“NEER GROUP” PHE Mechanical Division Jabalpur 2023-24
“Important Notes on the theoretical aspects of Tube well Drilling and
assessment of field problems related to tube well drilling, Machine
and Equipment”
1. Various types of tube wells commonly drilled by the PHE Department
A tube well is a long pipe or tube, bored or drilled deep into the ground to achieve water
bearing strata/aquifers, ranging in dia from 100 to 200 mm and depth as per ground water
table in drilling area.
There are two categories based on which tube wells are defined and constructed in the PHE
Dept1. Type of bore holeA. Ordinary Tube wells B. Telescopic Tube wells.
2. Based on the Method of ConstructionA. Down The Hole (DTH) Tube well
B. Gravel Pack Tube well.
C. Combination Type of Tube well
D. Odex Tube Wells
2. Construction of Tube well in a consolidated (DTH) formationThe Construction of Tube well in a consolidated (DTH) formation is done by Down the Hole
hammer Drilling. Drilling System Consist of Drill Rig assembly and compressor has the main
role in it. In air rotary drilling, air alone lift the cuttings from bore hole, a large compressor
provides compressed air that is piped to the swivel hose connected to the top of the drill pipe.
The air forced down the drill pipe, escapes through small ports at the bottom of the drill bit,
thereby lifting the cuttings and cooling the bit. The cuttings are blown out the top of the hole
and collect at the surface around the borehole. Rapid impacting action by the hammer to the
bit passing with the help of drill rod line crush the formation into small cuttings/chips, which
are flushed out through the annular space between the bore and the drill pipe/drilling rod by
the upcoming compressed air. Tungsten Carbide buttons inserted on bit face made crushing,
rubbing and shearing action against hard formation inside the borehole.
The procedure of DTH drilling started with Leveling of Rig on the ground at survey point,
raising of mast and then adding of hammer/bit with drill rod to hydraulic system of rig to
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“NEER GROUP” PHE Mechanical Division Jabalpur 2023-24
obtain rotary and in feed. Compressor system is used for getting compressed air during
drilling operation as per the strata condition. The idle pressure for 165/150 mm Dia DTH
Tube well may vary 21 to 22 K.g./c.m.2 Drilling pressure upto 20 k.g./cm2 at 1500 to 1550
rpm. RPM in Overburden drilling vary from 1700 to 1750. Figure shows construction of
200/150/125 mm Dia DTH tube well.
3. Construction of Gravel Pack Tube well and Gravel Packing- Gravel Packing of tube
well is required in the tube well constructed from the rotary drilling method. Down the
Hammer or fast drilling method fails to create a hole in unconsolidated or loose strata,
because it is not possible to create a borehole wall by flushing out all loose strata by
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“NEER GROUP” PHE Mechanical Division Jabalpur 2023-24
compressed air. In gravel pack method, Muddy water is sent to the borehole instead of
compressed air. That fluid then carries the cuttings, or chip materials, through the hole and up
to the surface and the mud is reused either through a mud containment system or pit resulting
in creation of bore walls. But getting clear and colorless water is quite difficult in such
boreholes. Filtration and percolation of water in rotary constructed tube wells is achieved by
various means, such as strainers, slotted pipes, gravel pack, etc. The gravel selected for
packing tube wells shall consist of hard quartz (about 96 percent SiO2) or other suitable
material, with an average specific gravity of not less than 2.5. Not more than 10 percent by
weight of the material shall have a specific gravity of less than 2.25. The gravel shall contain
not more than two percent by weight of thin flat or elongated pieces. In the case of such
pieces, the larger dimensions shall not be more than 3 times the smallest dimensions. The
quartz shall be of sub-rounded to rounded grains with minimum angular features. The Gravel
Packing is done in tube well as per IS 4097 Specification.
4. Odex System of Drilling- Most of the earth surface is covered with clay, sand, boulders or
moorum varies in depth as per formation of land. Drilling by Down the hole method (fast
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“NEER GROUP” PHE Mechanical Division Jabalpur 2023-24
drilling) or by mud rotary is not possible always. Continues boulder or gravel formation
during drilling jams the drill rods and stop rotary head, resulting in failure of drilling system.
Other problems are caused by cavities or porous ground, which interfere with the circulation
of the flushing medium and prevent the drill cuttings from being flushed out of the hole.
