San Mateo Municipal College
Gender Roles and Subjective Well-Being of
Selected LGBTQ: A Correlational Study
A Research Study
Presented to the Faculty of
College of Arts and Sciences
San Mateo Municipal College
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science Major in Psychology
Abalos, John Rey
Borres, Justine C.
Cabalbag, Charlemagne Kharyl P.
Tumaneng, Jhon Bridge L.
2023
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Acknowledgments
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Tables and Figures
List of Abbreviations
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Chapter I
Introduction
A controversial line in Lualhati Bautista’s novel Dekada ’70 was "It's a man's
world," which generally talks about how everything in life is arranged to the
advantage of men. Gender roles are traditionally anchored just for men and women
in a patriarchal society, dominating women in all aspects. But today, as LGBTQ is
widely recognized worldwide, maybe they're also trapped in the roles they're
mainly into, just like women.
Gender roles are frequently grounded for both men and women. Generally
speaking, if a person is born male, his gender duties are restricted to men. If
someone is biologically feminine, her gender duties should mirror those of women.
This concept causes psychological distress in both genders. The effect, therefore,
doubles for LGBTQ people when their gender roles are challenged, generating
significant psychological distress.
In this particular study, the gender roles of LGBTQ individuals are assumed
to lead to varying levels of subjective well-being. Thus, the research aims to
measure the level of subjective well-being experienced by LGBTQ regarding their
gender roles. LGBTQ people are individuals who do not identify as heterosexual and
who may have non-binary gender identities. Accordingly, there is a lack of research
in this area, and therefore, this study's goal is to fill this gap and add to the existing
body of knowledge. The research problem will be addressed through an in-depth
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exploration of the level of gender roles and the level of subjective well-being, which
will be conducted through surveys. The findings of this research hopefully provide
valuable insights for society to understand the level of gender roles and subjective
well-being of the LGBTQ community.
Recent studies have delved deeper discussed the problem regarding LGBTQ
gender roles. These studies have indicated that traditional gender roles have a
significant impact on the LGBTQ community, particularly affecting their
psychological well-being, social relations, and overall quality of life. LGBTQ people
often feel pressure to conform to societal expectations of gender roles, which can
lead to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem. Additionally, a lack of acceptance
and discrimination in society can further exacerbate this problem. However, some
studies have also suggested that there is a growing acceptance of diverse gender
roles within the LGBTQ community itself, which can help alleviate some of these
issues. However, in a recent study conducted by Sun et. al. (2022), it was found that
1 in 5 transgender women suffered from psychological distress in Shandong, China.
As a vulnerable group, transgender women are prone to psychological distress.
Transgender women who chose to come out were more likely to report
psychological distress than those who refused to disclose their sexual orientation
and gender. In this regard, Sun et. al. (2022) concluded that improving the internet's
understanding of transgender women's gender, sexual orientation, and role will
help spread common knowledge about transgender women and further improve
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the social acceptance of transgender women. Therefore, they suggest formulating
appropriate strategies combined with the internet to influence the sexual behavior
of transgender women, improve their social understanding, and pay attention to
their psychological health. Overall, there is a need for continued research and
greater societal acceptance to fully address this problem.
Studies in the past have frequently concentrated primarily on traditional
gender roles for men and women, failing to acknowledge the complicated nature
and variety of gender identities. Though there is a recent study conducted by Sun
et. al. (2022), yet centered on transgender women, the participants are the limiting
factor in the study since it does not cover other genders under the umbrella of
LGBTQ. As a result of this limiting emphasis, there is limited knowledge of the
experiences of people who do not fall within these conventional gender
classifications. Future research needs to expand its scope and consider a broader
range of gender identities to gain a more complete understanding of how gender
impacts individuals and society as a whole.
In this context, the research on gender roles and subjective well-being will
provide a clear and comprehensive knowledge of how standards of gender
influence the lives of individuals who identify as LGBTQ. This research will offer
insight into what LGBTQ people deal with in establishing their gender identity and
expression and the interconnectedness of gender and sexuality. Such data may be
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leveraged to promote more inclusive and tolerant environments for the LGBTQ
population, leading to greater equality for all.
The present study attempts to determine the extent or level to which LGBTQ
gender roles are limited. It will also attempt to measure the level of subjective wellbeing experienced by selected LGBTQ people. Furthermore, before conducting the
study, the researcher expected that there was no significant relationship between
gender roles and subjective well-being. The research effort will investigate whether
the hypothesis should be accepted or rejected in this regard.
The study used a quantitative approach as well as correlational research
involving a survey. Due to the exigency of the study, a non-probability sampling
method was used to determine the sample size. Purposive sampling yielded 65
survey respondents, which was hopefully enough data to support the study. These
people were asked to fill out a survey to assess their subjective well-being. The
scales used for the survey were standardized, and the data was analyzed using
inferential statistical analysis.
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Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework used in this study is Queer Theory. Queer theory
is an interdisciplinary field of study that emerged in the early 1990s from the fields
of queer studies and women’s studies. It critically examines and challenges the
normative assumption that shapes the understanding and expression that
heterosexuality is the natural and normal mode of sexual orientation. It also
challenges the notion that gender is fixed and predetermined by the sex you were
born with. Instead, it views gender as a social construct that is performed and
negotiated through various interactions and practices. In other words, Queer
Theory interrogates how society constructs and regulates sex, gender, and
sexuality, and how these categories affect the lives and identities of individuals and
groups.
While the mobilization of the queer movement cannot be dated exactly. All
throughout history, there are multiple attempts at giving context to the word
“Queer”. Most notably Freud, Lacan, and Saussure provided the post-structuralist
context of the term. Freud and Lacan’s notion and interpretation of the
subconscious challenge the practice of gay and lesbian liberationists regarding
queers. For them, for influence to affect important mental processes the subject
must be aware of the process as a whole. This influence comes from the outside
rather than an inherent trait. Freud and Lacan described the influences as a process
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of acquiring rather than a property. Saussure (1906), approached this issue in a
linguistic sense. Saussure described that language builds our inner self. People
often misunderstand that language describes our inner-self, but Saussure argued
that language constitutes that the private and inner-self is constituted through
language. Language signifies what we want to be rather than what we are.
As the Queer Theory emphasized, gender as a form of a norm does not have
a normal set and is everchanging. Norms are established by the society over time.
Queer theory hopes to disrupt these supposed norms and established duality. This
study accommodates the purpose of this theory. As the queers of this generation
become prouder of their identity, exploring societal pressure on the respondents’
point of view may serve as a helpful tool for both future researchers and queers.
This study also accommodated the Theory of Subjective Well Being.
Subjective well-being constitutes three hallmarks, first is that it is subjective,
second includes positive measures, and last, it is the global assessment of the aspect
of a person’s life. In other words, subjective well-being measures the criteria by
which a person is happy. This theory denotes the preponderance of the positive
aspects of his life to his negative aspects. As queers challenge societal norms daily,
the researchers will inspect how it affects the factors determining their subjective
well-being.
