d stood a good s p a ce u po n the s t a ge , t u r n i n g to a n to , h e li ft ed p ill a r n e a r a dj oi n i n g the r e u up his h a n ds to he a ve n , a nd p r a yed un to God o n ce or t wice , till a t le n gth D r Cole co m i ng i n to the p u l pi t , a n d begi n n i n g his se r m o n , e n te r ed fi r st i n t o m e n tio n o f Tob i a s a n d Z a ch a r y who m a ft e r he h a d p r a ised in the begi n n i n g o f his se r m o n fo r thei r e wo r ship p e r seve r a n ce in the t r u pi n g o f God , he the n di vided his whole s ermo n i n to th r ee p a r t s , a cco r di n g t o t he sole m n c ustom o f t he schools , i n te n di n g to spe a k fi r s t o f the m e r cy o f God : seco n dly , o f h is j u s t ice to h e sho wed : a n d l a st o f a ll, h o w the p r i n ce s sec r e t s a r e n o t to b e ope n ed An d p r oceed i n g a li tt le fr o m the begi n n i n g , he t ook o cc a sio n by a n d by t o t ur n his t a l e to C r a n m e r , a n d wi t h m a n y ho t wo r ds rep r o ved hi m , th a t he , bei n g o n e e n d ued wi t h the fa vo ur a n d fe eli n g o f whole so m e a n d C a t holi c doct r i n e ,fell i n to a co n t r a r y opi n i o n o f pe r n icio us e r r o r ; whi ch he ha d n o t o n ly de fe n ded by his t a lso a ll u r ed o t he r m e n to do w r i t i n gs a n d a ll his po we r , b u t h e like , with g r e a t libe r a lity o f gi ft s , a s it we r e a ppoi n ti n g r e wa r d s fo r e r r o r ; r ed t hem , b a n d a fte r he h a d a ll u y all m e a n s d id che r ish the m It we r e to o lo n g r e repe a t a ll thi n gs , th a t in lo n g order n ced The s um o f his tr i p a r t ite de cl a m a tio n we r e pro n o u wa s , th a t he s a id God s mercy wa s so te m pe r ed wi t h h is j usti ce , th a t he di d n o t a ltoge the r r e q uire p un ish m e n t a o cordi n g to the merits o f o ffe n d ers , n or yet s uffe r ed the gh they h a d r epe n ted s a m e to go u n pu n ishe d , y e a , t ho u As in D a vid , wh o whe n he wa s h id d e n to choose o f thre e k i n ds o f p u ld , a nd he h ad chosen n ish m e n t whi ch he wo u pes t ile n ce fo r th r ee d a ys , t he Lo r d fo rg a ve h im ha l f t he ti m e , b ut did n o t r ele a se a ll : a n d th a t the s a m e thi n g c a me to p a ss in h im a lso , to who m a ltho ugh p a r do n a nd re c o n cili a tio n wa s d u e a ccordi n g to the c a n o n s , seei n g he an . o . ’ . . . ’ . ’ rox s 456 B OO K o r mx ar r ns . e x t the k in g , wa s fa lle n in to such gre a t mise r y , th a t t he poo r est wretch wo uld n o t ch a n ge co n ditio n with him ; a n d rr ou n ded w it h m ise r y o n a ll sides , th a t ha d become so s u n e , n or n e i t her wa s le ft in h im a n y hope o f bette r fo r t u p la ce fo r wo rs e Th e l a t ter p a r t o f his se r m o n he co n ve r ted to the a r ch b ish p who m he co m fo r t ed a n d e n co ur a ged to t a ke h is r e , biddi n g h im n o t d e a t h well , by m a n y pl a ces o f sc r i p t u st , b ut he sho uld i n co n ti n e n tl y r eceive wh a t the 0 m i st r u t hie f d id , to who m Ch r ist s a id , Th is d a y tho u sh a lt be l he a r m ed h im a nd o u with m e in p a r a dise t of St Pau a g a i n st the te rr o r o f fi r e by this , The L o r d is fa ithful , ffer y o u t o b e te m pted a bove yo u r whi ch w ill n o t s u st r e n gth by the e x a m ple o f the t h r ee child r e n , to who m G od m a de the fl a m e to see m like a ple a s a n t d e w ; a ddi n g a lso t h e r ej o ici n g o f S t A n d r e w o n his c r oss , the p a tie n ce r e n ce in t h e fi r e , a ss u r i n g h im , th a t God , if he o f St L a u c a lled o n h im ,e i t he r wo uld a b a t e the fur y o f the fl a m e , or ive hi m st r e n g t h t o a bide it g He glo r ified God m uch in h is ( C r a n m e r s )co n v ersio n , b ec a u s e it a ppe a red to be o n ly H is ( the Al m ighty s )wo r k d e cl a r i n g wh a t t r a va il a n d co n fe r e n ce h a d bee n wi t h h im t o co n v e r t h im , a n d a ll p r ev a iled n o t , t ill t h a t it ple a sed God o f his m e r cy t o r e cl a i m h im , a n d c a ll h im ho m e In d isco u r si n g o f whi ch pl a ce ,b