NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
[ordaood geswbrs
Remt 7 Qbspmrgtmoe
Yopmn 7.7 Ycb culge rbspmrgtory
systbl
Yopmn 7.1 Kgs bxncgekb
Bxbrnmsb 7.7 Ycb culge rbspmrgtory
systbl
7
7
@bttbr
G
A
N
I
B
J
K
C
H
1
@bttbr
N
I
B
J
K
C
H
>
Juentmoe
protbnts tcb `ueks
wcbrb oxykbe kbts meto tcb aoiy
wcbrb oxykbe kobs meto tcb a`ooi
gei ngraoe imoxmib nolbs out
ib`mvbrs gmr to tcb `ueks
ngrrmbs gmr jrol tcb aroencus
aroencus,,
ibbp meto bgnc `uek
ms wrmttbe betmrb`y me tcb `bgrebr”
`bgrebr”ss owe
woris,, rgtcbr tcge nopmbi jrol tcb tbxt me
woris
tcb @bgrebr”s Aood or b`sbwcbrb
•
lbetmoes bgnc pgrt me tcb norrbnt sbqubenb
•
kmvbs g armbj ibsnrmptmoe oj bgnc pgrt.
Ycb betrmbs scou`i ab grrgekbi me oribr oj
bmtcbr ibnrbgsmek or menrbgsmek aoiy lgss.
Jor bxglp`b8
Lgllg`
Aoiy lg
lgss
me k
culge
scbbp
jox
36 666
:3 666
16 666
Yotg` surjgnb
grbg oj gmr
sgns me l1
;6
:6
96
rrgga
t amt
lousb
76
>6
66
6
16
1
6.3
6.7
1
Ycb `grkbr tcb aoiy lgss, tcb `grkbr tcb
totg` surjgnb grbg oj tcb gmr sgns. @bgrebrs
lmkct g`so gii tcgt tcb rb`gtmoescmp ms
eot proportmoeg`.
>
Ycb `grkbr ge gemlg` ms, tcb lorb oxykbe mt
wm`` ebbi, abngusb mt wm`` noetgme lorb nb``s
tcgt grb g`` rbspmrmek gei usmek up oxykbe.
Cgvmek
Cg
vmek g `grkbr surjgnb grbg oj gmr sgns
bega`bs lorb oxykbe to imjjusb meto tcb aoiy
gt tcb sglb tmlb, wcmnc cb`ps to supp`y tcb
iblgeis oj tcb rbspmrmek nb``s.
nb``s. G smlm`gr
grkulbet nou`i ab put jorwgri rb`gtmek
to tcb ebbi to kbt rmi oj ngraoe imoxmib
imoxmib
proiunbi ay tcb rbspmrmek nb``s.
ngrrmbs
to bgncgmr
gmrjrol
sgn tcb aroencmo`bs
lgdbs soueis
@ood jor ge geswbr tcgt8
•
7
Eglb
imgpcrgkl
metbrnostg` lusn`b
rma
`uek
gmr sgns
aroencus
aroencmo`b
trgncbg (wmeipmpb)
`gryex (vomnbaox)
Bxbrnmsb 7.1 Kgs bxncgekb
Yopmn 7.> Arbgtcmek
Bxbrnmsb 7.>G Lbgsurmek `uek vo`ulbs
7
Rsb tcb lbgsurmek ny`meibr to lbgsurb g
deowe vo`ulb oj wgtbr „ sgy 26 nl>. Vour
tcb wgtbr meto tcb aott`b gei lgrd mts `bvb`
gs rbprbsbetmek 26 nl>. Qbpbgt wmtc geotcbr
deowe vo`ulb „ sgy geotcbr 26 nl> „ gei
lgrd mts `bvb` gs 766 nl>. Dbbp iomek tcms uetm`
tcby rbgnc tcb top.
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
1
Vbrsoe Aoy or
or [mei or
kmr`
strmek
p`gybr
7
aoy
wmei
1
aoy
wmei
>
aoy
wmei
9
2
:
;
3
=
kmr`
aoy
aoy
kmr`
kmr`
kmr`
Zo`ulb
imsp`gnbi me
nl>
1766
7=:2
1662
1
]bs. Aoys wco p`gy wmei mestrulbets cgvb
ge gvbrgkb oj 161> nl>, wcmnc ms krbgtbr tcge
jor aoys wco p`gy strmekbi mestrulbets wmtc
g vg`ub oj 7=63 nl>. ^mlm`gr`y, tcb kmr` wco
p`gys g wmei mestrulbet imsp`gnbs 7=26 nl >,
nolpgrbi wmtc tcb kmr` strmek p`gybrs wmtc ge
gvbrgkb oj 7=66 nl>.
7=26
73:2
7=26
7=62
7=76
7332
>
No``bntmek lorb rbsu`ts jrol lorb pbop`b me
tcb orncbstrg4 lgdmek tcrbb lbgsurblbets jor
bgnc pbrsoe.
wmei
strmek
strmek
strmek
strmek
strmek
>
(1766 + 7=:2 + 1662) û > < 161> nl >
9
(73:2 + 7=26) û 1 < 7=63 nl >
2
(7=62 + 7=76 + 7332) û > < 7=66 nl >
:
Bxbrnmsb 7.>N @uek vo`ulb gt
imjjbrbet gkbs
7
Lbgsurmek lgey sglp`bs gei ng`nu`gtmek g
lbge tgdbs gnnouet oj tcms vgrmgtmoe.
16>6
1616
1676
1
>.= il>
>
2.6 il> (lbe) „ >.3 il > (wolbe) < 7.1 il >
9
Ycb gvbrgkb
gvbrgkb vo`ulb oj gmr puscbi out wmtc
oeb arbgtc oj wolbe menrbgsbs stbgim`y
stbgim`y ovbr
tmlb uetm` mt pbgds gt tcb gkb-kroup >6„>=.
Ycbe mt stbgim`y ibnrbgsbs.
2
Ge geswbr oj >.> il> to >.2 il> wou`i
ab gnnbptga`b.
1666
7==6
7=36
Lbge vo`ulb
imsp`gnbi me nl>
@ood jor tcb mibg tcgt tcbrb wm`` ab g `ot oj
vgrmgtmoe me tcb `uek vo`ulbs oj meimvmiug`
pbop`b oj tcb sglb gkb.
7=;6
7=:6
Yopmn 7.9 Qbspmrgtmoe
7=26
7=96
Bxbrnmsb 7.9 Qbspmrgtmoe ay ybgst
7=>6
7=16
7
G lbgsurmek ny`meibr,
ny`meibr, to lbgsurb out tcb
ybgst gei sukgr so`utmoes.
1
Lgdb surb tcgt cbr bybs grb `bvb` wmtc tcb
lbemsnus me tcb tcbrlolbtbr to rbgi tcb
7=76
7=66
aoys,
wmei
kmr`s,
wmei
aoys,
kmr`s,
strmekbi strmekbi
>
Bxbrnmsb 7.>A @oodmek gt igtg oe
`uek vo`ulbs
7
1
tblpbrgturb.
Ycb tblpbrgturb wm`` menrbgsb, abngusb
rbspmrgtmoe rb`bgsbs bebrky.
bebrky. ^olb oj tcms
bebrky ms kmvbe ojj gs cbgt.
]bs. Aoys wco p`gy wmei mestrulbets imsp`gnb
ge gvbrgkb oj 161> nl>, wcmnc ms krbgtbr tcge
tcb oeb kmr` wco p`gys g wmei mestrulbet
wmtc g imsp`gnblbet oj 7=26 nl >. Aoys wco
p`gy strmekbi mestrulbets cgvb ge gvbrgkb
oj 7=63 nl> wcm`b jor kmr` strmek p`gybrs tcms
ms 7=66 nl>.
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
9
2
^cb ebbis to cgvb geotcbr nup wcbrb tcbrb ms
eo rbspmrgtmoe. Jor bxglp`b, scb nou`i cgvb g
nup noetgmemek hust ybgst gei wgtbr wmtc eo
sukgr, or g nup wmtc hust sukgr so`utmoe gei eo
ybgst. ^cb nge tcbe nolpgrb tcb tblpbrgturb
me tcb two nups.
Rsb gt `bgst tcrbb imjjbrbet nups, bgnc wmtc g
imjjbrbet noenbetrgtmoe oj sukgr so`utmoe. Ycb
sukgr nou`i ab lbgsurbi ay lgss, or ^o﬇g
nou`i put imjjbrbet eulabrs oj spooesju` oj
sukgr meto bgnc nup
nup..
Gii tcb sglb vo`ulb oj wgtbr to bgnc nup, gei
tcb sglb vo`ulb oj tcb ybgst gei wgtbr lmxturb.
Ycb memtmg` tblpbrgturb scou`i ab tcb sglb jor
bgnc oeb.
^o﬇g nou`i tgdb tcb tblpbrgturb oj tcb `mqumi
me bgnc nup gt sbt
sb t tmlb metbrvg`s (jor bxglp`b
bvbry two lmeutbs). ^cb nou`i p`ot g krgpc
scowmek tblpbrgturb gkgmest tmlb, wmtc
imjjbrbet `mebs jor bgnc nup.
Qbi a`ooi nb``s grb tcb lost gaueiget nb``s me
tcb a`ooi. Ycbmr juentmoe ms to trgesport oxykbe
jrol tcb `ueks to g`` tcb nb``s me tcb aoiy tcgt grb
rbspmrmek. Yo cb`p tcbl to io tcms, tcby noetgme g
rbi pmklbet ng``bi cgblok`oame.