Odex drilling method is a solution for such problems. The term Odex is an abbreviation for
Overburden Drilling EXcentric. A specialist heavy duty drill rod line is lowered with steel
casing. Once drilling starts, the Odex drill bit quickly cuts ahead of the steel casing which
enables a number of 'wings' on the bit to open out. The bit can now drill a hole with a
diameter slightly greater than that of the steel casing. At the same time the 'shoulder' of the
drill bit hits against a 'shoe' on the inside of the casing. This allows the steel casing to be
hammered down simultaneously and closely behind the drill bit. High pressure air discharged
through flushing holes in the face of the drill bit push the drill arisings back up the casing to
be caught by a 'shroud' and discharged into a skip or other means of spoil collection. Once the
desired depth has been reached, the drill bit is turned once in reverse. The 'wings' fold back in
allowing the drill to be withdrawn back up inside the casing - leaving the casing in place.
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“NEER GROUP” PHE Mechanical Division Jabalpur 2023-24
5. Hydrofracturing of tube well
The purpose of creating a bore hole is to obtain water from aquifers or water bearing strata.
When the bored hole failed to get fissures/ aquifers/ lineament of water lines, it becomes dry.
Hydro fracturing is a new approach to get yield in such dry boreholes. In this method water at
very high pressure is injected in the dry bore wells to break up fissures, to widen the
lineament and cleaning of water line by removing bore chips, cuttings or mud.
Hydrofracturing is based on Pascal‟s Law. Packers help in injecting high pressure water at
different depth of fractures and aquifers. Packers also prevent downward movement of tube
well casing and generate considerable axial tension and pressure.
Figure: Hydrofracturing of Tube well
6. Hydrofracturing of dry tube well with double packersHydrofracturing applies water under high pressure for the creation, propagation and cleaning
of fractures and fissures deep in the rocky layer of the earth. The creation or extension of the
fractures is done using very high pressure water pumped into the bore well with pressures
reaching as high as 3000 PSI (pounds per square inch). First true depth of borehole and the
correct depth of the casing, the presence of horizontal and vertical fissures at various depths
and the total depth of the bore well itself is obtained from the construction data of tube well.
Typically hydro- fracturing is attempted in bore wells with depths more than 100 feet and
with the distinct presence of a fissure or more. After determining the true depth of the fissures
two packers consisting of rubber gaskets are inserted in a certain gap between fissures/
aquifers/ lineament of water lines into the bore well, which is then made to swell like a
balloon using an oil pump. This expanded balloon like plug then prevents the upper and
bottom transfer of pressure. Through a pipe inside the packer, high pressure water is
introduced using a specialized pump. The pressure gauge is monitored to note the impact. In
a typical successful scenario the pressure increases and then rapidly falls indicating the
cleaning up and widening of the fissures. Two or three such pressure operations can be
carried out depending on the depth of the bore well and the number of fissures present.
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“NEER GROUP” PHE Mechanical Division Jabalpur 2023-24
Hydrofracturing of tube well is suitable or works only for bedrock formation (hard strata). If
the tube well consists sand, clay or other collapsible strata Hydrofracturing is not possible.
The water used in Hydrofracturing should be chlorinated to prevent the introduction of
bacteria into the well.
Figure: Double Packer Hydrofracturing
7. Rotary Compressor used in departmental rigs, principle and workingELGI Make screw type air compressor driven by diesel engine are the main line of
compressors used in departmental drilling rigs, deliver up to 1100 cfm at 300 Psi.
The Compressor is driven by the engine coupled to it by a flexible coupling, fresh air is
sucked from the bottom of the running gear. The clean air from the compressor suction filter
enters the compressor through suction unloader. The compressed air mixed with oil is
delivered to the separator receiver. Oil is separated by the element separator in the receiver
separator, the compressed air is passed through the minimum pressure valve to the air
delivery manifold. The oil separated in the separator receiver is sent to the oil cooler through
a thermostat.
This type of compressor consists two rotors one is male and other is female each having
helical lobes attached to the shaft. With the rotation the leading strip of the male lobe reaches
the contour of the female groove and traps the air in the pocket previously formed the air is
moved down the female grooved as the volume is reduced when the male rotor lobe reaches
the end of the groove, the trapped air is discharged from the air end.
Figure- Screw Air Compressor.
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“NEER GROUP” PHE Mechanical Division Jabalpur 2023-24
Compression of the air generates heat inside the compressor chamber which has to be cooled
by oil. So the oil injected screw compressor is used resulting in isothermal compression.