e m u ch co mm e n ded C r a n m e r , s ayi n g ,th a t a ll the ti m e he flo wed in ri ches a n d ho n o ur ,he wa s u n wo r thy o f h is li fe ; a n d n o w th a t he m igh t n o t live , he wa s unwo r thy o f de a t h But les t he sho uld c a r r y wi t h h im n o co m fo r t , he p r o m ised , in the n a m e o f a ll t he p r i es t s t h a t we r e p r ese n t , th a t i m m edi a t ely a fte r his de a th the r e sho uld be di r ges , m a sses ,a n d fun e r a ls ,e x ec uted fo r him in r ches o f O x fo r d , fo r t h e s u c co ur o f his so ul a ll the ch u All this ti m e w i th wh a t g r i e f o f m i n d C r a n m er stood he a r i n g t his se r m o n , the o ut wa r d sho ws o f co un t e n a n ce d id be t t e r e x p r ess , t h a n a ny m a n c a n de cl a r e n o w li fti n g up n t o he a ve n , a n d t he n a g a i n fo r sh a m e h is h a n ds a n d eyes u They t h a t we r e prese n t le t t i n g t he m do w n to t he e a r th test ified th a t they n eve r s a w in a n y child m o r e te a r s th a n c a me fr o m h im a t th a t t i m e , d ur i n g t he whole se r m o n ; b u t e s pe ci a lly w he n he re ci t ed his pr a ye r be fo r e t h e p eople A ft e r C ole h a d e n ded his se r m o n , he c a lled b a ck t he e t h re n , eople to pr Br a ye r s th a t were re a dy to dep a rt p n . r o . . . . . ’ ’ . . . . . ’ . F o x s B o o t: o r MAtt r r tts ’ 4 57 ' » . d he , lest a ny m a n sho uld do ubt o f this ma n s e a rne st co n ve r sio n a n d repe n t a n ce , y o ush a ll he a r him spe a k li e fore y o u; a n d there fo r e I p r a y y o u , Mr C r a n m e r , t o per form t h a t n o w,whi ch y o up r o m ised n o t lo n g a go ; n a m e ly , th a t y o uwo uld ope n ly e x p r ess the true a n d un do ubted pro r fa i th , t h a t y o um ay t a ke a wa y a ll s u spi c io n fe ss io n o f yo u n de r st a n d th a t fro m m e n ,a n d th a t a ll m e n m a y u y o ua re a ” ” c a t holi c i n deed I will do it , s a id t he a r chb ishop , h ood w ill w o , risi n g u a nd p u t a n d th a t with a t in ; p g g s un to the p eople o ff his ca p , spoke th u G ood Chr isti a n people ,m y d e a rly belo v ed breth r e n an d s isters in Chri st ,I beseech y o um ost he a r tily to p r a y fo r m e to Alm ighty G o d , th a t he will fo r gi v e m e a ll m y si n s a nd t n um ber , a n d gre a t a b ove o ffe n ces , which be m a n y witho u re But yet o n e thi n g g r ieve t h my co n sci e n ce mo re m ea su th a n a ll the rest , whe r eo f, God wi lli n g , I i n te n d to spe a k m ore here a ft er Bu t ho w g r e a t a n d h o w m a n y soever m y si n s b e , I besee ch y o uto p r ay to God o f his m ercy to p a r ” d o n a n d forgi v e t he m a ll An d here k n eeli n g do wn , he s a id the follo wi n g pr a ye r O F a t her o f he a v e n ,0 S o n o f God , Redeemer o f the world , 0 Holy G host ,th r ee perso n s a n d a n d o n e God ,h a ve mercy upo n m e , m ost wretched c a i ti ff a n d mi ser a ble s in n er I h a ve o ffe n ded b oth a g a i n st he a ve n a n d e a rth , more th a n m y to n g ue ca n e x p r ess t i the r the n may I go , or whithe r sh a ll I flee ? To he a ve n I m a y b e a sh a m ed t o li ft up m i n e eyes , a n d in e a r th I fi n d n o pl a ce o f r e fuge or s ucco ur To thee ,the r e fo r e , O Lo r d ,do I h um ble m y s el f ; s a yi n g 0 L o r d my God ,m y si n s b e gr e a t ,b ut y e t h ave m ercy upo n m e , fo r thy g r e a t m e r cy The g r e a t myste r y th a t God bec a m e m a n , wa s n o t wro ught fo r li t tle or fe w o ffe n ces Tho ud idst n ot give thy S o n , 0 he a ve n ly F a ther , un t o d e a th fo r s m a ll si n s o n ly ,b ut fo r a ll t he gr e a test si n s r n to thee with his o f the w o r ld , so t h a t the si n n er r et u whole he a r t , a s I do a t this p r ese n t W here fore h a ve me r cy o n m e , O God , whose p r ope r ty is a l ways to h a ve me r cy ; h a ve me r cy U po n m e , O L o r d , fo r t hy g r e a t me r cy I c r a ve n o t hi n g fo r m i n e o wn m e r i ts , b ut fo r thy n a m e s s a k e , t h a t it m a y be h a llo wed t hereby , a n d fo r thy S o n Jes us Chris t s s a ke An d n o w, there fore , 0 ” F a ther o f he a ve n , h a llo wed be thy n a m e , & c And the n r isi n g , he s a id : ’ sa i . . . . . . . . . . . . ’ ’ . . 