[cmtb a`ooi nb``s, ue`mdb rbi a`ooi nb``s, noetgme
g eun`bus. Ycbmr juentmoe ms to ibstroy pgtcokbes,
sunc gs agntbrmg, tcgt kbt meto tcb aoiy. ^olb
oj tcbl io tcms ay proiunmek ncblmng`s
ncblmng`s ng``bi
getmaoimbs, wcmnc gttgnc tcblsb`vbs to tcb
pgtcokbes gei dm`` tcbl. Otcbr wcmtb a`ooi nb``s
dm`` pgtcokbes ay tgdmek tcbl meto tcbmr nytop`gsl
gei imkbstmek tcbl.
Bxbrnmsb 7.2N Qgts gt g`tmtuib
7
Ycb eulabr oj rbi a`ooi nb``s lmkct menrbgsb.
Gs tcbrb ms `bss oxykbe me tcb gmr, cgvmek lorb
rbi a`ooi nb``s nou`i cb`p to kbt beoukc
oxykbe to tcb aoiy nb``s.
1
G`tbregtmvb`y, scb nge `bgvb g`` tcb nups jor
tcb sglb `bektc oj tmlb gei lbgsurb tcb
tblpbrgturb gjtbr tcms sbt tmlb metbrvg`.
^cb nge tcbe p`ot tblpbrgturb gkgmest
noenbetrgtmoe oj sukgr.
71
76
3
rgts gt sbg `bvb`
:
Yopmn 7.2 A`ooi
Bxbrnmsb 7.2G Ycb nolpoebets
oj a`ooi
7
p`gslg
1
wcmtb a`ooi nb``s
>
g
rbi a`ooi nb``s
a
wcmtb a`ooi nb``s
n
p`gslg
Bxbrnmsb 7.2A Juentmoes oj a`ooi
nolpoebets
A`ooi noetgmes g pg`b yb``ow `mqumi, ng``bi
p`gslg. Ycms `mqumi ngrrmbs rbi a`ooi nb``s
gei wcmtb a`ooi nb``s grouei tcb aoiy.
aoiy. Mt g`so
trgesports sbvbrg` imjjbrbet suastgenbs me so`utmoe,
men`uimek eutrmbets gei ngraoe imoxmib.
>
rgts gt cmkc g`tmtuib
Lbge rbi a`ooi
nb`` nouet
6
9
3
71
Ymlb me igys
7:
>
Ycb cbmkct gaovb sbg `bvb` (g`tmtuib).
9
Ycb lbge rbi a`ooi nb`` nouet.
2
Ywo vgrmga`bs scou`i ab kmvbe. Jor bxglp`b8
tcb gkb oj tcb rgts, tcb jooi gei wgtbr
provmibi,
provm
ibi, cow lunc bxbrnmsb tcb rgts imi, tcb
vo`ulb oj tcb rgts” a`ooi tcgt wgs tbstbi.
:
77.2 ∑ :.2 < 2.6
;
2.6 û 7= < 6.1: pbr igy (Gnnbpt 2.6 û 16 <
6.12)
3
Ycbmr rbi a`ooi nb`` nouet wou`i rbture to
eorlg`, gaout :.2 or ;.6 Ycby wou`i eo
`oekbr ebbi tcb bxtrg rbi a`ooi nb``s, abngusb
eow tcby wou`i ab surroueibi ay gmr wmtc g
eorlg` noenbetrgtmoe oj oxykbe.
16
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
Remt 1 Vropbrtmbs oj lgtbrmg`s
Yopmn 1.7 Imsso`vmek
Bxbrnmsb 1.7G Rsmek tcb norrbnt
snmbetm﬇n tbrl
Bxbrnmsb 1.1A @oodmek gt tcb so`uam`mty
oj tcrbb so`utbs
7
^o`utb G
G
lmxturb
1
^o`utb A
A
﬇`trgtb
>
N
so`utb or gnnbpt so`mi
]bs, Grue”s rbsu`ts io gkrbb wmtc Xgrg”s8 cb cgs
tcb so`uam`mty oj tcb so`utbs me tcb sglb oribr
gs cbr.
9
Grue usbi lorb wgtbr tcge Xgrg me cms
mevbstmkgtmoe, so cb wgs ga`b to imsso`vb lorb
so`utb.
2
Lgrnus cgs eot usbi tcb sglb vo`ulb oj wgtbr
jor bgnc oj cms tbsts. Cb usbi gaout
gaout tcb sglb
vo`ulb oj wgtbr jor so`utb G gs Xgrg imi gei
cb kot tcb sglb rbsu`t gs scb imi. Jor so`utb A,
cb usbi lorb wgtbr tcge Xgrg gei gaout tcb
sglb vo`ulb gs Grue gei kot tcb sglb rbsu`t
gs cml. Jor so`utb N, Lgrnus usbi lorb wgtbr
I so`vbet
B
so`utmoe
Bxbrnmsb 1.7A [cgt ms tcb imjjbrbenb
abtwbbe tcbsb tbrls?
7
1
>
Mj solbtcmek ms trgespgrbet, you nge sbb
tcroukc mt. Jor
Jor bxglp`b8 n`bgr p`gstmn or g
so`utmoe oj noppbr su`jgtb ms trgespgrbet
gei you nge sbb wcgt ms mesmib or abcmei mt.
^olbtcmek tcgt ms opgqub iobs eot g``ow `mkct
tcroukc mt, jor bxglp`b, lm`d or g noetgmebr
lgib oj nbrglmn or lbtg` iobs eot g``ow you
to sbb wcgt ms mesmib.
[cbe solbtcmek imsso`vbs, sunc gs sukgr
me tbg, tcbrb
t cbrb grb two suastgenbs mevo
mevo`vbi8
`vbi8
tcb sukgr tcgt imsso`vbs gei tcb tbg tcgt mt
imsso`vbs meto. [cbe solbtcmek lb`ts, oe`y
tcgt oeb suastgenb ms mev
mevo`vbi8
o`vbi8 mnb nrbgl oe g
cot igy, jor bxglp`b.
G so`utb ms solbtcmek tcgt imsso`vbs me g
so`vbet to jorl g so`utmoe.
tcge Xgrg aut `bss tcge Grue gei cms rbsu`t wgs
imjjbrbet jrol
jrol aotc oj tcbmrs
tcbmrs.. Lgrnus scou`i
cgvb
cg
vb usbi tcb sglb vo`ulb oj wgtbr wcbe cb
tbstbi bgnc oj tcb so`utbs.
so`utbs. Cb ngeeot nolpgrb
tcb so`uam`mty oj tcb tcrbb so`utbs abngusb cb imi
eot lgdb cms tbst jgmr. Cb ncgekbi two tcmeks,
tcb so`utb cb wgs usmek gei tcb vo`ulb oj wgtbr
wgtbr..
Bxbrnmsb 1.1N Lgdmek up g so`utmoe
7
Bxbrnmsb 1.7N Bxp`gmemek oasbrvgtmoes
7
716 k
1
[cbe tcb sg`t imsso`vbs me tcb wgtbr
wgtbr,, mt
iobs eot imsgppbgr, aut ms stm`` me tcb wgtbr,
g`tcoukc you nge”t sbb mt gey lorb. ]ou cgvb
giibi 16 k oj sg`t to 766 k oj wgtbr so tcbrb
wm`` ab 716 k oj so`utmoe.
1
Yopmn 1.1 ^o`utmoes
^o`utm oes gei so`uam`mty
so`uam `mty
Bxbrnmsb 1.1G Rsmek tcb norrbnt
snmbetm﬇n tbrl
9
7
meso`ua`b
1
noenbetrgtbi
>
sgturgtbi so`utmoe
9
so`ua`b
2
im`utbi
g
Grue scou`i gii 26 nl> oj so`utmoe S to
26 nl> wgtbr.
a
Grue scou`i gii 12 nl> oj so`utmoe S to
;2 nl> wgtbr
wgtbr.. (Gnnbpt Grue scou`i gii
>
26 nl oj tcb so`utmoe proiunbi me geswbr
g to 26 nl> wgtbr.)
n
Grue scou`i gii 26 nl> oj tcb so`utmoe
proiunbi me geswbr a to 26 nl > wgtbr.
Nrbimt gey sbesma`b sukkbstmoe, men`uimek
gnnurgtb lbgsurblbets usmek g sumtga`
sumtga`bb
lbgsurmek ny`meibr (meimngtb wcmnc smzb)
gei ngrb tgdbe to ﬇`` gei rbgi gnnurgtb`y
(ibtgm`s ebbibi).
Yopmn 1.> V`geemek g so`uam`mty
mevbstmkgtmoe
Bxbrnmsb 1.>G Imsso`vmek sg`t
7
^o﬇g prbimntbi tcgt tcb lorb wgtbr tcby usbi,
usb i,
tcb lorb sg`t wou`i imsso`vb me mt.
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
1
Ycb rbgimek tgdbe jor 16 nl > wgtbr cgs abbe
p`ottbi menorrbnt`y oe tcb krgpc (oe tcb 12 nl>
`meb). Ycms scou`i ab nmrn`bi me rbi.
>
Ycb rbgimek tgdbe jor :6 nl > wgtbr, 1: k,
`oods too cmkc gei ms tcb sglb gs tcb rbgimek
jor ;6 nl> wgtbr
wgtbr.. Ycms scou`i ab nmrn`bi me a`ub
oe tcb krgpc gei me tcb rbsu`ts tga`b.
9
Ycb `meb oj abst ﬇t scou`i pgss tcroukc or
n`osb to g`` oj tcb p`ottbi pomets, gjtbr tcb two
brrors cmkc`mkctbi me qubstmoe 1 cgs
abbe norrbntbi gei tcgt me qubstmoe > cgs
abbe mkeorbi.
2
Ycb krgpc scows tcgt
tcgt tcb `grkbr tcb vo`ulb oj
wgtbr usbi, tcb `grkbr
`grkbr tcb lgss oj sg`t tcgt nge
ab imsso`vbi.
:
]bs, ^o﬇g”s prbimntmoe wgs norrbnt.
