AC 12
 Plumbing is defined as art & science of installing pipes ,
fixtures & other apparatus to convey the supply water in
building & to discharge & dispose waste water & other
liquids, gases & other substances out of building in a safe,
orderly, healthy & sanitary way to ensure the health &
sanitation of life & property.
 Plumber – is a title given to a person who is skilled in a field
of sanitation
 Water Supply – In absence of an efficient water supply &
distribution system, water was provided Through abundant
rainfall, spring, well, rivers or creeks conveyed either
improvised bamboo pipes or carried either by man himself
or through animal drawn carts or sleds & stored in an
earthen jar, wooden or bamboo containers.
 In those times, water was considered fit for
consumption as long it was visibly clear. There was no
available means to test the water form purity & free
from disease causing organism.
 Waste Disposal – Majority of the household cannot
afford plumbing installation in their homes, availed
possible means of convenience for their waste disposal.
Some excreted in the rivers, seashores, creeks or any
water wastes behind trees, bushes or any secluded
place as long as during the time they excreted, they
private parts were not seen in public.
Objectives of Plumbing
 To supply water to different parts of the building.
 To remove discharge human waste & other substances
out of building into the public sewer septic tank.
Conditions for an Effective Water Supply In
Building
 To provide sufficient amount of water to supply each
fixtures
 To prevent back flow of used water into the water
supply system.
The Drainages System, should be
Accomplished by the Following
 Fast removal of the waste with a minimum probability
of leakage & stoppage of drains
 To prevent the entry of house vermin & obnoxious
gases into the house from piping system.
Mandatory Requirements for a
Drainage System
 All Plumbing design & installations are governed by a set of
rules & limitations prescribed by the National Plumbing
Code, which provides that:
 All drainage system must conform with a set of
requirements enumerated as follows;
 That, all pipes joints must be well fitted & tightly connected
with each other to prevent leakage of gas & liquid.
 That, the drainage pipe should be graded of inclined properly
for a downward gravity flow of water towards the main sewer
line or in the septic tank.
 That, the drainage pipe should be provided with adequate
clean-out, accessible for repair in case of stoppage.
 The drainage system, must be provided with
ventilation pipe that will convey gases to the
atmosphere where it can do no harm to human health.
 That, Except for water closet, each fixtures shall be
provided with suitable trap that will prevent back flow
of gases.
 That, the drainage system must be vented , to avoid
siphonage or back flow of the water seal.
Waste is classified into two types
 Solid Waste that being discharge by water closet
 Liquid Waste that are coming from various fixtures
Two Types of Drainage Piping
 Soil Pipe – those pipes that conveys waste coming from
water closet
 Waste Pipe – Any pipe that coveys waste from various
fixtures other than water closet
The Drainage Installation is
Sometimes Referred to as DWV
 D – for drainage of solid waste
 W – for waste coming from various fixtures than water
closet
 V – refers to the ventilation of the piping system
Definition of Terms
 Air Gap – in a water supply system, is the unobstructed vertical
distance through the free of atmosphere between the lowest
opening from any pipe or faucet supplying water to a tank,
plumbing fixtures, or other device & the flood level rim of the
receptacle.
 Back flow – is the flow of water or any liquid mixture or
substances into the disturbing of pipes of a portable supply of
water from any source, other than its intended sorce.
 Back Siphonage – refers to the back flow of us terminated or
polluted water from a plumbing fixtures or vessel into a water
supply pipe due to a negative pressure in such pipe
 Battery of Fixture – Refers to any group of two more similar
adjacent fixtures which discharges into a common horizontal
waste pipe or soil branch
 Bib – is synonymous with faucet, tap, plug, etc. The
word faucet is preferred.
 Blind Flange – a flange that closes the end of a pipe
There is no opening for the passage of water
 Blow off – A controlled outlet on a pipeline used to
surcharge water.
 Branch – is any part of piping system other than the
main riser or stack.
 Branch interval – is the length of a soil or waste stack
corresponding in general to a storey height , but in no
case, less than 2.4m within which the horizontal
branches from one floor or storey of a building are
connected to the stack.
 Branch Vent – is a vent connecting one or more
individual vents with a stack or stack vent
 Calking – is plugging an opening with oakum, lead or
other materials that are pounded into the place or opening.
 Circuit Vent – is a branch vent that serves two or more
traps & extends from the front of the last fixtures
connection of a horizontal branch to the vent stack.