458 F o x s B O OK o r M A R T YR S ’ . people desireth a t the tim e o f l is de a th to give so m e good e x ho r t a tio n , t h a t o t he 1 s m ay r e me m ber the s a m e be fo r e thei r de a t h , a n d b e the better the r eby s o I besee ch God g r a n t m e g r a ce ,t h a t I m ay spe a k so m ethi n g a t t his my dep a r t i n g , whe r eby Go d m ay b e glo r ified , a n d y o ue d ifi e d Fi r st it is a he a vy c a use to see th a t so m a n y folk s o mu ch do a t up o n the lo v e o f t his fa lse wo r ld , a n d be so c a r e ful fo r it , th a t o f the lo v e o f God , o r t he wo r ld t o c o m e they see m to c a r e ve r y l it tle o r n o t h in There fo r e , t hi s sh a ll b e m y fi r st e x ho r t a t i o n Th a t y o uset n o t yo ur m i n ds ove r m uc h upo n t his decei t ful wo r ld , b ut upo n God , a n d upo n th e wo r ld to co m e ,a n d to le a r n t o k n o w wh a t t his lesso n m e a n e t h whi ch S t Joh n te a cheth , Th a t the lov e o f this wo r ld is h a t r ed a g a i n st G o d , The se co n d e x ho r t a t io n is , Th a t n e x t under God u r ki n g a n d q u n w illi n gly a n d gl a d ly , witho u obey yo ee t o u y m ur m ur i n g o r g r udgi n g ; n o t fo r fe a r o f t he m o n ly , b ut m uch m o r e n o w fo r t he fe ar o f God k n o wi n g t h a t t hey be God s m i n iste r s ,a ppo i n t ed by God to r ule a n d gove r n y o u a n d ,the r e fo r e , whosoeve r resisteth the m r esi steth the ord i n a n ce o f God The thi r d e x h o r t a ti o n 15 , Th a t y o ulove a ltoge t her like b r ethre n a n d siste r s F o r ,a l a s pity it is to see wh a t co n te n t io n a n d h a tr ed o n e Ch r i s t i a n m a n be a r eth to a n o the r ,n o t t a ki n g e a ch othe r a s b r o t he r a n d siste r , b ut r a the r Bu t I p r a y y o u le a r n a s s t r a n ge r s a n d m o r t a l e n e m ies a n d b e a r w ell a wa y t his o n e lesso n , To do good u n to al l men , as m u ch a s in y o uli e t h ,a n d to h ur t n o m a n , n o m ore th a n y o uwo uld h ur t yo ur o wn n a t ur a l lovi n g b r o the r o r r e o f, t h a t w hosoe v e r h a teth s i st e r F or t h is y o um ay b e s u an t m a licio usly to hi n de r or h urt y pe r so n , a n d goe t h a b o u him ,s u r ely a n d wi t ho u t a ll do u b t , God is n o t wi t h t h a t m a n , gh he thi n k hi m sel f eve r so m uch in God s fa vour a ltho u The fo ur th e x ho r t a t io n sh a ll b e t o t he m th a t h a ve re a t s ubs t a n ce an d r i ches o f this wo r ld ; Th a t they wil y e ll co n side r a n d weigh t h r ee s a yi n gs o f t h e S c r i t u re p r hi m sel f, wh o s a i t h , r S a vio u It is h a r d fo r a o n e is o f o u ri ch m a n t o e n t e r i n t o t h e ki n gd o m o f he a v e n A sore th s a y in g ,a n d yet s p oke n by h im wh o k n o weth the tr u The seco n d i s o f S t Joh n , whose s a yi n g is this , He th a t h a th the s ubs ta n ce o f thi s wo r ld ,a nd s e eth his b r oth en Every m a n , good . . cr . . ’ ’ . . . . . ’ . . ’ . . . r ’ o x s n o o n o r ri s izr r i s ' z . An d a s fo r the s a cr a me n t , I b elieve a s I h a ve t a ught it my book a g a i n s t the bi shop o f W i n chester , which , m y b ook , te a cheth so tr u e a doct r i n e o f t he s a cr a m e n t , th a t it sh a ll s t a n d a t the l a st d ay be fo r e the j udg m e n t o f G o d , whe r e the p a pisti c a l doc t r i n e co n tr a r y thereto sh a ll b e ” a sh a m ed to sho w h e r fa ce He r e the byst a n de r s were a ll a sto n ished , an d l ooke d upo n o n e a n o ther , whose e x p ect a t io n he ha d so n ot a bly deceived S o m e beg a n to a d m o n ish him o f his r ec a n t a t io n , a n d to a cc u se h im o f fa lsehood Briefly , it wa s s t r a n ge to see the docto r s beg uiled o f so gre a t a hope I thi n k the 1 e wa s n ever c r uel ty m ore no t a bly o r be t ter in t i m e d el uded a n d decei ve d F o r it is n ot to b e d o u bted , b ut they looked fo r a glo r io us victory , a n d a perpet u a l tr i u m ph