8. Various tools used in lowering of a India Mark II Hand PumpThe various tools used in lowering of an India Mark II Hand pump
1. Pipe Wrench. 2. Pipe Vice. 3. Lifting Spanners. 4. Pipe Clamp 5. Chain Block.
6. Hack Saw 7. Connecting Rod Vice 8. Self Locking Clamp 9. Spanners of Various sizes.
9. The method of installation of lowering of an India Mark II Hand pump in a
successful tube well?
Please Follow the linkhttps://waterforpeopleindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Hand-Pump-RepairMaintenance-Manual-WFPIT.pdf
10. The quantity of Building Material used in construction of a UNICEF design hand
pump PlatformApproximate material requirement for the installation of one complete Hand pump and
construction of platform
1. Cement 6 Bag
2. Metal (20 mm Size) 0.80 Cubic Meter
3. Sand 0.40 to 0.60 Cubic Meter
11. Draw the neat Sketch of UNICEF design hand pump platform showing all the
dimensions.
Please Follow MP PHED USOR 2023 PAGE NUMBER 394. On link
https://mpphed.gov.in/pdf/usor2023.pdf
12. Cooling is necessary in IC engine because of the following reasons
1. To maintain engine materials in their permissible working temperature limit.
2. To maintain efficiency of working fuel.
3. To prevent Engine Knock.
13. Minimum pressure valve is needed in compressor to
1. Maintain required minimum pressure inside the air oil separator.
2. Check backflow of air and restrict back pressure.
3. To maintain flow of oil in various elements of compressor.
14. 9 mtr casing lowering is mandatory in ordinary tube wells because of following reasons1. Prevention of tube well from contaminations, bacteria and surface water runoff in rainy
season.
2. To prevent bore hole from earth surface changes preventing it from being collapse.
3. To maintain quality of drinking water at its safe drinking level.
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“NEER GROUP” PHE Mechanical Division Jabalpur 2023-24
15. Hydraulic Jacks are necessary in the drilling rigs1. For Leveling of Drilling rig against rough and uneven surface of earth.
2. To maintain the level of rig during whole drilling operation.
3. To Keep Drilling rig isolated from ground to make free movements of assembly in
horizontal and vertical jerks against hard formations.
16. Why Bentonite Clay is used in Mud rotary Drilling?
Answer- The Bentonite clay make an important role in preparing mud for rotary drilling. It is
added in mud to increase viscosity and has good binding property for collapsible strata (clay,
sand). Rotary mud with Bentonite clay also acts as a lubricants to drilling pipe/rod and mud
pump and hence decrease maintenance of pump after construction of tube well. Bentonite
clay helps in sealing borehole wall and and maintain required hydrostatic pressure of mud
against wall collapse.
17. Why Hammer oil is used in drilling hammers while tube well drilling?
Tube well drilling hammer consists various moving parts like piston, rings, Guide, check
valve, plug, spring etc. Hammer assembly fits at the bottom inside bore hole resulting in
vibration and jerks of long drill rod line and rotary head, and thus generation of heat, and
friction during drilling operation. So Hammer oil is used to lubricate and cool all moving
parts of hammer. Oil with viscosity grade ranging from 150 to 460 is used as hammer oil
depending on the strata condition, drilling velocity and type of Drilling Assembly.
18. Why scavenging lines are necessary in oil separator in the (DTH) rigs?
Answer- Air oil separation inside the oil separator is done in various stages, in first stage oil
separates from air inside the separator by following circular inner surface of separator vessel,
due to losing of momentum in upward tornado movement, this stage separate 95% of oil from
compressed air, remaining 5% of oil in small droplets is separated inside oil separator filter
and sent back to the compressor element with the help of scavenging lines. So the purpose of
scavenging line is to circulate separated oil pulled out by oil separator.
19. Breakout Wrench- A tool/Machine used for separating two drill pipe/drilling rod from
their joint. It includes a clamping member supported by feed guide, a pair of jaw member for
radial movements and a frame to support the operation.
20. Button Bit- Button Bit is a steel tool body on which buttons of cemented carbide
(Tungsten alloy) are inserted to perform drilling operation in hard strata. It has flushing holes
to take compressed air and flutes on periphery for taking out cuttings and flushing materials.
