Table of Contents
HƯỚNG DẪN SỬ DỤNG TÀI LIỆU .................................................................................... 1
TEST 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 3
SECTION 1 .......................................................................................................................... 3
SECTION 2 .......................................................................................................................... 7
SECTION 3 ........................................................................................................................ 11
SECTION 4 ........................................................................................................................ 14
TEST 2 .................................................................................................................................... 18
SECTION 1 ........................................................................................................................ 18
SECTION 2 ........................................................................................................................ 22
SECTION 3 ........................................................................................................................ 25
SECTION 4 ........................................................................................................................ 29
TEST 3 .................................................................................................................................... 34
SECTION 1 ........................................................................................................................ 34
SECTION 2 ........................................................................................................................ 37
SECTION 3 ........................................................................................................................ 41
SECTION 4 ........................................................................................................................ 45
TEST 4 .................................................................................................................................... 50
SECTION 1 ........................................................................................................................ 50
SECTION 2 ........................................................................................................................ 54
SECTION 3 ........................................................................................................................ 57
SECTION 4 ........................................................................................................................ 60
TEST 5 .................................................................................................................................... 66
SECTION 1 ........................................................................................................................ 66
SECTION 2 ........................................................................................................................ 70
SECTION 3 ........................................................................................................................ 73
SECTION 4 ........................................................................................................................ 77
TEST 6 .................................................................................................................................... 82
SECTION 1 ........................................................................................................................ 82
SECTION 2 ........................................................................................................................ 86
SECTION 3 ........................................................................................................................ 90
SECTION 4 ........................................................................................................................ 95
HƯỚNG DẪN SỬ DỤNG TÀI LIỆU
Tài liệu này bao gồm các bài luyện tập nghe điền vào chỗ trống kèm từ vựng của “Road to
IELTS” được đội ngũ học thuật IELTS Xuân Phi chọn lọc và thiết kế. Đây là tài liệu không thể
thiếu đối với các bạn muốn đạt band điểm IELTS cao (8.0+ Listening) nên đội ngũ học thuật
IELTS Xuân Phi đã đặt nhiều tâm huyết để hoàn thành cuốn sách này. Rất mong các bạn sẽ tận
dụng tốt cuốn sách và đạt điểm cao!
Trong mỗi Section của các bài luyện tập nghe sẽ có các mục sau:
•
Bảng 2 cột: 1 cột là bài luyện tập nghe điền vào chỗ trống, 1 cột là từ vựng hay trong
bài nghe có thể áp dụng cho cả 3 kỹ năng còn lại (Đọc, Viết, Nói)
•
Đáp án
Cách sử dụng tài liệu:
Bước 1: Chọn 1 Section và nghe điền vào chỗ trống
Bước 2: Kiểm tra và đối chiếu đáp án với sách “Road to IELTS Listening Dictation and
Vocabulary”.
Bước 3: Ghi chép các từ vựng mới, các từ được paraphrase trong bài nghe ở cột
VOCABULARY của bảng tại Section đó.
Bước 4: Xem lại và ghi chép vào “sổ thù vặt” các đáp án sai (lý do làm sai, ví dụ: thiếu từ vựng
hoặc phát âm chưa chính xác; các vị trí sai nhiều nhất) để khắc phục.
Bước 5: Làm lại đề đó sau một thời gian rồi đối chiếu đáp án.
1
TEST 1
2
TEST 1
SECTION 1
SCRIPT
VOCABULARY
WOMAN: Good morning, Travel Link. How can I help you?
MAN: Good morning. I live in Bayswater and I’d like to get
to Harbour City tomorrow before 11am.
Express train = railway
express: tàu cao tốc
Goes to the station = take
you to the station: đến ga
WOMAN: Well, to get to Bayswater ...
tàu
MAN: No, no. I live in Bayswater – (1) _______________ is
Harbour City.
Five-to-nine = 8:55: 9 giờ
kém 5 phút
WOMAN: Sorry. Right; so that’s Bayswater to Harbour
City. Are you planning to travel by bus or train?
Pay in fare: trả tiền vé
xe/tàu
MAN: I don’t mind really, whichever option is faster, I
Get a ticket on the bus:
suppose.
nhận vé xe buýt
WOMAN: Well, if you catch (2) _______________ , that’ll
get you there in under an hour ... Let’s see – yes, if you can
After = later than: sau (giờ)
make the 9.30am express, I’d recommend you do that.
p.m = in the evening
MAN: Great. Which station does that leave from?
Cost sb + số tiền + with
WOMAN: Helendale is the nearest train station to you.
MAN: Did you say Helensvale?
your card = mất chi phí bao
nhiêu khi trả tiền thẻ
Commuter ferry: phà đi lại
WOMAN: No, Helendale – that’s (3) _______________
Tourist ferry = tour boat
MAN: What’s the best way to get to the Helendale station
then?
WOMAN: Well, (4) _______________ a minute while I
look into that ... Now, it seems to me that you have two
options. Option one would be to take the 706 bus from the
Bayswater Shopping Centre to Central Street. When you get
3
there, you transfer to another bus which will take you to the
station. Or, the second option, if you don’t mind walking (5)
_______________ kilometres, is to go directly to Central
Street and get straight on the bus going to the train station.
MAN: Okay. Which bus is that?
WOMAN: The 792 will take you to the station.
MAN: I guess the walk will be good for me so that might be
the better option.
What time do I catch the 792?
WOMAN: There are two buses that should get you to the
station on time: one just before nine o’clock and one just
after. But look, at that time of the morning it might be better
to take the earlier one just in case there’s (6)
_______________ or something. The 8.55 is probably safer
than the 9.05.
MAN: Yeah, I don’t want to miss the train, so I’ll be sure to
(7) _______________ the five- to-nine bus.
MAN: By the way, how much will I have to pay in fares?
WOMAN: Well, you can get a ticket on the bus for $1.80
cash and you’ll need $10 each way for the train. Wait, do
you have a Travel Link Card?
MAN: No, but I can get one before tomorrow.
WOMAN: Okay, well that’ll make it (8) _______________
then. The bus will cost $1.50 each way, and the train will be
– the train to Harbour City will ... still cost $10.00 because
you’ll be travelling during peak hours in the morning, so no
savings there, I’m afraid.
However, if you could come back at an off-peak time ...
4
MAN: What does that mean?
WOMAN: Well, if you could start your return journey before
5pm or later than (9) _______________ in the evening ...
MAN: Actually, I wasn’t planning on coming back till at
least 8 o’clock anyway.
WOMAN: In that case, you can make quite a saving if you
use your Travel Link Card. You did say you were planning
to purchase one, didn’t you?
MAN: Yes, I’ll pick one up later today.
WOMAN: Good – that would mean that your return train
journey would only cost you $7.15 with your card.
MAN: Thank you.
WOMAN: Is there anything else I can help you with?
MAN: Actually, there is. Do you know if I can use the
Travel Link Card on ferries?
WOMAN: If you’re thinking of the Harbour City ferries that
go back and forth between the north and south bank, those
are (10) _______________ , then yes. A one-way trip costs
$4.50 but with your card you’d make a 20% saving and only
pay $3.55.
MAN: So, $3.55 for the commuter ferry ...What about the
tour boats?
WOMAN: You mean the tourist ferries that go upriver on
sightseeing tours? No – they only take cash or credit card.
They’re not part of the Travel Link Company.
MAN: Oh, I see. I don’t suppose you know the cost of a
tour?
WOMAN: In actual fact, I do, because I took a friend on the
5
trip upriver just last week. We decided on the afternoon tour
and that was $35 each but I understand that you can do the
whole day for $65.
MAN: Thank you. You’ve been a great help.
WOMAN: My pleasure. Enjoy your day out.
KEYS:
1. my destination
2. a railway express
3. H-E-L-E-N-D-A-L-E
4. hang on
5. a couple of
6. a traffic jam
7. get on
8. considerably cheaper
9. half past 7
10. the commuter ferries
6
SECTION 2
SCRIPT
VOCABULARY
Hello everyone. I’m the counselling administrator here at St.
Do not = never…before:
Ive’s College and I’ve been asked to come and talk to you
chưa từng có trước đó
about our counselling team and the services that we offer.
Have an appointment = use
We have three professional counsellors here at St. Ives:
a counselor: hẹn gặp
Louise Bagshaw, Tony Denby and Naomi Flynn. They each
chuyên gia
hold daily one-on-one sessions with students, but which
counsellor you see will depend on a number of factors.
First time seeing a
counselor = without a prior
If you’ve never (1) _______________ before, then you
appointment: lần đầu gặp 1
should make an appointment with Naomi Flynn. Naomi
chuyên gia nào đó
specialises in seeing new students and offers (2)
_______________ where she will talk to you about what
During normal office hours
>< outside office hours
you can expect from counselling, followed by some simple
questions about what you would like to discuss.
First-year students: sinh
viên năm nhất
This can be really helpful for students who are feeling a bit
worried about the counselling process. Naomi is also the best Find = discover: tìm thấy,
phát hiện
option for students who can only see a counsellor (3)
_______________ . She is not in on Mondays, but starts
Taking with staff = How to
early on Wednesday mornings and works late on Thursday
talk with teachers and other
evenings, so you can see her before your first class or after
staff: nói chuyện với viên
your last class on those days.
chức
Louise staffs our drop-in centre throughout the day. If you
Communicating across
need to see someone (4) _______________ then she is the
cultures = multicultural
one to visit. Please note that if you use this service then
communication: giao tiếp
Louise will either see you herself, or place you with the next
đa văn hóa
available counsellor. If you want to be sure to see the same
counsellor on each visit, then we strongly recommend you
(5) _______________ ahead of time. You can do this at
reception during office hours or by using our online booking
7
Abroad = foreign =
international: ngoại quốc,
quốc tế
form.
Especially = particularly:
Tony is our newest addition to the counselling team. He is
đặc biệt
our only male counsellor and he has (6) _______________
Stay on track = stay on
in stress management and relaxation techniques. We
target: tập trung vào mục
encourage anyone who is trying to deal with anxiety to see
tiêu
him. Tony will introduce you to a full range of techniques to
help you cope with this problem such as body awareness,
time management and positive reinforcement.
Each semester the counselling team runs a number of small
group workshops. These last for two hours and are free to all
enrolled students.
Our first workshop is called Adjusting. We’ve found that (7)
_______________ can come as a big shock for some
people. After the structured learning environment of school,
it is easy to feel lost. In this workshop, we will introduce you
to what is
necessary for academic success. As you might expect, we’re
targeting first-year students with this offering.
Getting organised follows on from the first workshop. Here,
we’re going to help you (8) _______________ of putting
things off, get the most out of your time and discover the
right balance between academic and recreational activities.
With Getting organised, we’re catering to a broader crowd,
which includes all undergraduates and postgraduates.
Next up is a workshop called Communicating. The way
people interact here may be quite different to what you’re
used to, especially if you’ve come from abroad.
We’ll cover an area that many foreign students struggle with
– how to talk with teachers and other staff. We’ll cover all
aspects of (9) _______________ .
8
Strictly for = only: dành
riêng cho
International students tend to get a lot out of this class, so we
particularly encourage you to come along, but I must say that
sometimes students from a local background
find it helpful too. So, everyone is welcome!
The Anxiety workshop is held later on in the year and deals
with something you will all be familiar with – the nerves and
anxiety that come when exams are approaching. Many
students go through their (10) _______________ suffering
like this, but you don’t have to. Come to this workshop and
we’ll teach you all about relaxation and how to breathe
properly, as well as meditation and other strategies to remain
calm. We’ve tailored this workshop to anyone who is going
to sit exams.
Finally, we have the Motivation workshop. The big topic
here is how to stay on target and motivated during long-term
research projects. This workshop is strictly for research
students, as less-advanced students already have several
workshops catering to their needs.
Well, that’s it, thanks for your time. If you have any
questions or want more information about our services, do
come and see us at the Counselling Service.
KEYS:
1. used a counsellor
2. a preliminary session
3. outside office hours
4. without a prior appointment
5. make an appointment
9
6. an extensive background
7. tertiary education
8. break the habit
9. multicultural communication
10. entire academic careers
10
SECTION 3
SCRIPT
VOCABULARY
TUTOR: Hello Lorna, Ian. Glad you could make it. You’re
Early = shortly after the turn:
the only two who put your names down for this literature
đầu (thế kỷ)
tutorial so let’s get started, shall we?
Never be able to = no hope
I want to run over some aspects of the novel, The Secret
of gaining the ability of:
Garden, with you before the test next week. Be sure to (1)
không bao giờ có thể
_______________ and ask questions if you need to.
characters’ feelings = how
IAN: Hey Lorna, have you got a spare pen?
all the characters feel about
things: cảm xúc nhân vật
LORNA: Sure, here you are.
TUTOR: Okay, so, the story follows two key characters –
you should refer to them as protagonists – who go by the
names of Mary Lennox and Colin Craven. The story is set
shortly after the turn of (2) _______________ , and the
narrative tracks the development of the protagonists as they
learn to overcome their own personal troubles together.
LORNA: That’s quite a common storyline, isn’t it?
perceptions = what they like
and don’t like: cảm nhận,
cảm quan
Motivation: động lực
Physical things = material
items: thứ vật chất
Represent = stand for: đại
TUTOR: Yes, you’re right, Lorna. So, what can you tell me
diện cho
about the character of Mary?
Determine: khẳng định
LORNA: Well, in the beginning she is an angry, rude child
Connection = link: sự liên
who is orphaned after (3) _______________ and forced to
kết
leave India and move to the United Kingdom to her uncle’s
Well-being = physical and
house in Yorkshire.
TUTOR: That’s right – and there she meets Colin who
spends his days in an isolated room, believing himself to be
permanently crippled with no hope of ever (4)
_______________ to walk. The two strike up a friendship
and gradually learn – by encouraging each other – that they
11
emotional prosperity
Need = necessity
can both become healthy, (5) _______________ in life.
IAN: Will we need to remember a lot of these details for the
exam?
TUTOR: Just the basic outline. Examiners don’t want to
read (6) _______________ – they know what the book is
about. Focus on narrative techniques instead, such as point
of view.
LORNA: Are there any in this novel?