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This study aims to explore the self-perceptions of queers in society, how they
resist and subvert the heteronormative expectations and pressures, and how it
affects their subjective well-being. Queer is an outside influence rather than an
inherent trait, and gender norms as a form of pressure from society. The
researchers will scrutinize how these two external influences affect their subjective
well-being. This study will explore their experiences and their life evaluation while
living in their own specific domains. By employing this theory, the researchers will
analyze the data collected from different queers in society through surveys and
interviews. This study hopes to gain a deeper insight into how queers navigate their
identities and experiences in relation to the prevailing norms and discourses.
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Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 illustrates the study's conceptual framework, indicating the
independent and dependent variables.
Gender Roles
Independent Variable
Subjective Well-Being
Dependent Variable
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study
The conceptual framework in this study guides how the variables will be
manipulated throughout the entirety of the study. Determining if there is a
relationship between gender roles and the subjective well-being of LGBT people is
the primary target of this framework. Gender roles served as the independent
variable, referring to the societal expectations and norms surrounding what is
considered appropriate behavior for individuals of different genders. Previous
research has suggested that adherence to traditional gender roles can have
negative effects on overall well-being, particularly for women. Subjective wellbeing was the dependent variable in this study, which can be measured through a
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variety of self-reported measures and surveys. Gender roles and subjective wellbeing were assumed to have no significant relationship. The researcher assumes
that gender roles and the level of subjective well-being are not correlated. By
examining the relationship between gender roles and subjective well-being,
researchers can gain a better understanding of how societal expectations impact
individual experiences of happiness and life satisfaction and overall subjective
well-being.
Statement of the Problem
To evaluate if gender roles relate to subjective well-being, the research
questions must be answered in this study.
However, traditional gender roles are primarily for men and women. There
is a gender gap between non-binary gender roles. LGBTQ gender roles are not
traditionally established. As a result, measuring the level of subjective well-being is
challenging. Without the current research effort, gender roles and subjective wellbeing level will not be quantified as well as if there is a significant relationship
between these two variables. The researcher suggested that the study be done
since it would provide greater insights into the subjective well-being of the
LGBTQ community.
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This study aims to provide data on gender roles and the subjective wellbeing of selected LGBTQ people. Specifically, this study sought answers to the
following questions:
1. What is the level of gender roles of the selected LGBTQ people in terms of.
1.1 Social Conformity
1.2 Social Roles
1.3 Social Norms
2. What is the level of subjective well-being of the respondents in terms of.
2.1 Psychological Well-being
2.2 Physical Health and Well-being
2.3 Relationship
3. Is there any significant relationship between gender roles and the subjective
well-being of the selected LGBTQ people?
A large research literature explores subjective well-being among the LGBT
population. A recent study conducted by Powdthavee and Wooden (2015), found
that lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons are significantly less satisfied with their lives
than otherwise comparable heterosexual persons. In another study by Perales
(2016), Australian sexual minorities had lower well-being than heterosexuals
according to four different measures of well-being. But these are a few research
contributions exploring their SWB in other senses. To a certain extent, the lack of
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research exploring the SWB consequences of sexual orientation stems from the fact
that many of the datasets used to investigate SWB have not included a question
about respondents’ sexual orientation until quite recently. Many studies of wellbeing among the LGBT population also limit their scope to the investigation of LGBT
people themselves instead of comparing them to heterosexuals. Comparison to
straight people is essential for considering how sexual orientation in particular,
having a non-heterosexual orientation might result in different levels of life
subjective well-being.
Hypothesis
Based on the statement of the problem, the following hypothesis was tested
in this study:
Null Hypothesis
(Ho) - There is no significant relationship between gender roles and the
subjective well-being of selected LGBTQ.
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Scope and Delimitation
The research aims to investigate the relationship between gender roles and
subjective well-being among chosen members of the LGBTQ community,
specifically examining their experiences in family and household responsibilities,
employment, and leadership roles.
The study focuses on determining the gender roles and subjective wellbeing of selected LGBTQ. The researchers were limited to studying the following
variables: "gender roles" (independent variable) and "subjective well-being "
(dependent variable). The target population is LGBTQ which is mostly adults no
matter what their age is. It will not cover heterosexual people but rather than
focusing on the LGBTQ. The geographical coverage of the study focuses on Rizal and
nearby cities. The researchers will use quantitative data collection, which will run
for approximately one month. The researcher’s sample size is 50-100 participants
for the survey. Due to the specific aim of the study and the target population being
considered as a special type, the recruitment of participants will be done through
non-probability sampling specifically "purposive sampling". This sampling method
was used since the researchers need to include samples that have the same
characteristics that can provide the best response to achieve the study’s questions.
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Limitations of the Study
The first limitation of the study is the sampling procedure. The participants
were recruited through purposive sampling; thus, the results are not
representative of the general population. Second, the study was correlational;
researchers are only studying if there is a significant relationship between gender
roles among LGBTQ people and their subjective well-being. Third, the findings are
limited by mono-method and self-reporting biases. Future studies should focus on
adding diverse data collection methods, including focus group discussions or
interviews. Additional research is needed on how subjective well-being contributes
to socially constructed gender roles and overall health by focusing on multiple
factors situated at different levels, including family, community, and socio-cultural
values. In addition, future studies should also explore other factors, including
domestic violence experiences, socialization of violence, and conflict due to worklife balance. These aspects of inquiry would provide a more thorough
understanding of gender roles and their association with subjective well-being.
Other limitations are related to the data collection process; due to the
ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which is an obstacle while doing the research, the
data gathering is limited merely to those participants who were willing to answer
the survey questionnaire. Aside from that, the data collection would also be done
through Google Forms. One disadvantage of conducting surveys online is that
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researchers are not assured of whether participants answer the survey truthfully
or just for compliance, or if the participants are members of the LGBTQ community
as the researchers' target participants. In addition, another obstruct to this study is
the lack of research manpower. Some research members who were supposedly
part of this study resigned to continue this subject, leaving the group of researchers
with only four members.
Definition of Terms
Gender Roles. For this study, gender roles are operationally defined as how
adults are expected to act and conduct themselves in family and household
responsibilities, employment, and leadership roles based on their assigned sex.
Heterosexuality. A sexual orientation is when a person feels physically and
emotionally attracted to people of a gender other than their own.
LGBTQ. Abbreviation for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer.
An umbrella term is used to refer to the community as a whole.
Non-binary. It is used to describe people who feel their gender cannot be
defined within the margins of the gender binary.
Norms. These are implicit, specific rules shared by a group of individuals on
how they should behave.
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17
Psychological distress. It refers to non-specific symptoms of stress,
anxiety, and depression.
Subjective well-being (SWB). Refers to how people experience and
evaluate their lives and specific domains and activities in their lives.
Queer theory. It emphasizes the fluid and humanly performed nature of
sexuality – or better, sexualities. It questions socially established norms and
dualistic
categories
with
a
special
focus
on
challenging
sexual
(heterosexual/homosexual) and gender (male/female) classifications.
Queer. It includes but is not limited to, gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender,
intersex, and asexual people.