 Continuous vent – is the vertical vent that is a
continuation of the drain to which the vent connects
 Combination Fixtures – is the fixtures combining the sink
& tray or a two or three compartment sink or tray in on
vent.
 Combination waste & vent system – is a specially designed
system of waste piping embodying the horizontal wet
venting of one or more sinks or floor drains by means of
common waste & vent pipe adequately sized to provide free
movement of an above the flow of the drain.
Most Popular kind of Materials
used in Plumbing Installation
 Cast Iron Soil Pipe
 Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe
 Asbestos Pipe
 Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe
 Vitrified clay Pipe
 Lead Pipe
 Galvanize Steel Pipe
 Galvanizes Wrought Pipe
 Brass Pipe
 Copper Pipe
 Plastic or synthetic pipe
 Stainless steel pipe
The choice & kind of pipe to be installed
depends upon the following considerations
 Quality & durability
 Resistance to external & internal contact with foreign
matters.
 Resistance to acid waste & other chemical elements
that will pass into it
 Cost of materials & labor
Cast Iron Pipes
 The most popular & generally specified materials for
drainage system in building.
 Durable, conveniently installed & answer to the most
plumbing needs of all types of building less than 25
storey high.
 25 storey high building do not specify to use of Cast
Iron Pipes because on constant vibrations which
causes water leak of the pipe joints.
 Affected by corrosion caused by carbon dioxide , sulfur
oxide & methane gases forming solutions of carbonic
& sulfuric acid
Cast Ion Pipes has Four Varieties
 Standard Pipe
 Single Hub Pipe
 Double Hub Pipe
 Hubless Pipe
Two Types of Cast Iron Pipes
 SV Type – which generally used for building
installations
 XV Type – classified as extra duty pipe used for
underground installations
Single Hub Pipes
Double Hub Pipes
Hubless Pipe
Pipe Fittings
Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipes
 Is made fro m alloy of cast iron & silicon.
 Widely used in chemical laboratories, industries &
other installations where acid waste are being
discharge
Asbestos Pipe
 Is made from asbestos fibers & Portland Cement .
 The thickness of the pipe is twice as that of standard
cast iron pipes.
 Used as soil, was, ventilation & downspout
Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe
 Is cheaper among the sewer pipes
 Sometimes recommended for sewer & septic tank
installation.
 Light in weight , slightly flexible which can take
slightly soil movement
 Excessive hot water & chemical may soften or damage
the pipe
Vitrified Clay Pipe
 One of the oldest material used for sewer line s.
 Made out from clay , cast into length of 75 cm treated
with glazing compund
Lead Pipe
 Highly Resistant to acid & is suitable for underground
installation .
 But because lead is poisonous & injurious to human
health, it is never use to convey water for human
consumption
Galvanized Steel Pipe
 Made out from steel, drawn through a die & welded,
cast into 6 meters.
 Easily corroded by alkaline & acid water.
 Deteriorate faster when used as hot water supply line.
Galvanize Wrought Iron Pipe
 Better quality steel pipe for plumbing installation.
 More resistant to acid waste than the steel pipes
Copper Pipe
 Durable & extremely corrosive resistant material;
 Easy to install compared to other pipes.
 Classified into three types
 K type is the heaviest, suitable for underground
 L type is lighter than K type available in rigid & flexible
form.. Commonly used in residential water supply line &
radiant heating installations
 M type is the thinnest & available only in rigid form.
Designed for small water supply line & for radiant
heating installations
 The collection & safe disposal of human waste was the
most critical problems of environmental health.
 Common diseases reported such as dysentery,
typhoid, diarrhea & other intestinal disorder are
prevalent in areas where there is no proper &
scientific Sewer Sewage Disposal.
 Types of Sewage System
 The Cesspool
 The Privy
 The Septic Tank
 The Public Sewer Line
The Cesspool
 Is a hole in the ground curved with stones, bricks, chb
or other materials laid in such a manner as to allow
raw contaminated sewage to leach into soil.
 The organic waste accumulate & finally dispose of by
disintefration
The Privy
 Is a concrete sealed vault with a wooden shelter
constructed for the collection raw sewage.
 The disintegration of excrement is accomplishment in
the same manner as in a cesspool.