TUTOR: Yes, two very important ones. The Garden of
Eden is a motif. It (7) _______________ a few times in
connection with the garden of the story. And then you’ve
got the role that secrets play in the story. In the beginning,
everything is steeped in secrecy, and slowly the characters
share their secrets and in the process move from darkness to
lightness, metaphorically, but also in the case of Colin, quite
literally. His room in the beginning has the curtains drawn,
and he appears at the end in the brightness of the garden.
IAN: Anything else we need to know about?
TUTOR: Yes. Nearly all novels explore universal concepts
that everyone has experienced – things like love, family,
loneliness, friendship. These are called themes. The Secret
Garden has a few themes that all centre on the idea of
connections. The novel explores, for example, the way that
health can determine and be determined by (8)
_______________ . As Colin’s health improves, so too do
his perceptions of his strength and possibility. The author
also examines the link between our environment and our (9)
_______________ prosperity. The dark, cramped rooms of
the manor house stifle the development of our protagonists;
the garden and natural environments allow them to blossom,
12
just as the flowers do. Finally, this book looks at
connections between individuals, namely Mary and Colin.
This necessity of (10) _______________ is the novel’s
most significant theme – because none of their development
as individuals would have occurred without their knowing
each other. Well, that about sums it up, I think.
LORNA: That’s a great help, thanks.
IAN: Yes, thanks very much.
KEYS:
1. take some notes
2. the twentieth century
3. a cholera outbreak
4. gaining the ability
5. happy and fulfilled
6. a plot summary
7. comes up
8. our outlook on life
9. physical and emotional
10. human companionship
13
SECTION 4
SCRIPT
VOCABULARY
Today, I’m going to be talking about time. Specifically I’ll
Regret = disappointment:
be looking at how people think about time, and how these
sự nuối tiếc, thất vọng
time perspectives (1) _______________ . According to
Bad decisions = poor
social psychologists, there are six ways of thinking about
decisions: những quyết định
time, which are called personal time zones.
tồi tệ
The first two are based in the past. Past positive thinkers
Live for = driven by: sống
spend most of their time in (2) _______________ , fondly
nhờ vào
remembering moments such as birthdays, marriages and
important achievements in their life. These are the kinds of
Pleasure: sự hài lòng
people who keep family records, books and photo albums.
Life motto: châm ngôn
People living in the past negative time zone are also
sống
absorbed by earlier times, but they focus on all the bad things
– regrets, failures, poor decisions. They spend a lot of time
thinking about how life could have been. Then, we have
Beyond their control: vượt
tầm kiểm soát
people who live in the present. Present hedonists are driven
Religious belief = religion:
by pleasure and (3) _______________ . Their life motto is
niềm tin tín ngưỡng
to have a good time and avoid pain. Present fatalists live in
the moment too, but they believe this moment is the product
Social conditions = society:
điều kiện xã hội
of circumstances entirely (4) _______________ ; it’s their
fate. Whether it’s poverty, religion or society itself,
something stops these people from believing they can play a
Prefer = rather than: thích
cái gì hơn
role in changing their outcomes in life. Life simply “is” and
Have a strong belief = the
that’s that.
certainty: có niềm tin chắc
Looking at the future time zone, we can see that people
classified as future active are the planners and (5)
_______________ . They work rather than play and resist
temptation.
Decisions are made based on potential consequences, not on
14
chắn
the experience itself. A (6) _______________ perspective,
future fatalistic, is driven by the certainty of life after death
and some kind of a judgement day when they will be
assessed on how virtuously they have lived and what success
they have had in their lives.
Okay, let’s move on. You might ask “how do these time
zones affect our lives?” Well, let’s start at the beginning.
Everyone is brought into this world as a present hedonist. No
exceptions. Our initial needs and demands – to be warm,
secure, fed and watered – all stem from the present moment.
But things change when we enter formal education – we’re
taught to stop existing in the moment and to begin thinking
about (7) _______________ .
But, did you know that every nine seconds a child in the
USA drops out of school?
For boys, the rate is much higher than for girls. We could
easily say “Ah, well, boys just aren’t as bright as girls” but
the evidence doesn’t support this. A recent study states that
boys in America, by the age of twenty one, have spent
10,000 hours playing video games. The research suggests
that they’ll never (8) _______________ the traditional
classroom because these boys require a situation where they
have the ability to manage their own learning environment.
Now, let’s look at the way we do prevention education. All
prevention education is aimed at a future time zone. We say
“don’t smoke or you’ll get cancer”, “get good grades or you
won’t get a good job”. But with present-orientated kids that
just doesn’t work. Although they understand the potentially
negative consequences of their actions, they (9)
_______________ the behaviour because they’re not living
for the future; they’re in the moment right now. We can’t use
15
logic and it’s no use reminding them of potential fall-out
from their decisions or previous errors of judgment – we’ve
got to get in their minds just as they’re about to make a
choice.
Time perspectives make a big difference in how we value
and use our time. When Americans are asked how busy they
are, the vast majority report being busier than ever before.
They admit to sacrificing their relationships, personal time
and a good night’s sleep for their success. Twenty years ago,
60% of Americans had sit-down dinners with their families,
and now only 20% do. But when they’re asked what they
would do with an eight-day week, they say “Oh that’d be
great”. They would spend that time labouring away to
achieve more. They’re constantly trying to get ahead, to (10)
_______________ a future point of happiness.
So, it’s really important to be aware of how other people
think about time. We tend to think: “Oh, that person’s really
irresponsible” or “That guy’s power hungry” but often what
we’re looking at is not fundamental differences of
personality, but really just different ways of thinking about
time. Seeing these conflicts as differences in time
perspective, rather than distinctions of character, can
facilitate more effective cooperation between people and get
the most out of each person’s individual strengths.
KEYS:
1. structure our lives
2. a state of nostalgia
3. immediate sensation
4. beyond their control
16
5. go-getters
6. second future-oriented
7. future outcomes
8. fit in
9. persist with
10. get toward
TEST 2
17
TEST 2
SECTION 1
SCRIPT
VOCABULARY
WOMAN: Good morning, I’d like to register to use the
Family name = surname: tên
internet in the library.
họ
MAN: Do you have a library card?
Access the internet: kết nối
WOMAN: Yes, I’ve been a member for 6 months but I’ve
internet
never used (1) _______________ before.
Social networking: mạng xã
MAN: No problem. Can I have your full name please?
hội
Make use of: tận dụng
WOMAN: Lynda Jayne Milton.
Keep in touch: giữ liên lạc
MAN: So, Milton is your surname?
Do research: nghiên cứu
WOMAN: Yes.
Job hunting = job vacancies:
MAN: And Linda, L-i-n-d-a?
kiếm việc làm
WOMAN: Well, no, actually it’s (2) _______________ .
Look for: tìm kiếm
MAN: Lynda ... Jane.
One-off payment: thanh toán
WOMAN: And, erm, Jane isn’t spelt J-a-n-e either. It’s J-A- một lần
Y-N-E.
Time limit: giới hạn thời
MAN: Okay, got that ...thank you. Now, where do you live, gian
Lynda?
WOMAN: Unit 15, 35 Maximilian Way.
MAN: That’s in Whitfield, right? I have a cousin who lives
in that area.
WOMAN: Yes, Whitfield.
MAN: And the postcode is double seven double five?
WOMAN: Not quite – you’ve got it round the wrong way.
18
It’s (3) _______________ .
MAN: Whoops, okay, moving on now ... Do you work or
are you at home during the day?
WOMAN: Well, both, actually. I work as a nurse but I’m on
permanent (4) _______________ .
MAN: Oh, I see. In that case, we won’t put down your
home phone number because I’m sure you don’t want to be
disturbed when you’re trying to sleep.
WOMAN: Thanks, I appreciate that – you can always leave
a message on my mobile if you have to contact me. I have it
turned off when I’m sleeping, but I regularly check my
voicemail for messages.
MAN: And that number is?
WOMAN: 0412 214 418
MAN: Good. Now I’ll need to see some form of photo ID –
have you got something with you?
WOMAN: Yes, just a minute, here’s my (5)
_______________ for the hospital.
MAN: Thank you. I just need to make a note of the number
... AZ 1985331
WOMAN: Is that all you need?
MAN: Just one more thing – your date of birth – but I can
get that from the card. One moment ...
WOMAN: Look – I’m afraid you haven’t copied it down
correctly. I was born on the 25th (6) _______________ .
MAN: What have I written? Oh yes, I see it now, I’ve got
the 25th of the eighth month, but that would make it August
19
... Thanks for spotting the mistake.
MAN: Well, that’s the application form done – now, I
wonder if you’d mind taking part in a survey we’re doing?
WOMAN: That’s fine. What do you want to know?
MAN: Basically, we’re trying to find out why people access
the internet. I mean, what would you be using it for? Social
networking, I suppose.
WOMAN: I don’t really think so – I haven’t got the time for
something like that. But I do want to (7) _______________
with friends and family both here and abroad, so I’d mostly
be making use of my email account.
MAN: I see. A lot of students come in here to do research –
is that something that you might be doing?
WOMAN: I think the internet is a great tool for research but
it’s not something that interests me at the moment.
MAN: What about checking out a new job?
WOMAN: A lot of my friends use the internet for job
hunting and they say it’s the best way to look for a new
position – I’m quite settled where I am, though. You can get
access to the other classifieds, can’t you? (8)
_______________ , that kind of thing ...
MAN: Yes, and I’m told it’s a very popular way of buying
and selling these days.
WOMAN: Well, I’ll definitely be using it for that.
MAN: Thanks a lot. Now, do you have any questions?
WOMAN: Is there a charge for the service?
MAN: It used to be free but we’ve decided to set a one-off
payment of (9) _______________ for the initial
20
registration.
WOMAN: Oh, that’s not bad at all. One more thing ... is
there a time limit for each session, like half an hour or
something?
MAN: Oh, it’s better than that – one (10) _______________
session per day – quite generous really. But we’re very strict
about it.
WOMAN: I’d rarely spend more than 45 minutes on the
internet at any one time so that’ll be more than enough.
Thank you.
KEYS:
1. the internet services
2. L-Y-N-D-A
3. double five double seven
4. night shift
5. swipe card
6. September, 1975
7. keep in touch
8. Trade and exchange
9. fifteen dollars
10. 60-minute
21
SECTION 2
SCRIPT
VOCABULARY
SPEAKER:
suitable for = recommend:
Hi everyone. It’s good to see such a big turnout at our
phù hợp
Nature Club session for June. Just before we start this
accompanied by = with:
evening’s workshop, I’d like to (1) _______________ to
được theo cùng với
what we have in store for you in the second half of the year.
reconsideration: sự cân nhắc
First of all, the guided bushwalk – this is always a favourite
lại
– starting out on the Springvale plateau and continuing
waterproof footwear =
down into a section of the state conservation area.
rubber boots: giày chống
Last year, we invited children aged 8 and over if they came
nước
with a parent, but the track has been washed out in a few
invasive: xâm lấn
places since then and it can be quite rough, so this year we
considered restricting it to adults only ... however, on
sturdy: chắc chắn
reconsideration, the committee has now decided to
indigenous inhabitants: dân
recommend it for all bushwalkers who are over (2)
bản địa
_______________ .
forfeit: tước quyền
Another very popular option is the bird observation walk.
We’ll be searching for both migratory and native birds as
we walk through tidal marshlands and mangroves and you
can expect to get your feet uncomfortably wet and muddy if
you don’t wear (3) _______________ – these are a must.
The leader will have a strong pair of binoculars, so we’ll
rely on her to name the species for us ... and we’ve ordered
some bird (4) _______________ that you may wish to
purchase at a later date.
From the bush to the swamp, and now to the sand dunes ...
Our leader will help us identify plants (5)
_______________ the local area as well as some invasive
22
organize the catering: tổ
chức phục vụ
get a refund: nhận hoàn tiền
weed species. We’ll be asking for volunteers to help pull out
the weeds where possible, so a pair of sturdy gardening
gloves is essential. Spades and other tools will be provided.
It could get very hot and you’ll need water – plenty of it –
but a local business owner is willing to provide bottled
water (6) _______________ .The next outing, bush tucker,
is a new one – have you ever wondered what life in this
country would have been like two hundred to two thousand
years ago? Well, come on this trip and you’ll find out how
the indigenous inhabitants used local plants as food and
medicine.
Because lunch is included in this trip, there will be a small
charge per person. We had originally thought 7 dollars
would cover the basics – sausages and bread
followed by tea and coffee, but then we thought a few
different cuts of meat and salad would be nice and that
brought the price up to (7) _______________ a head. At
one stage we even contemplated including seafood, but that
would have been a bit too expensive – around 15 dollars –
so meat and salad it is. We expect this to be a popular event,
so we’ll need advance bookings to organise the catering.
Please let us know your intentions by the 10th of November,
and be aware that we’ll require pre-payment by the (8)
_______________ . You can still change your mind and get
a refund up to the 25th of November but after that date, if
you pull out, you’ll forfeit the money paid.
Well, now ... if you can give me a few more minutes of your
time, I’ll fill in a few details for you. The bush walk, led by
Glenn Ford, is first up in July – on the second of the month.
It’ll start from Springvale as usual but this year we’ll be
setting off in the morning, at nine fifteen, and we’ll get back
23
at one in the afternoon.
The bird watching expedition is on the tenth of September
at Camford and the leader is the president of the Nature
Club, our very own Joy Black. If you have any questions at
all about bird life, Joy is the person to ask. This is a twilight
outing from 4.30 to 6.30.
Next up is the trip to the sand dunes on 26 November with
Rex Rose. A bit of an early start – especially for those of
you with a fair way to travel – but we’ll meet at the
(9) _______________ at half past eight. That’s the
observation hut, 8.30 till 10.30, and even at that time of the
morning it’ll be very hot, so come prepared!
The last trip on the programme is the bush tucker excursion
on the third of December with ranger Jim Kerr. This will be
at Carson Hills and the presentation and demonstration will
take place from 10 am till 11.30 but be prepared to stay on
for the barbecue and bush tucker lunch at 12 o’clock. I
expect we’ll wind up at two and you can (10)
_______________ home at that time.
Well, that’s all I have to tell you. A booklet will be mailed
out to you later with those events, dates and times – but
don’t wait, put them on your calendar now.