Social conformity. In this study, social conformity is defined as an
individual effort to adjust attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors with those of the people
around them to maintain harmony and avoid conflicts.
Social norms. In this study, norms are defined as the prevalent patterns of
societal expectations, behaviors, and roles that are considered appropriate for
individuals based on their assigned gender. These norms can encompass various
aspects, such as clothing, behaviors, activities, occupations, and social interactions.
Social roles. In this study, social roles are defined as the responsibilities and
expected behaviors that are associated with males and females.
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Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
The following contents of this chapter present a review of the literature and
studies that are relevant to and necessary for the completion of this study.
Gender Roles
It has been claimed by Gacad (2015) that in today’s world, the stereotypical
woman can be described as a stay-at-home mother and the stereotypical man can
be described as a moneymaker who provides for his family. The gender differences
in Filipino culture can be seen in dating, marriage, education, workforce, and
families. Several different elements play a role in categorizing men and women into
certain statuses among their gender roles. When Filipinos are born, they
automatically are expected to assume a specific role. They are defined by their sex
and then assume that gender role. Gender differences play a key part in what they
are supposed to do as an individual of that sex and what they are not supposed to
do. In a matter of speaking each gender has a set of social norms they follow. Males
in retrospect get more respect because females take after their mothers and elderly
women take fewer dominating roles, thus being more feminine in the jobs they
choose to hold. The women are not always what we call frilly or girly, because they
may be tomboys but they still have that less dominating role in their society. Men
on the other hand are categorized into the more dominating roles in society. Men
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are brought up to take after their fathers or the elder man in their life. They are
defined as being more confident, accomplished, and well-rounded individuals.
As reported by the Philippine Statistics Authority [PSA] (2016), white-collar
and clerical occupations are occupied mostly by women. These were two women
for every man in professional and clerical occupations. On the other hand, plant and
machine operators, and special occupation groups were dominated by men. There
were six men for every woman in these occupation groups in 2014. Moreover, PSA
discovered that women workers were mostly engaged in self-producing activities
of household, education, as well as human health and social work activities in 2014.
On the other hand, the majority of workers in the construction, transportation, and
storage as well as fishing, mining, quarrying, and electricity, gas, steam, and air
conditioning industries were men.
But in the report of de Guzman (2023) a World Bank study said that while
Filipino women have been successful in getting positions in upper management,
more women are still trapped in low-skill, low-wage work. In terms of labor force
participation, the latest data, up to date as of January 2023, show the female labor
participation rate at 54 percent, versus the male labor force participation rate of 75
percent. This may also be an indication that Filipinas are still restricted to unpaid
housework or family care.
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In addition, because the traditional perspective toward gender roles remains
predominant in many corporations, the positions that women and men hold within
corporations are often segregated by sex. Women are more likely to be expected to
work as secretaries, and men are more likely to be expected to work as managers
and executives. Also, men are presumed to be more ambitious and task-oriented in
their work, while women are presumed to be more interested in and concerned
about their relationships with others at work (Blackstone, 2013).
Ballesteros (2013) maintained that people have different beliefs about the
roles they should perform in their family and work lives. These beliefs, whether
they are conservative or progressive, influence their stereotypes about others. And
these stereotypes affect how they behave with other people. People usually saw
masculinity as having physical traits of being: strong, fit, large, muscular; and
healthy. Females linked femininity with relational traits such as humility, empathy,
timidness, caring, and tenderness. From a masculine perspective, men see women
as weak and fragile. Although, this is slowly being changed because of women
taking high positions as leaders. This change is evident in the number of women
joining politics.
As indicated in the study by Labonne et. al. (2019), a common institution in
many democracies - can result in a rise in female representation and account for
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the dramatic increase of female mayors in the Philippines. However, this increase
is highly associated with dynastic contexts. Women elected through the dynastic
channel after binding term limits may be reluctant to change policy away from their
family’s interests and closer to their own preferences (or the preferences of other
women) or may be unable to do so as they are often puppets or placeholders for
their relatives, who limit their choices and retain de facto power.
Brower (2017) concluded that as gender equality has become a more
prominent issue and men and women have become more equal in many ways, one
would expect this change to be reflected in children’s literature. In this study of four
Newbery Award winners, some aspects of gender representation and the presence
of gender stereotypes are present in the earliest Newbery Award-winning books
and the more recent winners. Female characters are still underrepresented, and
both genders are still subject to portrayals defined by societal expectations.
Gender portrayal in early childhood literature has been shown to have a
major effect on gender perception among emergent readers. However, picture
books still play a vital role in the development of young children, providing them
with knowledge about topics they will use for the rest of their lives. To ensure that
the next generation of readers is more open-minded and accepting, it is important
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to showcase picture books that provide accurate information while also positively
affecting their relationship with gender perception (Marshall, 2022).
Since there are no clear roles for queers set by society, the misconceptions
about their roles are higher than those of women. For instance, in a school setting,
the approaches towards them vary and are not limited to traditional gender roles.
Locals attempt to encourage certain progressive movements that might assist
queers in establishing their roles in society. As reported by Mateo (2022) the
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (PLM) has dropped its sex-based guidelines on
school uniforms in favor of a gender-neutral policy. However, as documented in a
new Human Rights Watch report by Lee (2017), public humiliation is all too
common for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) students in the
Philippines, where many secondary schools and even universities impose rigidly
gendered uniform and hair-length restrictions on students according to the sex
they were assigned at birth, nominally for school discipline or pride. The report
added that not only do these restrictions have zero educational value, but they can
also be extremely damaging to LGBT students’ mental health and ability to learn.
Along with mental health is the psychological distress that society brought based
on gender roles, especially with queers. On the report by Castañeda and Gabriel
(2017), LGBT children are often forced into stressful situations caused likely by a
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complicated mix of emotional abuse often perpetrated by parents, siblings, or other
relatives.
The said reports merely discuss certain experiences of queers in school and
the community. As discovered by Casal (2018), for years now there has been a
general consensus regarding Filipinos’ attitudes towards LGBTQ+: tolerant, but not
really accepting. A recent survey suggests that in the corporate setting, we might
not even be at the level of tolerance yet. Meaning the gender roles of queers is not
yet recognized as well as they are accepted. A study conducted by the Philippine
LGBT Chamber of Commerce and research firm Cogencia, and supported by the
Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Philippines — surveyed 100
companies on their anti-discrimination and equal opportunity employment
policies. Out of the 100, they found zero Philippine-based companies implementing
policies meant to protect their employees from SOGIE-based discrimination.
The people who identify themselves as other genders that are not within the
norms are affected in different ways. Gay and bisexual teachers are open and
truthful about their lived identities. Such truthfulness reflects in the fulfillment and
performance of their roles and responsibilities as teachers. They characterized
themselves as committed and enthusiastic about their work, adaptable in
professional practice, competent and able leaders and managers, and effective in
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their profession as enablers of learning. The informants also stated that their queer
identities are linked to their talent and sense of innovation, where they can produce
and display uniqueness in teaching students and enhancing the school in all
aspects. Similarly, the teachers feel that they are compliant for following school
rules and for being always professional all the time. The study suggested that school
leaders may develop school and district policies that address gender issues,
organize school-based seminars and training on gender mainstreaming issues, and
reinforce the implementation of gender-responsive basic education to empower
learners’ gender-related concepts (Añonuevo et. al., 2023).