by this m a n s r et r a ctio n As soo n a s they he a r d these thi n gs , they beg a n to r a ge , fr et , a n d fu m e ; a n d so m u ch the m o r e , b ec a use t hey co uld n o t r eve n ge t hei r g r ie f : fo r they co u ld n o w n o lo n ger t h r e a te n o r h u r t h im F o r t he m ost m ise r a ble m a n in t he t o n ce ; a n d whe r e a s o f n ecessi ty he world c a n die b u st n ee d s die t h a t d ay , t ho ugh t he p a pis t s h a d bee n eve r mu so well ple a s ed , b ei n g eve r so m uch o ffe n ded w ith him , yet co uld he n o t b e t wi ce killed by the m An d so whe n they co uld do n othi n g else un t o h im , yet les t they sho uld n to him his fa lse s ay n o t hi n g , t hey ce a sed n o t to obj ect u hood a n d dissi mul atio n U n to which a cc us a tio n he a n s we r ed , Ah , my m a sters d o y o u n o t t a ke it so ? Al wa ys si n ce I lived hi t he r t o , l h a ve bee n a h a te r o f fa lsehoo d , a n d a lo v e r o f si m plicity ” a n d in a n d n e ver b e fo r e this t i m e h a ve I d isse m bled ; s a yi n g this , a ll t he te a r s t h a t r em a i n ed in his b ody a p e a r e d in his e es n d whe n he b eg a n t o spe a k m o r e o f A p y the s a c r a m e n t a n d o f t he p a p a cy , so m e o f t he m beg a n to cr p on t u t , yelp , a n d b a wl , a n d especi a lly Cole c r ied o u y ou ” S to p the he r eti c s m o ut h a n d t ake h im a wa y him , An d the n C r a n m e r bei n g p ulled do wn fr o m t he st a ge , wa s led to the fi re , a cco m p a n ied with t hose fr i a r s , ve x i n g , W h a t m ad tr o ubli n g ,a n d th r e a t e n i n g him m ost c r uelly ” h a t h b r o ugh t thee a g a i n in t o th is e r r or , n ess , s a y t hey , by wh i ch tho uwil t d r a w i n n um e r a ble so uls wi th thee i n to ” To who m he a n s we r ed n o t hi n g , b ut d i r ected a ll hell 1 bli n g hi m in his talk t o t he p e ople , s a vi n g t h a t to o n e t r o u . . . . . ’ . . . . “ . . ’ “ . . “ » F ox ’ s B OOK o r MARTYBS 46 1 . the way , he sp a ke , a nd e x hort ed him to get h om e to his st udy , a n d a pply to his b ook d ilige n tly ; s ayi n g , if he d id dilige n t ly c a ll upo n God , by re a di n g mo r e he sho uld ge t k n o wledge Bu t whe n he c a me to t h e pl a ce where th e holy b ishop s a n d m a r ty r s o f God , b ishop L a t i m er a n d bishop Ridley r n t b e fore h im , fo r t h e co n fessio n o f the t r u th , we r e b u k n eeli n g do wn he p r a yed t o God , a n d n ot lo n g t a rryi n g in t t i n g o ff his g a r m e n t to his shi r t , b e pr e h is pr a ye r s , p u p a r ed hi m se lf fo r de a th His shirt wa s m a de lo n g do wn to his feet His feet we r e b a r e ; like wise his he a d , whe n both his c a p s we r e o ff, wa s so b a r e th a t on e h a i r co uld n ot be see n upo n i t His he a r d wa s s o lo n g a n d thi ck ,th a t it covered his fa c e w ith m a r vello us g r a vi ty ; a n d his reve re nd co un te n a n ce m oved the he a t bot h o f his ea d s a n d . . . . r " . n e - n e m ie s . B ur n t / 4g qf C i un m e t The Sp an ish fr i a r s , Joh n a n d Ri ch a r d , o f who m m e n t io n was m a de be fo r e , n o w beg a n to e x ho r t him , a n d pl ay the ir p a r ts with him a fr esh , b ut with v a i n a nd lost l a bo ur C ra n m e r , with ste a d fa st p ur pose a b idi n g in th e pro fe ssio n o f his do ct r i n e , g a ve his h a n d to ce r t a i n old m en , a n d An i ro n ch a i n others th a t s tood by , bidd i n g the m fa r e well t hi m , a n d t hey co m m an ded the fi r e t o was n o w tied a bo u po n him W h e n the wood wa s ki nd l ed , an d the b e set u . . . 