KEYS:
1. draw your attention
2. the age of 12
3. rubber boots
4. identification books
24
5. native to
6. free of charge
7. 12 dollars
8. 15th of November
9. observation hut
10. head for
SECTION 3
SCRIPT
VOCABULARY
TUTOR: Now Vincent and Tessa, I’ve asked the two of you Carry out: thực hiện, tiến
to come and see me
hành
because I’m a bit concerned after that incident in the science Follow = abide by: tuân thủ
lab last week. I realise that neither of you have had much
experience in a laboratory before ...
Made of: làm từ (chất liệu
gì)
VINCENT: Well, we mostly just studied theory at high
school ...
Safety procedure: quy trình
an toàn
TESSA: and we rarely got the opportunity to carry out any
experiments.
Prescription glasses: kính
theo toa
TUTOR: Fair enough. But we must all abide by certain (1)
_______________ – the last thing we want is for one of
Goggles: kính bảo hộ
our students to get hurt.
Keep track of: theo dõi
TESSA: We understand that.
Bound notebook: sổ tay ràng
buộc
TUTOR: Our priority is to make sure that the (2)
_______________ is a safe place and, actually, accidents
Spiral notebook: sổ tay xoắn
can easily be prevented if you just think about what you’re
ốc
doing at all times.
Decipher: giải mã
TESSA: It sounds simple enough.
Misinterpret: giải thích sai
25
TUTOR: It is if you always use good judgement, observe
safety rules and follow directions.
VINCENT: We’ve read the rules on the poster inside the
lab.
TUTOR: And yet last week you were seen working in the
lab without (3) _______________ .
TESSA: What do you mean? I was wearing my glasses.
TUTOR: Prescription glasses are not safety glasses – you
must always wear the goggles provided – you’ll find they fit
quite comfortably over your ordinary glasses.
VINCENT: Oh, I see.
TUTOR: Just (4) _______________ of putting them on
before you start and keep them on until you are finished.
And another thing, never eat or drink while in the
laboratory.
TESSA: What – not even water?
TUTOR: Not even water – at least not until after (5)
_______________ . Then, be sure to wash your hands
thoroughly with soap and hot water and dry them on a clean
towel first. And Tessa, your hair should be tied back when
you’re in the lab.
TESSA: It’s not that long.
TUTOR: Still, it (6) _______________ when you’re
working with chemicals or a naked flame. If you can’t tie it
back or pin it up, see if you can tuck it into a cap or
something.
TESSA: Yes, I can do that.
TUTOR: Thank you. Now, Vincent, last week you wore a
26
tee-shirt and trainers in the lab. The rules clearly state that
long-sleeved shirts and (7) _______________ must be
worn.
VINCENT Oh, yes, I remember – I was late getting back
from sports practice and I didn’t have time to change.
TUTOR: Well, it mustn’t happen again.
VINCENT: Okay, I’ll see that it doesn’t.
TUTOR: Good. As for the rest of the safety precautions,
refer to the safety poster inside the lab and you shouldn’t
have any problems.
TUTOR: Now, before you go, a word about record-keeping.
VINCENT: Oh, good – I was going to ask you about that.
TESSA: What’s the best way to keep track of what we’re
doing in the lab?
TUTOR: Well, obviously, all your observations should be
written down – I know you think you won’t forget stuff and
you’ll be able to recall it later but generally this turns out
not to be the case. Written data, however, are a (8)
_______________ . And you must be thorough. Organise
and record everything in a bound notebook.
TESSA: I use a spiral notebook.
VINCENT: And I use a large notepad.
TUTOR: That won’t do. A book with binding ensures the
pages are not easily
removed or lost. Oh, and be sure to write your entries in
complete sentences.
TESSA: Isn’t that a waste of time?
27
VINCENT: Surely notes are good enough.
TUTOR: You might think so but brief notes can be (9)
_______________ at a later date, whereas with full
sentences you are less likely to misinterpret data.
VINCENT: I make sketches, you know, simple drawings.
TUTOR: That’s a good idea, Vincent, but be sure to date
them.
TESSA: You want us to write the date next to each
drawing?
TUTOR: Yes, every sketch and every entry must be dated.
TESSA: What about headings?
TUTOR: Use the title of the experiment as your first entry.
When you have completed your observation entries, answer
any questions that have been posed and then, finally, write
your conclusion.
VINCENT: How do we write a conclusion? Do we need to
repeat things like the questions and our findings, or the time
it all took?
TUTOR: Just write your own (10) _______________
about the experiment as the conclusion. Oh ... and
remember to sign it! Well, that’s all I have time for today. If
you have any questions, ask the lab assistant or come back
to me.
KEYS:
1. safety procedures
2. chemistry laboratory
3. eye protection
28
4. make a habit
5. clean-up
6. poses a hazard
7. leather shoes
8. permanent record
9. hard to decipher
10. ideas or feelings
SECTION 4
SCRIPT
VOCABULARY
This lecture in Environmental Studies is on the topic of
Ocean currents: dòng chảy
human influence on climate change. First, I’ll outline some
đại dương
of the factors affecting climate, then go on to discuss what
has already occurred, and finish up by speculating on the
Major contributor: nguyên
nhân chính đóng góp
effects.
Previously, we’ve covered how factors such as ocean
The advent: sự xuất hiện
currents and prevailing winds affect (1) _______________
Combustion engine: động
naturally. However, the influence of human activity on
cơ đốt trong
climate is what I’ll talk about today. At first, the effect on the Have a marked effect: có
climate was relatively small; trees were (2)
tác động đáng chú ý
_______________ to provide fuel for fires, and, as we
know, trees absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen so
the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would have
Increase in population =
human expansion
increased – but not noticeably.
Soak up: hấp thụ
So, in what ways has human activity really impacted on the
Convert into: chuyển hóa
climate? A major contributor was (3) _______________ the
thành
Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century,
Escalate: leo thang, gia tăng
combined with the invention of the combustion engine. In
addition, Earth’s burgeoning population has had a marked
29
Human-related activities:
effect on climate. The first two factors saw increased
hoạt động có sự tham gia
amounts of carbon dioxide being (4) _______________ the
của con người
atmosphere from the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and
oil. The final one, human expansion, has resulted in
deforestation on such a scale that the extra carbon dioxide in
the air cannot be soaked up and converted into oxygen by the
remaining trees.
Okay – so what has already happened? Well, global
temperatures have risen by
0.6 degrees Celsius in the last 130 years. Levels of carbon
dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide gases have escalated.
Carbon dioxide concentrations have climbed by 30% and
methane levels have increased by 145% since the beginning
of the Industrial
Revolution. Gas produced by fossil fuel extraction, livestock
and paddy fields is
primarily (5) _______________ the growth of methane
levels. Nitrous oxide, or N2O, comes from natural sources –
wet tropical forests, for instance – but it is also produced by
human-related activities such as agriculture, which uses
synthetic nitrogen fertilisers, rubbish disposal systems and
vehicle emissions.
How do gases like carbon dioxide and methane affect the
climate? Well, this is
what we call the Greenhouse Effect. Under normal
conditions, the sun’s rays hit the
earth and some are reflected back into space. However, these
gases (CO2 and methane) create a barrier in the atmosphere
which prevents a proportion of the sun’s rays from being
reflected back into space – and, instead, the gases become
30
trapped in the atmosphere. It’s simple really – because the
sun’s rays can’t escape, the Earth (6) _______________ .
What are the possible effects? Firstly, a rise in sea levels: we
already know that the Arctic ice cap has melted and shrunk
considerably and great chunks of ice have been lost from
Antarctica. In 1998, it was reported that (7)
_______________ people lived in areas at risk of flooding
... and the number of people at risk will increase significantly
if sea levels rise. It is estimated that a rise of only 50
centimetres would put that number at 92 million. Further
projections would see a rise of one metre put 118 million
people in danger of losing their homes and livelihoods – not
to mention the loss of prime, fertile
farmland. Experts predict a rise of at least 50 centimetres
over the next 50 years or so.
Secondly, there would be a modification of vegetation zones
with changes in the boundaries between grassland, shrub
land, forest and desert. This is already causing famine in arid
areas of north-eastern Africa, and has instigated – and will
continue to instigate – (8) _______________ of people
away from dry regions. What we are seeing now is only the
first stage, with temporary camps for climate refugees
already at overcapacity; in the future, there will be
significant migration resulting in extreme overcrowding of
towns and cities.
Another (9) _______________ of climate change is an
increase in the range and distribution of pests which could
bring about an increase in the prevalence of certain diseases.
If we think of the malaria-carrying mosquito, for example,
which thrives in warmer regions – at the moment, about 45%
of the world’s population is exposed to malaria – but with an
31
increase in temperature, there will be many millions more
cases of malaria a year.
The last effect I’m going to mention today is the change in
ecosystems. Global warming will influence species
composition – for both (10) _______________ – such that
some animal species will disappear and others will multiply;
and it’ll be the same for plants and trees. It is predicted that
around two-thirds of the world’s forests will undergo major
changes of some kind. Scientists also expect deserts will
become hotter and, of course, desertification will continue at
an increasingly worrying rate and will become harder, if not
impossible, to reverse.
What can we do to stop the process? Well, that’s the subject
of next week’s lecture – so I hope to see you all there.
KEYS:
1. climate change
2. cut down
3. the advent of
4. released into
5. responsible for
6. heats up
7. 46 million
8. mass movements
9. potentially disastrous effect
10. fauna and flora
32
TEST 3
33
TEST 3
SECTION 1
SCRIPT
VOCABULARY
WOMAN: Hello, Carolyn speaking.
Colour = paint: được tô
MAN: Hello. My name is Lincoln Farraday and I’m ringing
màu gì
to see if you still
Brass handles: tay cầm
have the (1)_______ that you advertised for sale?
WOMAN: Yes, there are three items left – two bedside
tables and a dressing table.
bằng đồng
Height: chiều dài
Be in perfect condition:
MAN: Oh, good. They’re just the items I’m after. Tell me,
điều kiện tuyệt vời
what’s the construction of the bedside tables – I mean, what
cho cái gì đó
are they made of?
Construction: Xây dựng
WOMAN: Well, they’re (2)_______ and they’re made of
Dimension = Width: chiều
wood – but the wood has been painted, it’s not brown
rộng
anymore, it’s been painted cream.
Adjustable: có thể điều
MAN: I see.
chỉnh được
WOMAN: Each table has a shelf and 2 drawers. Oh, and the
Ask + giá tiền: nói về giá
drawers have square (3)_______ – quite modern and quite
nice really.
MAN: And what about the (4)_______ ?
WOMAN: Well, each table is 50 centimetres wide …
MAN: That’s good, much bigger than that and they wouldn’t
fit beside my bed. I live in an apartment where the bedrooms
are quite small. What I really need to know is how tall they
are – you see my bed’s quite high.
WOMAN: 65 centimetres high and 45 centimetres deep.
34
Have a look: nhìn qua
MAN: Thanks. Just a couple more questions about the
bedside tables, what condition are they in and how much are
they?
WOMAN: They’re (5)_______ – there isn’t a mark on them,
you know. I had them painted professionally, you see, so the
finish is much better than you’d normally expect. As for how
much … well, I guess … I think fifteen pounds each would
be a fair price, but I’ve decided that I’ll only sell them
together, as a pair, so that means the price is thirty pounds all
up.
MAN: Now, can you tell me about the dressing table?
WOMAN: Yes, it matches the other tables in colour and
style.
MAN: Good – how many drawers does it have?
WOMAN: Five altogether. Um … the bottom two drawers
hold more as they’re deep.
MAN: Mmm … and the dimensions – how wide is it? That’s
all I need to know – it wouldn’t be more than a metre and a
half, would it?
WOMAN: Well, just under actually … it’s … ah, 1.25
metres across.
MAN: Does it have a mirror?
WOMAN: Three.
MAN: Sorry?
WOMAN: It has three mirrors – you know… a central one
and a narrower one on each side. And they’re all (6)_______
.
MAN: I see – and the overall condition of the dressing table?
35
WOMAN: Well, it has a couple of (7) _______ on the
surface but it’s still in good condition so I’m asking fifty
pounds.
MAN: Could I (8)_______ and have a look later today?
WOMAN: What time were you thinking of?
MAN: In about half an hour …
WOMAN: Oh, yes, that’s fine. By the way, my name is
Carolyn Kline – it’s (9)_______ at the front of the house.
MAN: Kline – is that K-L-I-N-E?
WOMAN: That’s right. And I live at 19 (10)_______ .
MAN: Did you say the main road?
WOMAN: No, Domain – D-O-M-A-I-N Road.
MAN: That’s just off Ash Grove, isn’t it?
WOMAN: Yes. See you soon then …
MAN: Yes, in about 30 minutes.
KEYS:
1. bedroom furniture
2. a matching pair
3. brass handles
4. dimension
5. in perfect condition
6. adjustable
7. scratches
8. call round
36
9. on the gate
10. Domain Road
SECTION 2
SCRIPT
VOCABULARY
SPEAKER:
Corridor: hành lang
It’s so nice to see so many people here on our Open Day – I
Reverse into: Quay lại
hope you’ll be (1)_______ by what you see and that you’ll
all decide to join up. We have tried to cover all aspects of
sport and fitness here at the Centre. Well, let’s start, shall
Expertly supervised: Trông
coi cẩn thận
On the same side of: cùng
we?
As we’re standing here at reception looking down the long
phía với cái gì
(2)_______ , you’ll notice the car park on your left (where
Get a great view: có tầm
most of you have parked) asks you to reverse into the
nhìn đẹp nhất
parking spaces (for (3)_______ ). Also, this morning, a
Administrative purpose:
couple of keen potential members rode their bikes right in
Mục đích quản lý
through the door instead of leaving their bikes outside there,
on your right, where the secure bike stands are. Um … you
Opposite: đối diện
may be wondering why there are so many mothers arriving
Track on your way in: ở lối
with little children – as we proceed, you’ll see that this first
bạn đi vào
room on your right is a crèche, where you can leave your
Strenuous: vất vả, gian khổ
little ones for up to two hours and they’ll be (4)_______
while you work out. After the crèche, on the same side of
Pop in: ghé qua
the corridor, is the male locker room with showers, spa and
Go through: đi qua
sauna. Opposite that, on your left, there’s a staircase leading
to the mezzanine floor. You’ll not only get a great view out
over the playing field, but you’ll also find a coffee shop and
Make an appointment: đặt
lịch hẹn
snack bar selling a range of wholesome food and drinks –
Get a sleep-in: có chỗ ngủ
protein shakes, fruit smoothies … that kind of thing. We
Timetable: lịch (mở cửa
won’t go up the stairs at this point – I’ll give you some time
hàng)
later when you can explore at your leisure. Most of you in
37
the group are women … so next, let me point out the
Be entitled to: được quyền
women’s locker room (which has the same facilities as the
làm gì
men’s – you know, things like showers, spa and sauna). It’s
separated from the men’s locker room by an office which
the staff mainly use for
(5)_______ purposes.
