Welcome
Innovative Pedagogy for Social
Studies Education
Date : 2080 Bhadra 30
Facilitators : Hemraj Khatiwada
CDC, Sanothimi
5/21/2024
2
Some Quotations
• The mediocre teacher tells. The good
teacher explains. The superior
teacher demonstrates. The great
teacher inspires. - William Arthur
Ward
5/21/2024
3
पाठ्क्रम सम्वद्ध विविध पक्षहरु
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एवििृत र एिल पाठ्यरम
Theme Based learning
एिल पथ र िहुल पथीय पाठ्यरम
पाठ्यरम र पापुिो अन्तरसम्वन्ध
विषयिस्तुिो स्थावियिरण
व्यिहार िुशल सीप र जीििोपयोगी सीप
वसिाइ सहवजिरण
मुल्यािि
Ps l5g lrGtg u/f}
;fdflhs cWoogsf] kl/efiff
•dfgj;DjGw;Fu ;DjlGwt ljifo g} ;fdflhs cWoog xf] .
•ldvfln;sf cg';f/ dfgj ;DjGw;Fu ;DjlGwt dfgjsf]
;fdflhs / ef}lts jftfj/0f;Fusf] cGt/lqmof g} ;fdflhs
cWoog xf] .
•d'g/f]sf] ljrf/df ;fdflhs lzIffn] dfgj ;DjGw;Fu ;f]em}
;DjlGwt ljifo ;d]6]sf] x'G5 .
•afO{lgª / afO{lgªn] ;fdflhs cWoognfO{ Jofks
b[li6sf]0fjf6 k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx?sf cg';f/ ;fdflhs
cWoogn] ljBfyL{x?nfO{ cfhsf] ljZjjf/] cfjZos 1fg
k|bfg ub{5 . afgL,Jojxf/ / cfr/0f h:tf s'/fx?df tflnd
k|bfg ub{5 / Pp6f k|hftflGqs ;dfhsf] nflu pkof]uL
,;Ifd / ;lqmo ;b:osf] ?kdf k|lt:yfkg x'gsf nflu d2t
;fdflhs cWoog
• h]=Pkm=km/]i6/n] ;fdflhs cWoognfO{
k|i6\ofpg] k|of; u/]sf 5g\ .pgsf] ljrf/df ;fdflhs
cWoog ;dfhsf] cWoog xf] . o;sf] p2]Zo
lhDd]jf/ gful/s tof/ ug'{ ,ltgnfO{ ;dfh kl/jt{g
u/fpg ;Sg] t'Nofpg',;dfh sNof0f pGd'v
u/fpg' tyf dfgj / /fi6sf] ;DjGw jf]w u/fpg'
/x]sf] x'G5 .
;fdflhs cWoogsf] ljz]iftfx?
dfgjs]lGb|t
ljifo
lzIf0f
k|wfg
;dGjofTds
ljifo
;fdflhs
cWoogsf]
ljz]iftfx?
z}lIfs
sfo{qm
d
jftfj/0fsf]
cWoog
k|f/lDes
lzIf0f
Knowledge about social studies
curriculum
kf7\oj|md kl/dfh{gsf] k[i7e"ld tyf
cf}lrTo
• /fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f¿k -@)&^_ nfO{
sfof{Gjog ug{
• kf7\oj|mdnfO{ ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g ub}{
nfg'kg]{
;}b\wflGts
cjwf/0ffnfO{
lgoldttf / lg/Gt/tf lbg
• kl/jlt{t ;do ;Gbe{, kl/j]z / cfjZostfx¿nfO{
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No ljifosf]
kf7\oj|mddf klg ;Daf]wg ug{
• b]zdf ePsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g, ljZj kl/j]zdf
x'Fb} uPsf] 1fg / lj1fgsf] ljikmf]6 / z}lIfs
k[i7e"ld tyf cf}lrTo
• ;dosf] dfu, lzIf0f k|lj|mof, z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf]
kof{Kttf,cfw'lgs z}Ifl0fs l;b\wfGt / k|ljlwdf
cfPsf] gjLgtfnfO{ l;sfOdf cfab\w ug{
• ljifo j:t'sf] yk36 u/L jt{dfg kf7\oj|mddf ;do
;fk]If ljifo j:t' / l;h{gfTds l;k, ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg
/ vf]hd"ns kl/of]hgf sfo{ h:tf cEof; ;fdu|LnfO{
;dflxt u/L Joxfl/s lzIffdf hf]8 lbg
• ljb\ofyL{df ;do ;fk]If gjLg wf/0ffsf] 1fg /
Jofjxf/ s'znl;kx¿sf] ljsf; u/fpFb} ;fdflhsLs/0fdf
;xof]u ug{
;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL
lzIff kf7\oqmd -sIff !! / !@_
• ;fKtflxs kf7\o306f M %
• jflif{s sfo{306f M !^) 306f
• sIff !! / sIff !@ sf ljBfyL{x¿df ;dfhsf]
cWoog;lxt hLjgf]kof]uL l;k ljsf; u/fO{ dfgjLo
d"No / dfGotf;lxt nf]stflGqs ;dfhdf cg's"ng
x'g ;Sg] ;Ifd gful/s tof/ kfg]{{ p2]Zon]
;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf] of]
kf7\oj|md tof/ ul/Psf]
• PsfO{ jf ljifoIf]q !! -P3f/_ j6f /x]sf 5g\ .