Meanwhile, according to the study conducted by Alpez (2019), the majority
of LGBT students are young, and male, and said students could cope with
psychological and spiritual problems, but some are experiencing physical, social,
and emotional issues that need to be addressed. They faced similar social problems
along with physical, emotional, social, psychological, and spiritual factors. This
increases their demands for programs and policies to meet their physical,
emotional, social, psychological, and spiritual needs in the university, especially in
anti-bullying campaigns, peer mentoring, and guidance, seminars on sexual and
gender issues, having organization, access to healthcare and workshops in
HIV/AIDS, spiritual and preventive measure on protecting their rights.
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In conclusion, expectations from gender norms became adversity in the eyes
of queers. These adversities posed challenges in incorporating themselves into
society and made them stronger people. In another study conducted by Mercado et.
al. (2022), the degrees of protection in terms of health, school affairs, and
promotion of the LGBTQ faculty in Higher Education Institutions are neglected, and
less prioritized. The respondents’ performance in curriculum content and
pedagogy, learning environment, diversity of learners, curriculum, and planning is
very high. This means that they are effective in providing contributions to the
improvement of academic operations.
Richards (2015) indicated that the expected gender norm of society is
harmful to self-esteem and self-development. To the participants, coming out was
an ongoing process that involved different ways of demonstrating their identities.
Even though the participants were still exploring their identities, their stories show
that both their sexuality and gender expression can change over time as they
become more comfortable with themselves.
In the study conducted by Rudnick (2016), gay hide their homosexuality in
public settings. They must hide their homosexuality to not spoil the room. In their
perspective, queerness is the inability to be straight. Queers studied to not be that
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way; they have to act manly in front of other people. Try to be attracted to the
opposite sex, but could not project the feeling.
Queers view themselves as a free-floating category that provides new and
complex ways to view societal norms. This allows them to effectively recognize
themselves as an alternative to binary norms. Through this idea, they reject fix
labels to stable their identities and adjust their roles depending on the social
situation (Piantato, 2016). While Ruberg and Ruelos (2020) concluded that queer
sexual and gender identities change over time. This does not make their identities
less real as with the people in the scope of heterosexuality. Queer data, as they
called it, is a complicated set of data that determines how queers see themselves in
the normative scope of society. These data do not fit in the normative society but
as researchers, it compels us to consider these relationships to produce clean
results. As stated by Connell and Pearse (2015), norms are an ever-changing
concept. It is dynamically related to many aspects of the society. They are formed
in specific domains of social life and are often preceded by discriminatory norms.
This gives an opportunity for the minority scope for activism. This specific domain
serves as a terrain that makes the changes in gender identities slow and difficult.
As studied by McGlashan and Fitzpatrick (2017), the school remains a
hindrance to LGBT members’ spaces. Students struggle to find ways to explore and
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expressing their own identities. They challenge the heteronormative power within
the premise of their school but use strategic positions to fit. In this case, a Rainbow
Group was created to provide space for its members regarding their gender identity
and expression. Giuffre and Williams (2016), stated that the treatment of queers
has been improving in industrial settings. Today, people are more tolerant and
acceptant of queer members. There might not have been any legal protection for
them, but multiple US corporations have started leading for gay-friendly policies
and gender expression protections. This study suggests that the environment has
become more acceptant of queers over the course of time. Despite this, Cederved
et. al. (2021) suggested that a world dominated by heteronormativity causes strain
in their ability to express and accept their gender identities. Prevailing norms will
always cause reactions to any environment where queers reside. They balance
between resisting and conforming. It might provide challenges, but it is not without
its merit like developing their personalities.
Psychological Well-Being
Women's physical and mental health is also at risk due to gender-specific
factors related to unequal access to resources, education, employment, decisionmaking, gender-based violence, and child marriage practices (Rhodes et al., 2014).
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In the study by Ceperiano et. al. (2016), they discovered the experiences of
Filipino urban poor lesbian women and gay men with discrimination. They treat
some people differently from others. Some participants experienced threats, verbal
insults, and physical and sexual harassment. Hence, this study contributes to
understanding discrimination towards urban poor lesbian women and gay men by
exploring the intersection of sexuality, gender, and class. The participants
experience discrimination that results in psychological distress such as social
pressure, and in the context of poverty and social pressure. However, the limited
number of participants does not fully reflect nor represent the complex experience
of discrimination among Filipino. Bullying and psychological distress among
adolescents are considered serious social and public health concerns. As stated by
Olaseni and Adewoye (2023), students experience cyberbullying victimization that
leads to psychological distress among vulnerable LGBT in-school adolescents.
Further interpretations revealed that LGBT adolescents reported higher
experiences
of psychological
distress,
compared to
their heterosexual
counterparts. Internet users and society at large equally need to be informed about
the dangers associated with cyberbullying behavior and simplify to them what
constitutes bullying and the need to avoid it for humanity's purpose. As mentioned
by Baams et. al. (2015), some of the young people who belong to LGBT youth
experience stress and mental health disparities that's why a lot of minors lead to
higher levels of depression and suicidal ideation. This means that some young
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people can't handle the effect of burdensomeness, especially since they are minors.
thus, leading to suicide or depression, and this stress affects how they behave.
Working, studying, and living with peers had protective effects against
anxiety and stress among heterosexual cisgender men and women. Alibudbud
(2022) concluded that LGBTQ+ experienced the highest rates of significant
depression, anxiety, stress, and general poor mental well-being therefore LGBTQ+
individuals have to deal with challenging situations every day. Cabrera (2017)
stated that the higher the discrepancy strain that Filipino gay men experience, the
worse their psychological health is. However, anxiety appears to be more
associated only with discrepancy strains relating to respectful deference and
intellectual pursuits.
Meanwhile, as studied by Priyashantha et. al. (2021), findings reveal that the
outcomes from gender stereotype change research can be categorized mainly
under the themes of “family and children,” “marriage” and “equality and women's
employment.” Hatzenbuehler et. al. (2014) stated that on a social and cultural level,
LGBT youth's rights and safeguards are constrained by the absence of support in
the various institutions that shape their life (such as their schools, families, and
religious groups), making them more open to situations that can jeopardize their
mental health. Even while these laws have a significant impact on how children
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experience school, just 19 states and the District of Columbia have comprehensive
antibullying legislation that includes explicit safeguards for sexual and gender
minorities.
Gan et. al. (2021), gender discrimination refers to the unequal treatment of
members of one gender against members of another one. The UN Independent
Expert on Protection against Violence and Discrimination based on sexual
orientation and gender identity indicates that despite five decades of progress,
equality is out of reach, and often out of sight, for all people affected by violence
and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. The evidence
shows that LGBT rights are being ‘deliberately undermined, in some US states (UN
News, 2022).