As we move on, on the same side of the corridor as the
stairs, you’ll see the entrance to the main hall, where they
hold yoga classes, aerobics, and so on. On the wall here
there is a timetable of all group classes and it is updated
regularly. Now, opposite the hall is the gymnasium itself.
Go ahead – have a look. Impressive isn’t it? Very spacious,
light and airy with all the most modern equipment.
As we continue down the corridor past the main hall, on the
same side, there is a (6)_______ . This is mainly used when
the centre is hosting a big sports event of some kind – it
gives the officials a quiet place to gather and have meetings
and so on.
You’ll have seen the 400 metre athletics track on your way
in, beside the car park … we have some pretty big
(7)_______ here.
Well, after a strenuous workout, I bet there’s nothing you’d
like more than a swim … in the (8)_______ . But first, these
rooms on our right are all part of the sports medicine clinic
where you have access to a doctor, physiotherapist, massage
therapist, podiatrist and even a sports psychologist if you
need one. Of course you’ll need to make appointments, but
if you have any questions, just pop in and see the clinic
receptionist and she’ll help you out.
Okay. Let’s go through the (9)_______ ahead of us … and
38
here we are … in the aquatic centre … turn left, past the
pool shop where you can buy or hire goggles, swim caps
and such like … and we’re outside … poolside. Beautiful,
isn’t it? Especially on a day like today … go on, dip your
toes in the water – and if that’s not warm enough for you,
then I’ll take you to the indoor pool which is less than half
the size but heated to 32 degrees. Let’s go back past the
pool shop and through the double doors to the indoor pool.
Well, that’s all I have time to show you. Let’s go back to the
reception area and, if you like, we can run through some
details about opening hours, membership and so on.
Now, in this brochure, you’ll see the opening hours: the
centre is open 7 days, from 5 a.m. to 9 p.m. Monday to
Friday except for Public Holidays which follow
Sunday’s timetable. On Saturdays we open at the same time
as weekdays and close a little earlier: so that’s 5 a.m. to 7
p.m. on Saturdays; and on Sundays everyone gets a sleep-in
– you can come in between 7 a.m. and 5 p.m.
Membership fees cover access to the gym, group classes
and the pool but if you want to join a swim squad to train
with a coach, you should enquire at reception for prices and
timetables. In the gym, personal training is available from
one of our dedicated team of trainers and reception will
have more information on who is free when, and what
hourly rates apply. However, there is always a certificated
instructor on hand in the gym at all times for advice and
help and once your membership is paid you are entitled to a
free health assessment and you’ll get a programme designed
to meet your own particular needs. You’ll need to book a
time for this with the gym instructor. Now, if you’re a mum
or dad, remember you can leave your children in the crèche
39
– they take babies from six weeks old – bookings are
essential though and you’ll have to check the website for
times and pricing. Members are also entitled to tennis
lessons on a Tuesday or Thursday from 9 till 10.30, but
bookings are essential so ring Natalie (her number is here in
the brochure) to (10)_______ .
Well, I think that’s it. Any questions?
KEYS:
1. impressed
2. corridor
3. safety reasons
4. expertly supervised
5. administrative
6. conference room
7. athletics conventions
8. aquatic complex
9. turnstile
10. reserve a place
40
SECTION 3
SCRIPT
VOCABULARY
SUPERVISOR: So, you’re nearly ready to submit your
Short = brief: ngắn gọn
article to an (1)_______, are you?
List (v) = make a list: liệt
JEREMY: Yes, I think so. I just wanted to go over all the
kê
things I need to do before I
Read over = read through:
submit it. And then I wanted to go over the submission
đọc kĩ
process with you.
Apply A to B: áp dụng A
SUPERVISOR: Great. So, firstly, you need to (2)_______.
vào B = Adjust A to match
Make sure it’s short and concise.
B: Điều chỉnh A để hợp với
JEREMY: Of course, I forgot all about that. And what about
B
VOCABULARY?
Sign: kí
SUPERVISOR: Yes, a lot of students overlook this part and
Submit = send: gửi, nộp
just (3)_______ whatever comes to mind. But take some
Get a submission
time to make a list of VOCABULARY that are accurate and
confirmation: xác nhận đã
relevant.
nộp
JEREMY: Okay. Another thing, could you have a look at my
A first-off acceptance: được
article before I submit it?
chấp nhận ngay từ lần đầu
SUPERVISOR: Absolutely. Actually, at least two senior
Get a rejection: bị từ chối
staff members should always read through (4)_______,
before submission. Do you mind if I give it to Professor
Johnson to have a look at, as well?
JEREMY: Not at all. I’d be glad to have the feedback.
SUPERVISOR: Do you know which journal you want to
submit to yet?
JEREMY: Not yet. I have a shortlist of about three that I’m
interested in.
41
SUPERVISOR: Make that decision soon. Because you’ll
need to adjust your article so that it matches the style guide
of the journal you are submitting to.
JEREMY: I bet that can take a while.
SUPERVISOR: Yes, but after that you are just about ready
to submit. One more thing,
you’ll have to sign (5)_______ – just confirming that it’s
your own work – and then you’re good to go.
JEREMY: Now, the submission process. How does it work
exactly?
SUPERVISOR: Well, the first thing is to just send it off.
You’ve got to send in the (6)_______ before anything else
can happen.
JEREMY: Sure. And then should I call to check if they have
received it?
SUPERVISOR: No need for that, no, all you have to do is
just log onto your e-mail regularly because you will
(7)________ once they have processed the manuscript.
JEREMY: And that will have comments on what they
thought of it?
SUPERVISOR: No, no comments yet – that e-mail is just to
let you know they have received it. The next stage is what is
known as (8)_______. This is when experts in the field
review your manuscript and decide whether to accept it.
JEREMY: Aagh, they’ll never accept me. I’m only a
Master’s student!
SUPERVISOR: Don’t worry about that, Jeremy. It’s all done
through (9)_______. That means that whoever reads your
42
manuscript has no idea whether you are a grad student or a
Nobel Prize laureate. They’ll only be judging your work, not
you.
JEREMY: Well that’s good to hear. And then what, once
they’ve made their decision?
SUPERVISOR: Well, there are four possible outcomes. You
might get an acceptance. But a (10)________ is very, very
rare. Don’t pin your hopes on it. You could also get a
rejection, but these don’t happen very often either. I don’t
think this will be a problem.
JEREMY: What do you think I’ll get?
SUPERVISOR: If you’re very lucky, you’ll get a conditional
acceptance. This means that they’ve accepted the article and
it will be published, but you need to tweak a few things first:
a sentence here, a heading there, nothing major.
JEREMY: That sounds good.
SUPERVISOR: But, to be honest, you will probably end up
with a revise & resubmit. This means they are definitely
interested, but you will need to rework the paper before it’s
accepted. The necessary changes will be outlined by the
reviewers.
JEREMY: Okay, so I just fix the things that need changing
and present it again?
SUPERVISOR: Yes, but include a cover letter that discusses
the changes you have made. The same goes for a conditional
acceptance, actually. It helps the reviewers see that you’ve
taken their criticism seriously.
43
KEYS:
1. academic journal
2. write an abstract
3. jot down
4. a final draft
5. the copyright form
6. manuscript
7. get a submission confirmation
8. peer review
9. a double-blind method
10. first-off acceptance
44
SECTION 4
SCRIPT
VOCABULARY
Welcome to this talk on soil science and organic farming.
Dirt, soil, earth, loam, mud or dust – it doesn’t matter what
you call it – is of primary importance in the production of
Living entity: vật thể sống
Teem with: nhiều gì đó
food and other crops. Most people think of it just as a
Lack: thiếu
substrate (or medium) in which plants grow, but it’s more
Pass on: vượt qua, sống sót
than that, it’s actually a (1)_______ – or it should be if it’s
qua
healthy – and human health is affected by the health of the
soil.
Make up of: được cấu tạo
nên từ
Healthy, living soil is literally (2)_______ life – there are the
obvious earthworms, which burrow in the soil and help to
Bedrock: Lớp đất đá nền
aerate and improve it, beetles and other (3)_______ insects,
Penetrate: xâm nhập, xuyên
and various invertebrates like centipedes. Then there are
qua
fungi and bacteria – also living forms. Healthy soil needs
Topsoil: lớp đất mặt
food, air and water to help plants grow … and the more
nutrients in plants, the more available for humans and
Germinate: nảy mầm
livestock. It stands to reason, therefore, that plants grown in
Comparatively = fair: khá
poor soil will have few nutrients to pass on to the consumer,
là
whose well-being will be worse-off over the long term.
So, where do plants get their nourishment? Most of it comes
Conventional farmers:
Rely on: dựa vào
from the soil. Some nutrients are made up of minerals from
the earth, while others come from dead plant and animal
Maintain records of: giữ
matter which is broken down over time by the living insects
nguyên
and other organisms in the soil. Plants depend on these little
Release: thả, giải thoát
living creatures to convert minerals and other vital elements
into a (4)_______ that can be taken up by the plants. And it’s
a synergistic relationship – in turn, the plants assist those
helpful organisms by releasing sugars and enzymes back into
the soil.
45
Before I go any further, let’s take a look at the structure of
soil. Now … if you look at the diagram, you’ll see that soil is
made up of many different layers. Let’s start at the bottom –
this is the bedrock under all the other layers. The layer above
that is called regolith – here the bedrock is slightly broken up
but plant roots don’t penetrate this layer.
Moving up the chart, to the next layer, we come to the
(5)_______ which contains clay and mineral deposits. On
top of that, is the eluviation (or leaching) layer … this is
quite light in colour and is mostly just sand and silt. As we
get near the surface, we find the topsoil.
You will hear a lot of talk about topsoil amongst farmers and
other agriculturalists. It’s the most important layer of all
because it’s where seeds germinate and roots grow. Now, at
the top of the chart, you will see a comparatively thin layer –
this is organic matter that is still in the process of
(6)_______. It mostly consists of leaf litter and humus – just
think of the surface of the forest floor – partly-decayed
leaves and twigs – that sort of thing.
As you can imagine, good soil forms very slowly over time
but it can be lost very rapidly through erosion. And, in
addition, soil quality can be affected by pollution due to
anything from industrial waste to the (7)_______ used by
conventional farmers which have been shown to suppress the
diverse life forms in the soil. This is why organic agriculture
is the way of the future.
Let’s take a quick look at the conventional system, which is
often based on (8)_______ – the production of a single large
crop. It relies on chemicals for fertiliser and pest control. It is
also becoming an increasingly common practice to use
genetically engineered seeds. And more chemicals are used
46
to control insects and fungi which attack crops in storage and
during transportation. Also, did you know that there is no
requirement for conventional growers to maintain records of
their production practices?
Organic growers, on the other hand, choose the most
(9)_______ options for dealing with pests and disease
problems, working towards prevention in the first place.
Some of the strategies they employ include alternating the
crops grown in each field (as opposed to mono-cropping).
Because different plants add different nutrients to the soil, by
rotating crops, the soil is naturally replenished. This can do
away with the need for pesticides, because the problem
insects’ life cycles are naturally interrupted.
Surrounding crops with green waste can not only conserve
moisture in the soil, but it can prevent weeds from
(10)_______ and it also feeds the beneficial microorganisms.
When it’s ploughed under, it feeds the soil by building more
organic matter.
Organic farmers often release beneficial insects as predators
which precludes the need for artificial pesticides. Animal
manure combined with green waste materials, correctly
composted (to kill pathogens and weed seeds), fertilises the
soil in a way that encourages life rather than suppressing it.
And, by the way, use of manure in organic farming is highly
regulated – in fact, all agricultural inputs are evaluated for
their long term effects on the environment, regardless of
whether they are synthetic or natural.
To sum up, organic farming is the only sustainable way of
feeding the people on this planet and keeping both the planet
and the people in good health.
47
KEYS:
1. living entity
2. crawling with
3. hard-backed
4. utilizable form
5. subsoil
6. decomposition
7. artificial fertilizers
8. monoculture
9. environmentally-friendly
10. springing up
48
TEST 4
49
TEST 4
SECTION 1
SCRIPT
VOCABULARY
Peter: Hi, It’s Peter speaking. I’m calling about the ad you
Paint: màu sơn
put online for a used car.
Original: nguyên bản,
Tina: Sorry, what was your name again?
nguyên gốc
Peter: Oh, sorry, it’s Peter Smith.
Dent: vết lồi lõm
Tina: Ah, hi, I’m Tina. Good to hear from you. So tell me,
Ownership: quyền sở hữu
which car are you after?
Replace: thay mới (new)
Peter: I’m interested in the sedan, the 2012 Toyota sedan.
Car safety test: kiểm tra lái
Tina: We have a few of those available right now. Let’s see,
xe an toàn
was it the (1)_______ one? Or maybe the Barcelona red one?
Extras: Các đồ phụ tùng
Peter: Oh yes, I saw the red one, but I don’t really like red
khác
cars. The one I’m after is silver.
Automatic: tự động
Tina: Right, I see … OK, well, what would you like to
know?
Time of appointment: Thời
gian đặt lịch hẹn
Peter: Well, it says in the ad that it’s in good condition. What
does that mean, exactly?
Tina: Well, the paint is original, there are almost no scratches
or (2)_______. It looks like a new car, in fact. There was a
tiny scratch on the door, but we polished that right out for
you.
Peter: Oh, that’s good. How’s the engine?
Tina: The engine? Oh, yes, well, there haven’t been any
problems, and it’s been
serviced regularly, you know, oil changes, lubes and so on.
50
In daylight: ban ngày
The previous owner was a very careful old lady, and she
looked after it. It’s only had the one driver; oh, except that on
the papers it says two owners, because her son took over the
(3)_______ when the old lady stopped driving.
Peter: How about the tyres? Are they in good condition? I do
a lot of driving on the open road.