;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL
lzIff kf7\oqmd -sIff ( / !)_
• ;fKtflxs kf7\o306f M $
• jflif{s sfo{306f M !@* 306f
• PsfO{ jf ljifoIf]q !) -bz_ j6f
/x]sf 5g\ .
;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL
lzIff kf7\oqmd -sIff $–*_
• ;fKtflxs kf7\o306f M $
• jflif{s sfo{306f M !^) 306f
• PsfO{ jf ljifoIf]q sIff $–% df
& j6f / sIff ^–* df ( j6f
/x]sf 5g\ .
Kff7\oqmdsf] k|s[lt
• kf7\oj|mdn] 1fg, l;k, clej[lQ / d"Nosf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbPsf]
• cWoog cWofkgdf ;}4flGtseGbf Jofjxfl/s / k|of]ufTds kIfdf a9L
hf]8 lbPsf]
• ljifoj:t'df !@) sfo{306fsf] ;}4flGts tyf $) sfo{306fsf] Jofjxfl/s
cEof; ;dfj]z -sIff !! / !@_
• ljifoj:t'df (^ sfo{306fsf] ;}4flGts tyf #@ sfo{306fsf] Jofjxfl/s
cEof; ;dfj]z -sIff ( / !)_
• ljifoj:t'df *) sfo{306fsf] ;}4flGts tyf *) sfo{306fsf] Jofjxfl/s cEof;
;dfj]z -sIff $ / *_
• d"Nofª\sgnfO{ lzIf0fl;sfO k|lj|mofsf] cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf k|of]u
ug'{kg]{ kIfnfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .
• d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mofnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{sf nflu d"Nofª\sgsf
cfwf/;d]t o; kf7\oj|mddf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
Kff7\oqmdsf k|s[lt
• o; kf7\oj|mddf kl/ro, ljifout ¿kdf ck]lIft 1fg, l;k,
clej[lQ, d"No / sfo{ tTk/tfnfO{ ;d]6L To;sf]
lj|mofTds :j¿kdf ;Ifdtf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
• l;sfOsf] :t/ / ;Ifdtfsf] ljlzi6Ls[t lj:t[tLs/0f tyf
cl3Nnf sIff;Fu nDaLo ;Gt'ng / cGo ljifo;Fusf]
lIflthLo ;Gt'ngsf cfwf/df ljifoj:t'sf] If]q / j|md
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
• ljifout ljlzi6kg / df}lnstfnfO{ ;d]6L l;sfO
;xhLs/0fsf ljlw tyf k|lj|mof k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
• o;df cfGtl/s / / afx\o d"Nofª\sgsf ljlw tyf
k|lj|mof;d]t pNn]v u/L ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sgnfO{
Jojl:yt ul/Psf] 5 .
;fdflhs cWoog kf7\oqmdsf
ljz]iftfx?
• Plss[t kf7\oqmd
• lqmofsnfkdf cfwfl/t
• ;Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t
• Jojxf/ s'zn ;Lk / hLjgf]kof]uL ;LknfO{ ;dfj]z
ul/Psf]
• ;'rgf k|ljlwnfO{ hf]8
• @% b]lv %) k|ltzt ;DDf cfGtl/s d"Nof+sgsf]
k|fjwfg /x]sf]
• cIf/f+sg k4ltaf6 jfx\o d"Nof+sg ul/g] .
;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] kf7\ok':tssf]
ljz]iftfx?