The Septic Tank
 The septic tank is a device or receptacle used to
expedite the decomposition of the element contained
in a raw sewage waste. Raw sewage waste consist of
water & a settleable solid called oirganic materials
that can be percipitated in a septic tank in a very short
time
The Public Sewer Line
 Operated & Maintained by the government consisting
of a sewage treatment plant that conveys the raw
sewage from building to houses to a disposal system.
 Of these four types of sewage disposal, the cesspool &
privy are obsolete.
Sanitary Authorities agreed in
principles
 For a family of 6 persons, the minimum tank capacity
should be approximately 1.3 cum with a minimum size
of 90 cm wide by 150 cm long & 120 cm depth.
 A very large tank is not advisable , because the
bacterial activities would be retarded.
 For residential installation, the practice is to allow 5 to
6cu.ft of tank volume per person.
Technical Data in Determining
Volume of Septic Tank




Minimum Width – 90 cm
Minimum Length -150 cm
Minimum Depth – 120 cm
For Residential Buildings to serve larger number of people , allocate or liquid
per person – 0.14 to 0.17 cum
 For small residential house to serve up to 12 persons, the chamber should have
a liquid content of not more than - 2.0 cum
 For school, commercial & industrial establishments, the volume of the septic
tank should not be less than - 0.057 cum nor more than – 0.86 cum per person
 When large amount of water waste is coming from the shower, bath, laundry &
others, it is not advisable to permit entry to these waters into septic tank.
 All downspout collecting water from the roof should not be allowed to
terminate into the septic tank.
 Rainwater should be conveyed to the storm drain.
Sample Problem
 Determine the size of a septic tank to serve 200
persons in a commercial establishment
Step by Step Solution
 To determine the volume of the septic tank , refer to the
Technical Data of information . For a commercial
establishment, we find a value of 0.057 cum.
 200 persons x 0.057 cum = 11.4 cum
 Assume 1.2 meters width of the tank per 100 persons. For 200
individuals multiply:
 200 persons 1.2 m = 2.40 width
 The maximum depth of a septic tank liquid is 1.50 meters. Solve
for the length of the septic tank.
L x W x depth = Volume
 L = (Volume / Width x depth)
 L = (11.40 / (2.4 x 1.50))
 L = 3.20 m

 The value of L is only for the length of the digestion
chamber. Divide by 2 then add result to the value of L
to include the leaching well.
 (L/2)+L = (3.20m/2)+3.20m = 4.80 m
 Therefore, the size of a septic tank to serve 200 persons is
2.40 m wide by 4.80 m long
Sample Problem 2
 A motel with toilet & bath , kitchen facilities will serve
a maximum of 100 persons. Determine the capacity &
dimension of the septic tank.
 Solution
 Refer to table 4-2. Under motel with batch & kitchen,
the waste per person per day is 50 gallons. Multiplied by
100 persons is 5000 gallons a day.
 Using the formula: V=1.125+0.75Q

Where: V = Liquid volume of the tank in gallons
 Q = The Daily sewage flow in gallons. 1.125 & 0.75 is constant.
 Substitute, V = 1.125+(0.75 x 5000 gallons
 V=3,751 gallons
 There are 264 gallons in 1 cubic meter volume ;
 (3,751/264) = 14.2 cum capacity of septic tank.
 To find the dimensions of the septic tank if the
maximum depths is 1.50 m & the width is assumed to
be 3 m;
 L=(14.2cum)/(3m x 1.50 m) = 3.50 m
Location of Septic Tank
 The septic tank may be located closer to the building it
will serve. Providing a minimum distance of 2m from
outside wall
 As mush as possible, the septic tank should not be
located closer to the doors or windows
 Septic tank should be at least 15 m away from any
source of water supply. The farther the better.
Requirements for a Satisfactory
Disposal of Human Waste
 There should be no contamination of ground surface
that may enter into the spring or wells
 There should be no contamination of surface water
 The surface soil should not be contaminated.
 Excreta should not be accessible to animals, flies,
cockroaches, vermin & the like
 There should be no odor & unslightly conditions
 The methods used should be simple & economical in
terms of construction operation.
Safety Precautions
 In most cases septic tanks are poorly aerated or
ventilated. It lacks free oxygen. An individual entering
into a septic tank for making repairs or cleaning
purposes, may meet almost instant death.
 Septic tank may contain harmful & dangerous gases.
 Septic Tank may contain inflammable gases that might
be ignited to cause a terrific explosion.