Tina: Well, they all passed the car safety test. You might
need to replace the back ones in the next 6 months or so,
because they’re a bit worn, but the owner had the front two
replaced only a couple of months ago, so those ones are new.
You won’t need to replace them for ages. Oh … and it had
new (4)________ recently, too. I have the garage receipts for
all those things.
Peter: OK … that’s good … and what extras does it have?
Tina: Well, air conditioning of course, and there’s a nice
stereo which plays CDs or you can use it with an mp3 player.
Umm, what else? All the usuals, power steering, central
locking, ABS brakes, oh, and it also has a tow bar. You can
remove that and store it inside the car when you’re not using
it. Um, what else? You know it’s (5)_______, right?
Peter: Yes, I don’t want an automatic, and the tow bar
sounds great, I need that for carrying my bike. Ok, well, that
all sounds very cool. And you’re asking 25,000 dollars, is
that right?
Tina: No, no way! I think you must have the wrong ad. This
one is 30,000, and we won’t go lower than that.
Peter: Hmm, I see … What’s the (6)_______ again?
Tina: Most cars of that age would be around 80,000 km or
even up to 120,000 but as I said the old lady didn’t drive
51
much so it’s very low, only 50,000. You won’t get a
better low-mileage car than this one.
Peter: OK … well, I’d like to come and see it if that’s all
right. Where do you live?
Tina: I’m (7)_______ Pembrose. Do you know where that
is?
Peter: Sorry, can you say that again? I’ll just check on my
GPS.
Tina: Yes, I’m in Pembrose, at 352 Hunter Place.
H...U...N...T...E…R
Peter: Oh yes, I see, yes that’s OK, it’s about 30 minutes’
drive from here. No, that’s no problem.
Tina: So, when would you like to come?
Peter: How about this evening? I could come at 5 pm … oh,
no … sorry I forgot my gym class, how about 6.30? Does
that suit you?
Tina: Look, sorry, I have someone else coming then. Can
you make it a bit later? Say, 7.30?
Peter: Well, OK then, but that’s getting a bit late really and
it’ll be dark by then, won’t it?
I’d really like to see the car (8)_______, if that’s OK.
Tina: Well then, how about 4-ish?
Peter: Yes that’s good. OK, let’s say 4.30 pm, and I guess I’ll
just have to be late for the gym. I’m usually very
(9)_______, so being late just once won’t matter too much.
Tina: Yes, fine, see you then. Oh, just in case there’s a
problem, what’s your mobile number?
52
Peter: Oh, of course. It’s 09-367-8192. Um, ignore that …
it’s my (10)_______. Of course it makes more sense to give
you my mobile. That’s 045 – 3-5-2-7-6-5-2
Tina: Got that! Excellent. See you later, Peter.
Peter: Yes, sure. Bye, Tina.
KEYS:
1. black pearl
2. dents
3. ownership
4. brake linings
5. manual transmission
6. mileage
7. in the suburb of
8. in daylight
9. punctual
10. landline
53
SECTION 2
SCRIPT
VOCABULARY
Hello everyone. I'm Doreen, the receptionist at the Daisy
Shoe rack: kệ giày, dép
Childcare Centre. Thank you all for coming to our open
Open-plan: không gian mở
evening. I’ll just show you round, and tell you a bit about
the
trong nhà và không có tường
trong nhà
place. First of all, I will have to ask you to leave your
sneakers and sandals etc. here on the (1)_______ just inside
Have pretty good visibility:
Có tầm nhìn tốt
the main door. You know how the young ones love crawling
around the floor, so our policy is — no street footwear
Carpet: Tấm thảm
inside.
Dress-up cupboard: Tủ trang
As you can see, our facility is very open-plan. There are lots điểm
of different activity areas, and we like to have pretty good
(2)_______ throughout the centre. This central area to the
left is where we all gather for stories, songs and some
games. That's why the big circular carpet is there —
Pop out: ra ngoài
At the far left of: Ở phía xa
bên trái
everyone comes to sit there two or three times a day.
Adventurous: mạo hiểm
I can see some of you looking at our TV. Some parents
Keep an eyes on: để mắt đến
worry that we might just dump the kids there to watch
One to 8 ratio: Một đến 8
rubbish all day, but of course that’s not the case! In fact, we
tuổi
only use it occasionally … for example, we use it if we have
a story on a DVD, and then we get the kids to (3)_______
based on that. That bookcase there beside the TV gets a lot
On site: có mặt ở đó
A last resort: Trường hợp bất
of use, though. Some of the older kids choose to sit and read đắc dĩ
or look at picture books in their free time, but we never
allow them (4)_______ TV.
If you look along the wall on the far side of the little gate
leading into the main room, you can see our kitchen play
area. It has lots of utensils, pots and pans and that cupboard
54
closer to the corner is the dress-up cupboard. That’s a very
popular area, with the boys as well as the girls. You’d be
surprised how much the boys get into acting and make
believe.
Now, over here opposite the gate and behind the big lunch
table are the sinks and the painting area, and then the doors
to the outside. To the right of those outside doors you can
see hooks and little cubby holes on the wall for coats, bags
and outdoor shoes. The children can keep (5)_______ in
there, but most of them run around indoors in their socks or
bare feet.
If you can bear it, I think we should pop out into the cold for
a moment to have a look round outdoors. We’ll just stay
under the verandah. The sandpit is over there at the far left
of the outside area, and that box next to it is (6)_______ for
buckets and spades, and lots of trucks and diggers to push
round or even ride on. The slide beside that is popular, and
so are the three climbing walls over by the fence. Some
parents think that’s a bit (7)_______ for pre-schoolers, but
the older ones love them. The ground is covered with bark
so it's not a harsh surface when they do fall. The ordinary
swings and a tyre swing are here in front where we can
(8)_______ everyone, and then the chickens are way over
on the far right, so they can have a bit of peace and quiet
occasionally!
Ok, so let’s go back inside and I can talk about our rules and
policies. As you probably already know, the government
(9)_______ adult/child ratios, but we try to improve on
those wherever we can. There are different ratios for under
and over 2
year olds. For the under twos, the rules are one adult to four
55
children, and we basically stick to that except that we have
an extra, roving staff member with no allocated children
who helps out wherever there’s a need. The older kids have
a one to 8 ratio, and again, we try to have an extra staff
member on site. All of our staff are fully qualified, but we
do have trainees from the local polytech at certain times of
the year.
We do have pretty strict rules about pickup times here. It’s a
real problem if parents are late and we end up with far too
many kids for the number of staff, so we ask you to be very
punctual about collecting your children. We have had to ask
a couple of consistently late parents to leave, but of course
this is only (10)_______.
We have quite a long waiting list here, especially for the
over twos, but you’re welcome to put your name down. The
average lead time is usually about 9 months, but sometimes
we get unexpected vacancies, for example, maybe a family
has to move to another city for work or something so their
child is withdrawn. This means, if you’re lucky, your child
could be admitted in three months or so.
Now, are there any questions …
KEYS:
1. shoe rack
2. visibility
3. do a bit of acting
4. unsupervised
5. slippers
6. storage space
56
7. adventurous
8. keep an eye on
9. sets limits on
10. a last resort
SECTION 3
SCRIPT
VOCABULARY
Beat somebody: làm ai đó
Jones: Hello Mark. What can I do for you?
Mark: Oh, hi Professor Jones. I’ve come to ask you a big
tức giận
At a day’s notice: để ý đến
favour.
Jones: Let me guess, Mark, you want more time for your
ngày tháng
essay assignment. You’re the third student I’ve seen today,
Leave their planning to the
all with the same request! It beats me why a few people
last minute: lên kế hoạch vào
leave their planning (1)_______ and then think they can
phút cuối
come at a day’s notice and (2)_______. It’s really not fair to
all the students who are well planned and organised is it?
Mark: Yes, you’re right, and I’m really sorry I need to ask.
I’ve never asked for an extension before.
Have cold = sick: bị ốm, bị
cảm
Old excuse: các lý do cũ
Go out the window: bị huỷ
Jones: So, Mark, why should I (3)_______ when I said no to
bỏ (bị ném ra ngoài cửa sổ)
everyone else today?
Manage to do something: Cố
Mark: Well, Professor Jones, I really do have a valid reason.
It‘s not just the usual, like I have a cold, and I have a
gắng làm gì
certificate from my doctor, or my computer crashed and I
Hand in: nộp
lost all my data. I wouldn’t bother you (4)_______. You
Talk in person = Discuss in
see, my twin brother was planning to get married next
person: nói chuyện trực tiếp
weekend, but last week his girlfriend told him the wedding
was off and he landed on my doorstep. He was really upset.
I couldn’t just tell him to go away because I was busy. And
Need for something: cần gì
đó
of course I would have had three assignments due this week, Jump straight into: đi thẳng
57
and all my study plans just went out the window.
Jones: I see. So, why didn’t you come to see me a week ago
when your brother first turned up?
Mark: Because I was hoping I would still be able to get it
done, but I just can’t manage it. Well, actually I have
written the required number of words, more or less, but
frankly, I feel it’s terrible. I don’t want to (5)_______ by
handing it in as it is at the moment, and I really don’t want
to drop my grade point average by getting a low mark on
this assignment.
Jones: Well, the course handbook states very clearly that at
least 5 days’ notice is required for any extension, except
(6)_______. Those rules were designed to make it fair for
everyone you see. You’re supposed to submit a request on
the proper form…. and you can send it by email. And you
also need to make an appointment and discuss your request
in person, as you have done now. Your problem does come
very (7)_______ under the ‘family issues’ category, so you
probably would have got some extra time if you’d done that.
I’m not really inclined to grant this request now, you know.
Mark: Yes, I know I’ve really messed up. I suppose I’ll just
have to hand it in as it is, and take a lower grade.
Jones: Well, at least you’ve (8)_______, which is more than
can be said for your other colleagues today. Have you got
what you’ve done so far? Come on, we’ll look through it
together and I’ll see if I can make a few suggestions for a
quick fix, how about that?
Mark: Oh, thank you, yes here it is on my laptop.
Jones: Well, let’s see. Let’s start with the bibliography …
Yes, you’ve consulted most of the sources I suggested, but
58
vào
you don’t have any references of your own, and that
was part of the task, wasn’t it? You need at least three
references of your own, see? Mark: Yes, I know. I did find
one more, McDonald and Ferris 2014.
Jones: OK, that’s a good one, I suggest you look at their
(9)_______, too, and chase up a couple more from there.
You should be able to find everything you need in the
online library databases, especially Languageline.
Mark: Yes, OK. So, what about the essay structure, and the
argument? Are they OK, or am I (10)_______?
Jones: Well, you just seem to jump straight into your first
point here. I’m not sure where your essay is going. Where’s
the introduction?
Mark: Oh right … I always leave the introduction till the
end and write it after I’ve finished the rest of the essay. That
way, it ties in to what I’ve already written …
Well, that’s what we were taught in the study skills course,
anyway.
Jones: Yes, and you’re quite right. So, tell me about your
ideas. What’s your main argument?
Mark: Well, I’m not really sure. I think I understand the 3
opposing theories OK, but I don’t really have a strong
opinion about which one is correct. I was more thinking of
explaining them all as clearly as I can, and then giving the
evidence for each one. I don’t think there is a clear-cut right
or wrong, well, that’s my opinion anyway. Do we need to
say that one is better than the other two?
Jones: No, you don’t, and what you are planning to do is
often the best way to go about it. Well, I’ve been skimming
59
through what you’ve written while we’ve been talking, and
one thing you definitely must do before you submit this
assignment is to edit it for grammar and spelling mistakes.
There are a lot of errors here, just simple things that are easy
to fix. But still, I can see you’ve done the basic work, and I
do sympathise with your brother, it must be very difficult
for him. So, I’ll give you one extra day on this essay.
Mark: Oh, thank you Professor Jones, thank you! I’ll hand it
in before 5pm on Wednesday, then.
Jones: Yes, that’s the final deadline. Goodbye now!
KEYS:
1. to the last minute
2. get a reprieve
3. grant you an extension
4. with those old excuses
5. let myself down
6. in emergencies
7. squarely
8. made a start
9. reference list
10. barking up the wrong tree
SECTION 4
SCRIPT
VOCABULARY
Hello everyone. The topic of today’s management lecture is
60
Someone be full of =
“Managing Creativity in Your Business”, and believe me,
this is one of the toughest tasks that any manager has to face.
How do you lead and control the staff whose job it is to
Someone has .. (tính cách)
Vital = important: quan
trọng
create new business and product ideas for you? They are the
ones full of creativity and imagination, so they need to have
Standardisation: tiêu chuẩn
a lot of freedom – after all they are the people who are paid
hoá
to come up with new ideas! Controlling staff who are
Implement: thực hiện
(1)_______ innovation will be one of your most challenging
tasks. After all, creativity implies freedom of thought and
action.
Management styles used to be different, especially in
manufacturing. In the factory, staff would be told what to do
and how to do it – (2)_______ kept on them. In that setting,
standardization was important for efficiency and product
Make a change: tạo ra sự
thay đổi
Establish = set: đặt ra,
thành lập ra cái gì đó
Link = tie into: gắn liền với
Make a bad situation.
quality. Work could be exceptionally boring and there was
problem worse: Làm vấn đề
no place for individuality. Now, of course, robots have taken
càng tồi tệ
over many of the exacting, repetitive tasks. Nowadays, we
employ far more people to generate business than to
Control lever: đòn bẩy điều
manufacture products. It’s very (3)_______ out there.
khiển
Innovation – that’s what our modern consumer craves.
Motto: Khẩu hiệu
Successful companies have got the message – we need lots
Durable: bền bỉ
of new ideas, and now we employ bright young minds to
come up with them. However, these ideas have to be
implemented to (4)_______ to our profits! So we have to
find staff with (5)_______, and be ready to listen to them and
support them to follow through on their ideas. We need to
supervise without stemming the flow of ideas, or sending the
brightest minds to work for the opposition. Creative people
won’t welcome us always looking over their shoulder and
checking up on what they’re doing.
One of the most common ways that management handles this
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Consumer craves: sự thèm
muốn của khách hàng
problem of keeping people working along company lines, is
by establishing achievement targets, like money earned,
products developed, or clients gained. These targets are a
useful guideline, but they have a (6)_______. Young
enthusiastic staff will be very keen to meet these targets, and
some of them might potentially use illegal means or behave
unethically in order to meet requirements — for example, by
offering bribes to gain sales, or making their sales numbers
or earnings look higher than they are, or even threatening or
criticising other staff to get a job completed. Achievement
targets are often linked directly to (7)_______, and this can
make a bad situation worse.