Dawson (2023) recently held a worldwide event which is Transgender Day
of Visibility dedicated to the lives of transgender people and the issues they face.
In this way, it helps for people who experience anxiety and depression. Indicates
that 30% of transgender Americans have attempted suicide in 2021. These events
show respect understanding and support the transgender youth. Its goal is to
gradually accept and love transgender people and become aware of themselves to
fight mental problems. This is significant because they also point out the hotline in
case, they need help or protection, and when their rights are violated.
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As stated, the U.S. Department of Education (2021) recently reported on the
Office for Civil Rights (OCR) that LGBTQ+ students have to deal with challenging
situations including bullying, harassment, and victimization, which increased
during the pandemic. They found out that 78% of transgender and nonbinary youth
had poor mental health. So, the Supreme Court has upheld the right of LGBTQ+ to
protect students from Discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender
identity. Also, LGBTQ+ students have the same rights and should receive the same
protections as everyone else, and they should be able to live and work without fear
of harassment, exclusion, or discrimination. The Department makes clear that all
students including LGBTQ+ students deserve the opportunity to learn and thrive in
schools that are free from discrimination regardless of their gender identity or
sexual orientation, the U.S. Secretary of Education is proud to have directed the OCR
to enforce Title IX to protect all students from all forms of sex discrimination. It
gives LGBTQ+ students a chance to fight for what's right, especially if it doesn't step
on anyone's feet. therefore, they are entitled to be respected and protected because
they do not deserve to be discriminated against especially if studying is the main
purpose of attending school
As claimed by Cathy (2021), a manager of one of the deleted LGBTQ groups
of a university in Beijing. She states that in recent years, the goal is to simply
survive, to continue to be able to serve LGBT students and provide them with
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warmth. But basically, they don’t engage in any radical advocating anymore. In
China, people who identify as LGBT continue to face discrimination in both
personal and professional areas. Also, same-sex marriage is still illegal in the
country, and it is feared that safe spaces for sexual minorities in the country may
be further restricted.
Davis (2021) mentioned that a lot of students associate transgender with
gender dysphoria, which occurs when there is a conflict between the sex you were
assigned at birth and the gender with which you identify. however, can also include
those who veer away from gender norms, but who don’t want to change anything
about themselves: their names, pronouns, or bodies. Gender dysphoria is not
related to sexual orientation. People with gender dysphoria may identify as
straight, gay, lesbian, or bisexual.
Brown (2023) concluded that the freedoms of students in Florida have long
been under fire during Gov. Ron DeSantis’ administration, with his book banning,
attacks on critical race theory, and the “Don’t Say Gay” bill. Many students knew
that culture war policies wouldn’t reach their school, which has been something of
a bubble of sanity and safety for queer students like Sophia Brown and their
transgender and BIPOC classmates. Many students feel like they are no longer
welcome at school. Consequently, they come to think of the New College as a
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33
sanctuary, and through this LGBTQ students, don’t need to leave any identity at the
door in order to have the education they deserve. Being home for holiday
celebrations can be stressful for the LGBTQ community especially if their family are
not
welcoming
and
supportive
of
different
identities.
According
to
psychotherapists mostly his LGBTQ clients during the holiday season have more
difficulty handling the challenges they face in their daily lives and the negative
impacts of these challenges, such as stigma and rejection, are much more acute. And
while some LGBTQ people may choose not to return home for the holidays, the
season can also be triggering for them. Even for LGBTQ people who are not going
home, the meaning of family is something that is brought up during the holidays.
However, this happens consciously or even on a subconscious level and can be
difficult to avoid. Kacala (2018) claimed that anyone can experience a mental health
problem but those of us who identify as LGBTQIA+ are more likely to develop
problems. Young people within LGBTQIA+ communities are more likely to
experience challenges with their mental health. This is a result of the oppression
and discrimination they may face at school, at home, and in their wider community.
It indicates the same stressors as other teenagers such as puberty, school, conflict
with parents, planning for the future, etc. However, it is more difficult for LGBTQIA+
youth to feel safe and supported whenever conspire to rejection, isolation, bullying,
and safety issues. This can result in mental health issues and may account for the
higher rates among those in LGBTQIA+ communities (Villines, 2021).
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Gender and Subjective Well-Being
An investigation of gender differences in subjective Well-being in children
and adolescents’ results indicate that gender differences in subjective well-being
are observed in adolescents, but not in children, suggesting that the gender gap in
subjective well-being begins at the age of 12 (Esteban-Gonzalo et al., 2020). A
related study conducted by Bartram (2021), revealed that having a non-normative
sexual orientation in the UK and Australia comes with consequences – including a
lower level of life satisfaction. The only exception to that general pattern is lesbian
women in the UK. The gap is especially large for bisexuals, of both sexes and in both
countries.
In the study of Batz et. al. (2018) the results regarding whether men and
women differ in terms of their well-being levels have been highly inconsistent.
Gender affects subjective well-being because women are more likely to display and
report higher degrees of happy affect and negative affect than males, indicating that
they find emotional expression more acceptable than it is for men. Based on the
study of Zitelny et. al. (2021) acceptance of one's social group and feelings of
belongingness to the group are positively related to well-being. However, a
reductionist viewpoint links group status and group derogation as the only causes
of the negative relationship between gender centrality and wellbeing. Men, who
often have more status, likewise demonstrated a negative relationship between
gender centrality and well-being.
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Yang et. al. (2016) suggested that by addressing some of their requirements,
learning engagement can improve older people's SWB. Old Chinese women have a
lesser social rank than their male counterparts since it was thought that women
didn't need to be talented, just obedient to their husbands. They suffer from
unequal chances, gender bias, and a lack of social support as a result, which causes
differences in gender in the subjective happiness of senior learners. Despite the
majority of studies concluding that older women had lower levels of happiness and
higher levels of depression than men, Wang (2015) found that when life contexts
were essentially the same, female older adults had higher levels of mental health
and greater increases in SWB than male older adults.
As indicated by Schmitt et. al. (2017), people should allow the possibility of
everchanging gender differences such as their traits. These gender differences are
determined by the perceived gender roles and gender socialization. Accepting that
gender differences evolve will lead to fruitful principles that can be applied to all
humans, and will not hinder our ability to give the best care for their overall health.
As queers have different perceptions of society, giving opportunities for
closer bonds may be beneficial. As stated by Schwarts and Sortheix (2018), having
similar values to those in close social contexts can improve subjective well-being
(SWB). The environment’s opportunities and limitations for achieving valued goals
can affect the relationship between values and SWB in both close and broad societal
contexts. By examining the characteristics of the context that either support or
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hinder the attainment of these values, we can understand the differences in valueSWB associations across cultures and countries.
Synthesis
Women have been defined as working at home and having clerical
occupations, which represent femininity. However, men were described as
masculine and having sustained financial needs. They used to work as operators
and were associated with heavy-duty work. They are characterized by their sex and
then assume that gender role. Gender distinctions influence what they are and are
not allowed to do as a person of that sex. In terms of work positions, it was stated
that women have the characteristics of low-skill and low-wage work, wherein they
are expected to work as secretaries, while men are defined as more ambitious and
task-oriented in their work, which makes them likely to become managers and
executives. From the overall perspective of men, women are seen as sensitive and
weak. Women's physical and mental health is also jeopardized due to genderspecific variables such as unequal access to resources, education, employment,
decision-making, gender-based violence, and child marriage practices.