• kf7\oqmdsf ;Ifdtf k|flKtnfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L ljifoj:t' ,
lqmofsnfk / cEof;df hf]8 lbOPsf]
• lqmofsnfkdf cfwfl/t e} u/]/ l;Sg] k|lqmofdf hf]8 lbOPsf
• ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;+jfb, syf, 36gf cWoog, lut,rf6{,lrq, lr7L,
gSZff, ;do/]vf,dgf]jfb cflb dfkm{t k|:t'lts/0f ul/Psf]
• l;sfO{nfO{ :yfgLo ;Gbe{;Fu hf]l8Psf]
• ;fd'bflos sfo{, kl/of]hgf sfo{, ;d'x sfo{ dfkm{t l;sfO{nfO{
;jlns/0f ug]{ k|of; ePsf
• lrq, pbfx/0f, kfq rog / ljifoj:t' rogdf ;dfj]lztfnfO{ Vofn
ul/Psf] .
;fdflhs cWoogsf] kf=k'=n] hf]8
lbPsf ;LKf
• l;h{gfTds ;LkM lrq, rf6{,kf]i6/,
syf,sljtf, ;dfrf/, ;Dkfblso, jSt[Tjsnf,
vf]h cg';Gwfg, k|ltj]bg n]vg
• ;fdflhs ;LkM ;d'x sfo{, ;fd'bflos sfo{,
kl/of]hgf sfo{
• hLjgf]kof]uL ;LkM ;d:of;dfwfg, tgfj
Joj:yfkg, lg0f{ok|lqmof, cGt/ j}olSts,
of]u Wofg, :j:y hLjgz}nL
d'No clej[lt ;LkM
 dfGohgnfO{ cfb/ ;Ddfg / k|]/0ff
 h]i7 gful/s k|lt ;Ddfg, ;xof]u / bfloTj jf]w
 :jb]zdf g} pBf]u Joj;fo ug{] k|]/0ff
 ljb]lzPsf o'jfx?nfO{ :jb]zdf g} s]lx ug{ clek|]/0ff
 Kf9]/ hfuL/ vfg' k5{ eGbf klg pBd Joj;fo u/L c?nfO{
hfuL/ v'jfpg]
 pBdlzntf k|ltsf] ;r]tgf / ljsf;
 :j/f]huf/ x'g]
 K|fhftflGqs d"No dfGotfnfO{ j9fjf lng] / ;+:sf/
cjnDjg
 ;fdflhs ;fF:s[lts d'Nosf] k|jw{g
 >dsf] ;Ddfg, :j/f]huf/sf] clej[l4
Kff7\oqmd 9fFrf
• Tfxut ;Ifdtf
• sIffut l;sfO pknlAw lgwf{/0f
• ljifoj:t'sf] If]q / qmd
• l;sfO ;xlhs/0f k|lqmof
• D"fNofª\sg
• ;fdflhs cWoog / dfgjd"Nosf] kf7\oj|md
ljleGg ;fdflhs lj1fgsf If]qnfO{ ;d]6]/ PsLs[t
¿kdf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
• o;df pNn]v ul/Psf ljifoj:t'x¿sf] l;sfO ;xhLs/0fdf
;a} If]qnfO{ ;dfg dxTj lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;DalGwt
ljifoj:t'sf] PsLs[t ¿kdf cWoog u/fO{ ljifoj:t'sf]
1fg, l;k / wf/0ffsf] ljsf; u/fpg'kb{5 .
• o; ljifon] Jofjxfl/s l;sfOnfO{ hf]8 lbg] x'Fbf
sIffleq jf aflx/ cfcfkm\gf]
ufpF, 6f]n,
;d'bfox¿;Fu
;DaGw
/fvL
lj|mofsnfkx¿
u/fpg'kb{5 . oL ljifoj:t'nfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} s07
u/fpg] lzIf0f k4ltnfO{ lg?T;flxt u/L
• ;fdflhs cWoogn] ljBfyL{x¿sf ljleGg l;h{gfx¿ h:t} syf,
sljtf, gf6s, ;dfrf/, lr7L, ;DkfbsLo, uLt, k|ltj]bg, /]vflrq,
j[Qlrq, :tDelrq, tflnsf, tl:a/, gS;f, kmf]6f]dfkm{t efj
cleJoSt u?g\ eGg] nIo /fv]sf] 5 .