39 0 16 2 Fox ’ s B O O K o r MARI YRS ' ’ . b e g a n to b urn n e a r him , he st r etched forth hi lgbt h a n d , whi ch h a d sig n ed h is r e c a n ta t i o n , i n to the ti m es , a n d there h eld it so ste a d fa s t th a t a ll the people m ight s ee che d In short , it b u r n t to a c o a l be fo r e his b ody wa s to u he wa s so p a tie n t a n d co n st a n t in the m idst o f th e e e x t r e m e t o r t ur es , th a t he see m ed to mo v e n o m o r e t ha n t he s t a ke to w hi ch he wa s bo un d h is eyes we r e li fte d up to ” he a ve n ,a n d he o ft e n r e p e a t ed , t his un wo r t hy right I a n d , so lo n g a s his voi ce w o uld s uffe r h im a n d a s o fte n usi n g t h e w o r ds o f the ble s sed m a r ty r S t Stephe n , Lo r d J E S U S , ” re ce ive m y sp i r i t , till the fury o f the fla m es putti n g him t o sile n ce , he g a ve u p the ghost Th us died Tho m a s Cr a n m e r , in th e 6 7 th y e a r o f his a e He wa s a m a n o f gre a t c a n do ur , a n d a fi rm fr ie n d , g n es o f An n e Bo w hi ch a pp e a r ed sig n a lly in t he m i s fo r t u ley u, C r o m well , a n d t he d uke o f S o m e r set I n his wr iti n gs he r a the r e x celled in g r e a t i n d u st r y a nd go o d j udg m e n t , th a n in q ui ck n ess o f a pp r ehe n sio n , or a close n ess o f s tyle He e m p loyed his r eve n ues o n pio us a n d ch a r i t a ble uses ; a n d in his t a ble he wa s t r uly hos p it a b le , fo r he e n te r t a i n ed g r e a t n u m be r s o f his poo r n eighbo u rs o fte n a t it The ge n t le n ess a n d h um ili ty o f hi s d epo r t me n t we r e ve r y r e m a r k a ble His l a st ta ll wa s the g r e a test ble mish o f his li fe , ye t th a t wa s e x pi a ted by a si n cere r epe n t a n ce ; a n d while we drop a te a r over t hi s m el a n c h o ly i n sta n ce of h um a n fr a il ty , we m ust a ck n o wledge with p r a ise the i n te r posi t io n o f D i v i n e P r ovide n ce in his ret urn to the t r uth An d i t see m ed n ecess a ry t h a t the re fo r m a tio n o f the ch ur ch , b e i n g the resto r i n g o f the pr i m it ive a n d a postoli c a l doct r i n e , s h o u ld h a ve bee n ch iefly c a rried o n by a m an t h us em i n e m h r primitive a n d a p os to lical v irt u es lire . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . ’ 46 4 Fox s B O O K o r MART YRR . m e ffe c t w1t n t ne other , co n fessi n g th a t he a b se n ted r ch bec a use t he w o r d o f God wa s n o t h i m sel f fr o m ch u ly t a ught , 11 0 1 t he a c r a m e n t s o f Ch r ist d uly a d t he r e t r u rt he r m in istered , a s p r esc r i bed by t h e s a m e wo r d B ei n g fu e x a mi n ed , t o uc h i n g his fa ith in the s a c r a m e n t o f the a lta r , he s a id t h a t if h e stood a cc used in th a t p a r ti c ul a r , he ld a n s wer a s God h a d give n hi m k n o wledge ,whi ch he wo u ld do a t a n othe r opport un ity sho u J O H N C A V I L L like wise a g r eed in the chie f p a rti c ul a rs r ther s a id , the c a u t fu se o f his a b wi th his brethre n : b u se n ti n g hi m sel f fro m ch ur ch wa s , th a t the m i n ister t here ha d a dv a n ced t wo do ct r i n es co n tr a ry to e a ch other ; fo r first , in a sermo n whi ch he delivered whe n t he q uee n c a m e to the cro wn , he e x ho r ted the people to believe the gospel ,decl a ri n g it to b e tr uth ,a n d th a t ,if they beli eved it n o t , they wo uld be d a m n ed a nd seco n dly ,in a future disco ur se , he de cl a r ed th a t the Ne w Test a m e n t wa s fa lse ch dis in fo r ty pl a ces ; wh ich co n t r a r i ety g a ve C a vill m u g ust , a nd wa s , a m o n g other thi n gs , the c a use o f his a b se n ti n g hi m sel f fr o m ch ur ch G E O RG E A MB R O S E a n s we r ed to the s a m e e ffect , a dd ing , th a t a fter he h a d re a d the l a te bishop o f W i n chester s b ook , e n t i tled D e ver a O b ed ien tia , with B o n n e r s pre fa ce i n ve ighi ng a g a i n st t h e a utho r ity o f the a n n e x ed , b o t h bishop o f Ro m e , he esteemed their p r i n ciples more lightly th a n he h a d do n e be fo r e n d er s l , in Esse x , RO B E R T D RA K E wa s m i n ister o f T hu y t o which l ivi n g he ha d bee n prese n ted by lo r d Ri ch in the re ig n o f Ed wa rd VI whe n he wa s o r d a i n ed p r iest by D r Ridley , the n b ishop o f L o n do n , a cco r di n g t o t h e re fo r m ed E n glish se r vi ce fo r ordi na ti o n 0 11 the a ccessio n o f quee n Ma ry to t he th r o n e o f E n gl a nd , he wa s se n t fo r by G ar di n er , who de m a nded o f h im whether he wo uld co n form t o the l aws o f the re a l m the n in fo r ce ? He a n s we r e d , th a t he