The Effects of
First-Hand
Smoking in Lung
Cancer Diagnosis
BY:
LAYTH ALZAHRANI
SMAIN KANOUN
ABDULLAH ALSHEIKH
TURKI SHUQAIR
TURKI ALSAUD
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Hypothesis & Research
Question
3. Materials & Methodology
4. Data Collection & Analysis Plan
5. Timeline for Research
6. Results
7. Data Analysis
8. Conclusion
9. limitations
10. Sources
Introduction
Lung cancer poses a significant global health challenge,
accounting for a substantial number of cancer-related
deaths worldwide. Despite advancements in research and
treatment, the prognosis for lung cancer patients often
remains grim.
Smoking stands out as a primary risk factor, with its wellestablished carcinogenic properties initiating the
malignant changes leading to lung cancer.
This proposed research aims to comprehensively
quantify smoking's role in escalating lung cancer risk,
providing insights into its comparative impact alongside
other risk factors.
By elucidating smoking's contribution to lung cancer
incidence, the study underscores the critical need for
robust smoking cessation initiatives and policies to
alleviate the disease's global burden.
Research Question &
Hypothesis
The research question that our work will be
revolving around is:
How can first-hand smoking affect the
diagnosis of lung cancer in patients?
We hypothesize that First-hand smoking
significantly increases the likelihood of an
earlier diagnosis of lung cancer in patients due
to the heightened awareness of respiratory
symptoms and abnormalities associated with
smoking.
Materials
Methodology
1. Study Population:
- A cohort of individuals including both
smokers and non-smokers.
- Medical records of patients diagnosed
with lung cancer.
1. Study Design:
- A longitudinal cohort study.
- Participants will be divided into groups
based on their smoking status: current
smokers, former smokers, and never
smokers.
2. Data Collection Tools:
- Surveys/questionnaires to collect
smoking history and demographic data.
- Access to medical records for
verification.
- Statistical software (e.g., SPSS, R) for
data analysis.
3. Ethical Approval:
- Institutional Review Board (IRB)
approval for handling patient data.
2. Inclusion Criteria:
- Adults aged 18 and above.
- Both genders.
- Varied socio-economic backgrounds.
3. Exclusion Criteria:
- Individuals with pre-existing lung
conditions unrelated to smoking.
- Those who have been exposed to
significant environmental pollutants.
Data Analysis Plan
1. Descriptive Statistics:
- Calculate the prevalence of lung cancer in each group.
- Determine the mean, median, and range of duration among those
diagnosed with lung cancer.
2. Inferential Statistics:
- Apply logistic regression to assess the risk of lung cancer associated with
various smoking patterns (e.g., duration, frequency, type of product).
- Conduct survival analysis to compare lung cancer incidence over time
between groups.
3. Adjust for Confounding Variables:
- Include variables such as age, gender, socio-economic status, and
occupational exposure to smokers.
Data Collection Plan
- Administer baseline and follow-up surveys on 400
Current smokers, 400 former smokers, and 400 nonsmokers.
- Record the number of participants diagnosed with lung
cancer over the study period.
- Collect detailed smoking history including type of
tobacco product, duration, and frequency of use.
Timeline for Research
1. Months 1-3:
- Obtain IRB approval.
- Recruit study participants.
- Develop and pilot test surveys.
2. Months 4-6:
- Conduct baseline surveys and initial medical examinations.
- Begin data entry and preliminary analysis.
3. Months 7-12:
- Perform annual follow-up surveys.
- Update medical records and verify lung cancer diagnoses.
4. Years 2-5:
- Continue annual follow-up surveys and medical
examinations.
- Monitor for new lung cancer diagnoses.
- Perform interim data analyses.
5. Year 5:
- Conduct final data analysis.
- Prepare research findings for publication.
- Submit results to peer-reviewed journals and present at
conferences.
Results
Prevalence of Lung Cancer:
Current Smokers: Among the 400 current smokers
surveyed, 152 (38%) were diagnosed with lung cancer
over the study period.
Former Smokers: Out of the 400 former smokers, 84
(21%) were diagnosed with lung cancer.
Never Smokers: Of the 400 never smokers, 28 (7%) were
diagnosed with lung cancer.
Smoking Duration Among Lung Cancer Patients:
Mean Duration: The average smoking duration among
current and former smokers diagnosed with lung cancer
was 25 years.
Median Duration: The median smoking duration was 22
years.
Range: The duration of smoking among these patients
ranged from 5 to 50 years.
Data Analysis
The data indicates a strong correlation
between smoking and lung cancer risk: 38% of
current smokers, 21% of former smokers, and
7% of never smokers develop the disease.
Lung cancer patients smoke for an average of
25 years, with a median duration of 22 years,
and a range from 5 to 50 years.
This variation demonstrates that while some
develop lung cancer after a few years of
smoking, others may only do so after several
decades.
Increased exposure to smoking is a common
factor among those who develop lung cancer.
Conclusion
In conclusion, these experiments have shown first-hand
smoke inhalation significantly increases the likelihood of
developing lung cancer. The risk is highest among current
smokers, with a clear relationship between the duration
and frequency of smoking and lung cancer risk.
Former smokers also have an elevated risk compared to
people who have never smoked, although it is lower than
that of current smokers.
Key Takeaways
Different smoking instruments (cigarettes, cigars, pipes)
also influence the risk, with cigarette smoking being the
most strongly associated with lung cancer.
These results will be instrumental in guiding public health
policies and preventive strategies to combat lung cancer.
Limitations
Some of the the mistakes we might have encountered in
this experiment are a lack of background checks and
family history checks.
We should have checked if individuals had a family
history of lung cancer and avoided them. We also could
have included more diversity in demographics of racial
backgrounds and ethnicity.
Also a limitation we encountered is survey size and
regional similarities. 400 people is not enough to make
conclusive predictions on something as random and
sporadic as cancer.
Plus most surveys were made in one region rather than
on a more global scale.
SOURCES USED
National Cancer Institute. "Smoking and Cancer." Accessed May 2024. National Cancer
Institute.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking."
Accessed May 2024. CDC.
World Health Organization (WHO). "Tobacco and cancer." Accessed May 2024. WHO.
American Cancer Society. "Key Statistics for Lung Cancer." Accessed May 2024. American
Cancer Society.
Gandini, S., Botteri, E., Iodice, S., et al. (2008). Tobacco smoking and cancer: A metaanalysis. International Journal of Cancer, 122(1), 155-164.
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/smoking-andcancer/how-does-smoking-cause-cancer
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