Sewage Treatment
 Activated sludge process
 Trickling or sprinkling filter process
Introduction
 In Study of Plumbing, it is important to know the
different parts of the piping installations & their
functions.
 The effectiveness of plumbing installation depends
upon the strict observance of the natural laws of
nature such as;
 Gravity
 Atmospheric Pressure
Most of the failure encountered in
Plumbing Installation
 Non Observance of these natural laws
 Grave abuse of its function
Major Components of Drainage Installation
of a Plumbing System
 Drainage – refers to an installation that receives & conveys discharge from
water closet with or with or without waste coming from other fixtures.
 Waste Pipe – is any pipe in a drainage installation that receives the discharges
of any fixtures except water closet & conveys the same to the soil branch, soil
pipe or house drain. Fixtures refers to slop sink lavatory , urinals , bathtub &
the like except water closet.
 Vent Pipe – functions as air passage or conduit to ventilate the drainage & waste
pipe installation.
 Soil branch – refers to a horizontal pipe affixed by the word soil. The word soil
connotes a pipe receiving discharge from water closet If this soil branch does
not receive discharge from water closet but from other fixtures only. It will be
classified as waste pipe.
 Soil Stack – is a vertical pipe installation where the soil branches terminate..
The pipe is called stack being installed vertically. The word soil is affixed
because it receive human waste from the soil branch. Otherwise, it will again
classified as Waste Syack
General Conditions for a good
Waste pipe Installation
 By making the right choice of material
 By conservative use of fittings
 Right location of the cleanouts
 Right slope or grade of the pipe line
 The design of the water distribution system shall
conform to accepted engineering practice. Methods
utilized to determine pipe sizes shall be approved.
 System Interconnection
 At the points of interconnection between the hot and
cold water supply piping systems and the individual
fixtures, appliances or devices, provisions shall be made
to prevent flow between such piping systems.
 Water Distribution System Design Criteria

The water distribution system shall be designed, and pipe sizes
shall be selected such that under conditions of peak demand, the
capacities at the fixture supply pipe outlets shall be not less than
shown in Table 604.3 . The minimum flow rate and flow
pressure provided to fixtures and appliances not listed in Table
604.3 shall be in accordance with the manufacturer's installation
instructions.
TABLE 604.3
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DESIGN CRITERIA REQUIRED
CAPACITY AT FIXTURE SUPPLY PIPE OUTLETS
For SI: 1 pound per square inch = 6.895 kPa, 1 gallon per
minute = 3.785 L/m.For additional requirements for flow
rates and quantities, see Section 604.4
Where the shower mixing valve manufacturer indicates a
lower flow rating for the mixing valve, the lower value shall
be applied.
Maximum Flow and Water
Consumption
 The maximum water consumption flow rates and
quantities for all plumbing fixtures and fixture
fittings shall be in accordance with Table 604.4
For SI: 1 gallon = 3.785 L, 1 gallon per minute = 3.785 L/m, 1 pound
per square inch = 6.895 kPa.A hand-held shower spray is a shower
head.
Consumption tolerances shall be determined from referenced
standards.
Exceptions
 Blowout design water closets having
a water consumption not greater than 31/2 gallons (13
L) per flushing cycle.
 Vegetable sprays.
 Clinical sinks having a water consumption not greater
than 41/2 gallons (17 L) per flushing cycle.
 Service sinks.
 Emergency showers.
Size of Fixture Supply
 The minimum size of a fixture supply pipe shall be as
shown in Table 604.5. The fixture supply pipe shall
terminate not more than 30 inches (762 mm) from the
point of connection to the fixture. A reducedsize flexible water connector installed between the
supply pipe and the fixture shall be of
an approved type. The supply pipe shall extend to the
floor or wall adjacent to the fixture. The minimum size
of individual distribution lines utilized in gridded or
parallel water distribution systems shall be as shown
in Table 604.5.
 or SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 pound per
square inch = 6.895 kPa.Where the developed
length of the distribution line is 50 feet or less, and the
available pressure at the meter is 35 psi or greater, the
minimum size of an individual distribution line
supplied from a manifold and installed as part of a
parallel water distribution system shall be one nominal
tube size smaller than the sizes indicated.
 Variable Street Pressures
 Where street water main pressures fluctuate, the
building water distribution system shall be designed for the
minimum pressure available.