wo uld a bide by those l a ws th a t were a gree a ble to the po n whi ch he wa s i m m e d i a tely committed la w o f God ; u to priso n W I L L IA M T I M S was a de a co n a n d c ura te o f Hockley , t be i n g dep r ived tn Esse x , i n the r eig n o f Ed wa rd VI: b u of hi s l ivi n g soo n a ft e r the de a th o f th a t mo n a r ch , he a b ri n g wood , s co n d e d , a n d priv a tely pre a ched in a n e ighbo u wh ither m a ny o f his fl ock a tt e n ded to he a r t he word o f sa e , s . . . ’ ’ . . . . . . r ox ’ s B O OK o r MA RT Y RS 46 5 . co n se que n ce of these p r o ceedi n gs , he was a p prehe nded by o n e o f the co n st a bles , a n d se n t up to t he bishop o f L o n do n , by whom he wa s re ferr ed to G a rdi n er , wh o co mm itted him to the K i n g s B e n ch p r i so n A sho r t t i m e a ft er h is co n fi n e m e n t , he , w i t h the others be foreme n tio n ed , wa s o r dered to a ppe a r be fo r e the bishop estio n ed h im co n ce r n i n g hi s fa i t h in t h o f Lo n d o n ,who q u s a cr a me n t o f t he a l ta r Mr Ti m s a n s we r ed , th a t t he b ody o f C h r ist wa s n o t in the s a cr a me n t o f t he a l t a r ,r e a lly a n d co r po r e a lly , a ft e r the wo r ds o f co n sec r a ti o n spoke n by the p r iest a n d th a t he h a d b ee n o f th a t opi n io n , eve r si n ce it h a d ple a sed God to c a ll h im to the tr ue gospel of his gra ce O n the 28 t h o f Ma rch , 1 55 6 , these pe r so n s we re a ll b r o ught i n to t he co n sistory co ur t b e fore the b ishop o f Lo n do n , in order to b e e x a m i n ed , fo r th e l a st ti m e whe n he a ss ur ed the m , th a t if they did n o t s ub m it to the ch urch ld h e C o n d e m n ed fo r he r esy o f Ro m e ,they sho u The bishop beg a n h is e x a m i n a tio n with Tims , whom he c a lled the r i n gle a der o f the othe r s : he tol d him , th a t he h a d t a ught the m h er esies , a n d e n de a vo ur ed , a s fa r a s in him la y , to r e n der the m a s a b o m i n a ble a s hi m sel f ; with s a t i o n s e q ua lly fa l se a n d o p p r o b ious He m a n y o t her a cc u wa s the n a sked by the b ishop wh a t he ha d to s ay in his o wn vi n dic a ti o n , in order t o p r eve n t h im fr o m p r o ceedi n g To whi ch he rep lied a s a g a i n st him a s his ordi n a ry follo ws My lo r d , I a m a sto n ished th a t y o usho uld begi n yo ur ch a r ge w1t h a fa lsehoo d ; y o ua ver th a t I a m the r i n gle a der ght be fo r e y ou, a n d h a v e t a ugh o f the co m p a n y n o w b r o u the m pri n ciples co n t r a ry to the Ro m ish ch urch , si n ce we h a ve bee n in co n fi n e me n t b ut t h e i nj usti ce o f thi s de cl a r a tio n will soo n a ppe a r ,if y o uw ill i n q ui r e o f these my breth r e n , t o f p r iso n ,they d isse n t e d whethe r , whe n a t liberty ,a n d o u ch a s they do a t p r ese n t n o t from popish pri n ci pl e s a s m u s uch i n q uiry , I pres um e , uill r e n der it evide n t , th a t they l e a r n ed n o t t hei r religio n in p r i so n For my o wn p a r t , I d e cl a re I n ever k n e w the m , til ch ti me a s I be c a m e thei r fello w p r iso n er ; h o w t he n su co uld I b e thei r r in g e a d e r a n d te a cher ? W ith respe ct t o the ch a rge a lleged a ga i n st m e , wh a tever op i n io n y o um a in red I hold n o othe r reli ta in co n cer n i n g me ,I a m well a ss u Go d . In ’ . . . . . . . ‘ . . - . 46 6 r ox ’ B OOK o r MA RT Y R S s . g i o n th a n wha t Christ pre a ched , the a postles wit n essed , the pri m itive ch urch r e c e ived , a n d o f l a te th e a postolic a l ev a n gelic a l p r e a che r s o f this re a l m h a ve fa ith fully a nd t a ught , a n d fo r whi ch y o uh a ve c r uelly c a used them to b e b ur n t , a nd n o w s e e k to t r e a t us wi t h the like i n h um a n ” severity I a ck n o wledge y o uto b e my o r di n a ry The b ishop de m a n ded if he wo uld s ub m i t hi m sel f to tl holy m other ch urch ,p r omisi n g th a t ,if he did ,he sho uld b e ki n dly rece ived a n d th r e a te n i n g , a t the s a m e t i m e , th a t , dgme n t sho uld b e pro n o un ced a g a i n st him if he did n o t ,j