So, as you can see, the standard management techniques can
create inherent problems both for the individual and for the
company.
More recent theorists suggest new tactics for managers.
Robert Simons, writing in the Harvard Business Review, has
added some new concepts to the thorny problem of
encouraging creativity while maintaining a (8)_______
business. He suggests three other control levers to assist in
getting positive creative contributions from the workforce.
Remember – this is the point – we want creativity, wild,
vibrant creativity to compete in the marketplace – yet we
must be careful to keep people on track, sticking to our core
business and maintaining the company’s reputation.
The first of his levers is getting the workers actively involved
in the central ethos of the business. One of the most common
ways to do this is to create a mission statement, but along
with that, many businesses have some kind of motto, which
summarises their key idea; for example, ‘the most durable
tools in the world’ or perhaps ‘the customer comes first’.
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Whatever it is, you’ll want your bright minds to believe it
and act on it, so Robert Simons suggests that it should be
developed with staff input – letting them feel like part of the
operation. After all, their jobs depend on it!
A second lever was once described by Charles Christenson,
Professor at Harvard Business School, as “the power of
negative thinking”. You can’t continually instruct your
creative minds in what they should do. They are meant to be
inventing, leading, not following, and telling them what to do
is counter-productive. But you can tell them what not to do;
which potential products are not related to the company’s
objectives, or which strategies or behaviours are
unacceptable. This is a tactical ploy to maintain the
company’s integrity. It’s absolutely vital to establish
boundaries to assist in controlling innovation without
suppressing it.
The third lever is basically sitting down with your crew to
share ideas about the business. As manager, your duty is to
(9)_______ the external factors such as: Who’s competing in
your market? How well is the company doing this month,
and are you losing or gaining money? Is there some new
product seducing your customers?
This lever is called ‘(10)_______’. This means you talk to
your innovators, and communicate honestly and clearly
about your perceptions of what’s happening in the market.
You encourage them to share their ideas, and make plans
together for the future.
KEYS:
1. at the forefront of
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2. with a watchful eye
3. competitive
4. make a change
5. entrepreneurial flair
6. downside
7. performance bonuses
8. viable
9. stay abreast of
10. interactive control
64
TEST 5
65
TEST 5
SECTION 1
SCRIPT
VOCABULARY
MAN: Hello, welcome to Harry’s Hire Company. How can
I help you?
Rent: thuê
Cater = Provide = Supply:
WOMAN: Oh, hi, yes, I’ve come in to find out about
renting stuff for a 21st birthday party.
cung cấp
Replacement cost: phí thay
MAN: Yes, of course ... First of all, what date is the party?
thế
WOMAN: It’s next Saturday. That was the closest we could Equipment = Appliance:
get to the actual birthday, which is the 22nd of November.
Gosh, it’s hard to believe it was 21 years ago, seems like
thiết bị, đồ dùng
Pick up: đón đi, chở đi
yesterday ...
Drop off: chở về
MAN: So, the 18th of November?
Come in handy = useful =
WOMAN: No, sorry, I meant (1) _______________ , the
beneficial: có hữu ích
25th.
Entertainment = Recreation
MAN: OK, we have just about everything here; tableware,
= Amusement: sự giải trí
marquees ... you name it, we rent it! What size of event are
Expensive = Cost an arm
we talking about here?
WOMAN: Yes, that’s a good question. We were planning to
have about 40 people, but you know how these things grow
and it went up to 60 at one stage ... umm ... I think it’s back
and leg = Dear =
Extortionate = Exorbitant:
đắt đỏ
to 55 now. Yes, that’s right. It was all getting a bit out of
Pay extra charges: trả thêm
hand.
tiền
MAN: Ok, and what kind of catering and entertainment are
you having? We can help with entertainment hire, too, you
know, if you need microphones or a sound system.
WOMAN: Oh, that’s good! We’ve booked a catering
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company, and they’re providing a meal. It’s nothing (2)
_______________ , just finger food snacks and then a
simple buffet meal, so we’ll need all the usual dinner plates
and bowls ... I suppose 5 dozen of everything, oh and knives
and forks too, 5 dozen sets. We won’t need any cooking
equipment, because the caterers will do that, and they’re
providing tea and coffee as well.
MAN: I see, and do you need any tables or chairs.
WOMAN: Well, not tables, because we wouldn’t have
room for them, but I suppose some extra chairs might come
(3) _______________ . What type do you have?
MAN: Come over here and I’ll show you. We have a couple
of different kinds. We do have folding wooden ones, like
these, but the most popular ones are just those (4)
_______________ chairs, we rent a lot of those...
WOMAN: Yes, the plastic ones look great. Maybe 40 of
those.
MAN: Ok ... I’m making a list here as we speak. Was there
anything else? Oh, do you want small or medium glasses?
People generally want both sizes.
WOMAN: Yep, better get both kinds. (5)
_______________ .Umm ... and what else? The caterers
are supplying a punch bowl, so that’s OK. Oh, I know, what
about six ice buckets, for keeping the drinks cold? We’re
providing all the drinks, because I have a friend who is
helping us with that. Umm ... I suppose this is going to get
very expensive.
MAN: Well, let’s talk about our packages and rental deals.
Firstly... what day do you want to collect the equipment?
WOMAN: Oh, I’m not sure. Does that make a difference to
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the price?
MAN: Well ... the weekend package deal is to pick up after
5 p.m. on Friday, and drop off before 10 a.m. on Monday.
That will be sixteen hundred dollars plus tax. If you want to
save a bit of money, you can collect the equipment on the
day of the party before 5 p.m., and (6) _______________
on the Monday before 10 a.m., and that will be thirteen
hundred and fifty dollars plus tax. That’s called the sameday package. Your party numbers come between our small
and medium price packages, I’m afraid, so in fact you could
rent a few extra of everything for the same price.
WOMAN: I see. Well, we’re not inviting more guests! I
think we have quite enough already ... umm ... are there any
other hidden charges with those packages?
MAN: No, not really. But if you want us to drop off and
pick up at your house, there is an extra home (7)
_______________ of $50, provided you live within 10 km
of
here. Oh, and if you want to take out (8) _______________
, that’s a $60 flat fee.
Otherwise, you pay for every item you break, at the
replacement cost.
WOMAN: Wow, so how much is that then? I bet that soon
adds up.
MAN: Well, yes, it does a bit. Let’s see ... tableware is
$3.55 a piece, small glasses are $3.50 and medium glasses
are (9) _______________ . Oh, and if you break a chair,
they’re expensive: $15 each, and you’d be surprised what
happens when the party gets going!
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WOMAN: Yes, insurance sounds like a good idea, and I
think I’ll take the weekend package deal, thanks, it’s much
more convenient, isn’t it? And not much more expensive.
MAN: OK, so let’s take a few details then. Your name?
WOMAN: Oh, it’s Susan Millins.
MAN: Um ... Is that Miller?
WOMAN: No, it’s M-I-L-L-I-N-S
MAN: Right. And your address please?
WOMAN: 28B Sandstone Close, Martinsborough
MAN: And just to (10) _______________ ; the mediumsize party weekend package with breakage insurance, and
did you want to collect this yourself?
WOMAN: Yes, thank you. I do live within 10 km, but I
don’t want to pay any extra charges. I’ll get my son to help
me.
MAN: OK, we’ll need an emergency contact number, just in
case anything goes wrong. Oh, and credit card details, of
course.
WOMAN: Oh, yes, of course, the phone number is 084 –
398 – 7695
MAN: OK, thank you, and now the credit card.....
KEYS:
1. the following Saturday
2. elaborate
3. in handy
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4. stackable plastic garden
5. Four dozen of each.
6. drop off
7. delivery charge
8. breakage insurance
9. $4.40.
10. confirm the order
SECTION 2
SCRIPT
VOCABULARY
Good morning, everyone. Welcome to our visit to one of the Famous for = Noted for: nổi
most famous caves in Vietnam. As you know, this cave is
tiếng về cái gì
famous for its wildlife, and one of the creatures you will
Flock: đàn
observe in here is the small cave cockroach. They live
mostly on the bird and bat droppings that are so (1)
Valuable = Valued =
_______________ . The guardrails along the trails are
Worthwhile: có giá trị
covered with these droppings, and this makes a feast for the
Plentiful = Bountiful =
cockroaches, so be careful where you put your hands. They
Ample = Diverse: rất nhiều,
will not harm you, but it can be a shock if you touch them!
rất đa dạng
Once you are in one of the main caves, look out for the
green centipedes. They will not be on the trail but can often
Mistake: nhầm lẫn
be seen on the wall close by. They feed on other insects and
Harvest = Collect: thu hoạch
are fascinating to look at because of their colour, and, of
Abandon: bỏ hoang, bỏ đi
course, their many legs. Please, please do not try to pick one
Safety instructions = Safety
up though; these centipedes have a very (2)
_______________ . There are also deep red millipedes.
These have a fully rounded shape, and they look like a (3)
_______________ with a hundred or so closely packed legs
extending right and left. When you get to the large high
70
measures: hướng dẫn an toàn
Cluster: nhóm lại, tụ tập lại
Poisonous = Harmful =
Noxious: có độc, độc hại
caves, you should look right up above you for the swifts and
bats. The bats in this cave are mostly a type of dwarf bat,
which are common in this part of the world. They will be
(4) _______________ high up against the walls – maybe a
hundred or two hundred together. They look like shadows
high on the walls of the cave. They are likely to be very
quiet right now, but because there are so many of them
together you will have no difficulty identifying them. They
sleep all day until they all leave the cave in a massive flock
on their nightly hunt for flying insects. The swifts are the
creatures you can see flying around during the day,
especially if they have young ones to feed. They can
(5) _______________ here, and will fly outside in ones
and twos at dusk to catch small winged insects like
mosquitoes. However, they tend to return before it is pitch
black outside, and they do not hunt at night. The swifts
make nests, usually higher up on the ceiling of the cave.
The paths tend to run around the edges of the large caves.
Mostly this is because the centre is a mound of guano – the
bird and bat droppings. This is also the source of the strong
smell inside the caves. You may not like this smell, but the
locals know its (6) _______________ They have
harvested the products of these caves for centuries. The
guano is very valuable as fertiliser, and so it’s collected
each year, once the young birds have grown and the swifts
have abandoned their nests. The guano is not the only
valuable by-product of the wildlife here. As you travel
through the caves, you will notice some bamboo structures.
These very (7) _______________ looking sets of poles
that go a full hundred metres, right up to the roof, are what
the locals climb up to gather the swift’s nests. These are
even more valuable than the guano, as they are the main
71
ingredient in bird’s nest soup.
Before you begin, it’s time for some safety instructions. As
you probably know, this is a huge (8) _______________
that goes about one kilometre back into the hills and in
places it’s a hundred metres in height and three hundred
metres wide. There is no need to crawl around in here as
you do in other caves, but it is dark inside, of course ...
that’s why I insisted that you bring a working light – please
check that it shines brightly, and ensure that you stay
together with others who have a good torch. In one of the
larger areas of the cave, the roof is pierced so some sunlight
will get through. It is best to turn your torches off if you can
see well, and save your batteries. It is a good idea to put
your (9) _______________ on now. The walls may be wet
but that is not the main reason for the jacket. The bats and
birds do excrete, and they are above you, so just in case ...
and of course, your hat or hood also keeps you safe from
animal droppings. It’s not advisable to use the guardrails as
handholds. There are lots of droppings on those rails, and
don’t forget the cockroaches! You absolutely must follow
the marked trails. The guardrails on either side are put there
so that you cannot mistake them. We (10)
_______________ your safety if you go over or under the
rails into other cave areas. Keep your torches shining on the
path whenever you are moving, just to be sure of your
footing, and don’t try to go too fast. You might trip, and you
will certainly miss some of the fascinating wildlife in the
cave.
Now it’s time to begin the tour ...
KEYS:
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1. plentiful in the caves
2. nasty poisonous bite
3. streamlined elongated train
4. clustered
5. navigate in the darkness
6. economic value
7. flimsy
8. limestone cave
9. waterproof jacket
10. take no responsibility for
SECTION 3
SCRIPT
VOCABULARY
STUDENT: Hello, Mr Hadstone. Is this the right time for
Consider = Evaluate = Take
our meeting?
sth into consideration: Cân
TUTOR: Yes, it is. Thanks for coming in at such a late
nhắc, đánh giá cái gì
hour, Mary. I know you’ve had a busy day studying and will Carry responsibility = Take
be keen to get home ... and thanks for volunteering to
on responsibility = Assume
(1) _______________ . It’s going to help you develop and
responsibility = Shoulder
practise skills needed by teachers today. Field trips are
responsibility: gánh vác
getting more and more a part of school life, so as a student
trách nhiệm
of education it’ll be wonderful training for you. It’s really a
great opportunity.
Come up with = Put forward
= Devise: nảy ra, nghĩ ra
STUDENT: We did loads of field trips at school, so I’ve got
a good idea of what sort of things we could do.
TUTOR: Hmm, I expect so, but we’re here to go through
the basics of planning one, and the trip leader carries a load
73
Tailored = Customized: Phù
hợp, được làm riêng
Inexperienced = Unskilled =
Inexpert = Amateur: nghiệp
of responsibility. Right now, you’re focusing on activities,
but your main job is to consider the dangers, and come up
with ways of countering or avoiding them. There are lots of
(2) _______________ you won’t have been aware of on
dư
Adventurous = bold = daring
= brave: đầy tính phiêu lưu,
gan dạ
your school trips, but they are just a guideline for your own
planning....some of those school trips you went on would
Well-thought-out: đã được
have been pretty adventurous, right?
lên kế hoạch cẩn thận, chi
tiết
STUDENT: Yeah.
Mudslide: lở đất
TUTOR: OK, and your plan needs to be tailored to the kind
of trip you’re doing. On a well-planned and successfully led
Avalanche: lở tuyết
adventure trip, we don’t often hear of problems ... even
Flash flood: lũ quét
though sometimes there’s bad weather, for example, that a
school party has managed to combat. That’s because the
leader created a well thought out (3) _______________ .