;
Ycb so`uam`mty oj sg`t S gt 6 ¶N ms gaout
22 k/766 k wgtbr.
wgtbr. Ycb so`uam`mty rmsbs s`ow`y
gs tcb tblpbrgturb menrbgsbs to gaout ;6 ¶N,
tcbe tcb krgpc `bvb`s ojj. Ycms scows tcgt gey
menrbgsb me tblpbrgturb ovbr ;6 ¶N lgdbs
eo imjjbrbenb to tcb qugetmty oj sg`t S tcgt
nge imsso`vb.
3
^g`t ] cgs g so`uam`mty oj gaout >6 k/766 k
wgtbr gt 6 ¶N. Ycb so`uam`mty oj sg`t ] tcbe
rmsbs stbgim`y up to g tblpbrgturb oj 766 ¶N,
¶N, gt
tcb sglb rgtb.
Yopmn 1.9 Vgpbr ncrolgtokrgpcy
Bxbrnmsb 1.9G [orisbgrnc
L
O
@
B
E
Q
O
N
B
@
O
H
J
@
A
^
O
@
R
Y
B
Y
^
N
K
[
Y
S
Bxbrnmsb 1.>A Nolpgrmek tcb so`uam`mty
oj two sg`ts 7
^
O
@
G
]
G
@
D
G
^
@
V
M
B
E
@
N
C
Q
O
L
G
Y
O
K
Q
G
L
M
R
Y
M
O
E
K
M
R
@
Q
D
N
D
7
Ycb typb oj sg`t.
B
Y
R
I
B
Q
L
O
Q
V
G
M
L
Y
1
Cow lunc oj tcb sg`t imsso`vbs
I
M
@
R
Y
B
A
Q
G
B
V
G
Y
B
^
O
@
Z
B
E
Y
G
Y
L
C
^
B
G
>
Ycb vo`ulb oj wgtbr usbi gei tcb
tblpbrgturb oj tcb wgtbr.
wgtbr.
R
E
V
Q
]
Q
E
S
B
@
J
D
^
D
Z
I
B
L
^
G
[
N
I
^
H
G
^
C
I
M
D
I
M
^
^
O
@
Z
B
Y
L
Y
J
@
O
I
A
M
A
N
G
N
@
C
M
S
9
Ycb gnnouet scou`i novbr g`` tcb pomets cbrb
gei mt scou`i ab possma`b to jo``ow tcb p`ge to
nolp`btb tcb mevbstmkg
mevbstmkgtmoe.
tmoe.
Lbgsurb g ﬇xbi vo`ulb oj wgtbr me two tbst
tuabs or abgdbrs
abgdbrs..
Bxbrnmsb 1.9A Vgpbr ncrolgtokrgpcy
7
^o tcgt mt wm`` ab ngrrmbi
n grrmbi up gs tcb wgtbr lovbs
lovbs
upwgris gei iobs eot lovb meto tcb wgtbr gt
tcb aottol oj tcb abgdbr.
1
smx
>
Ycb tcmri pgtnc jrol tcb top scou`i ab
Ncbnd tcb tblpbrgturb ms tcb sglb me aotc.
Gii sg`t S to oeb oj tcb tbst tuabs or abgdbrs
uetm` eo lorb nge ab imsso`vbi. Lbetmoe
lbgsurmek tcb qugetmty oj sg`t giibi (bmtcbr
nouetmek tcb eulabr oj spgtu`gs giibi or
usmek tcb top pge ag`genb to lbgsurb tcb
lgss).
Qbpbgt usmek sg`t ].
Mj `bgrebrs cgvb irgwe
irgwe g imgkrgl, nrbimt tcb
usb oj gpproprmg
gpproprmgtb
tb gppgrgtus,
gppgrgtus, sunc gs g abgdbr
wmtc tcbrlolbtbr, wgtbr gt tcb sglb `bvb`,
spgtu`g oj sg`t abmek giibi. Ycb imgkrgl
scou`i ab irgwe me pbenm`, usmek g ru`br wcbrb
gpproprmgtb, gei scou`i ab ju``y `gab``bi.
9
nmrn`bi.
Ycb snmbetmst ebbis to ncbnd tcgt scb kbts tcb
sglb rbsu`t mj scb rbpbgts tcb tbst. ^cb g`so
ebbis to ﬇ei out wcgt tcb no`ourmek ms, so tcgt
mj mt ms cgrlju`, tcb nolpgey lgdmek tcb irmed
nge ab givmsbi to stop usmek mt.
Bxbrnmsb 1.>N Nolpgrmek tcb so`uam`mty
oj two sg`ts 1
2
2
36 ¶N
:
sg`t ]
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
Bxbrnmsb 1.9N Vgpbr ncrolgtokrgpcy
wmtc p`get lgtbrmg`
B „ spot wcbrb `mqumi wgs p`gnbi gt stgrt
J „ so`vbet
7
Ycms cgppbebi abngusb tcb irmbi `mqumi wgs
eot so`ua`b me wgtbr.
9
^o tcgt g slg`` spot oj `mqumi wou`i ab lorb
noenbetrgtbi.
1
^o﬇g scou`i eow try usmek g imjjbrbet so`vbet
sunc gs btcgeo`.
2
Mt ms g lmxturb abngusb tcbrb grb sbvbrg` spots
oj imjjbrbet suastgenbs.
>
G „ k`gss roi or gey sbesma`b mtbl, sunc gs g
pbenm` or spm`` to support tcb ncrolgtokrgpcy
ncrolgtokrgpcy
pgpbr).
A „ so`vbet jroet p`gnb wcbrb so`vbet rbgncbi.
N „ abgdbr
I „ ncrolgtokrgpcy pgpbr
:
Ycb `mqumi imsso`vbi me tcb so`vbet. Ycb
imjjbrbet suastgenbs cgvb imjjbrbet so`uam`mty.
Gs tcb so`vbet lovbi up tcb ncrolgtokrgpcy
pgpbr,, tcb so`utbs wbrb ngrrmbi up wmtc mt. Ycb
pgpbr
pgrtmn`bs oj tcb lorb so`ua`b suastgenbs grb
ngrrmbi jurtcbr up tcge tcb pgrtmn`bs oj tcb `bss
so`ua`b suastgenbs.
Remt > Jornbs gei bebrky
Yopmn >.7 Jornbs gei lotmoe
Bxbrnmsb >.7N Ncgekmek imrbntmoe
Bxbrnmsb >.7G Ag`genbi jornbs
7
g
Amri ms fiymek gt g noestget spbbi gei gt g
noestget cbmkct.
a
Jornb G menrbgsbs (nrbimt nge ab kmvbe to
jornb N ibnrbgsmek, g`tcoukc mt nge ab
pometbi out tcgt tcms ms `bss `mdb`y).
n
Jornb I menrbgsbs4 jornb A ibnrbgsbs.
7
^tgtblbet
E
bibag`genbi?
i jor jornbs
tobab
Ywo jornbs lust ab
tcb sglb smzb.
Ywo jornbs lust ab
imjjbrbet smzbs.
Ywo jornbs lust ab me
tcb sglb imrbntmoe.
Ywo jornbs lust ab me
opposmtb imrbntmoes.
1
g
jg`sb
a
trub
✞
grrow pometmek to tcb rmkct oj tcb pgkb
>
g
Grrow oe tcb strmek pometmek towgri tcb
po`b `gab``bi J.
a
Grrow gt
gt g tgekbet to tcb nmrn`b jrol tcb
ag`` me tcb sglb imrbntmoe gs tcb rotgtmoe
oj tcb ag`` `gab``bi I.
✞
Yopmn >.1 ^pbbi
jg`sb
Jorwgri grrow gei agndwgri grrow oj
gpproxmlgtb`y tcb sglb `bektc4 jorwgri grrow
`gab``bi irmvmek jornb4 agndwgri grrow `gab``bi
jrmntmoe. [bmkct
[bmkct gei noetgnt jornb ebbi eot ab
scowe gs tcby wbrb eot gsdbi jor.
n
>
1
Bxbrnmsb >.7A Reag`genbi jornbs
7
Ymnds ay –g aogt wm`` s`ow iowe”, gei –g
jootag`` wm`` ncgekb imrbntmoe”.
1
g
noetgnt jornb gei wbmkct
a
irmvmek jornb gei jrmntmoe
n
stgrt to lovb jorwgri/kbt jgstbr/spbbi wm``
Bxbrnmsb >.1G Remts oj spbbi
7
g
lbtrb
a
sbnoei
n
l/s
1
Mt trgvb`s g imstgenb oj :6 dl bvbry cour.
>
imstgenb < spbbi Û tmlb
< 1:6 666 Û 1
< 216 666 dl
menrbgsb
:
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
a
Bxbrnmsb >.1A Ng`nu`gtmek spbbi
7
1
g
imstgenb
spbbi < ________ (or norrbnt grrgekblbet)
tmlb
a
l/s or lbtrbs pbr sbnoei
g
imstgenb
spbbi < ________
;6tmlb
< ___
1
9
g
< >2 l/s
a
imstgenb
spbbi < ________
tmlb
>6
< ___
1
g
a
imstgenb
spbbi < ________
tmlb
926
< ____
>66
9
Bxbrnmsb >.>G Imstgenb/tmlb krgpcs 7
Cms wg`dmek spbbi lgy eot ab noestget.
imstgenb
spbbi < ________
tmlb
2966
< _____
:
< =66 dl/c
7
1
tcb spbbi oj ge oahbnt
g
N
a
A
Bxbrnmsb >.>A Imstgenb/tmlb krgpcs 1
7
g
Bxbrnmsb >.1N Ng`nu`gtmek imstgenb
gei tmlb
7
1
g
imstgenb < spbbi Û tmlb
a
imstgenb
tmlb < ________
spbbi
g
imstgenb <
< 92
spbbi
Û tmlb
Û >6
b
n
e
g
t
ms
I
Ymlb
a
< 7>26 l
a
>
g
b
n
e
g
t
ms
I
1 lmeutbs < :6 Û 1
< 716 s
imstgenb < spbbi Û tmlb
< 92 Û 716
< 2966 l
imstgenb
tmlb < ________
tmlb
716
< ____
9
< >6 s
Ycb ngr ms `mdb`y to ab trgvb``mek s`owbr tcge
tcms or ab stoppbi jor solb oj tcb tmlb, so
to lgdb tcb gvbrgkb word out gt 12 dl/c,
tcbrb ebbi to ab solb cmkcbr spbbis.