 Inadequate Water Pressure
 Wherever water pressure from the street main or other source of
supply is insufficient to provide flow pressures at fixture outlets as
required under Table 604.3, a water pressure booster system
conforming to Section 606.5 shall be installed on the building water
supply system.
 Water Pressure-Reducing Valve or Regulator
 Where water pressure within a building exceeds 80 psi (552 kPa)
static, an approved water pressure-reducing valve conforming to
ASSE 1003 or CSA B356 with strainer shall be installed to reduce
the pressure in the building water distribution piping to not greater
than 80 psi (552 kPa) static.
 Exception: Service lines to sill cocks and outside hydrants,
and main supply risers where pressure from the mains is reduced to
80 psi (552 kPa) or less at individual fixtures.
 Valve Design
 The pressure-reducing valve shall be designed to remain open
to permit uninterrupted water flow in case of valve failure.
 Repair and Removal
 Water pressure-reducing valves, regulators and strainers shall
be so constructed and installed as to permit repair or removal
of parts without breaking a pipeline or removing the valve
and strainer from the pipeline.
 Water Hammer
 The flow velocity of the water distribution system shall be
controlled to reduce the possibility of water hammer.
A water-hammer arrestor shall be installed where quickclosing valves are utilized. Water-hammer arrestors shall be
installed in accordance with the manufacturer's
instructions. Water-hammer arrestors shall conform to ASSE
1010.
 Gridded and Parallel Water Distribution System
Manifolds
 Hot water and cold water manifolds installed with
gridded or parallel connected individual distribution
lines to each fixture or fixture fitting shall be designed in
accordance with Sections 604.10.1 through 604.10.3.
 Valves
 Individual fixture shutoff valves installed at the
manifold shall be identified as to the fixture being
supplied.
 Access
 shall be provided to manifolds with integral
factory- or field-installed valves.
 Soil and Ground Water
 The installation of a water service or water distribution
pipe shall be prohibited in soil and
ground water contaminated with solvents, fuels, organic
compounds or other detrimental materials causing
permeation, corrosion, degradation or structural failure
of the piping material. Where detrimental conditions
are suspected, a chemical analysis of the soil and
ground water conditions shall be required to ascertain
the acceptability of the water service
or water distribution piping material for the specific
installation. Where detrimental conditions
exist, approved alternative materials or routing shall be
required.
 Lead Content of Water Supply Pipe and Fittings
 Pipe and pipe fittings, including valves and faucets,
utilized in the water supply system shall have not more
than 8-percent lead content.
 Lead Content of Drinking Water Pipe and Fittings
 Pipe, pipe fittings, joints, valves, faucets and fixture
fittings utilized to supply water for drinking or cooking
purposes shall comply with NSF 372 and shall have a
weighted average lead content of 0.25 percent or less.
 Identification of Nonpotable Water Systems
 Where nonpotable water systems are installed, the piping
conveying the nonpotable water shall be identified either by
color marking, metal tags or tape in accordance with
Sections 608.8.1 through 608.8.2.3.
 Signage Required
 Nonpotable water outlets, such as hose connections, open
ended pipes and faucets, shall be identified with signage that
reads as follows: "Nonpotable water is utilized for [application
name]. CAUTION: NONPOTABLE WATER — DO NOT
DRINK." The words shall be legibly and indelibly printed on a
tag or sign constructed of corrosion-resistant waterproof
material or shall be indelibly printed on the fixture. The
letters of the words shall be not less than 0.5 inch (12.7 mm)
in height and in colors in contrast to the background on
which they are applied. In addition to the required wordage,
the pictograph shown in Figure 608.8.1 shall appear on the
required signage.
 Distribution Pipe Labeling and Marking
 Nonpotable distribution piping shall be purple in color and shall
be embossed, or integrally stamped or marked, with the words:
"CAUTION: NONPOTABLE WATER — DO NOT DRINK" or the
piping shall be installed with a purple identification tape or wrap.
Pipe identification shall include the contents of the piping
system and an arrow indicating the direction of flow. Hazardous
piping systems shall also contain information addressing the
nature of the hazard. Pipe identification shall be repeated at
intervals not exceeding 25 feet (7620 mm) and at each point
where the piping passes through a wall, floor or roof. Lettering
shall be readily observable within the room or space where the
piping is located.
 Color
 The color of the pipe identification shall be discernable
and consistent throughout the building.