STUDENT: Oh, I thought I’d just be taking my mates out
on a trek – now it’s all paperwork!
TUTOR: Yes, well, that’s why I called you in. We’ll work
on this together over the next few days – I just wanted to
give you a heads-up on what you’ll need to think about.
There are some aspects that every trip needs to consider.
What do you think they might be?
STUDENT: Uh ... well ...heavy rain, or high winds, I guess,
and any dangers in the (4) _______________
TUTOR: Yes, we call those the significant factors ... and
another important one is the make-up of your group. But,
you don’t need to go overboard. There are some kinds of
hazard you won’t need to think about at all: things like
hurricanes, earthquakes, radioactivity, or major diseases
such as cancer. The official name for those is unlikely
events, because they almost certainly won’t happen.
74
Decent: tốt, tử tế
TUTOR: OK, so let’s consider the hazards seen as most
likely on a field trip into the countryside. Weather causes
real problems – (5) _______________ to the sun or the
cold – even the wind can have a big impact. And, of course,
the weather can change very suddenly and without warning.
STUDENT: Yes, people can get into trouble in the hills if
they don’t bring extra layers of clothes and a jacket – even
if they start walking on a hot day. Oh ... and a raincoat, too,
of course. Umm ...what’s next then?
TUTOR: Well, let’s think about possible activities and what
you might need.
STUDENT: Yes, OK ... Well, for hiking of course we need
a (6) _______________ . Oh ... and a decent topographic
map of the area. And we need to make sure that more than
one person can read it. I’ve run into lots of difficulties in the
past with people who can’t identify even major features,
like rivers. And some people have no idea about contour
lines. Ah....and I suppose a compass, too.
TUTOR: You’d need to list those. Then there are things that
may be obvious, but must be written down and considered
seriously. For example, if there’s a possibility of falling
more than 2.5 meters, that’s considered (7)
_______________ , and I’m sure you would be aware of
problems near the sea, like tides or high waves – and the
trouble you can get into where there’s a possibility of an
avalanche or a mudslide ... or a flash flood, if you’re
anywhere near rivers.
STUDENT: Yes, well, I was thinking of an (8)
_______________ for this trip ... you know, that’s always
more fun, and it’s such a cool feeling when you’ve achieved
75
something really difficult.
TUTOR: Yes, OK, but then you need to consider who’s
going to be in your party.... don’t go and plan things that are
beyond the reach of most people, or you’re asking for
trouble. You need to take into account the (9)
_______________ and experience of the party as a whole.
When you make your groups, make sure there’s at least one
person in each one who’s been hiking a few times before.
STUDENT: Wow, there’s a lot to write down, isn’t there?
I’m really keen to get started now.
TUTOR: Well, good, because there’s a lot more detail to
consider. For now, I’ll just mention two more of the
common hazards for high school trips, in particular.
STUDENT: Yes?
TUTOR: The Ministry of Education website says – don’t
use (10) _______________ , and don’t allow student
drivers to bring their own cars, or to drive anyone else’s car,
for that matter.
STUDENT: Well ... now I really have something to think
about! Thanks, Mr Hadstone.
KEYS:
1. run this project
2. government regulations
3. hazard management plan.
4. terrain
5. overexposure
6. first aid kit
76
7. life threatening
8. adventurous route
9. physical strength
10. inexperienced volunteers
SECTION 4
SCRIPT
VOCABULARY
The topic for today’s lecture is cochlear implants, which are
Implant: sự cấy ghép
a relatively new form of technology for assisting people
Profoundly = Extremely: cực
who are profoundly deaf.
kỳ
First, let’s revise how normal hearing works. If you look at
Vibrations: rung động
image 1, you will remember that the ear has three sections.
The outer ear, or pinna, picks up sounds, which are then (1)
Sensory hearing cells: tế bào
_______________ the ear canal to the eardrum, where
thính giác
they are transformed into mechanical vibrations. These are
Transform into = Convert
sent to the cochlea, or inner ear. Inside this snail shaped
into: chuyển thành
tube, there are sensory hearing cells that have a variety of
functions. The outer hair cells make soft sounds louder, and
reduce the volume of louder sounds. The inner ear cells
Interpret = Clarify =
Elucidate: làm rõ ràng
transfer this information to the auditory nerve, and then to
Sophisticated = Complex =
the brain, which interprets the input as sounds. This
Complicated: phức tạp, tinh
sophisticated and sensitive process allows us to process a
vi
huge variety of (2) _______________ .For those who are
Bypass = Ignore = Avoid: bỏ
profoundly deaf, the system functions poorly or not at all,
qua, tránh né
and the brain does not receive the input it needs to process
Augment = Increase =
and interpret sounds.
Supplement: làm tăng lên
Image 2 shows how a cochlear implant works. You can see
that the implant has three main parts. The first, external part,
behind the ear itself, is the microphone and, at the back of
this, you can see its associated speech processor, which is a
77
Long-term commitment: sự
cam kết lâu dài
Dramatic = Substantial =
tiny computer. This (3) _______________ sounds and sends Considerable: đáng kể
them to the transmitter, which is worn on the head. Those
sounds need to be converted into electrical impulses so that
they can be sent to the cochlea.
If you look carefully at the image, you can see that just
under the skin, directly behind the transmitter, is a
surgically-implanted receiver. This receives the sounds from
the transmitter. It converts these sounds into (4)
_______________ , which are sent directly to an electrode
array that is implanted inside the cochlea itself, thus
completely bypassing the ear canal. As you have seen, a
cochlear implant does not operate in the same way as the
ear, nor, in fact, as a hearing aid. In cases of mild hearing
loss, hearing aids can be very helpful. They simply (5)
_______________ waves as they travel down the ear
canal. However, they generally cannot overcome severe
hearing difficulties, and this is where cochlear implants
come into play. So, what are the pros and cons of using a
cochlear implant? Well, firstly, cochlear implants can
deliver significant improvements in hearing for some users,
and some people report dramatic improvements (6)
_______________ individual words and sentences over
the weeks and months after an implant. However a cochlear
implant is not a magic bullet that works equally well for all
users. The sound signals that the brain receives from an
implant are quite different from normal ones, and this
means that the user has to relearn how to hear. Many users
report that speech sounds robotic after a cochlear implant,
and the degree to which people can adjust to this new kind
of hearing varies hugely with each user and situation. It is
important to understand that a cochlear implant is not a cure
for deafness, and that the user is still deaf. Especially for a
78
child, an implant is a long-term commitment, involving (7)
_______________ training. The user must learn to
reinterpret sounds, and will likely need to augment this with
speech therapy, so that people in the community can easily
communicate with them. The implants work much better in
quiet situations than in noisy ones, so they still need to learn
to lip-read and to use sign language. The surgery itself is not
without risk, though it has greatly improved since it was
first performed, and there is some possibility of damage to
facial nerves.
Another disadvantage of a cochlear implant, is that the
surgery may remove any natural hearing that the deaf
person still retains. This (8) _______________ using a
hearing aid should the implant not be effective. For this
reason, many users have implant surgery performed on only
one ear, the one with the least natural hearing.
So, who is best suited to receiving an implant? Many factors
impact this decision. The most significant one appears to be
the (9) _______________ of the deafness, and, as you
would expect, those who have been deaf for a long time
generally have lower success rates. The second, related
factor is how old the patient was when they became deaf,
and maybe more significantly, whether they had learned to
speak before they became deaf. Those who become deaf
post-lingually generally have (10) _______________ .
Another factor is the health and structure of the cochlea, and
how many nerve cells the user retains. This is related to the
cause of the hearing loss, and recent research is exploring
how the spiral ganglion, or nerve cells are affected by
disease. OK, let’s now move on to discuss the long-term
prognosis for…
79
KEYS:
1. channelled through
2. auditory input
3. analyses and digitises
4. electrical impulses
5. amplify the normal sound
6. in the perception of
7. lengthy and intensive
8. takes away the possibility of
9. duration
10. adventurous route
80
TEST 6
81
TEST 6
SECTION 1
SCRIPT
VOCABULARY
WOMAN: Good morning. What can I help you with today?
Expensive = Cost an arm
MAN: Well, I’ve just moved here, and I need to get a new
and leg = Dear =
Extortionate = Exorbitant:
cell phone number.
đắt đỏ
WOMAN: OK, we’ve got both pre-paid plans and 24-month
Social media = Social
(1) _______________
platform = Social
MAN: l’ll only be here for a year, so I think a pre-paid plan
networking website: các nền
is better. Can you tell me something about those?
tảng mạng xã hội
WOMAN: Of course. We’ve got a number of different
Unlimited = Boundless =
plans, but first of all I should just mention that none of them
Immense: rất nhiều, nhiều vô
come with handsets. You’ll just be buying a SIM card, and
kể
you can replace the one in your old phone.
Permanent address: địa chỉ
MAN: Yes, that’s perfect. So, how much are the SIM cards? thường trú
WOMAN: Well the expense isn’t really in the card. To use
Current address = Current
it, you’ll need to set up a plan, and that can range from just
residence : nơi ở hiện tại
over 10 dollars a month upwards. The card itself is just 2
dollars, and that gives you about 15 minutes of (2)
Keep in touch with = Stay in
touch = Remain in contact:
_______________
giữ liên lạc
MAN: Ok, I knew I’d need a new plan from you guys, but I
don’t have much money at the moment. Can you tell me
about the cheaper plans?
Possible = Feasible =
Viable: có thể xảy ra, có khả
năng
WOMAN: Yes. Our least expensive is the ‘Minimal Plan’ ...
Inform = Announce =
it’s only 12 dollars a month.
Notify: thông báo
MAN: That’s good ...
Confirm = Verify: xác nhận
WOMAN: ... but it’s for someone who doesn’t use their
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phone very much.
You only get 40 minutes a month of talking time.
MAN: Ah ... how about (3)_______________ with that
one?
WOMAN: No, sorry, that’s not included.
MAN: No, no, that plan’s not for me. I’ll definitely need to
go online.
WOMAN: For browsing the net, or for things like Facebook
and We Chat?
MAN: Mostly social media. It’s how I keep in touch with
people back home.
WOMAN: Well, we do have what we call a Social Plan.
That might really suit you. You get (4) _______________
on social media websites.
MAN: That sounds great. How much is that one?
WOMAN: That’s 40 dollars a month. But you get 200
minutes of talking time,
500 texts and 2 gigabytes of data, which is about 15 hours
of watching videos, and thousands of photo uploads.
MAN: Well, I do upload lots of photos for my friends back
home, so that’s fine. But I’m worried that I’ll need more
texts than that. Do you have any plans with unlimited
texting?
WOMAN: ... Well, there is one other plan. On that one, you
choose five people, or five phone numbers, and you can talk
to or text them as much as you want. That’s called the
Friends and Family Plan.
MAN: OK, that sounds like the one for me! What’s the
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catch?
WOMAN: Well it’s not exactly cheap. That plan costs 70
dollars a month, but it does come with 3 gigabytes and
unlimited texts, as well as your 5 (5) _______________
MAN: That’s a bit too pricey for me, but I do like it. Can I
choose a cheaper plan now and change after I find a job?
WOMAN: Yes, you can just come in and let us know
whenever you like. It’s also possible to log into our website
and manage your account yourself online.
MAN: OK. I think the social media plan is the best option
for the time being.
WOMAN: Great, so we’ll set you up today. We’ll just fill in
this (6) _______________.
Here’s your new SIM card. I’ll just need to record the
number for you. Can you read me that number on the top
left hand side of the card? It’s your new phone number.
MAN: Uh yes...it’s 0 – 4 –7 – 8 – double 7 – 9 – 2 – double
3.
WOMAN: Ok, I got it. So remember, that’s your new
number, so you should write it down as well so you can
inform your contacts. Hold onto this package that the SIM
comes in. There’s information on that about how to contact
us, you know, just in case your phone gets lost or something
like that.
MAN: Oh yes, that’s important.
WOMAN: So, next I’ll need your name.
MAN: Sure. It’s Steven, that’s Steven with a v. And my
surname is Conway. That’s C – O – N – W – A –Y.
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WOMAN: Ok, that’s cool, and your address please?
MAN: Well, at the moment I’m living in (7)
_______________ Once I’ve found work, I’ll be moving to
a different place. Do you think that matters?
WOMAN: Well, not really for now, but please let us know
when you get a (8) _______________ , OK?
MAN: Yes, fine. So I’ll just give you my current address for
now, then. It’s 375 Thompson Avenue.
WOMAN: Is that spelled T-H-O-M-P-S-O N?
MAN: Yes, that’s right. It’s in Greenpark.
WOMAN: Ah, yes. OK. So, the total for today is (9)
_______________ , that’s the SIM card and the first
month’s plan.
MAN: So just to confirm, I’ll be able to get the SIM card
today and start using it immediately?
WOMAN: Yep. You’ve got the SIM card already.
MAN: Oh ... yeah, right, sorry! ... Now, let me see if I have
enough cash. Ten, twenty, thirty ... No, it doesn’t look like I
have enough. I guess I’ll have to put it on my (10)
_______________ . Here you are.
WOMAN: No problem ... Just a moment ... So, just sign
here, please. Now, do you want help putting the SIM card
into your phone?
KEYS:
1. contract plans
2. local calls
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3. internet access
4. unlimited data
5. designated people
6. sales form
7. temporary accommodation
8. permanent address
9. $42.50
10. credit card
SECTION 2
SCRIPT
VOCABULARY
Good afternoon, everyone. Can you all hear me? ... Good.
Let’s go through to the kitchen now so you can see the full
Operation = Function: sự
vận hành
operation of the restaurant. First, I want to emphasise the
Emphasise = Highlight =
(1)_______________ It’s crucial for our business
Give emphasis on = Lay
reputation. On the wall here we have a dispenser of plastic
stress on = Give
shower caps. Forget about fashion statements; everyone who
prominence to: Ưu tiên,
goes into the kitchen must wear one, to protect against stray
nhấn mạnh
hairs getting into the food. Please take one and put it on now.
Alongside it is the sanitiser – again, you all need to use this
Interference = Intervention:
sự can thiệp
and scrub your hands thoroughly before we go in. Also,
please be aware that this is a working kitchen, so many of the Efficient = Effective =
Productive = Efficacious:
counter surfaces inside could be hot. It’s best not to touch
anything as you go through, just in case. It’s just basic safety
hiệu quả, năng suất
and common sense.
