UNDERSTANDING
PLUMBING FIXTURES
FUNDAMENTALS OF PLUMBING
DANILO V. RAVINA
1
KEYWORDS:
•
•
•
•
•
PLUMBING FIXTURE
FIXTURE UNIT
DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNIT (DFU)
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE (WSFU)
ROUGHING-IN
DANILO V. RAVINA
2
What are Plumbing Fixtures?
• Plumbing Fixtures are approved-type installed receptacles,
devices or appliances supplied with water or liquid-borne
wastes & discharge such wastes into the drainage system to
which they may be directly or indirectly connected. Industrial
or commercial tanks, vats & similar processing equipment are
not plumbing fixtures, but may be connected to or discharge
into approved traps or plumbing fixtures as approved for in
this Code. (Sec. 217.10 NPC 1999)
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
3
FIXTURE UNIT
207.8
FIXTURE UNIT is an arbitrary quantity in terms of
which the load-producing effects or water
requirements on the plumbing system of different
kinds of plumbing fixtures are expressed in some
arbitrarily chosen scale. One fixture unit is
equivalent to a rate of flow at 28.3 liters per
minute (1 cubic feet per minute) or (7.5 gpm).
DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNIT (DFU) is a numerical
weighing factor to account for the probable
discharge into the plumbing drainage system by
various types of plumbing fixtures, using the single
lavatory as equivalent to 1 DFU.
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNIT (WSFU) is a
numerical weighing factor to account for the water
demand of various plumbing fixtures, using the
lavatory for private use as equivalent to 1 WSFU.
DANILO V. RAVINA
4
What are the common types of Plumbing
Fixtures?
• Plumbing Fixtures, put in simpler term, are receptacles or
receivers attached to the plumbing system other than a trap
in which water or waste may be collected or retained for
ultimate discharge into the plumbing treatment facility and
point of discharge.
• Their common types are:
1. Water Closet
2. Lavatory
3. Bathtub /Shower
4. Kitchen Sink
5. Bidet
6. Urinal
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
5
WATER CLOSET
DRAINAGE
Refer to page 80 of the NPC
FIXTURE
MINIMUM
TRAP &
TRAP ARM
SIZE (mm)
DRAINAGE
FIXTURE
UNIT (DFU)
WATER
CLOSET,*
PRIVATE
INSTALLATION
76 mm
4 DFU
WATER
CLOSET,
PUBLIC
INSTALLATION
76 mm
6 DFU
Water closets shall be computed as 6
DFU when determining septic tank size.
WATER SUPPLY Refer to page 73 of the NPC
FIXTURE
WATER
SUPPLY
FIXTURE
UNIT
(WSFU):
PRIVATE USE
WATER
SUPPLY
FIXTURE
UNIT
(WSFU):
PUBLIC USE
WATER CLOSET
(FLUSH TANK)
3 WSFU
5 WSFU
WATER CLOSET
(ECONOMICAL
FLUSH)
2.5 WSFU
4 WSFU
WATER CLOSET
(FLUSHOMETER
VALVE) 25 mm
6 WSFU
10 WSFU
*Drainage Fixture Unit (DFU) and Water Supply Fixture Unit (WSFU) – is a numerical weighing factor to
account for the sewage flow or water demand of various plumbing fixtures, using the lavatory (for private
use) as 1 DFU or 1 WSFU. It is just an index number meant to put all fixtures on a common basis.
DANILO V. RAVINA
6
What is a Water Closet & What are its
Classifications?
•
Water Closet is a plumbing fixture used
to receive human excrement & to
discharge it through a waste pipe, using
water as a conveying medium.
•
Water Closets are classified according to:
1. Design
2. Make
3. Flushing Mechanism Used
4. Shape
5. Installation
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
7
What are the types of water closet as to Design?
1. Siphon Washdown
2. Siphon Jet
3. Siphon Vortex
1. Siphon Washdown
It is the least expensive but the
noisiest; Only small amount of
standing water, susceptible to
fouling, staining &
contamination
4. Reverse Trap
2. Siphon Jet
The jet being submerged,
introduces water underwater so
that its operation is entirely
muffled. It has a large amount
of standing water to prevent
fouling
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
8
3. Siphon Vortex
Reverse Trap
This type of bowl develops its
flushing action through the
water entering the diagonal
holes around the rim which
creates a swirling action which
forms a vortex in the center.
The trap way located at the rear
eliminated the bulge at the front.
The design of the bowl plus its
large water area & quietness in
operation, makes it desirable
than the siphon washdown.
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
9
What are the type of water closets as to Make?