u a s a hereti c In a n s wer to this , Tims told hi s lordship , he wa s well persua ded th a t he wa s with i n the p a le o f the C a tholi c c h urch ; a n d re m i n de d him , th a t he h a d most sole m n ly r ed th a t very ch u rch to whi ch he si n ce p r o fesse d s uch a bj u stre nuo us a llegi a n ce ; a n d th a t , co n t r a ry to his o a th , he tho r ity o f the pope , a g a i n a d m itted , in this re a l m , the a u r ed a n d fors wor n in the highest a n d wa s , the r e fore , perj u deg r ee He a lso rec a lled to his me m o r y ,th a t he ha d spoke n ity a g a i n st the us ur ped po wer with g r e a t fo r ce a n d pe r spi c u gh he a ft erwa r d se n te n ced perso n s to b e o f the pop e , tho u b ur n t ,bec a use they wo ul d n o t a ck n o wledge the pope to he the s up r e m e he a d o f the ch ur ch O n this , B o n n e r ster n ly de m a n ded , wh a t h e ha d writte n rch o f Rome ? a g a i n st the ch u Mr Tims perti n e n tly a n s wered , My lo r d , the l a te b ishop o f W i n cheste r wrote a very le a rn ed tre a tise ,e n titled m e n ts D e ver a O b ed ien tia ,which co n t a i n s m an y sol id a rg u p r e m a cy : to thi s b ook y ou wrote a a g a i n st the p a p a l s u pre fa ce , stro n gly , i n veighi n g a g a i n st t h e bishop o f Rome , reprovi n g his tyr a n ny a n d us ur p a tio n ,a n d sho wi n g th a t his po wer wa s ill fo un de d ,a n d co n tr a r y b oth to the will of God ” a n d the re a l i n terest o f m a n ki n d The b ishop , str uck with the poig n a n cy o f this reproo f, ev a sively told h im , th a t the b ishop o f W i n chester wrote a b ook a g a i n st the s u prem a cy o f th e pope s holi n ess , a nd he wrote a p r e fa ce to the s a m e book , te n d i n g to the s a m e p ur pose : b ut th a t the c a use o f this a r ose not fro m thei r d is r eg a rd to his holi n ess , b u se it wa s the n d eem e d t be c a u tr e a so n , by t h e l a ws o f the re a lm , to m a i nt a i n the pope s thority in E n gl a n d au He a ls o Observed , th a t a t s uch a t im e it wa s d a nge rou s ' . . e - ' . . . “ . - . ’ ’ . 468 F ox ’ s B OOK O F MA RT YRS . Ma r ty r d o ms of Hu g h L a ver o ck, a d ecr ep id o ld man a n d J o hn A r ice , a blin d ma n pp . The former o f these m a r ty r s wa s by tr a de a p ain t e r , At the ti me a n d lived in the p a r ish o f Bar ki n g , in Esse x o f his a pprehe n sio n he wa s in th e 6 8t h ye a r o f his a e g , an d very helpless ral in fi r m it ie s o f li fe fr o m the n a t u Be i n g a cc u sed o f he r esy by so m e o f the popish e m iss a rie s in his n eighb o u r hood , he , with his fello w s u fferer , wa s ta ke n b e fore B o n n e r to be e x a m i n ed with r espe ct to his fa i t h The bishop l a id be fo r e the m t he s a m e a r ticles as h a ve bee n me n tio n ed in for m e r i n st a n ces ; a n d they r e t ur n ed a n s we r s to the s a m e e ffect a s those o f other a d vo c a tes for the t r uth o f the gospel O n t h e 9 th o f Ma y , 1 55 6 , they we r e bo t h bro u ght in to t he co n sistory co u r t , whe r e the i r a r ticles a n d a n s wers wer e p ublicly r e a d ; a fte r whi ch the b ish op e n de a vo ur ed to per s ua de them to rec a n t thei r opi n io n s co n cer n i ng the s a cra m e n t o f the a lt a r H ugh L a vero ck de cl a red , th a t by the g r a ce o f Go d he wo u ld co n ti n ue i n the pro fessio n he h a d a l r e a dy m a de , for he co uld n o t fi n d the le a st a uthority in the word o f Go d for a pp r ovi n g the do ct r i n e o f the corpore a l p r ese n ce in the s a cr a m e n t The bisho p t he n a dd r essed hi m sel f to Joh n Ap pr ice , a nd d e m a n ded wh a t he h a d to s ay in his de fe n ce l The ho n est bli nd m a n a n s we r ed the h a ughty p r el a te , th a t the doc tri n e he s et forth a n d t a ugh t wa s so co n fo r m a ble t o the ld n o t b e a gree a ble to th e s c r ipt ur e o f world , th a t it co u God ; a n d th a t he wa s n o m e m be r o f the C a thol i c ch ur ch o f Ch r ist , see i n g he m a de l a w s to kill m e n , a n d m a de the ” q uee n his e x ec utio n e r The fi rst e x a m i n a tio n be i n