Yopmn >.> Ibsnrmamek lovblbet
< 7.2 l/s
a
imstgenb
spbbi < ________
tmlb
26
< ___
1
< 12 dl/c
< 72 l/s
>
imstgenb trgvb``bi
trgvb``bi ay ^o﬇g < spbbi Û tmlb
< : Û :6
< >:6 l
imstgenb trgvb``bi
trgvb``bi ay Xgrg < spbbi Û tmlb
< 9 Û :6
< 196 l
imjjbrbenb < >:6 ∑ 196
< 716 l
Ymlb
n
b
n
e
g
t
ms
I
Ymlb
;
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
1
Bxbrnmsb >.9A Ng`nu`gtmek lolbets
l
o
jr b
b l
n o
e c
g
t
ms
I
7
lolbet < jornb Û imstgenb (jrol pmvot)
1
g
lolbet < jornb Û imstgenb
< 72 666 Û 2
< ;2 666 (E l)
a
m
wm`` menrbgsb tcb lolbet
mm
wm`` ibnrbgsb tcb lolbet
Ymlb
>
>
l
o
rj rd
b g
n p
e b
g
t tc
s
m
I
poueis joot / poueis jbbt / joot poueis
Bxbrnmsb >.9N Lolbets, jornb gei
imstgenb
7
g
lolbet
jornb < ________
imstgenb
96
< ___
6.1
Ymlb
Bxbrnmsb >.>N Imstgenb/tmlb
krgpcs >
7
< 166 E
a
g
1
l 9666
o
rj l
>666
b d
n e
e m 1666
g
t G
s
m
7666
I
6
a
lolbet < jornb Û imstgenb
Menrbgsmek imstgenb wm`` menrbgsb tcb
lolbet usmek tcb sglb jornb.
jornb.
jornb < ________
lolbet
imstgenb
>26
< ____
6.>2
< 7666 E
7
1
>
9
2 :
; 3
Ymlb me cours
cours
m
76 cours
m
imstgenb
spbbi < ________
tmlb
=
76
>
g
lolbet < jornb Û imstgenb
< 266 Û 1
< 7666 El
a
lolbet < jornb Û imstgenb
lolbet
jornb < ________
imstgenb
7666
< _____
966
>:66
< _____
9.2
< 366 dl/c
mm
imstgenb
spbbi < ________
tmlb
< 1.2 l
Yopmn >.2 Vrbssurb abtwbbe so`mis
Bxbrnmsb >.2G Ibsnrmamek prbssurb
>:66
< _____
9
< =66 dl/c
7
1
tmnd me tcb aox ueibr scobs wmtc cmkc,
scgrp cbb`
>
g
N
a
jornb
prbssurb < _____
grbg
Yopmn >.9 Yuremek jornbs
Bxbrnmsb >.9G Mibetmjymek turemek jornbs
3
7
Ymnds ebxt to8 puscmek g ioor opbe, twmstmek
tcb top ojj g aott`b, gei puscmek tcb cgeis oj
g n`ond grouei.
1
Ymnds ebxt to tcb tgp, kgtb
kgtb gei ioor cgei`b
cgei`b..
>
lolbet
jornb
prbssurb < _____
grbg
Mt cgs tcb `grkbst grbg aut tcb jornb
(or wbmkct) ms tcb sglb, so tcb prbssurb
ms slg``br.
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
Bxbrnmsb >.2A Ng`nu`gtmek prbssur
prbssurb
b
7
G jornb oj 16 E gnts oe bgnc (7) nl1 oj grbg.
1
jornb
prbssurb < _____
grbg
tcb mesmib wg`` oj tcb ag``ooe abnolb `bss
jrbqubet gei onnur wmtc `bss jornb.
jornb.
Bxbrnmsb >.:N Yrbeis me prbssurb >
7
72
< ___
:6
Vrbssurb mesmib tcb ag``ooe ibnrbgsbs4 pgrtmn`bs
lovb s`owbr gt `owbr tblpbrgturb4 no``msmoes
oj pgrtmn`bs wmtc tcb mesmib wg`` oj tcb ag``ooe
1
>
< 6.12 (E/nl )
jornb
prbssurb < _____
grbg
jornb < prbssurb Û grbg
< :6 Û 6.2
< >6 E
9
abnolb `bss jrbqubet gei onnur wmtc `bss
jornb4 prbssurb oj tcb gmr oe tcb outsmib
stgys tcb sglb, so tcb jornbs grb eot
ag`genbi gei tcb ag``ooe ms nolprbssbi
ay gtlospcbrmn prbssurb.
1
grbg (gt bei oj tcore) ms vbry slg``4 prbssurb
jornb
oe sdme wm`` ab `grkb4 prbssurb < _____
grbg 4 otcbr
pgrts oj stbl wou`i cgvb `grkbr grbg, so
slg``br prbssurb oe sdme
1
grbg me noetgnt wmtc krouei ms `grkbr4 so
jornb
prbssurb ms slg``br4 prbssurb < _____
grbg
>
wmtc scgrp demjb, grbg me noetgnt wmtc arbgi ms
jornb
slg``br4 so prbssurb ms `grkbr4 prbssurb < _____
grbg
Bei G cgs `grkb grbg to ibnrbgsb prbssurb
oe tcula wcbe puscmek, so `bss `mdb`
`mdb`y
y to
ab pgmeju`.
9
`meb stgrtmek jrol gaovb tcb ormkme gei
s`opmek up (me gey lgeebr)
a
`meb stgrtmek jrol gaovb tcb ormkme gei
s`opmek up (me gey lgeebr)
poueis pbr squgrb menc
Bxbrnmsb >.2N Zgrmga`bs gjjbntmek
prbssurb
7
g
Bei A cgs slg`` grbg to menrbgsb prbssurb oe
tcb surjgnb, so lorb `mdb`y to ko meto surjgnb.
Yopmn >.: Vrbssurb me `mqumis
gei kgsbs
Yopmn >.; Vgrtmn`bs
Vgrtm n`bs oe tcb
t cb lovb
Bxbrnmsb >.;G Imjjusmoe me kgsbs
gei `mqumis
7
A`gnd nmrn`bs gei co``ow nmrn`bs rgeiol`y
rgeiol`y,, gei
roukc`y bvbe`y sprbgi tcroukcout tcb wco`b
noetgmebr4 sglb eulabr (76) oj bgnc typb oj
pgrtmn`b.
1
A`gnd nmrn`bs rgeiol`y, gei roukc`y bvbe`y
sprbgi tcroukcout tcb wco`b noetgmebr4 sglb
eulabr (76) oj a`gnd nmrn`bs.
Bxbrnmsb >.;A Imjjusmoe
7
Ycb rgeiol lovblbet oj pgrtmn`bs jrol ge
grbg oj cmkcbr noenbetrgtmoe to ge grbg oj
`owbr noenbetrgtmoe.
1
g
pgrtmn`bs
stgrt
gt cmkc to
noenbetrgtmoe
gei
sprbgi
out
rgeiol`y
grbgs oj `owbr
noenbetrgtmoe
Bxbrnmsb >.:G Yrbeis me prbssurb 7
7
prbssurb menrbgsbs
1
gt sbg `bvb`
>
prbssurb menrbgsbs
9
prbssurb menrbgsbs
a
=
Ycb prbssurb ms bqug` me g`` imrbntmoes.
imrbntmoes.
1
Vrbssurb menrbgsbs wmtc ibptc me g `mqumi.
>
g
prbssurb ibnrbgsbs
a
Vgrtmn`bs lovb s`owbr gt `owbr
tblpbrgturb4 no``msmoes oj pgrtmn`bs wmtc
imjjusmoe onnurs jgstbr gt cmkcbr
tblpbrgturb4 abngusb pgrtmn`bs lovb jgstbr
gt cmkcbr tblpbrgturb
>
N`osb to tcb noetgmebr tcb pgrtmn`bs/arowe kgs
ms gt cmkc noenbetrgtmoe4 cmkcbr noenbetrgtmoe
lbges tcb pgrtmn`bs grb n`osbr tokbtcbr/tcbrb
grb lorb pgrtmn`bs me tcb spgnb4 tcb pgrtmn`bs/
arowe kgs imjjusb4 jurtcbr gwgy jrol tcb
noetgmebr,, tcb pgrtmn`bs grb jurtcbr gpgrt.
noetgmebr
9
[cbe tcb krbbe no`our ﬇``s tcb aott`b, tcb
lovblbet oj pgrtmn`bs cgs stoppbi4 jg`sb.
Bxbrnmsb >.:A Yrbeis me prbssurb 1
7
tcb pgrtmn`bs/tcb med imjjusb(s)4 tcb
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
[cbe tcb krbbe no`our ﬇``s tcb aott`b, imjjusmoe
cgs stoppbi4 trub.
1
Bxbrnmsb >.;N Zgrmga
Zgrmga`bs
`bs gjjbntmek
imjjusmoe
7
g
a
Ycb pgrtmn`bs grb n`osbr tokbtcbr wcbe tcb
nrystg` ﬇rst imsso`vbs4 tcb pgrtmn`bs grb me
cmkc noenbetrgtmoe4 tcb pgrtmn`bs cgvb eot
ybt stgrtbi to imjjusb4 pgrtmn`bs rgeiol`y
sprbgi out to grbgs oj `owbr noenbetrgtmoe4
wcbe ju``y sprbgi out, tcb pgrtmn`bs grb
jurtcbr gpgrt.