• oL ;a} l;kx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm\gf
?lrcg';f/sf l;kx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{k5{ . o;sf lglDt
lzIfsåf/f lgld{t jflif{s z}Ifl0fs sfo{of]hgf, q}dfl;s of]hgf,
PsfO of]hgf / b}lgs kf7of]hgfsf] 7'nf] e"ldsf /xG5
• ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lj|mofsnfkdf cfwfl/t u/L u/]/ l;Sg] jftfj/0f
/ cj;/ tof/ ug'{ kb{5 eGg] ;f]r / lrGtgsf] clej[l4 u/fpg'
g} o;sf] d"n nIo xf] . of] ljifo cWofkg ubf{ k|of]u ug{
;lsg] s]xL ;Defljt ljlwx¿ tn lbOPsf 5g\ t/ oL gd'gf dfq
ePsfn] lzIfsn] kl/l:yltcg's"n ljlwx¿ 5gf]6 u/L l;sfO
;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ug'{k5{ .
l;sfO{ ;xlhs/0f lqmofsnfk
• oL l;kx¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu ;a} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ Ps} vfnsf]
;xhLs/0fn] ;Dej gx'g klg ;S5 . To;}n] pgLx¿nfO{
ax'af}l4stfsf] l;4fGtcg'¿k ?lr / Ifdtfcg';f/sf 1fg / l;k
Pjd\ d"Nox¿sf] ljsf; ug{ lj|mofsnfkdf ljljwtf
Nofpg'k5{ . o;sf lglDt of]hgfa4 l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf]]
7'nf] e"ldsf /xG5 .
• ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ æu/ / l;sÆ eGg] wf/0ffsf] clej[l4
u/fpg' ;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] d"n nIo xf] . lszf]/
lszf]/L cfkm}Fn] u/]/ l;s]sf s'/fdf ljZjf; u5{g\ . dgdf
ljZjf; hfu]kl5 pSt l;sfOn] Jojxf/df ;'wf/ NofpF5 .
To;}n] ;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ubf{
ljleGg k|sf/sf ljBfyL{s]lGb|t lzIf0f ljlwx¿ k|of]u
ug{'k5{, h:t} M k|Zgf]Q/, k|bz{g, ;d:of ;dfwfg,
5nkmn, cjnf]sg, ;f]wvf]h, clego, kl/of]hgf, k|of]u,
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
• ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg l;k ljlw kl5Nnf] ;dodf ljsf;
ul/Psf] ljlwsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . o;cGt{ut dlitis
dGyg -brain storming_, ;ª\ul7t l;+xfjnf]sg
(structure overview), lhU; -jig-saw), zAbfy{
lrq (semantic map), hf]8Ldf k9fO / hf]8Ldf
;f/f+z (paired reading-paired summarizing),
b|'t n]vg -quick write, dfGotf (value line), h:tf
tl/sfx¿ cfjZostfg';f/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
curriculum integration
• The term curriculum integration (CI) refers to
combining two or more subjects when
teaching a topic. CI involves integrating the
subject concepts, subject content (the facts or
substantive
knowledge),
and
subject
competencies (or skills) developed in a topic.
For example, the topic of k'ghf{u/0f eGg] kf7
lzIf0f ubf{ ljifoj:t'nfO{ ljleGg ljifoIf]q;Fu
cGt/;DjlGwt u/L l;sfO{ ;xlhs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
k'ghf{u/0f kf7 lzIf0fdf cGt/;DjlGwt
ug{ ;lsg] ljifo If]qx?
• lj1fg / j}1flgs cfljisf/s
• Vff]h / cGj]if0f
• ;flxTo / snf
• e"uf]n - ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt, Route_
• Oltxf; - ltlyldlt, zf;s _
• Effiff - ofqf ljj/0f, lgjGw, syf n]vg _
• ;dfhzf:q
a;fO{F;/fO{F
d sIff * df k9\bf cfkm" hlGdPsf] ufpF 3'Dg uPsf] lyPF . xfdLx¿ ;fg}df a;fOF ;/]/ :ofª\hfaf6
;'v]{t cfPsf] s'/f d}n] cfdfaf6 yfxf kfPsf] lyPF . dnfO{ cfkm" hGd]sf] 7fpF s:tf] xf]nf eGg]
sf}t'xntf lyof] . a'af;Fu ;'v]{taf6 /flq a; r9]/ :ofª\hf k'tnLahf/;Ddsf nflu ofqf to u¥of}F . d}n]
lzIfsn] sIffdf k9fpg' ePsf] a;fOF;/fOsf af/]df ;Dem\b} uPF .
dflg; a;f]af; ul//x]sf] 7fpF 5f]8L jf hlGdPsf] 7fpFaf6 a;f]af;sf nflu cGoGq hfg'nfO{ ;fdfGotof
a;fOF;/fO elgG5 . a;fOF;/fO cfGtl/s / afx\o u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .
b]zleq g} Ps :yfgb]lv csf]{ :yfgdf a;fOF ;/]/ hfg] k|lj|mof cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fO xf] . xfdLx¿ b]zsf]
l;dfgfleq g} a;fOF ;/]/ uPsfn] o;nfO{ cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fO elgG5 . a;fOF;/fOn] 5f]8]/ hfg nfu]sf]
7fpFdf hg;ª\Vof 36fpF5 eg] uGtJo :yfgsf] hg;ª\Vof a9fpg] ub{5 .