1. One-Piece 2. Close Coupled 3. Pail Flush 4. Squat bowl
One-Piece Water Closet:
• The water closet fixture is
manufactured with the bowl &
the flush tank molded into a
single unit
From HCG
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
10
Close Coupled Water Closet:
From HCG
From Mariwasa ToTo
• A water closet wherein the flush tank
is separate but is attached to the
toilet bowl. It is a two-piece model.
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
11
Pail Flush Water Closet:
• A water closet comprising only of a bowl
without a flush tank. Flushing action is
obtained only through water poured from a
pail or bucket. This is used in areas where
running water system is not available.
From Royal Tern
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
12
Squat Bowl Water Closet:
• A water closet that
is other wise
known as “eastern
type” water closet
since the user
assumes a
squatting position
rather than a
sitting position.
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
13
What are the types of water closets as to Flushing
Mechanism Used?
1. Flush Tank 2. Flushometer Valve
Flush Tank- Holds a supply of water for
flushing the water closet. It flushes 3 to 6
liters.
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
14
Flushometer Valve:
• Flushometer Valve is a
valve designed to supply a
fixed quantity of water for
flushing purposes. It is
activated by direct water
pressure without the use
of a flush tank. It requires
a flow pressure of 69 to
138 kPa (10 to 20 psi)
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
15
What are the types of water
closets as to Shape?
1. Round Front
2. Elongated Front
Round Front
WC is intended
for installation
on a limited
space.
Elongated Front
is more
comfortable but
occupies a larger
space. Water
closet bowls for
public use shall be
the elongated type.
Section 401
Water closet bowls for
public use shall be the
elongated bowl types
equipped with
open-front seats.
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
16
What are the types of water closet as to installation?
1. Free Standing or Floor Mounted
2. Wall Hung or Wall Mounted
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
17
LAVATORY
What is a Lavatory? What are its types?
• A Lavatory is a fixture designed for the washing of the hands
or face. It is also known as a Wash Basin.
• The 4 types of Lavatory are:
1. Wall Hung Lavatory
2. Pedestal Lavatory
3. Counter Type Lavatory
a. Overcounter or Counter top
b. Undercounter
4. One-piece Lavatory
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
18
Wall Hung Lavatory:
Pedestal Lavatory:
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
19
Counter Type Lavatory:
Overcounter Lavatory
Undercounter Lavatory
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
20
One-piece Lavatory:
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
21
What are the Minimum Clearances & Roughing-ins for
Lavatories?
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
22
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
23
What is a Bathtub?
• A Bathtub is a tub for bathing, usually a
fixed plumbing installation designed for
1 person. It is available in left outlet and
right outlet
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
24
What is a Shower Bath?
A Shower Bath is an apparatus for spraying
water on the body, usually from above. Drain
is through the shower bath floor drain.
Shower Pan
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
25
1.78 meters
SHOWER COMPARTMENT
Min. Area = 0.6 m²
762 mm
DANILO V. RAVINA
Sec. 409.4
All shower compartments,
regardless of shape, shall
have a minimum finished
interior area of 0.6 square
meter, and shall also be
capable of encompassing a
762 mm diameter circle.
The minimum area and
dimension shall be
maintained from a point
above the shower drain
outlet to a height of 1.78
meters with no protrusions
other than the fixture valve
or valves, shower head and
safety grab bars or rails.
26
What is a Kitchen Sink?
A Kitchen Sink is
a plumbing fixture
consisting of a
basin with a water
supply, connected
with a drain & used
for dishwashing.
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
27
What is a Bidet?
A Bidet is a plumbing fixture used for
washing the middle part of the body,
especially the genitals. It is also
known as Sitz Bath.
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
28
Bidet is used in tandem with the one-piece water closet or in
integrated with the close coupled water closet:
WASHLET
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
29
What is a Urinal? What are the types of Urinal?
• A Urinal is a plumbing fixture equipped with a water
supply and drain for flushing away urine.
• The types of Urinals are:
1. Wall Hung Urinal
2. Pedestal Urinal
3. Stall Urinal
4. Trough Urinal
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
30
Wall Hung Urinal:
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
31
Stall Urinal
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
32
Urinal Types, Clearances and Roughing-ins:
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
33
What are other types of Plumbing Fixtures?
Slop Sink – A deep sink, set low &
used by janitors for emptying pails
of dirty water & mop cleaning.
Laundry Tub – A deep wide sink
used for washing clothes.
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
34
Scrub Sink:
Drinking Fountain:
A Scrub Sink is a
plumbing fixture
usually located in the
O.R. in a hospital to
enable personnel to
scrub their hands
prior to a surgical
procedure. The Hot
& Cold water supply
is activated by a
knee – action mixing
valve or by wrist or
pedal control or by
automatic sensors.