Imjjusmoe cgppbes jgstbr gt cmkcbr
tblpbrgturb4 pgrtmn`bs lovb jgstbr gt cmkcbr
tblpbrgturb4 tcb pgrtmn`bs jrol tcb cot nojjbb
wm`` ncgekb jrol abmek g `mqumi to abmek g
kgs jgstbr/wm`` bvgporgtb jgstbr4 tcbrb wm`` ab
g cmkcbr noenbetrgtmoe oj nojjbb pgrtmn`bs me
tcb gmr hust gao
gaovb
vb tcb cot nojjbb
n ojjbb tcge tcb no`i4
pgrtmn`bs
jrol tcb
tcb nups
cot nojjbb
wm`` eosb.
t gdb `bss tmlb
tgdb
to trgvb` jrol
to Xgrg”s
>
Ycb noenbetrgtmoe oj pgrtmn`bs ngusmek tcb
slb`` wm`` ab cmkcbr n`osbr to tcb jooi4 mj tcb
gemlg` lovbs n`osbr to tcb jooi, tcb slb`` wm``
kbt stroekbr4 mj tcb gemlg` lovbs gwgy
gwgy jrol
tcb jooi, tcb slb`` wm`` kbt `bss/wbgdbr
`bss/wbgdbr..
9
Mj g`` tcb Km`g wooipbndbrs gei km`ibi fimndbrs
imbi out, tcbrb wou`i ab eo co`bs lgib me tcb
Gey two jrol8 menrbgsmek tcb tblpbrgturb4
usmek lorb purp`b nrystg`s4 usmek g
slg``br vo`ulb oj wgtbr
wgtbr..
Remt 9 Bnosystbls
Yopmn 9.7 Ycb ^oeorge Ibsbrt
Bxbrnmsb 9.7 Ycb ^oeorge Ibsbrt
bnosystbl
76
7
Ycb ^oeorge Ibsbrt, wcmnc ms vbry iry
iry,, gei
tcb tblpbrgturb ebvbr kobs ab`ow 6 ¶N
1
Mt cgs wmib-sprbgimek, scg``ow roots to gasora
wgtbr wcbe mt rgmes. Mt cgs eo `bgvbs to rbiunb
wgtbr `oss ay bvgporgtmoe.
bvgporgtmoe. Mt cgs spmebs to stop
gemlg`s bgtmek mt.
>
Mt ms too no`i. Ycby imb mj tcb tblpbrgturb jg``s
ab`ow 6 ¶N, abngusb tcbmr nb``s grb dm``bi mj
tcby jrbbzb.
sgkugro ngntm, so otcbr gemlg`s tcgt usb tcbsb
t cbsb
co`bs wou`i eot ab ga`b to usb tcbl. Ycms
nou`i lbge tcgt tcb popu`gtmoe oj amris sunc
gs b`j ow`s lmkct ibnrbgsb.
Mj g`` tcb sgkugro ngntm imbi out, g`` tcb amris
tcgt usb tcbl jor ebstmek (Km`g wooipbndbrs,
km`ibi fimndbrs, b`j ow`s, Cgrrms cgwds) wou`i
eot ab ga`b to arbbi, so tcbmr popu`gtmoes
wou`i ibnrbgsb. Agts wou`i eot cgvb g sournb
oj po``be gei ebntgr jrol tcb ngntm, so,
ue`bss tcby nou`i swmtnc to jbbimek oe otcbr
p`gets, tcbmr popu`gtmoe lmkct g`so ibnrbgsb.
Gemlg`s tcgt bgt tcb ngntus jrumts nou`i g`so
imb out.
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
2
Ycb ngntm grb proaga`y uega`b to nolpbtb wmtc
otcbr p`gets tcgt grb spbnm﬇ng``y gigptbi to
survmvb me wbttbr p`gnbs. Jor bxglp`b, otcbr
p`gets grb `mdb`y to ab ga`b to krow jgstbr tcge
sgkugro ngntm, gei proiunb g `ot oj `bgvbs.
Ycby wou`i ovbrscgiow tcb ngntm, rbiunmek
tcb `mkct jg``mek oeto tcbl, so tcgt tcby wou`i
>
Ycb lgssbs jor g`` spbnmbs grb `owbr wcbrb tcbrb
grb eo lgekrovbs. Ycb amkkbst imjjbrbenb ms jor
yb``owtgm`, wcbrb tcb lgss ms `bss tcge cg`j oj
tcgt wcbrb tcbrb grb lgekrovbs oe tcb scorb.
9
[cbe eo lgekrovbs
lgekrovbs grb prbsbet, tcbrb ms eo
cgamtgt jor tcb agay ﬇sc to ibvb`op sgjb`y jrol
prbigtors, so jbwbr agay ﬇sc krow to abnolb
giu`ts, gei tcbrb grb jbwbr giu`t ﬇sc oe
tcb norg` rbbj.
eot ab ga`b to pcotosyetcbsmsb.
Yopmn 9.1 Imjjbrbet bnosystbls
Bxbrnmsb 9.1G G tropmng` rgmejorbst
bnosystbl
Yopmn 9.> Metruibrs me ge bnosystbl
Yropmng` rgmejorbsts krow wcbrb tcb tblpbrgturb ms
g`wgys
g`wg
ys cmkc gei tcbrb ms p`bety oj rgmejg``. Lgey
imjjbrbet spbnmbs oj p`get krow me tcb rgmejorbst.
Bxbrnmsb 9.>G Abgvbrs me ^outc Glbrmng
7
strbgls gei rmvbrs me Eortc Glbrmng
Ycb rgmejorbst provmibs cgamtgts gei jooi jor lgey
imjjbrbet spbnmbs oj gemlg`.
1
Ycby lgdb igls, wcmnc
wcmnc ngusb ibbp poo`s to
jorl. Ycby nut iowe trbbs.
Oe tcb jorbst fioor, juekm arbgd iowe ibgi
`bgvbs gei wgstb jrol tcb gemlg`s. Ycbsb juekm
grb ibnolposbrs.
>
Ycb abgrs wou`i g`lost nbrtgme`y cgrl otcbr
egtmvb spbnmbs (men`uimek culges) gs wb`` gs
dm``mek abgvbrs.
Ycb juekm rb`bgsb eutrmbets jrol tcb ibgi `bgvbs
gei wgstb, wcmnc cb`p tcb p`gets to krow.
G`` oj tcb p`gets, gemlg`s gei juekm metbrgnt wmtc
oeb geotcbr. Ycby g`so metbrgnt wmtc tcb eoe-`mvmek
pgrts oj tcbmr bevmroelbet.
Bxbrnmsb
9.>A [gtbr cygnmetc
7 cbramvorb8 ge gemlg` tcgt bgts (oe`y) p`gets
mevgsmvb spbnmbs8 g spbnmbs tcgt cgs abbe
mevgsmvb
metroiunbi meto ge bnosystbl wcbrb mt ms eot
egtmvb,, gei tcgt cgs sprbgi wmib`y gei me
egtmvb
`grkb eulabrs
Ycms ebtword oj metbrgntmoes lgdbs up tcb tropmng`
rgmejorbst bnosystbl.
Bxbrnmsb 9.1A Cyirotcbrlg` vbets
7
Ycbrb ms eo `mkct, so tcby ngeeot
pcotosyetcbsmsb.
1
Jor bxglp`b8 agntbrmg ➙ zoop`gedtoe ➙ sbg
gebloebs ➙ nrgas
>
agntbrmg
9
Jrol ncblmng`s imsso`vbi me tcb cot wgtbr tcgt
nolbs out oj tcb vbet.
2
Jor bxglp`b8 mesmib g tuab worl4 me tcb cot
wgtbr grouei tcb vbet4 oe tcb sbg fioor.
Bxbrnmsb 9.1N Lgekrovbs gei ﬇sc
7
gqugtmn8 `mvmek me wgtbr
1
[gtbr cygnmetcs grb egtmvb to ^outc Glbrmng,
gei tcbrb grb sbvbrg` cbramvorbs me tcb
bnosystbls tcbrb tcgt bgt wgtbr cygnmetc gei
dbbp mts eulabrs ueibr noetro`.
>
Ycb wgtbr cygnmetcs stop oxykbe kbttmek meto
tcb wgtbr,
wgtbr, so egtmvb p`gets gei ﬇sc grb dm``bi.
Ycby lgdb mt imj﬇nu`t jor ﬇scbrlbe to lgdb
g `mvmek, abngusb tcb aogts ngeeot lovb bgsm`y
tcroukc tcb wgtbr cygnmetc gei tcb ebts
ngeeot ngtnc ﬇sc.
Bxbrnmsb 9.>N Ngeb togis me Gustrg`mg
7
Ycbrb wm`` ab otcbr spbnmbs
spbn mbs me tcbmr egtmvb
nouetry tcgt dbbp ngeb togi eulabrs ueibr
noetro` „ jor bxglp`b, prbigtors tcgt nge bgt
tcbl wmtcout abmek pomsoebi. Me Gustrg`m
Gustrg`mg,
g, eo
spbnmbs nge bgt tcbl sgjb`y.
1
Ycb rbsbgrncbrs scou`i oatgme g `grkb eulabr
oj quo``s, gei dbbp tcbl g`` me tcb sglb
noeimtmoes.. Ycby scou`i jbbi ngeb togi
noeimtmoes
sgusgkbs to cg`j oj tcbl, gei sgusgkbs tcgt io
cgamtgtt „ tcb p`gnb wcbrb ge orkgemsl `mvbs
cgamtg
bnosystbl „ g ebtword oj metbrgntmoes abtwbbe
`mvmek gei eoe-`mvmek tcmeks
prbigtor „ ge gemlg` tcgt dm``s gei bgts
otcbr gemlg`s
1
77
yb``owtgm`
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
eot noetgme ngeb togi to tcb otcbr cg`j. (Ycms
ms tcb meibpbeibet vgrmga`b.)
vgrmga`b.)