Fig: Button Bits
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“NEER GROUP” PHE Mechanical Division Jabalpur 2023-24
21. Regrinding of Button Bit- In downhole drilling, the most important single factor
contributing to poor performance and premature bit failure is overrunning a bit, never run a
dull bit. A dull bit means worn out grounded inserted buttons on face of bit due to continuous
drilling operation from bit. When width of flat area of button is 40 to 50% of its original
button diameter then grinding of buttons should be done in order to achieve penetration rate
like new button bits.
Figure: Dull Bit
22. Mud Pump- The Mud Pump of a direct rotary drilling rig is twin/ multi cylinder
reciprocating pump. It has rubber canvas pistons. While the drilling process is going on, it
constantly pump bentonite mud under pressure in the bore hole. The mud is drawn in the
cylinder of mud pump through a suction hose. It is then pumped in the cylinder through a
piston and pressurized mud is driven in the heavy duty hose pipe which is connected to the
water swivel. The mud reaches the bottom of the bit through hollow string of drill rod line
and works further.
23. Hand Pump CylinderHand pump cylinder is a type of reciprocating pump mainly positive displacement used to
lift water in hand pump assembly up to 60 mtr depth. The assembly consist cylinder rod,
cylinder barrel, piston, piston valve, piston seals and foot valve, upper cap, lower cap.
Figure: Handpump Cylinder
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“NEER GROUP” PHE Mechanical Division Jabalpur 2023-24
24. Drill Rod- Drill rods are rugged steel tubes varying in length from 3mtr to 6mtr and dia
from 88.9mm to 110mm, drill rods are used to transfer rotary and infeed to hammer-bit
assembly. Drill rod also acts as a passing medium of lubrication, compressed air and mud
pump to the bottom of borehole supporting drilling operations.
25. Water Table- In response to gravity, water seeps into the ground and moves downward
until the rock is no longer permeable. The subsurface zone in which all openings of the rock
are filled with water is called the zone of saturation. The upper surface of the zone of
saturation is called the water table. The water table may vary due to seasonal changes such
as precipitations and evaporation. In undeveloped regions with permeable soils that receive
sufficient amounts of precipitation, the water table typically slopes toward rivers that act to
drain the groundwater away and release the pressure in the aquifer.
26. Casing Pipe- Casing Pipe is a steel or plastic pipe made for the purpose of protecting
collapsible strata inside bore hole/Tube well. Blank/plain Casing pipe is placed against the
strata from which water is not to be tapped. Screen/ slotted casing pipe has openings to
permit entrance of water from the aquifer. Casing shall be of robust construction and tested to
withstand a hydrostatic test pressure of 1.5 times the maximum discharge pressure
experienced by the pump.
Casing pipes are manufactured as per IS specifications IS12818:1992 specification.
27. Yield Test- The drawing off of water through tube well results in a lowering of water
level. This 'drawdown ' creates a hydraulic gradient in the water bearing material with the
result that underground flow into the tube well takes place. The rate of inflow depends upon
the hydraulic gradient, permeability and saturated thickness of water bearing material and of
tube well construction. After the well has been completely constructed and cleaned out and
the depth of the well accurately measured, Yield test should be carried out. Yield test is
conducted by installing a test pump in the tube well temporarily and pumping out water. At
each rate of discharge, pumping is carried out at least for 30 minutes. If the water level and
discharge are found to be fluctuating, development is carried out for some more hours, until
the discharge becomes steady and sand content is within tolerable limits. The specific
capacity of the well for various pumping rates is computed based on drawdown test data.
Since the yield is influenced by a number of factors such as geological formation, rainfall,
neighboring tube wells, etc, the pumping rate shall, in general, not exceed 60 percent of the
yield determined by test. It is recommended, however, that geological advice should be
obtained on the percentage to be adopted for each location.
28. The Bit installation and Bit Removal process in the Hammer
Bit Installation process1. Secure Hammer in vice and remove chuckand retaining ring from drill.