A Drinking Fountain is a
plumbing fixture consisting
of a shallow basin, together
with a water jet, designed
to provide potable water for
human consumption.
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
35
What are Toilet and Bath Plumbing
Accessories?
DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP CEBU
36
PLUMBING FIXTURES:
CLEARANCES,ROUGHING-IN
DIMENSIONS and FIXTURE UNIT
VALUES (dfu) (wsfu)
DANILO V. RAVINA
37
WATER CLOSET
762 mm
1524 mm
219.9
ROUGHING-IN - the
installation of all pipings
and fitting parts of the
plumbing system, which
can be completed prior to
the installation of fixtures
and accessories. These
include sanitary and storm
drainage, tap, hot and
chilled water supplies, gas
pipings, vent pipings and
the necessary fixture
supports.
750 mm
375 mm
457 mm
Clearances are
minimum distances
of fixtures for
human safety and
comfort.
600 mm
600 mm
300 mm
457 mm
381 mm
457 mm
CLEARANCE
DIMENSIONS
DANILO V. RAVINA
38
WATER CLOSET
750 mm
762 mm
1524 mm
375 mm
457 mm
Section 401
Water closet bowls for public use
shall be the elongated bowl types
equipped with open-front seats.
219.9
ROUGHING-IN - the installation of
all pipings and fitting parts of the
plumbing system, which can be
completed prior to the installation
of fixtures and accessories. These
include sanitary and storm
drainage, tap, hot and chilled
water supplies, gas pipings, vent
pipings and the necessary fixture
supports.
600 mm
600 mm
300 mm
457 mm
381 mm
457 mm
CLEARANCE
DIMENSIONS
DANILO V. RAVINA
39
300 mm
375 MM
750 MM
206 mm
457 MM
150 mm
300 mm
206 mm
ROUGHING-IN FOR WATER CLOSET
DANILO V. RAVINA
40
WATER CLOSET ROUGHING-IN
DANILO V. RAVINA
41
DANILO V. RAVINA
42
ANATOMY OF A WATERCLOSET
DANILO V. RAVINA
43
DANILO V. RAVINA
44
FLOOR DRAINS
SHOWER RECEPTORS
409.1
Floor drains shall be considered
plumbing fixtures.
409.2
Shower receptors are plumbing fixtures.
409.3
Each shower receptor shall be an approved type and be
constructed to have a finish dam, curb or threshold which is
at least 25.4 mm lower than the outside floor at the sides
and back of such receptor. In no case shall any dam or
threshold be less than 51 mm nor more than 228 mm in
depth when measured from the top of the dam or threshold
to the drain. The finished floor of the receptor shall slope
uniformly from the sides towards the drain not less than 2%
or 20mm/m or more than 4% or 40mm/m. Thresholds shall
be of sufficient width to accommodate a minimum 559mm
wide door.
DANILO V. RAVINA
45
SHOWER / BATH TUB
DANILO V. RAVINA
46
PLUMBING ACCESSORIES
DANILO V. RAVINA
47
TOILET FOR THE DISABLED
DANILO V. RAVINA
48
SHOWER FOR THE DISABLED
DANILO V. RAVINA
49
TOILET / POWDER ROOM PLAN
TWO FIXTURE PLAN: PARALLEL
TWO FIXTURE PLAN: ACROSS
DANILO V. RAVINA
50
TOILET AND BATH PLAN
THREE FIXTURE PLAN: OPEN TYPE
THREE FIXTURE PLAN:
COMPARTMENT TYPE
DANILO V. RAVINA
51
FIXTURE UNIT
207.8
FIXTURE UNIT is an arbitrary quantity in terms of
which the load-producing effects or water
requirements on the plumbing system of different
kinds of plumbing fixtures are expressed in some
arbitrarily chosen scale. One fixture unit is
equivalent to a rate of flow at 28.3 liters per
minute (1 cubic feet per minute) or (7.5 gpm).
DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNIT (DFU) is a numerical
weighing factor to account for the probable
discharge into the plumbing drainage system by
various types of plumbing fixtures, using the single
lavatory as equivalent to 1 DFU.
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNIT (WSFU) is a
numerical weighing factor to account for the water
demand of various plumbing fixtures, using the
lavatory for private use as equivalent to 1 WSFU.
DANILO V. RAVINA
52
DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNIT VALUES FOR VARIOUS TYPES
OF PLUMBING FIXTURES
(Single)
NOTE: For more details,
refer to Table 7-2 of the
NPC. Page 80
(Private installation )
DANILO V. RAVINA
53
*MAXIMUM FIXTURE UNIT LOADING AND MAXIMUM LENGTH OF
EXCRETA DRAINAGE AND VENT PIPING
*THESE
FIGURES ARE
FOUND IN
TABLE 7-5 OF
THE NPC ON
PAGE 88.