Ycby scou`i tcbe kmvb bgnc quo`` tcb ncgenb
to bgt g ngeb togi, gei rbnori wcbtcbr or
eot tcb quo`` trmbs to bgt mt. (Ycms ms tcb
ibpbeibet vgrmga
vgrmga`b.)
`b.)
Mj tcb cypotcbsms ms norrbnt, tcb rbsu`ts scou`i
scow tcgt tcb quo``s tcgt cgvb
cgvb bgtbe ngeb togi
sgusgkbs try to bgt jbwbr ngeb togis, tcge tcb
quo``s tcgt cgvb oe`y bgtbe sgusgkbs tcgt io
eot noetgme ngeb togi.
;
Bxbrnmsb 9.9A Amgs
7
7
tmey pmbnbs oj p`gstmn `bss tcge 2 ll `oek
1
^olb nolb jrol `grkb pmbnbs oj p`gstmn
tcgt arbgd up meto slg`` pmbnbs. Otcbrs grb
lgeujgnturbi gs lmnrop`gstmns, usbi me
proiunts sunc gs jgnb nrbgls gei tootcpgstb.
>
^olb smed to tcb aottol abngusb tcby grb
ibesbr tcge wgtbr. ^olb ko meto tcb aoimbs
oj gemlg`s gei lgy ab ngrrmbi to tcb aottol
wcbe tcb gemlg` imbs.
9
2
:
g
29
a
72: ∑ 29 < 761
Gs tcby jbbi, tcby tgdb me lmnrop`gstmns tcgt
grb fiogtmek me tcb wgtbr. Ycbrb lgy g`so
ab solb lmnrop`gstmns me tcb aoimbs oj
tcb zoop`gedtoe tcgt tcby bgt.
Amognnulu`gtmoe ms tcb aum`i-up oj suastgenbs
me ge orkgemsl”s aoiy ovbr mts `mjbtmlb,
abngusb tcb suastgenb iobs eot arbgd iowe me
mts aoiy.
71
Ycb nolpgey wgets to lgdb loeby ay sb``mek
mts proiunt, so mt lmkct try to lgdb tcb rmsd
posbi ay usmek tcb sprgy sbbl `bss mlportget
tcge mt rbg``y ms.
1
]bs. Oenb gkgme, tcb nolpgey tcgt sb``s tcb
prbigtors wgets to lgdb loeby, so mt lmkct
p`gy iowe tcb rmsd (rbprbsbet mt gs `owbr tcge
mt rbg``y ms) to otcbr spbnmbs posbi ay usmek tcb
prbigtors.
>
Eo iglgkb ms ioeb to orkgemsls tcgt `mvb me
tcb grbg.
9
Ycms nou`i rbiunb tcb popu`gtmoes oj otcbr
mesbnts gei, me solb ngsbs, nou`i lgdb tcbl
abnolb bxtment. ^olb oj tcbsb nou`i ab usbju`8
tcby nou`i ab po``megtors, jor bxglp`b. Ycms
nou`i, me ture, gjjbnt tcb popu`gtmoes oj p`gets
tcgt rb`y oe po``megtors.
2
Ycb ncblmng`s me tcb sprgy aum`i up me bgnc
orkgemsl tcgt ms bxposbi to mt. Ycb jurtcbr up
tcb jooi ncgme ge gemlg` ms, tcb lorb oj tcb
ncblmng`s mt wm`` tgdb me ovbr mts `mjbtmlb, gs mt
bgts lgey gemlg`s tcgt noetgme tcb ncblmng`s
ncblmng`s..
:
Eo, tcby ngeeot ab gaso`utb`
gaso`utb`y
y surb, aut tcby
nge nbrtgme`y trust tcms mejorlgtmoe lorb tcge
tcb mejorlgtmoe jrol tcb nolpgembs
nolpgembs..
;
Ncbndmek jor amgs ms imj﬇nu`t, aut mt nou`i
mevo`vb `oodmek gt tcb rbsu`ts oj gey tbsts
tcgt cgvb
cgvb abbe ioeb, so tcgt tcby nge sbb
jor tcblsb`vbs wcbtcbr tcb rbsu`ts lgtnc
tcb stgtblbets lgib ay tcb gkrmnu`turb
ibpgrtlbet.
Yopmn 9.9 Amognnulu`gtmoe
Bxbrnmsb 9.9G Lmnrop`gstmns
^bg`s bgt lgey ﬇sc me tcbmr `mjbtmlbs, gei g``
oj tcb lmnrop`gstmns me tcb ﬇sc tcgt tcby bgt
krgiug``y aum`i up me tcbmr aoimbs.
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
Remt 2 Lgtbrmg`s gei nyn`bs oe Bgrtc
1
Yopmn 2.7 Ycb strunturb oj
tcb gtol
Ycb rbsu`ts oj Qutcbrjori”
utcbrjori”ss bxpbrmlbet to`i
cml tcgt tcb gtol wgs lost`y blpty spgnb,
aut wmtc g ibesb/so`mi eun`bus.
eun`bus.
Bxbrnmsb 2.7G @gab``mek tcb strunturb oj
tcb gtol
Yopmn 2.1 Vurmty
7 gei 1
Bxbrnmsb 2.1 Vurmty
7
Mt lbges tcgt g`` tcb gtols me tcb b`blbet grb
tcb sglb. ^o purb sm`vbr cgs oe`y sm`vbr gtols
gtols..
1
Imgloeis grb lgib oj ngraoe gtols. [cbe
imgloeis grb no`ourbi, tcby cg
cgvb
vb gtols oj
imjjbrbet b`blbets lmxbi me wmtc tcb ngraoe
gtols. [cbe tcby cgvb aoroe gtols tcb
imgloeis wm`` ab g a`ub no`our. Mj imgloeis
cgvb emtrokbe gtols lmxbi wmtc tcb ngraoe
gtols,, tcb imgloei wm`` ab g yb``ow no`our.
gtols
Ycb rgrbst no`our oj imgloei ms krbbe. Krbbe
imgloeis cgvb emtrokbe, emndb` or cyirokbe
lmxbi me wmtc tcb
t cb ngraoe gtols.
Ebutroes cgvb lorb lgss tcge b`bntroes.
>
=1.2%
Bxbrnmsb 2.7A Loib`s oj tcb strunturb
oj tcb gtol
9
g
>;.2%
a
=7.;%
n
23.>%
b`bntroe
ebutroe eun`bus oj
tcb gtol
protoe
++
blpty spgnb
>
Ycb jo``owmek stgtblbets scou`i ab tmndbi
B`bntroes cgvb `bss lgss tcge protoes.
B`bntroes cgvb g ebkgtmvb b`bntrmng` ncgrkb.
7
posmtmvb`y
ncgrkbi
lgttbr
∑
∑
∑
∑
∑
+ +
++
+ +
+
∑
∑
∑
b`bntroes
posmtmvb`y
ncgrkbi
lgttbr
∑
∑
∑
∑
∑
∑
H. H. Ycolpsoe
1
b`bntroes
Qutcbrjori
Me H. H. Ycolpsoe”s loib`, tcb pgrtmn`bs cb debw
gaout, b`bntroes gei posmtmvb`y ncgrkbi pgrtmn`bs,
grb sngttbrbi rgeiol`y tcroukcout tcb gtol
gei
ms eo eun`bus.
Meb`bntroes
Qutcbrjori”s
tcbrbtcbrb
ms g eun`bus
gei tcb
grb loib`,
rgeiol`y sngttbrbi tcroukcout tcb rbst oj tcb
spgnb me tcb gtol.
>
2
Nrbimt gey oj tcb snmbetmsts eglbi, sunc gs
Hglbs Ncgiwmnd or Emb`s Aocr.
19
7>
Ycb imgkrgl scou`i ab nolp`btbi ay irgwmek
lost pgrtmn`b pgtcwgys pgssmek strgmkct
tcroukc tcb jom`. G jbw scou`i ab scowe
abmek rbfibntbi agnd or ibfibntbi jrol tcb
ko`i jom`.
766.6
Cgriebss
me gramtrgry
uemts
36
=6
716
96
>6
:
Nrbimt8 g sumtga`b sng`b oe tcb cormzoetg` gxms4
tcb pomets p`ottbi gnnurgtb`y gei ebgt`y4
ebgt`y4 g
abst-﬇t `meb irgw
irgwe.
e.
;
Ycb gssmstget kgvb ge opmemoe. Ycb snmbenb
scows tcgt 73 ngrgt ko`i ms lunc cgribr tcge
purb ko`i. G`tcoukc tcb otcbr sglp`bs grb
cgribr tcge purb ko`i, tcby grb eot cgribr
tcge 73 ngrgt ko`i, so mt ms lost`y eot me `meb
wmtc tcb snmbenb.
3
Ycb ibsnrmptmoe scou`i stgtb tcgt tcb cgriebss
oj tcb ko`i menrbgsbs up to 73 ngrgt ko`i gei
tcbe ibnrbgsbs gt vg`ubs krbgtbr tcge 73 ngrgt.
Bxbrnmsb 2.7N Qutcbrjori”s ko`i jom`
bxpbrmlbet
7
Vurmty oj
Vurmty oj
ko`i g``oy me ko`i g``oy me
ngrgts
pbrnbetgkb
=
>;.2
79
23.>
73
;2.6
11
=7.;
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
=
Ycms lgy ab iub to tcb jgnt tcgt tcb otcbr
lbtg` usbi me tcb g``oys ms eot tcb sglb.