2. Slide the chuck on the Bit.
3. Slide Bit retaining ring on the shank of bracket.
4. Lubricate Chuck Thread.
5. Install Bit, Chuck and Retaining Ring assemblyin the drill and secure.
Bit Removal Process
1. Feed the rotary Head up so that hammer is well above in centralizer.
2. Remove drill pipe half bushing from the centralizer.
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“NEER GROUP” PHE Mechanical Division Jabalpur 2023-24
3. Secure bit breaking basket to centralizer outer bushing.
4. Places a bit detaching plate in the bit breaking basket.
5. Lower the rotary head to match the bit profile with the bit detaching plate.
6. Assemble drill disassembly wrench on the BOW cylinder.
7. Secure Hammer Outer Body with the drill assembly wrench.
8. Operate the breakout wrench cylinder to uncouple bit chuck from hammer.
29. ITH Drill Rig- ITH-10 is a hydraulically operated, multipurpose unit designed to do
Direct Rotary or down the hole drilling with Air/Foam or mud depending on the type of
formation. The unit is streamlined, The top head is powered with high torque, Low speed
hydraulic motors with gear reduction, which offers infinite speed control. The pull down is
achieved through hydraulic cylinder- cable feed with hold back arrangement to control the bit
weight. The derrick structure is made up of welded, rolled carben steel channel square bar for
rotary head guide. Rig is installed with two high torque low speed hydraulic motors having
rotation up to 150 RPM with torque 345 Kg-m. The Claimed capacity of Rig by manufacturer
is 700 feet depth for the 153 mm dia bore hole. The drilling operation in ITH is assisted by IR
make Compressor capacity 750:250.
30. BECN Drill Rig BECN is a hydraulically operated rig unit designed to do Direct down
the hole drilling. The unit is streamlined, The top head is powered with high torque, Low
speed hydraulic motors with gear reduction. BECN drilling rig has compact design. Mast and
hydraulic jacks are operated by two hydraulic cylinders. The claimed capacity of drilling rig
is 700 ft for 165mm dia bore hole. The drilling operation in BECN is assisted by ELGI make
Compressor capacity 1100:300.
31. BEC CR Drilling Rig BEC-CR Hydraulically operated water well Rotary Cum DTH
drilling Rig Unit (Combination Type) capable of drilling 180 mtr deep tubewells. The Rig is
able to perform Down The Hole drilling in alluvial/Boulders formation as well as with Odex
drilling in remote area.
The Unit is capable to drill rotary cum DTH and Odex drilling with rock roller bits in soft
formations by using mud, foam, air or their combinations as circulating medium. The Rig is
also having eccentric/odex drilling system with simultaneous casing lowering attachment for
drilling in boulder formation. The drilling operation in BECN is assisted by ELGI make
Compressor capacity PG1100.
Capacity
A. Mud Rotary- 400mm/350mm/300 mm Dia Holes upto 150 Mtr
B. DTH Drilling 125/150/200 mm dia hole upto 180 Mtr Depth.
C. Odex Drilling 165/115 mm dia holes up to a depth of 80 Mtr.
Top Head Rotary Drive
Min. 225 kgm Torques @150 Rpm in series Mode Circuit
Min. 450 kgm Torques @75 Rpm in Parallel Mode Circuit.
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“NEER GROUP” PHE Mechanical Division Jabalpur 2023-24
32. Separator Receiver- The Separator Receiver Separates the air and oil mixture, stores
compressed air and acts as a reservoir for cooling and lubricating line.
33. Oil Temperature Bypass Valve- The oil temperature by pass valve allows the
compressor oil to bypass the oil cooler when the oil is cold. This helps the oil to warm-up
quickly, thus preventing condensation inside pressure system. The oil temperature bypass
valve start to close at 85 C.
34. Scavenger Lines- The Scavenger line carries away oil trapped by the separator element,
it consist of a drop tube (fitted in the cover plate) which extend to the bottom of the separator
element, and a flexible hose which connects the drop tube to the air end inlet. Along with the
orifice which control the flow rate.
35. Safety Valve- The safety valve releases air pressure in the separator receiver, if the air
pressure reaches an unsafe operating limit. The safety valve is usually set at about 20% more
than designed pressure of the compressor.
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“NEER GROUP” PHE Mechanical Division Jabalpur 2023-24
36. Minimum Pressure Valve- The Minimum pressure valve maintains a minimum pressure
of approximately 75 psi in the receiver while the unit is in operation. The minimum pressure
valve is located on the top of the receiver.
37. Strat/Run Valve- The 2 Way Start-run valve allows the compressor to run unloaded until
the operator pushes the service air button, thereby facilitating warm-up. This valve
automatically reset to its open position when the unit is next shutdown and receiver pressure
drops to approx 15psi.
38. Engine Speed Control Cyliner- The Engine speed control cylinder is air operated and
acts on the fuel pump lever to match engine speed and power output to the air demand.