NOTES:
1. Excluding trap arm
2. Except sinks, urinals and dishwashers.
3. Except 6 fixture unit traps or water closets.
4. Only four (4) water closet or 6 fixture unit traps are allowed on any vertical pipe or stack, and not
to exceed three (3) water closets or six (6) fixture unit traps on any horizontal branch or drain.
5. Based on 2% or 20.9 mm/m slope. For one (1) percent or 10.4mm/m slope, multiply horizontal
fixture units by a factor of 0.80.
DANILO V. RAVINA
54
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS (WSFU)
EQUIVALENT *WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS (WSFU)
Number of Water Supply Fixture Units
(WSFU)
Type of Fixture
Private Use
Public Use
Bar Sink
1
2
Bathtub (with or without Shower over)
2
4
Bidet
2
4
Drinking Fountain (each faucet)
1
2
Hose Bibb
3
5
Laundry Tub or Clothes Washer
2
4
Lavatory
1
2
Shower (each head)
2
4
Sink (kitchen) or dishwasher
2
4
Urinal (wall or stall type)
-
5
Water Closet – Flush Tank
3
5
Water Closet – Flush Valve: 19mm
3
6
Water Closet – Flush Valve: 25mm
6
10
*Water Supply Fixture Unit (WSFU) – is a numerical weighing factor to account for the water demand of various
plumbing fixtures, using the lavatory (for private use) as 1 WSFU. It is just an index number meant to put all fixtures
on a common basis.
DANILO V. RAVINA
55
ESTIMATING WATER DEMAND
SUPPLY SYSTEMS PREDOMINANTLY FOR FLUSH TANKS
LOAD IN WATER
SUPPLY FIXTURE
UNITS (WSFU)
WATER DEMAND
Liter per second
LOAD IN WATER
SUPPLY FIXTURE
UNITS (WSFU)
Gallon per minute
1
WATER DEMAND
Gallon per minute
3.0
0.19
60
32.0
2.02
2
5.0
0.32
70
35.0
2.21
3
6.5
0.41
80
38.0
2.40
4
8.0
0.51
90
41.0
2.59
5
9.4
0.59
100
43.5
2.74
6
10.7
0.68
120
48.0
3.03
7
11.8
0.74
140
52.5
3.31
8
12.8
0.81
160
57.0
3.60
9
13.7
0.86
180
61.0
3.85
10
14.6
0.92
200
65.0
4.10
12
16.0
1.01
250
75.0
4.73
14
17.0
1.07
300
85.0
5.36
16
18.0
1.14
400
105.0
6.62
18
18.8
1.19
500
124.0
7.82
20
19.6
1.24
750
170.0
10.73
25
21.5
1.36
1000
208.0
13.12
30
23.3
1.47
1250
239.0
15.08
35
24.9
1.57
1500
269.0
16.97
40
26.3
1.66
2000
325.0
20.50
45
27.7
1.76
2500
380.0
23.97
50
29.1
1.84DANILO V. RAVINA3000
433.0
27.32
Liter per second
56
TABLE 2B. ESTIMATING WATER DEMAND
SUPPLY SYSTEMS PREDOMINANTLY FOR FLUSH VALVES
LOAD IN WATER
SUPPLY FIXTURE
UNITS (WSFU)
WATER DEMAND
Liter per second
LOAD IN WATER
SUPPLY FIXTURE
UNITS (WSFU)
Gallon per minute
1
WATER DEMAND
Gallon per minute
-
-
60
54.0
3.41
2
-
-
70
58.0
3.66
3
-
-
80
61.2
3.86
4
-
-
90
64.3
4.06
5
15.0
0.95
100
67.5
4.26
6
17.4
1.10
120
73.0
4.61
7
19.8
1.25
140
77.0
4.86
8
22.2
1.40
160
81.0
5.11
9
24.6
1.55
180
85.5
5.39
10
27.0
1.70
200
90.0
5.68
12
28.6
1.80
250
101.0
6.37
14
30.2
1.91
300
108.0
6.81
16
31.8
2.01
400
127.0
8.01
18
33.4
2.11
500
143.0
9.02
20
35.0
2.21
750
177.0
11.17
25
38.0
2.40
1000
208.0
13.12
30
42.0
2.65
1250
239.0
15.08
35
44.0
2.78
1500
269.0
16.97
40
46.0
2.90
2000
325.0
20.50
45
48.0
3.03
2500
380.0
23.97
50
50.0
3.15DANILO V. RAVINA3000
433.0
27.32
Liter per second
57
END OF PRESENTATION
DANILO V. RAVINA
58