There are some instances where queers need assistance from progressive
movements since the approaches vary and have limits, such as obeying school
guidelines regarding hair length and proper wear of the uniform. The gender roles
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of queers are recognized, but they might not be tolerated yet since they must act
according to their assigned sex at birth, especially in following school policies. Their
performances are said to be high because they have the characteristics of being
committed, enthusiastic, adaptable, and competent, which leads them to be
effective in contributing to academic learning and operation. Developing school
programs and district policies will help address issues such as anti-bullying
campaigns, seminars, and the protection of the rights of the LGBTQ community.
Gender identities and queer identities can change over time as people become
comfortable with themselves.
The most prominent experience is discrimination, including verbal insults,
physical and sexual harassment, social pressure, cyberbullying, and threats that
trigger the LGBTQ+ community's psychological distress. As a result, this serves as
humiliation that leads them to be embarrassed, shy, and think of themselves as
disappointments in society. It also affects them by making them experience low
self-esteem and allowing them to stay or be constantly in their comfort zone. This
also reduces their time and confidence to meet other people. To simplify, this
doesn’t allow them to express themselves. In the worst cases, most minors tend to
have a higher frequency of stress, leading to anxiety and depression. It affects
LGBTQ+ people by causing poor mental well-being as they encounter daily
challenges and rough situations. In these situations, our respect, understanding,
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and support will help them fight their mental problems. By doing so, we are
showing our love for them and their acceptance in society. They also deserve the
chance to express themselves freely without any hesitation, discrimination, or hate
from other people. They are entitled to be respected and protected in the same way
other genders act. LGBTQIA+ people are prone to encountering conflicts or
challenges in different ways. They may suffer those problems in school, where they
may feel that they are not welcome. In family gatherings, where they cannot feel
the warmth and support. Lastly, in the community, where they may encounter
oppression and discrimination, to sum it all up, these are the factors that cause
them to experience stress and trigger their mental health.
It was observed that the gender differences in subjective well-being are
adolescent, where the gender gap begins at the age of 12. However, a nonnormative sexual orientation has consequences, such as poor life satisfaction. In
terms of emotion, women have higher degrees of positive and negative affect than
men. Men, on the other hand, have a negative relationship between gender
centrality and well-being. Since women have a lower social rank than men, they are
just as likely to follow their husbands and don’t need to excel as much as men.
Through this, women experience a lack of social support, unequal chances, gender
bias, and a higher level of mental health. However, women have greater subjective
well-being than men.
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Gender differences will be more developed and will have fruitful principles
that can be applied to all humans. The best care for their overall health is to let them
express their abilities, perceive gender roles, and socialize. Therefore,
opportunities will be given to build relationships that could be beneficial for
establishing bonds. And with these, achieving valued goals within their relationship
will affect the subjective well-being of both close and broad societal contexts.
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Chapter III
Methodology
This section discusses the various techniques utilized by researchers during
conducting the study. It includes various methods that are significant to follow to
make the study in line with its objectives.
Research Method
The paradigm used to conduct this study was post-positivism. Positivism
tends to investigate the existence of a relationship between two variables rather
than the reason behind it. Also, post-positivism tests humans’ perceptions of
reality. It recognizes that observations of reality are fallible and have their errors,
making all theories revisable. Additionally, post-positivism rejects the idea of a
“perfect” world because it believes that reality is affected by cultural biases and
different world views. The study aims to determine the relationship between the
gender roles of selected queers and their subjective well-being. This study will
scrutinize the effects of this cultural norm that was set in this society on a special
population. Like post-positivism, this study aims to construct the queer
community’s view of the world based on their perceptions of it and to understand
them better.
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Research Design
The present study used a quantitative approach to gather a vast quantity of
data. It is a correlational research design that attempts to explore the relationship
between gender roles and subjective well-being. As explained by Bhandari (2022),
a correlational research design investigates relationships between variables
without the researcher controlling or manipulating any of them. A correlation
reflects the strength and direction of the relationship between two or more
variables. Another possibility is that the correlation’s direction might be either
positive or negative. Next, to collect research data, the researchers used a 4-point
and 5-point Likert scale survey questionnaire that was disseminated online
through the Google Forms software program instead of a face-to-face survey. The
researcher’s target population was LGBTQ people. The researcher utilized nonprobability sampling to obtain the samples. Specifically, the purposive sampling
strategy was used since the target participants are considered a special type. In
other words, participants are selected “on purpose” because of the exigency of the
study.
Sampling and Participant Selection
The researchers have been urged to survey 50-100 LGBTQ people. Due to the
study’s specific purpose and the target group being classified as a special type,
participants were recruited via non-probability sampling, particularly “purposive
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sampling.” Purposive sampling, also known as judgment sampling, is the
purposeful selection of a participant based on the qualities of the participant.
Simply put, the researcher identified what information was needed and then
recruited willing participants to take part in the study. The researchers adopted
this method of sampling as it needed to include samples with the same qualities
that may offer the best answers to the study’s queries. It is also appropriate for
determining the target participants’ subjective well-being (SWB).
Research Instrument
The instrument utilized to collect data was a survey in the form of a rating
scale specifically, the present study used the BBC Subjective Well-Being Scale (BBCSWB), and the developed Gender Roles Scale were the two survey questionnaires
in the form of Likert scales that the researchers employed. The BBC-SWB is a
recently developed questionnaire designed to measure people’s subjective
experiences across the wide breadth of domains commonly included in definitions
of well-being. It has various domains, including goal pursuit, life satisfaction,
positive affect, quality of life, and sense of meaning. Primarily, the BBC-SWB target
population is adults. However, in this study, it was utilized on both young adults
and adult queer people. The BBC-SWB is a 24-item self-report questionnaire
designed to measure people’s subjective experiences across physical health,
psychological health, independence, social relationships, environment, and
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spiritual quality of life. Although it has previously been shown to be a reliable and
valid measure of subjective well-being in the general population with good
psychometric properties, a limitation of the initial version was that it was
developed using responses on a 4-point Likert-style scale. In this regard, the
researchers adopted the revised version of the scale conducted using 5-point
Likert-style responses for better psychometric properties.
The BBC-SWB is a free-to-use and standardized scale questionnaire
developed by the University of Connecticut in the United States, which the
researcher borrowed. The researchers took care not to breach the scale’s copyright
and sought academic use by properly citing the scale’s owner. BBC-SWB was
utilized because of the study’s objectives. Furthermore, it was picked for usage due
to its brevity. The researcher examined the validity and reliability of the BBC-SWB
scale to evaluate if it could be used to assess subjective well-being and found that
the recent version is a reliable and valid measure for the online assessment of
subjective well-being in the general population with good psychometric properties.