39. Pressure regulator Valve- The pressure regulator valve controls the system air pressure.
It is a diaphragm type valve which is held closed by a spring. It is operated by air pressure
acting on the underside of diaphragm. And the pressure at which it opens can be controlled
by increasing or decreasing the force by means of an adjusting screw, the opening point is
preset at the factory.
40. 3 things Compressor oil Does1. Lubricates the moving parts at air end.
2. Cooling of the parts at air end.
3. Sealing the clearance between rotors.
41. The function of UL-99 Unloader Valve
UL-99 Unloader Valve controls the amount of air entering the air end. The UL99 unloader
has many advantages over the butterfly valve and linkage system. 3 of the major ones being1. It eliminates the oil stop valve.
2. It eliminates the discharge check valve.
3. The pressure regulation is set by one simple screw adjustment.
42. Reasons why an automatic blowdown valve is fitted to the compressor?
1. To exit the compressed air from the receiver tank, when the unit is shutoff.
2. To avoid water condensations in the system.
43. Possible causes of oil carryover at air exit of Compressor
Three possible cause are1. Broken scavenging line
2. Puncture of air separator element.
3. More oil level in the tank.
44. Grades of oil used in
CompressorISO Viscosity Grade 68
Compressor Engine- SAE15W40
Tata Truck Engine- SAE15W40
Hydraulic System- ISO Viscosity Grade 68
DTH HammerISO Viscosity Grade 190 to 450
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“NEER GROUP” PHE Mechanical Division Jabalpur 2023-24
Oil Change is required in a stipulated period of time in a compressor, Engine and Hydraulic
system because of following reason
1. To Get rid of dirt and debris inside oil line.
2. Improve performance of System.
3. Increase life of moving parts.
4. Better Heat Dissipation.
5. Over the time oil lose its lubrication property so it is necessary to change oil regularly.
45. Bailing Velocity- In tube well drilling bailing velocity is the velocity of the compressor
air that cleans the bore hole. Higher the bailing velocity, High Penetration rate and Higher the
cleaning of cuttings from bore hole. While low bailing velocity eliminates erosion of the wall
bore hole.
46. Rock Roller Bit- RR bit are either steel toothed or Tungsten Carbide buttons used with
tricone roller. The cutting action in RR bit is through crushing and chipping. RR bit with steel
teeth mainly used for Soft Formation, while Tungsten carbide studs are used for abrasive
formation (dolomite, granite, chert, basalt etc).
Fig : Rock Roller Bit
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“NEER GROUP” PHE Mechanical Division Jabalpur 2023-24
47. The Neat Sketch of Hammer Assembly indicating with subparts.
Figure- Hammer and its subparts.
48. The norms for capping of dry tube well? How it should be done
If a tube well is found dry or with less yield and if it is not to be used for water supply due to
any reason, the tube well shall be fitted with MS cap securely and a concrete block of 0.45m
X0.45mX0.45m with M15 cement concrete would be constructed on it to prevent any
accident or damage to the tube well and also to use the bore at any later stage for recharging
or for any other purpose.
49. Safety manuals for drilling rig operation-
Answer- 1. Only permit qualified operators and maintenance personnel, to work on or
operate drills.
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“NEER GROUP” PHE Mechanical Division Jabalpur 2023-24
2. Wear Approved hard Hat, Safety Shoes, Safety Glasses, Gloves, Respirators and ear
protection as required when near the drill master in operation.
3. Avoid wearing loose clothings.
4. Keep Arms, Hands, Legs and clothing from moving parts like feed chain, rotating belts,
and rotating bits.
5. Keep working area clean, to avoid falls, keep all ladders hand rails and walking areas clean
of grease and oils.
6. It is important for drill operator to know where your helper is? (whenever the drilling rig is
in operation.)
7. Do not move the drilling rig carrier when the drill pipe is engaged with the rotary drive.
8. Keep Warning and instruction labels clean and readable.
9. Watch for leaks in hydraulic line regularly.
10. Keep nuts and bolts properly tighten.
50. The important components of surface water supply scheme and ground water
supply scheme for drinking water
Important Components for surface water supply scheme are1. Source (Rivers or Lake) 2. Intake 3. Pumps 4. Collection Chamber 5. Transmission Line
6. Treatment and purification (Screening, aeration, Flocculation, Sedimentation, Filtration,
Disinfection.) 7. Reservoir 8. Control Valves 9. Distribution System. 10. Break Pressure
Tank.