g over , t hey we r e dis missed , bu t o r de r ed t o a pp e a r the n e x t d ay a t the b ishop s p a l a ce lh a m Bei n g a cco r di n gly c o nd ucted the r e , t he b i at F u r se w ith the m , a n d fi n di n g them s hop , a ft er so m e disco u ste a d fa st , pro n o un ced the de fi n itive se n t e n ce whe n ,bei n g l a r po we r , they we r e co m m itted d el i v ered over to the se c u to Ne wg a te O n the 1 5 th o f May , they we r e co n veyed to S tra t ford le Bo w, the pl a ce a ppoi nted fo r the ir e x e cu As soo n a s they a r r ived a t the st a ke , L a veroc k t io n t h r e w a way his cr u tch , a nd thus ad d r es se d his fello w-suf . . - . . . . “ . ’ . . - . ferer - o x s B O OK o r ma a r y a s ‘ r 9 ’ . B e o f go od com fo r t , brother , fo r my lord o f Lo nd o n he will c ure a s both shortly , thee is o u r good physi ci a n : ” o f thy bli n d n ess , a n d me o f my l a m e n ess These t wo un d a un ted b eli evers in Christ were b o t h ch a i n ed to o ne st a ke They e n d ur ed their s uffe r i ngs with gr e a t fortit ude , a n d cheer fully yielded up their lives in tes th o f their blessed Redee m er tim o n y o f the t r u . . . Ma r ty r d om of Th oma s D r o wr y , a b lin d b oy , a nd Th o ma s C r oker . We h a v e j ust be fore rel a ted the s ufferi n gs o f t wo men , the o n e bli n d a n d the other l a me ; a n d we h a ve n o w a n o ther i nst a n c e o f n a t ur a l bli n d n ess co nj oi n ed wi t h m e n t al ill umi n a ti o n , le adi n g the possessor to a glori o us de a th ,a n d a n ever e n di n g felic i t y in he a ve n Tho m a s D r e wry , a bli n d boy , wa s bro ught be fore D r W illi a ms , ch a n cello r o f Glo ucester , a n d e x a m i n ed a s to his belie f in reg a r d to the re a l prese n ce in the s a cra me n t H is a n s wers we r e s uch a s to d r a w d o wn o f the a lt a r upo n him the a n ger o f t he h a ughty prel a te , a n d he wa s co n de m n ed to be e x ec uted fo r heresy Re fusi n g a ll per s ua sio n s to re c a n t , he wa s b ur n t a t Glo ucester , o n the 1 5 th o f May , 1 5 5 6 , together with Tho m a s Croker , a br i ck la yer, c on dem ne d a l s o for h is testi m o n y to t he tr u th - . . . . . C H A P T E R lx . een Mar P r ocla ma tion of Q u y . WHE N th is horrid pers e c utio n ha d co n t inued for two yea rs , a n d ma n y h un dreds h a d fa lle n vi ctims to the r a ge o f ee n those popish mo n s t ers , t h e blood t hi r sty c r a vi n gs o f Q u Ma ry were no t yet s a tisfied ; a s w ill a p pe a r by the follo w a ry , 1 5 5 7 in g pro cl a ma tio n ,d a ted Febr u P hil ip a n d Ma ry , by the g r a ce o f God , ki n g a n d ee To the right revere n d fa ther in n o f En gl a n d , &c u q s ty a nd well beloved co un sello r Thom a s, r right t r u Go d , o u sty a n d well belove d r r ight t r u b isho p o f Ely , a n d to o u Willi a m W in d s or e ,k n ight ,lord W in d s or e Ed wa rd North, - . - - 40 ’ 47 0 r ox s O B OK or ' A M a rm s . N o r th ; a n d to o ur trusty a nd well-b el oved ‘ co un sel or J B o ur n , k n ight , o n e o f o ur chie f se cret a ries , J Mord a un t , k n ight , F r a n ci s E n gle fi eld , k n ight , m a ste r o f a l r a ve , k n ight , m a ster r wa r ds a n d l ive r ies , Ed wa r d \V ou g r gre a t wa r d rob e , Nichol a s H a r e , k n ight , m a ster o f o f ou the r olls , Tho m a s P ope , k n ight , Roger C ho lm ley , k n ight , Ri ch a rd Rede , k n ight , Ro wl a n d H ill , k n ight , W illi a m l s, B a st a l , se r ge a n t a t la w, He n r y C ole , clerk , de a n o f P a u W illi a m Roper , a n d Ra lph C h o lmey , esq uires , W i lli a m C ook , Thom a s Ma r ti n , Joh n S tory , a n d Joh n V a ughe n , docto r s o f the law , g r eeti n g F o r a s m uch a s divers devilish a n d sl a n de r o us perso n s h a ve n ot o n ly i n ve n t e d , br uited , a n d set forth divers fa ls e r um o urs , t a les , a n d seditio us sl a n de r s a g a i n st us , b ut a ls o h a ve so wn dive r s heresies , a n d he r etic a l opi n io n s , a n d set s books withi n t his o ur r e a l m o f En g forth d ive r s sedi t io u l a n d , m e a n i n g thereby