Ps b]zaf6 csf]{ b]zdf x'g] a;fOF;/fO afx\o a;fOF;/fO xf] . d}n] lr;fkfgL ahf/sf] /f]lxt / ljj]s
sfsfnfO{ ;Dem]F . pxfFx¿ cWoog / /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]z uO{ pt} a;fOF ;g'{ePsf] lyof] . afx\o
a;fOF;/fOn] 5f]8]/ hfg] b]zsf] hg;ª\Vof 36\5 eg] hfg] b]zsf] hg;ª\Vof a9\5 .
xfdL ef]lnkN6 laxfg ^ ah] k'ttlahf/ k'Uof}F . ToxfFaf6 la?jf hfg] uf8L r9]/ la?jf k'Uof}F .
To;kl5 lxF8]/ d]/f] hGd 7fpF hfg'kg]{ lyof] . d a'afsf] 3l/ clu 3l/ kl5 ub}{ lx8\b} lyP . af6fdf
e]l6Psf w]/} dflg;;Fu a'jf af]Nb} lx8\g'eof] . d}n] klg ;a}nfO{ gd:sf/ ub}{ lx8\b} lyPF . dgdf
nfUof] a'afn] olt w]/} dflg; lrGg' ePsf] /x]5 . Tof] cflTdotf ;x/df lyPg . ToxfF t le8ef8,
sf]nfxn / Jo:t hLjgz}nL lyof] . ToxfF uf8Lsf] afSnf] nfOg / ss{; cfjfh, w'jfF w'nfsf] b}lgsL . t/
ufpFsf] b}lgsL km/s lyof] . ufpFdf w]/} 3/df dflg; lyPgg\ . v]taf/L afFem} lyP . d}n] oxfFsf
dflg; lsg a;fOF uPsf xf]nfg\ egL a'afnfO{ ;f]w]F . pxfFn] oxfFsf dflg; a;fOF ;g'{sf sf/0f eGb}
hfg'eof] .
æa;fOF ;/]/ hfg]] ;a}sf] a;fOF;/fOsf] sf/0f Pp6} x'b}g . JolStcg';f/, 7fpFcg';f/ a;fOF ;g'{ kg]{
sf/0fx¿ klg km/s km/s x'g ;S5g\ . oxfFsf dflg; afnaflnsfx¿sf] nflu /fd|f] lzIffsf] cj;/,
xfdL ljBfnoglhs k'Uof} . d]/f] a'afn] ToxL k9\g' ePsf] /x]5 . To; j]nf ljBfyL{ w]/} g} lyP /]] t/
clxn] To; ljBfnodf ljBfyL{ yf]/} lyP . ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof sd ePsfn] glhssf] csf]{ ljBfnodf ufleg] s'/f
eO/x]sf] /x]sf] /x]5 .
xfdL xfd|f] k'Vof}{nL ufpFglhs} cfkmGtsf] 3/df af; a:of}F . a'af sfsfx¿;Fu s'/f ug{ yfNg' eof] .
d xh'/cfdf;Fu s'/f ug{ yfn] . pxfFn] cfkm\gf] ufpFsf] cj:yf o;/L atfpg' eof] .
æltdL Tof] kf/Lsf] ufpFdf hGd]sf xf} . Tof] ufpF ;fgf], ;'Gb/, zfGt / /d0fLo 5 . ufpFdf
d]nldnfk, ;xof]u / ;xsfo{sf] /fd|f] cEof; lyof] . ToxfFsf afl;Gbf lj:tf/} ;'ljwfsf] vf]hLdf a;fOF;/fO
u/]/ ;x/ tyf t/fO{lt/ hfg yfn] . clxn] sltko 3/df t j[4j[4f dfq} 5g\ . oxfF v]taf/L afFlemPsf]
b]Vbf lj/St nfU5 gfgL . ufpFdf ljsf;sf sfd ug{ klg aflx/s} dfG5] cfPsf] b]V5' . ;8s agfpg, s'nf]
vGg, ;fd'bflos ejg agfpg klg aflx/s} dflg; cfPsf 5g\ .Æ
d yfs]sf] x'gfn] xh'/cfdfsf s'/f ;'Gbf;'Gb}] lgbfPF5' . ef]lnkN6 laxfg p7\bf ;a}n] cfkm\gf
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