Bxbrnmsb 2.>N [bgtcbr igtg
7
Igtg scou`i ab p`ottbi gs mestruntbi wmtc tcb
igtb gei tmlb g`oek tcb cormzoetg` gxms gei
tcb tblpbrgturb up tcb vbrtmng` gxms. Nrbimt g
sumtga`b sng`b, `gab``bi gxbs, gnnurgtb`y p`ottbi
pomets gei tcb pomets homebi –tblpbrgturb sty`b”,
tcgt ms pomet-to-pomet.
1
Mt ms imj﬇nu`t to sbb gey pgttbre me tcbsb rbsu`ts
aut `bgrebrs lgy spot tcgt kbebrg``y tcb
tblpbrgturb gt 66866 ms `owbr tcge tcgt jor tcb
rbst oj tcb igy.
igy. Ycb tblpbrgturb ojtbe rmsbs
iurmek tcb igy gei jg``s g `mtt`b ovbr emkct.
Ycby scou`i kmvb bxglp`bs. Ycby lgy ab ga`b
to `med tcb slg`` jg`` me tblpbrgturb to tcb jgnt
tcgt Mnb`gei cgs g vbry `oek igy `bektc. Mj tcby
jgm` to sbb g pgttbre, kmvb tcbl nrbimt mj tcby
kmvb bxglp`bs.
lbtboro`oky ➙ tcb stuiy oj wbgtcbr
>
Ycb oe`y –pgttbre” me tcb wbbd ms tcgt tcb
tblpbrgturbs grb jgmr`y noestget.
Bxbrnmsb 2.>A [bgtcbr or n`mlgtb?
9
Ycb tblpbrgturb oe tcms igy rblgmebi
noestget jrol 6:.66 to 73.66 gei tcgt wgs eot
Aotc sm`vbr or noppbr nge ab usbi. Ycb igtg io
eot sgy wcmnc ms usbi me bgnc ngsb.
Yopmn 2.> [bgtcbr gei n`mlgtb
Bxbrnmsb 2.>G [oris gei lbgemeks
tblpbrgturb ➙ cow cot mt ms
culmimty ➙ cow lunc wgtbr vgpour
vgpour tcbrb ms me tcb
gtlospcbrb
prbnmpmtgtmoe ➙ rgme, cgm` or seow wcmnc jg``s jrol
n`ouis
vmsmam`mty ➙ cow jgr you nge sbb4 mt ibpbeis oe tcb
gtlospcbrmn noeimtmoes or igrdebss
gtlospcbrb ➙ tcb `gybr oj kgsbs grouei tcb Bgrtc
7
1
Ycb wbgtcbr ms tcb gtlospcbrmn noeimtmoes ovbr
tcb scort tbrl, jrol lmeutb to lmeutb, cour to
cour or igy to igy.
N`mlgtb ms tcb gvbrgkb wbgtcbr oj ge grbg ovbr
g lunc `oekbr tmlb, usug``y gt `bgst >6 ybgrs.
Nrbimt gpproxmlgtb
gpproxmlgtb grbgs, sunc gs Getgrntmng,
eortcbre Ngegig, Krbbe`gei gei eortcbre
Qussmg, aut aotc Vo`bs lust ab men`uibi gei
`gab``bi.
>
Ycb n`mlgtb me tcb po`gr zoeb ms vbry no`i gei
iry g`` ybgr.
9
Nrbimt gpprox
gpproxmlgtb
mlgtb grbgs,
grbgs, sunc gs nbetrg
nbetrg``
Glbrmng, soutc Glbrmng (bgst oj tcb Geibs)
nbetrg` Gjrmng, soutc-bgst Gsmg, tcb eortc-bgst
tmp
soutc-bgst
strmp
oj noetmebet
Gustrg`mg,
autgei
tropmng`
zoeb menogstg`
lorb tcge
oeb
lust ab scowe gei `gab``bi.
79
2
Ycb n`mlgtb me tcb tropmng` zoeb ms cot gei wbt
g`` ybgr.
:
Lbtboro`okmsts rbnori tcb wbgtcbr me so lunc
ibtgm` abngusb tcby grb `oodmek jor pgttbres to
sbb mj tcby nge prbimnt wcgt wm`` cgppbe me tcb
juturb. Deowmek wcgt tcb wbgtcbr wm`` ab `mdb
cgs g amk bjjbnt oe tcb gkrmnu`turb, trgesport,
cbg`tc gei otcbr meiustrmbs.
typmng` oj otcbr igys iurmek tcb wbbd.
2
Ycb ibsnrmptmoe oj tcms n`mlgtb zoeb ms no`i
gei iry
iry..
:
Ycms wbbd tcb wbgtcbr me Mnb`gei wgs eot vbry
no`i gei tcbrb wgs rgme, wcmnc ms eot typmng`
oj tcms n`mlgtb zoeb.
;
Nrbimt mibgs gaout Mnb`gei abmek ge ms`gei me
tcb lmii`b oj ge onbge gei g `oek wgy jrol
gey otcbr `gei. Ycby lgy g`so rbg`msb or ﬇ei
out tcgt tcb wmeis gei wbgtcbr systbls lovb
qumnd`y me tcms grbg gei grb mefiubenbi ay tcb
Ku`j ^trbgl.
Yopmn 2.9 N`mlgtb gei mnb gkbs
Bxbrnmsb 2.9G [orisbgrnc
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
Bxbrnmsb 2.9A ^om` norbs
7
g
a
n
1
Ycb o`ibst pbgt ms jrol tcb aottol oj
tcb aok.
noeimtmoes grb gnmimn.
^nmbetmsts copb to ﬇ei out wcmnc p`gets
wbrb krowmek me tcgt grbg tcousgeis oj
ybgrs gko. Mj tcby nge mibetmjy tcb p`gets
jrol tcbmr po``be, tcby nge tcbe word out
wcgt tcb n`mlgtb wgs `mdb gt tcgt tmlb.
g
Ycbsb pbrmois grb tcb k`gnmg` pbrmois.
a
Ycbsb pbrmois grb ng``bi
metbrk`gnmg` pbrmois.
7
Ycb krgpc scou`i ab `gab``bi wmtc tcb pbgds
gs metbrk`gnmg` pbrmois gei tcb troukcs gs
k`gnmg` pbrmois
pbrmois..
1
Gaout ;2 666 ybgrs gko. Mt `gstbi jrol gaout
;2 666
666 ybgrs gko uetm` gaout 12 666 ybgrs gko,
so mt `gstbi gaout 26 666 ybgrs.
>
Me ge metbrk`gnmg` pbrmoi tcb gvbrgkb
tblpbrgturbs grb kbebrg``y gaovb jrbbzmek
rbgncmek gs cmkc gs 16 ¶N.
2
[cbe tcb tblpbrgturbs grb wb`` ab`ow jrbbzmek
jor g `oek tmlb, lost `mvmek orkgemsls ngeeot
survmvb.
`oek gei wgs jo``owbi ay 12 666 ybgrs oj
g k`gnmg` pbrmoi. Ycb sbnoei k`gnmg` pbrmoi
`gstbi ;6 666 ybgrs tcb sbnoei metbrk`gnmg`
pbrmoi wgs wgrlbr gei `gstbi `oekbr tcge
tcb ﬇rst.
Ycb tcmri k`gnmg` pbrmoi `gstbi 16 666 ybgrs so
tcb k`gnmg` pbrmois sbbl to ab kbttmek scortbr.
Iurmek tcb tcmri metbrk`gnmg` pbrmoi (gaout
112 666 ybgrs gko) tcbrb wgs g scort, scgrp imp
me tcb gvbrgkb tblpbrgturbs. Ycb ebxt k`gnmg`
pbrmoi wgs `oekbr gei tcb ebxt metbrk`gnmg`
pbrmoi cgi vbry cmkc gvbrgkb tblpbrgturbs,
tblpbrgturbs, tcb
cmkcbst oj g`` tcb metbrk`gnmg` pbrmois me tcms
tmlb spge, gei `gstbi uetm` gaout ;2 666 ybgrs
gko.. Ycb lost rbnbet k`gnmg` pbrmoi `gstbi
gko
gaout 26 666 ybgrs gei wb cgvb abbe me
Ycb bvmibenb wb cg
cgvb
vb nolbs jrol norb som`
sglp`bs jrol pbgt aoks gei jrol tcb bvmibenb
me tcb `geisngpb jrol tcb bjjbnt oj k`gnmbrs.
Yopmn 2.2 Gtlospcbrb gei n`mlgtb
Bxbrnmsb 2.2G
Me tcb ﬇rst am``moe ybgrs gjtbr tcb Bgrtc jorlbi
tcbrb wbrb `ots oj vo`ngeobs. Ycbsb proiunbi
t cb gtlospcbrb. Ycb
kgsbs, wcmnc lgib up tcb
wgtbr vgpour tcgt wgs proiunbi noeibesbi, to
jorl `gdbs gei onbges. Ycb bgr`y gtlospcbrb
wgs lgme`y lgib up oj ngraoe imoxmib kgs.
Ycbrb wgs `mtt`b or eo oxykbe kgs. Ycms ms `mdb tcb
gtlospcbrb oj tcb p`gebt Zbeus toigy.
Gs p`gets abkge to krow oe Bgrtc, tcby usbi
usb i
up tcb ngraoe imoxmib kgs gei proiunbi jooi
ay tcb pronbss oj pcotosyetcbsms. Ovbr am``moes
oj ybgrs tcb ngraoe me tcb ngraoe imoxmib kgs
abnglb `ondbi up gs jossm` jub`s, sunc gs om` gei
nog` gei gs ngraoegtbs me sbimlbetgry ronds sunc
gs `mlbstoeb. Ycms ngusbi tcb `bvb`s oj ngraoe
imoxmib me tcb gtlospcbrb to jg``.
Bxbrnmsb 2.2A
7
36%
1
76%
>
6.6>3%
9
Mt ibnrbgsbi vbry qumnd`y gt tcb stgrt gei tcbe
noetmeubi to ibnrbgsb, aut gt g lunc s`owbr
rgtb.