Furthermore, the researchers examined how the BBC-SWB was utilized in the
previous studies as a reference to conduct the same scale.
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BBC SWB Scale Psychometric Properties
For psychometric properties purposes, the researcher reviewed the validity
and reliability of the BBC-SWB Scale through a study previously conducted. A UK
validation of a general measure of subjective well-being using the revised version
was the basis of the researchers. A sample of 23,341 participants completed the
revised BBC-SWB. Participants completing the scale were instructed that the
questionnaire ‘attempts to measure how happy they generally feel in most parts of
their life’. In contrast to the previous version of the scale, where participants were
required to select one of four options, in the revised version, respondents were
required to select their answer from one of five options that best describes their
experience. These were; ‘not at all’ (1); ‘a little’ (2); ‘moderately’ (3); ‘very much’
(4); and ‘extremely’ (5). All items except one were scored positively from one to five,
with five reflecting greater well-being. One item, asking about anxiety and
depression, was reversed scored. Both the total 24-item scale and the three
subscales had good internal consistency, showed no evidence of floor and ceiling
effects, and correlated significantly with measures of concurrent validity.
Further, the study confirmed the validity and potential utility of the modified
BBC-SWB. Confirming initial results obtained in the development and validation of
the first version, analysis of the current data of UK citizens in a very large online
general population sample showed that the modified scale performs extremely well
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as a general measure of well-being. The scale has good face validity, very good
internal consistency across subsets of the sample, and good concurrent validity.
Construct Validity
All items were significantly associated with their respective factor and
loadings ranged from 0.60 to 0.80 for the ‘psychological well-being’ factor, 0.49 to
0.77 for the ‘physical health and well-being factor, and 0.56 to 0.81 for the
‘relationships’ factor. Confirmatory factor model for the three-factor 24-item BBCSWB showing completely standardized robust maximum likelihood parameter
estimates fitted to the full sample, n = 23,341 All coefficients are statistically
significant, * p < .001
Internal Consistency Reliability
Cronbach’s alpha coefficients calculated using the whole sample (n = 23,341)
revealed high levels of internal consistency for the total 24-item scale (Cronbach’s
alpha = .944, 24 items).
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Figure 2. Gender Roles Scale Reliability Analysis
To ensure the reliability of the questionnaire, the researcher conducted a
reliability analysis. The item-test correlation approach was used to test if any item
on the scale was inconsistent with the desired measure. As shown in the findings,
items Social Conformity number 8, Social Roles number 7, Social Roles number 8,
Social Roles number 11, Social Norms number 5, and Social Norms number 10
correlate negatively (n<0.2) with the scale overall. It implies that these items can
be subjected to revision or discarded. Cronbach’s alpha was also used to measure
the internal consistency and reliability of the test items as a scale. The scale had a
mean of x = 2.73, with a standard deviation of σ = 0.30. The standard deviation
measures the difference between the data and the mean. The closer the standard
deviation is to 0, the more it indicates that the data points are closer to the mean.
Cronbach’s alpha measures the level of agreement on a standardized 0–1 scale. The
closer the value to 1, the higher the agreement between items. The scale had a
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Cronbach’s alpha of ∝=0.819, which indicates that the scale has good reliability and
is thus acceptable.
Figure 3. Gender Roles Scale Item Reliability Statistics
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For validation purposes, the researcher presented a copy of the BBC-SWB
scale to the research subject matter professor for approval to use it. After
examining the BBC-SWB scale, the researchers were given the go-ahead signal that
it was appropriate for use. It was then cleared for use in the study. The researchers
checked that all of the items were clear, that the number of questions was adequate
to collect relevant data for the study, that all of the items were objective and nonbiased, and that all of the things were relevant to the research topic. Following that,
the scale's items were completed and approved. Almost the same process was done
for the validation of the gender roles scale. However, the researchers were the ones
who drafted the survey questionnaire as a research instrument. In addition, the
researchers also sought the help of experts. For this study, two psychometricians
validated the drafted survey questionnaire. A lot of changes and revisions were
made just to make sure that the instrument was intended to measure what was
supposed to be measured in this study. Also, a major English professor served as a
grammarian to proofread the survey questionnaire and correct some grammatical
errors on it.
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Data Gathering Procedure
Initially, the researchers obtained authorization from the school’s research
professor to perform the study. Following approval to undertake a study on gender
roles and subjective well-being (SWB), the next researchers in line worked to
validate the research instrument that would be used. The researchers considered
many scales for usage before deciding on the survey-scale questionnaires
developed by the University of Connecticut and developed a gender roles scale for
measuring the level of variables. The researchers have no intention of violating
copyright and are just interested in research purposes. The researchers introduced
the BBC Well-Being Scale (BBC-SWB) and the Gender Roles Scale. It has since been
finalized and authorized. Following the approval of the study instrument, the
researchers give and disseminate informed consent as well as survey questions to
the 50–100 target participants. The survey questionnaires were provided by the
researchers using the BBC-SWB Scale and Gender Roles Scale, which were designed
to determine how someone felt generally in most parts of life and the level of
gender roles of the respondents. The data was collected online by the researchers.
First, because some target respondents are not within proximity, a face-to-face
survey distribution did not take place. Additionally, because of the pandemic and
to save time, a survey distribution has taken place via online platforms using the
Google Forms program. Immediately after gathering the responses of the
participants, the researchers analyzed the results using inferential statistics.
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Statistical Treatment of Data
The following statistical analysis was used to interpret the data gathered
from the participants of the study:
Likert Scale
The Likert scale in this study was used to measure respondents' attitudes by
asking the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with a particular question or
statement. Respondents have to choose one option from the 4-point and 5-point
scales that best aligns with their views. Generally, the scale that will be used in this
study will measure respondents' level of gender roles and subjective well-being
The Gender Roles Scale is a researchers-developed 45-item self-report
questionnaire designed to measure people’s level of gender roles. The Gender Roles
Scale encompasses three sub-scales: Social Conformity, Social Roles, and Social
Norms. These sub-scales revolve around three aspects of life: family and household
responsibilities, employment, and leadership roles.
Table 1.
Gender Roles Scale Legend:
Scale
Numerical
Rating
Descriptive
Rating
Level
Interpretation
1
1.00-1.75
Strongly
Disagree (SD)
Extremely Low
2
3
4
1.76-2.50
2.51-3.25
3.26-4.00
Disagree (D)
Agree (A)
Strongly Agree
(SD)
Low
High
Extremely High
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51
The BBC Subjective Well-Being Scale is a 24-item self-report questionnaire
designed to measure people’s subjective experiences across physical health,
psychological health, independence, social relationships, environment, and spiritual
quality of life. The BBC Subjective Well-Being Scale encompasses a three-factor
model: Psychological Well-being, Physical Health and Well-being, and Relationship.
Table 2.