Important Components for Ground water supply scheme are1. Source (Tube wells) 2. Pumping Unit 3. Testing Unit (water minerals and their limit) 4.
Ionization Unit 4. Transmission Line (Rising Main) 5. Reservoir (OHT/Sump well) 6.
Control Valves 7. Distribution Line 8. Tap Connections.
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51. Troubleshooting of oil carryover with compressed air ? how will you find solution of
itOil carryover problem will not cause the unit to shut down initially. It is however messy and
will eventually cause the unit to shutdown due to loss of oil if not remedied.
REMEMBER- Always Look for the simple Fault First
First Cause
Ok
High Oil Level ?
High
Below 75 Psi
Ok
Is the scavenging
line Blocked?
Check
BlowdownOk
Procedure
Ok
Stopping unit
abruptly from full
load may saturate
the separator
element
Drain To
Correct
Check
Discharge
Pressure
Check Shut
Down
Procedure
Opening the manual
blowdown valve on
shutdown may saturate
the separator
Ok
Clear Scavanger
line of blockage
Is the separator
element
ruptured?
Replace
Replace the
minimum
pressure valve.
Is the Unit operating
at an angle more than
15 degree in any place
Ok
Level Up Unit
Figure:- Flow Chart of Trouble shooting for oil Carryover.
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“NEER GROUP” PHE Mechanical Division Jabalpur 2023-24
References1. USOR PHED 2023.
2. Training Manual Portable Compressor “Ingersoll-Rand”.
3. Operating And Maintenance Manual with Part List. “Ingersoll-Rand”.
4. XHP 750 Operating And Maintenance Manual “Ingersoll-Rand”.
5. Service Instruction Book “Comet”.
6. Operating Maintenance and Part Manual, Two stage Diesel Powered Screw Air
Compressor.
7. Owner Manuals Cummins.
8. Operating And Maintenance Manual SEKO BEC PVT LTD RCD 165-180.
9. Works department Manuals on Tubewell Govt. Of Gujrat.
10. Elements of public water supply National Library of Medicine.
11. Xiamen Good Mining and Drilling Equipment Co. Ltd (Picture Resources)
12. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352728521000026 (picture)
13 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/General-tool-layout-for-button-bits_fig2_230328836
(picture)
14
https://waterforpeopleindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Hand-Pump-RepairMaintenance-Manual-WFPIT.pdf (picture)
15. https://digitalatlas.cose.isu.edu/hydr/concepts/gwater/wattable.htm (water table)
16. https://www.goclearwater.com/hydrofacturing.php
17. IS 4097 :SPECIFICATION FOR GRAVEL FOR USE AS PACK IN TUBEWELLS
18. https://www.quinnpiling.com/odexpiles
19. https://terrarocdrilling.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/TerraRoc-ODEX-Brochure.pdf
“Neer Group” Introduction – „Neer‟ Group is an unofficial group of colleagues working in
Mechanical Division Jabalpur which helps each other on the problems faced in departmental
technical work, and shares the experiences. The vision of this group is making technical work
easier and finding solution to the malfunctions of machine system. The purpose of this paper
is to introduce general technical equipment and technical activities of PHE Mechanical
Department among the technocrats. There may still some mistakes in describing the concept,
event data and figures as some of these are collected and compiled from the tacit knowledge
and experiences of group members through formal and informal communication. But we
have tried our level best to collect the correct information by discussing with seniors,
department officials. We hope reader will pardon for the mistakes and point out these to our
knowledge, so that correction can be made in right time.
Group Member
(Sub Engineers)
1. Shri D.C. Gupta
2. Shri Shailendra Sahu
3. Shri Md. Saleem Ahma
4. Shri Pankaj Parochi
5. Shri Pankul Sonekar
6. Shri Bihari Prajapati
7. Shri Ankit Raghuwanshi
(Initiator and writer „Neer‟)
Advisory Panel
Guided By
(Assistant Engineers)
(Executive Engineer)
1. Shri Prabhu Vishnoi
1. Shri S. K. Kuril
2. Shri Dheerendra Kumar Sharma
3. Shri Rajesh Gautam
4. Smt Palak Tiwari
5. Ku. Poonam Viswakarma
6. Shri Rahul Kumar Mehra
01/03/2024 13:00
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