At peak times: giờ cao điểm
You’ll notice the number pad on the door here. We have full
Wastage = Leftover: đồ ăn
security in the kitchen. Now that most people pay with a
thừa bỏ đi
bankcard rather than cash, there’s no great concern about
Accurate = Precise = Exact:
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robbery; again, it’s our (2)_______________ that we are
protecting here. We restrict access mainly because we need
to be certain that our food cannot be contaminated, and that
chính xác
Thoroughly = Rigorously =
Meticulously: cẩn thận.
our workers can get on with the job without interference
Restrict = Limit = Control
from (3)_______________ .
Right, come on in. First, here’s the storeroom. Our ordering
systems are very efficient. The quantities in each burger must
be exact, and this is ensured by the various
(4)_______________ we use. For example, 20 mls of our
famous home brand mayonnaise is dispensed in our most
popular burger. So, at the end of the day, when I check how
many burgers have been sold or binned, I know if the
mayonnaise stocks are running low and I can order more.
OK, now on to the operational side of things.
(5)_______________ is the key here. Every burger in any of
the brand’s restaurants should have the same quantities of the
same ingredients, so that all our customers are sure of what
they’re ordering. Our delivery standard is to keep the
customer waiting no longer than two minutes for their burger
– that’s truly fast food! We don’t like wastage, so we analyse
our (6)_______________ to predict the demand for each
day, and even the times of day when there is most need.
However, to make sure that we can meet the production
targets, we can’t avoid some waste. At busy times sometimes
there’ll be a stack of six burgers in the warming rack. We
know these won’t stay at their best for long, so after ten
minutes they must go into the bin. Another key area is
(7)_______________ _. We have some full time staff, of
course, but part-time staff will do maybe two hours at noon
and another two at six and other casual staff are on call at
peak times. This really helps us with efficiency of service
and the economy of the operation. We train all our staff at all
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= Regulate: kiểm soát, giới
hạn
the different stations, but when we’re busy, each member of
staff works at one particular station; grilling the buns,
cooking the meat, adding salad, cheese and sauces, or
packaging.
I’m sure you’ve all seen our famous paper tray covers.
They’re an important part of our marketing strategy. If you
look on the reverse side, you’ll see a food analysis of all our
products, the grams of fat, the carbohydrates and so on. You
may be asking yourself, how can we be sure these are
accurate? Well, quantities are a key issue here. With the ice
cream, for example, we train our staff to serve exactly 150
grams of ice cream into a cone, and 200 grams into the
plastic cups.
This allows us to oversee our stocks for reordering, and also
gives (8)_______________ . The key aspect for us, though,
is that we are being accurate about nutritional information.
This is so important that head office sends us secret
customers. They will take an order back to a table and weigh
and measure the ingredients!
OK, now on to sales. On our left you can see the two women
wearing headphones. They communicate with each other,
with the public, and with the (9)_______________ . The
drive-through that they’re servicing is a very important part
of our business; in fact, it generates one third of our revenue.
The other two thirds comes from restaurant visitors, and
about 20 per cent of that comes from our themed children’s
parties.
Now we’ll look at another aspect of our service – just cluster
around this till. The till is the point of sale and, as you see,
our products are pictured on the keyboard as well as named.
The till operator just taps in the client’s order by choosing
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the correct picture. As soon as the order is confirmed by cash
or card payment, it appears on two screens; one above the
cooking areas and one behind the servers. This dual system
means that the staff at the cooking stations get good notice of
any build-up in demand, and the servers have an
(10)_______________ of the earlier orders they’ve taken.
They can also use this to prepare any drinks or ice-creams
that customers have ordered. When the hot food is delivered,
the order is complete, so they delete the entry on that screen.
That keeps everything instantly up-to-date. Now...
KEYS:
1. importance of kitchen hygiene
2. reputation
3. unauthorised people
4. food dispensers
5. consistency
6. sales statistics
7. efficient staffing
8. reliability
9. food preparation team
10. onscreen reminder
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SECTION 3
SCRIPT
VOCABULARY
MADDIE: OK, John. We’re studying the crabs on the local
Impact = Effect =
beaches, right?
Influence: sự ảnh hưởng
JOHN: Yep.
Promenade: Đường dạo bộ
MADDIE: And we’ve got this form to fill in. So, our idea is
nằm cạnh vùng nước lớn
that we find out if
Fortnight = 2 weeks: 2 tuần
there’s any impact from people using the beach ...
Hypothesis = Theory: giả
thuyết
JOHN: ... and the rubbish they leave.
MADDIE: And there’s other rubbish too, like from passing
boats.
Go across: di chuyển từ một
địa điểm này hay một địa
điểm khác
JOHN: Oh, right ... so our (1)_______________ hypothesis
is that people’s use of the beach impacts on the crabs living
Goggles: kính bảo hộ
in the sand.
Synchronise: đồng bộ hóa
MADDIE: To include everything we probably need to write
Compare = Make a
down human activity.
comparison: so sánh
JOHN: Fair enough, I agree. OK, so what are we including
Purposeful = On purpose =
as our variables? Of course, the first one has to be the overall
Intentional: có mục đích
number of visitors to the beach, right?
MADDIE: Yeah, on the form I’ll call that ...
(2)_______________ .
JOHN: OK ... and then another one is time of day...
MADDIE: ...yeah, I think Mr Benn said we need to look at
the beach when it’s busy in the daytime, when people are
running around, those four- wheel bikes are charging up and
down, so the noise levels are really high...
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JOHN: Yeah....and again at night when it’s quiet.
MADDIE: OK fine....and I was wondering...
JOHN: What?
MADDIE: What if some of the rubbish and food that people
leave around is actually tasty for the crabs?
JOHN: Good thinking. So, another variable is whether
people actually feed the crabs, without meaning to. How can
we phrase that? Um … people feeding the crabs?
MADDIE: No, that won’t do, they’re not doing it
(3)_______________ How about … umm ... food left on the
beach?
JOHN: Yes OK, but can we make that shorter? How about ...
(4)_______________?
MADDIE: Yes, good ... So, we need to have several beaches,
don’t we? ...
You know, at least one that’s hard for people to get to, that
has almost no rubbish, and others with more visitors.
JOHN: Yes, that’s right ... though of course there’ll still be
(5)_______________ from the sea on all the beaches, and
pollution from passing boats, won’t there?
MADDIE: True ... I guess we have to take those as
constants.
JOHN: Well, we have three beaches to work with — the first
one is the busy beach right in the town alongside the
promenade. That’ll be perfect for the high use one.
MADDIE: Right.
JOHN: Then, there’s the little bay round the corner that you
can only reach on foot by going over the hill, so I guess not
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so many people visit that one.
MADDIE: No, but some do. It’s quite (6)_______________
in summer for picnics.
JOHN: Yeah, so it gets a little use, but not that much.
MADDIE: And do we have one where no one goes, as a
control?
JOHN: Well, Mr Benn has asked a farmer to let us go across
his land to another one the public never gets to.
MADDIE: Oh, right, I remember. It’s called Sandy Point,
isn’t it?
JOHN: Yeah, that’s right.
MADDIE: OK. So, what’s our experimental method? How
are we going to judge if the crabs are affected or not? And
how can we measure three beaches with two observers?
JOHN: Don’t worry about that; my younger brother will help
us out. He’s really keen. So, we’ll need to count the crabs –
or at least their holes in the sand – during a
(7)_______________ , count how many we see.
MADDIE: Yeah OK, so we need to be precise about the
time, uh, and surely we need to choose a specific part of the
beach to measure?
JOHN: Yeah that’s right. So we need things to measure the
time and the area with, right ... what else do we need to think
about?
MADDIE: Well, to compare the beaches properly we’ll need
to visit them all first, won’t we? ... To see the lay of the land.
Because we also need to set the (8)_______________ from
the actual water’s edge, for each beach ... and of course that
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will change as the tide goes in and out. Let’s see ... we’ll
need measuring tapes and string and little posts to mark the
area – shall we say two square metres, three or maybe four
metres from the water’s edge? That should give us some
leeway with the tide coming in.
JOHN: And to do it properly, we’ll each have to be in
position at the same time, so we’ll all need mobile phones to
synchronise the observation periods, and stop watches to
time the observation precisely.
MADDIE: So .... one more question ... how are we going to
see them at night? And will we need to count holes again, in
the dark? Oh, that’s 2 questions, sorry!
JOHN: Yes, well, we will need to count again each time ...
the holes come and go, apparently, as the crabs are quite
mobile – they steal each others’ homes too, so if
(9)_______________ comes along, the previous owner digs
himself another hole. As for the night vision problem, the
department’s got goggles for that – so, what else?
MADDIE: Well, we need to think about timing, don’t we?
Do we sit for an hour ... or two hours ...at a time?
JOHN: Let’s say an hour for starters. Remember we have to
do this again after dusk – I’ve read that most crabs are
(10)_______________ anyway.
MADDIE: Yeah, so how many times do we need to repeat
all this? For two weeks, d’you reckon? Or longer?
JOHN: Well, that’s 28 hours’ total observation time; that’ll
make it harder for doing the stats, won’t it?
MADDIE: Yeah, that’s true. So how about we go for a
fortnight, adding up to 20 hours in total. That’ll allow for any
93
bad weather.
JOHN: Yeah ... sounds fine to me ...
KEYS:
1. experimental
2. visitor numbers
3. on purpose
4. edible rubbish
5. floating stuff
6. popular
7. particular time period
8. identical distance
9. a larger intruder
10. nocturnal
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SECTION 4
SCRIPT
VOCABULARY
Today’s lecture is about some of the common themes in
Benevolent = Warm-
world mythologies. Why do all cultures invent mythologies,
hearted = Affectionate:
and what do they have in common? Well firstly, these stories nhân hậu.
provide explanations for the questions we all ask: How was
the universe created? Where does the sun come from? What
Deceitful = Dishonest:
không trung thực, dối trá
are the stars?
Fantastical: kì ảo
A mythology is not the same as a religious doctrine, but
nevertheless, most mythologies describe the creation of the
Reinforce = Strengthen =
world, and how it was (1)_______________ people and
Fortify: củng cố
animals. Mythological heroes are usually god-like characters
Undermine = Impair =
with superhuman abilities and qualities, though they are not
Weaken: làm yếu đi
always benevolent.
Bear a strong resemblance
Some of them are jealous, proud and deceitful, just like the
humans who invent them. Although they are fantastical, the
stories are accepted as a (2)_______________ by the
to: Giống với
Torture: tra tấn
Striking similarity of: Sự
cultures that create them.
However, mythology has more than psychological meaning.
Here’s one example. In the period of ancient Chinese history
known as the Warring States, China was changing, but the
traditional mythologies reinforced the old political order.
The Emperor’s chief minister noticed that some scholars
were undermining the Emperor by travelling through the
country telling the old legends to the common people. Their
stories were exerting a (3)_______________ on the
community.
The Emperor forbade the telling of myths and commissioned
the writing of new stories that supported his political ideas.
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tương đồng nổi bật của
Retrieve: tìm lại
In a state of chaos: Trong
tình trạng hỗn loạn
Do not dismiss mythology as being old-fashioned and
irrelevant to modern society. For example, George Lucas’s
Star Wars saga is a powerful retelling of an ancient
mythological theme. When Luke Skywalker’s story begins,
he is an (4)_______________ member of royalty, who is
then called to an adventure where he meets the powerful
wizard Ben Kenobi. During his quest he overcomes many
dangers, slays the evil character Darth Vader, and rescues his
beautiful sister princess Leia. So, you can see that we’re still
busily creating new myths in the form of movies, comic
books and science fiction stories. This retelling of ancient
legends speaks to us all at any age, as do the old stories that
we have (5)_______________ our own cultures.
Stories from widely different cultures bear a strong
resemblance to each other, and one of the best examples of
this is the striking similarity of creation myths from around
the world. In some of these stories, such as those from some
American Indian tribes and Aboriginal Australians, there is a
creature, for example, a crab or a giant tortoise. This creature
dives into the ocean and retrieves a small piece of earth from
which everything else is created. Water and earth are the two
most common elements in all the creation myths.
However, in many creation myths, the world starts in a state
of chaos, or a void, where there is no delineation of earth and
sky. In Norse (6)_______________ , for example, a
supernatural human being emerges from this void and
mountains, rivers and earth are formed from his flesh and
blood. This god-like creature is called Ymir. This creation of
natural features from the bodies of the gods is a common
thread in other creation mythologies, such as those of
Mesopotamia. It frequently takes place after a god has died
or been killed, and this (7)_______________ another
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common mythological theme: family rivalry.
The Greek culture is a good example of a creation myth that
features a family of (8)_______________ gods, all battling
for power and a role in the creation of the earth. Gaia the
earth gives birth to Uranus, the sky, and these two create a
family of children, including monsters, who imprison, torture
and sometimes even kill and eat their own offspring.
Creation myths do not provide examples of the cardinal
virtues, but they do address universal themes of jealousy,
war and lust for power.
Another common element is the image of a cosmic egg. One
of the Chinese myths represents chaos as a hen’s egg, from
which a creature called Pangu hatches. The parts of the egg
separated; the heavy parts formed the earth, while the light
parts formed the sky. For eighteen thousand years, the
distance between earth and sky increased by 3 metres a day,
while Pangu grew at the same rate, his body filling the space
between the two. Another mythology which features the
earth and the sky separating comes from the Maori culture in
New Zealand. In this story, the sky father Rangi, and the
earth mother Papa, lie touching each other. They have many
children, all boys, and these children plot together to
separate their parents, so that they can live in the light. After
many (9)_______________ at separation, Tane, the god of
the forest, lies on his back and pushes his parents apart with
his legs.
And where do humans feature in these stories? Most often,
they are formed after the creation of other
(10)_______________ . For example, in the Chinese myth,
humans were created from the fleas on Pangu’s body. Once
they had arrived on the scene, the humans often tried to
97
elevate themselves to god-like status by taking knowledge
from the gods. In Greek mythology, the humans tried to
secretly take the knowledge of how to make fire.
KEYS:
1. populated with
2. psychological reality
3. powerful influence
4. exiled and orphaned
5. inherited from
6. mythology
7. introduces
8. quarrelsome and aggressive
9. failed attempts
10. natural features
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