BBC Subjective Well-Being Scale Legend:
Scale
Numerical
Rating
Descriptive
Rating
Level
Interpretation
1
1.00-1.80
Not at All
Very Low
2
1.81-2.60
A little
Low
3
2.61-3.40
Moderately
Moderate
4
3.41-4.20
Very much
High
5
4.21-5.00
Extremely
Very High
Pearson correlation coefficient r
This study used a parametric test, specifically a correlation coefficient, to test
statistical hypotheses about whether there is a significant relationship between
two variables. To determine the correlation between gender roles and subjective
well-being, the appropriate statistical analysis would be a correlation analysis.
There are several types of correlation analysis, but the researchers used Pearson’s
r correlation coefficient. This type of analysis measures the strength and direction
of the linear relationship between two variables, in this case, gender roles and
subjective well-being. Pearson’s correlation coefficient ranges from -1 to +1, with -
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1 indicating perfect negative correlation (as one variable increases, the other
decreases), +1 indicating perfect positive correlation (as one variable increases, the
other increases), and 0 indicating no correlation. To conduct a Pearson’s
correlation study, the researchers collected data on both variables (gender roles
and subjective well-being) and utilized Jamovi, a statistical software to compute the
correlation coefficient and evaluate whether it was statistically significant.
The following table shows the rule of thumb for interpreting the strength of
the relationship between two variables based on the value of r:
Absolute value of r
r < 0.25
0.25 < r < 0.5
0.5 < r < 0.75
r > 0.75
Strength of
relationship
No relationship
Weak relationship
Moderate relationship
Strong relationship
T-Test
This was used to test the null hypothesis presented in the research using the
computed value of coefficient r. Also, the researchers used a t-test to evaluate if a
correlation coefficient is statistically significant, which entails producing a t-score
and a corresponding p-value. The equivalent two-sided p-value for the tdistribution with n-2 degrees of freedom is used to determine the p-value.
Null Hypothesis: H0: ρ = 0
Alternate Hypothesis: Ha: ρ ≠ 0
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If the p-value is less than the significance level (α = 0.05), the appropriate
decision is to reject the null hypothesis. Consequently, there is sufficient evidence
to conclude that there is a significant linear relationship between gender roles and
subjective well-being because the correlation coefficient is significantly different
from zero.
If the p-value is not less than the significance level (α = 0.05), the appropriate
decision is to not reject the null hypothesis. Consequently, there is insufficient
evidence to conclude that there is a significant linear relationship between
subjective well-being because the correlation coefficient is not significantly
different from zero.
Jamovi Computer program
The researchers also used Jamovi, a fully complete spreadsheet that provides
an efficient experience tailored for statistical data and accurate results.
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54
Chapter IV
Results and Discussion
This chapter presents the findings from the two survey questionnaires. The
researcher collected a total of 65 respondents from Rizal and neighboring cities, as
mentioned in the previous sections. The data were analyzed statistically and
presented in the format indicated below.
Problem 1: What is the level of gender roles of the selected LGBTQ people
in terms of.
1.1 Social Conformity
1.2 Social Roles
1.3 Social Norms
Table 3.
Gender Roles Level of Each Sub-scale as Perceived by LGBTQ
Gender
Roles
Mean
Descriptive
Rating
Level
1.1 Social
Conformity
2.45
Disagree
Low
1.2 Social
Roles
2.73
Agree
High
1.3 Social
Norms
2.76
Agree
High
Overall
Mean:
2.65
Agree
High
Source: Table 1, the Gender Roles Scale Legend
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Table 3 shows the level of gender roles in social conformity, social roles, and
social norms sub-scale as perceived by the LGBTQ respondents. Based on the
results, the respondents implied mean scores ranging from 2.45 as the lowest to
2.76 as the highest. Results have shown that the respondents “agree” on social
norms with a mean of 2.76, which is considered a high level. People with high levels
of social norms adhere strongly to traditional gender roles and expectations.
Subsequently, the respondents also “agree” on social roles with a mean of 2.73,
which also indicated a high level. It means that individuals with high levels of social
roles clearly understand their expected gender behaviors and responsibilities.
However, in terms of social conformity, the respondents “disagree” with a mean of
2.45, which is considered a low level. This means that respondents are less
influenced by societal pressures to conform to traditional gender roles. In addition,
the respondents showed the highest level of social norms, followed by social roles
and social conformity. The computed overall mean for the gender roles scale is 2.65,
which is still considered a high level for the respondents.
Problem 2: What is the level of subjective well-being of the respondents in
terms of.
2.1 Psychological Well-being
2.2 Physical Health and Well-being
2.3 Relationship
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Table 4.
Subjective Well-Being Level of Each Factor Model as Perceived by the LGBTQ
BBC
Mean
Descriptive
Level
Subjective
Rating
Well-Being
Scale
a.
3.47
Very much
High
Psychological
Well-being
b. Physical
3.33
Moderately
Moderate
Health and
Well-being
c.
3.60
Very much
High
Relationship
Overall
3.47
Very much
High
Mean:
Source: Table 2, the BBC Subjective Well-Being Scale Legend
Table 4 presents the subjective well-being level of each factor model as
perceived by the LGBTQ respondents. According to the findings, the respondents
exhibited mean scores ranging from 3.33 as the lowest to 3.60 as the highest. The
respondents produced a mean score of 3.60 for relationships, which is interpreted
as high. A high level of relationship means that the respondents have strong and
healthy relationships with their friends, family, and other social connections.
Moreover, the respondents displayed a mean score of 3.47 for psychological wellbeing, which is also considered a high level. People with high psychological wellbeing feel capable, happy, well-supported, and satisfied with life. However, the
respondents only garnered a mean score of 3.33 for physical health and well-being,
which is still at a moderate level. A moderate level of physical health and well-being
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means that the respondents have the strength, stamina, and suppleness required
for daily life and work. Generally, the respondents ranked highest in relationships,
followed by psychological well-being, and lastly, physical health and well-being.
The respondents displayed an overall high level of subjective well-being, with a
mean of 3.47.
Problem 3: Is there any significant relationship between gender roles
and the subjective well-being of the selected LGBTQ people?
Figure 4. Pearson’s r of Gener Roles and Subjective Well-Being
Based on Figure 4, it shows that there is a moderately positive correlation (p
= <.001, r = 0.507) between gender roles and the respondents' level of subjective
well-being. A significant relationship between gender roles and the subjective well-
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being of selected LGBTQ people probably means that as gender roles shift, the
likelihood of respondents experiencing higher levels of subjective well-being rises.
Therefore, the appropriate decision of the researchers is to reject the null
hypothesis (0.05 <p = <.001) since there's good evidence that the null hypothesis
is incorrect.
Figure 5. Linear Regression Analysis of Variables
It was found that gender roles are significantly predictive of subjective wellbeing (R =.51, F (1, 63) = 21.9, p = <.001) (Figure 6).
Legend: R=R-value, F (df1, df2) = F-stat, p-value
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Figure 6. Relationship Between Gender Roles and Subjective Well-Being
Based on Figure 7, it shows that there is a stronger upward trend with more
patterns of data. It indicates a positive relationship between the variables. A
significant correlation between gender roles and subjective well-being means it's
reliable and probably meaningful in the real population.
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Chapter V
Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations
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Appendix
a. Validation Forms
b. Communications
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