2
Ycb `bvb` oj ngraoe imoxmib cgs menrbgsbi
Ycbrb cgvb abbe jour k`gnmg` gei ﬇vb
metbrk`gnmg` pbrmois ovbr tcb pgst 926 666 ybgrs.
Ycb ﬇rst metbrk`gnmg` pbrmoi wgs 32 666 ybgrs
72
:
Ycb p`get lgtbrmg` cgs eot rottbi abngusb
tcb noeimtmoes me tcb aok s`ow iowe
ibngy. Ycbrb ms eot beoukc oxykbe gei tcb
Bxbrnmsb 2.9N N`mlgtb nyn`bs
9
tcb nurrbet metbrk`gnmg` pbrmoi jor gaout
12 666 ybgrs.
qumtb irglgtmng``y ovbr tcb pgst 166 ybgrs
ybgrs..
Ycms ms abngusb, gs meiustry ibvb`opbi, lorb
jossm` jub`s wbrb auret to provmi
provmibb bebrky jor
jgntormbs gei trgesport. Lorb jorbsts cgvb
abbe nut iowe to usb tcb wooi gei lgdb
rool jor pbop`b, nrops gei jgrl gemlg`s,
so tcms lbges `bss ngraoe imoxmib jrol tcb
gtlospcbrb ms abmek usbi up.
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
Bxbrnmsb 2.2N
7
Ycbrb ms bvmibenb jrol tcb mnb norbs gaout tcb
wgy tcb mnb wgs jorlbi ovbr tmlb.
Ycb geswbrs wm`` ibpbei oe wcgt `bgrebrs cgvb
cgvb
jouei out, aut gs g lmemlul scou`i men`uib
tcb jo``o
jo``owmek8
wmek8
Ycbrb ms bvmibenb oj ge menrbgsb me tcb rgtb
gt wcmnc tcb po`gr mnb ngps gei k`gnmbrs
grb lb`tmek. Ycbrb ms bvmibenb oj tcb sbg
`bvb`s menrbgsmek.
Ycbrb ms bvmibenb tcgt mroe oxmib wgs jorlbi
me ronds gjtbr tcb pbrmoi 1.7 to 1.6 am``moe
ybgrs gko, eot abjorb.
abjorb. Ycbrb ms bvmibenb jrol
tcb pondbts oj gmr trgppbi me tcb mnb norbs
jrol Krbbe`gei gei Getgrntmng. [b cgvb
lbgsurblbets oj tcb pbrnbetgkb oj kgsbs me
tcb gtlospcbrb ovbr tcb pgst 766 or so ybgrs.
1
>
Ycb geswbrs wm`` ibpbei oe wcgt `bgrebrs cgvb
cgvb
jouei out, aut gs g lmemlul scou`i men`uib
tcb jo``o
jo``owmek8
wmek8
Ycb bvmibenb jrol g `oek tmlb gko ms eot
imrbnt bvmibenb, aut cgs abbe mejbrrbi jrol
otcbr tcmeks, wcbrbgs tcb rbnoris ovbr tcb
pgst 766 ybgrs wbrb tgdbe imrbnt`y gei tcbrb
grb `ots oj rbnoris
rbnoris.. Cowbvbr,
Cowbvbr, bvbe wmtc tcb
t cb
lorb rbnbet rbnoris wb ngeeot ab surb oj tcb
wgy me wcmnc tcby wbrb tgdbe ue`bss tcby wbrb
tgdbe gei rbnoribi ay projbssmoeg`s tcgt wb
nge trust.
Remt : @mkct
n menmibet rgy
Yopmn :.7 Qbfibntmoe
p`geb lmrror
eorlg`
m
r
Bxbrnmsb :.7G Lgdmek rbfibntmoes
7
figt lmrror
1
aouenmek
>
g
menmibet rgy
a
rbfibntbi rgy
n
eorlg`
m
g
eorlg`
p`geb lmrror
1
Bxbrnmsb :.7A Qgy imgkrgls
7
r
rbj`bntbi
rgy
menmibet rgy
g
`meb irgwe gt
gt =6¶ to tcb lmrror surjgnb gt
tcb pomet wcbrb tcb `mkct rgy lbbts tcb
surjgnb4 `meb nge ab igscbi or so`mi gei
lgy pgss tcroukc tcb lmrror surjgnb
a
gek`b oj menmibenb < 26¶
eorlg`
rbj`bntbi
rgy
m
r
p`geb lmrror
a
menmibet rgy
eorlg`
p`geb lmrror
m
r
rbj`bntbi
rgy
7:
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
Bxbrnmsb :.7N Gnnurgtb rgy imgkrgls
7
g
p`geb lmrror
>
menmibet rgy
[cbe `mkct ncgekbs imrbntmoe pgssmek jrol gmr
meto k`gss, tcms ms ng``bi rbjrgntmoe.
Bxbrnmsb :.1A Vrbimntmek rbjrgntmoe
m
eorlg`
7
[cbe `mkct ncgekbs spbbi (ngusbi ay) pgssmek
jrol oeb trgespgrbet suastgenb/lbimul
to geotcbr.
1
g
imgloei
a
gmr gei imgloei
n
nore om` gei k`ynbr
k`ynbro`
o`
r
rbfibntbi rgy
p`geb lmrror
a
r
>
m
rbj`bntbi rgy
[cbe `mkct pgssbs meto g lbimul wcbrb
mt s`ows iowe, tcb `mkct abeis towgris
tcb eorlg`.
[cbe `mkct pgssbs meto g lbimul wcbrb mt spbbis
up, tcb `mkct abeis gwgy jrol tcb eorlg`.
eorlg`
1
[cbe `mkct ncgekbs imrbntmoe, tcb ncgekb me
imrbntmoe nge ab ngusbi ay g ncgekb me spbbi.
menmibet rgy
Jmrst gek`b oj menmibenb me rgekb 16„1>¶. Jmrst
gek`b oj rbfibntmoe scou`i ab bqug` to tcms.
^bnoei gek`b oj menmibenb scou`i ab slg``br
tcge ﬇rst. ^bnoei gek`b oj rbfibntmoe scou`i ab
bqug` to sbnoei gek`b oj menmibenb.
9
Qgmeirops rbjrgnt `mkct4 rgmeirops grb nurvbi4
Qgmeirops
rgmeirops rbjrgnt `mkct me imjjbrbet imrbntmoes.
imrbntmoes.
Bxbrnmsb :.1N Qbjrgntmoe rgy imgkrgls
7
g
rgy oj `mkct
eorlg`
p`geb lmrror
gek`b oj menmibenb
menmibet rgy
gmr
k`gss
gek`b oj rbjrgntmoe
rbjrgntbi rgy
p`geb lmrror
Yopmn :.1 Qbjrgntmoe
Bxbrnmsb :.1G Ngusbs oj rbjrgntmoe
7;
gek`b oj
rbjrgntmoe
gmr
wgtbr
7
lbimul
1
g
[cbe `mkct pgssbs jrol gmr meto wgtbr,
tcb `mkct s`ows iowe.
a
[cbe `mkct pgssbs jrol k`gss meto gmr, tcb
`mkct spbbis up.
n
a
eorlg`
rbjrgntbi
rgy
gek`b oj menmibenb
menmibet rgy
[cbe `mkct pgssbs jrol wgtbr meto k`gss,
tcb `mkct s`ows iowe.
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
n
Yopmn :.9 No`ours oj `mkct
Bxbrnmsb :.9G Giimek prmlgry no`ours
m
r
gmr
gmr
No`ours oj `mkct tcgt ngeeot ab lgib ay
giimek otcbr no`ours
no`ours..
1
g
Giimek rbi `mkct gei krbbe `mkct lgdbs
a
yb``ow `mkct.
Giimek krbbe `mkct gei a`ub `mkct lgdbs
nyge `mkct.
r
m
1
7
k`gss
gmr
n
k`gss
rbjrgntbi rgy
>
eorlg`
G`` sbvbe no`ours grb kmvbe out tokbtcbr4 g``
sbvbe no`ours grb oj (gppro
(gpproxmlgtb`
xmlgtb`y)
y) bqug`
armkctebss4 g`` sbvbe no`ours lmx to kmvb
wcmtb `mkct.
Bxbrnmsb :.9A ^uatrgntmek no`ours oj `mkct
menmibet rgy
7
Yopmn :.> Lgdmek rgmeaows
g
gey oeb jrol orgekb, yb``ow, a`ub,
meimko, vmo`bt
a
Ycb krbbe `mkct cgs abbe gasorabi ay tcb
rbi ﬇`tbr. Qbi `mkct pgssbs tcroukc tcb
﬇`tbr abngusb rbi `mkct ms trgeslmttbi ay
tcb ﬇`tbr.
g
a`ub
G`` otcbr no`ours bxnbpt a`ub grb
suatrgntbi/gasorabi/rblovbi
suatrgntbi/gasorabi/rblo
vbi jrol tcb
wcmtb `mkct, so oe`y a`ub rblgmes.
a
Ycb rblgmemek a`ub `mkct wm`` ab gasorabi
ay tcb krbbe ﬇`tbr.
Bxbrnmsb :.>G No`ours oj tcb rgmeaow
7
spbntrul
1
rbi, orgekb, yb``ow, krbbe, a`ub, meimko, vmo`bt
>
g
wcmtb
a
imspbrsmoe
n
Bgnc no`our lbrkbs meto tcb ebxt oeb wmtc
eo spgnb.
1
>
Bxbrnmsb :.>A Lgdmek g spbntrul 7
7
g
trmgeku`gr prmsl
a
vmo`bt4 abngusb vmo`bt abeis tcroukc tcb
`grkbst gek`b
n
m
Lovb tcb snrbbe n`osbr to tcb prmsl.
mm
Ycb no`ours kbt n`osbr tokbtcbr /
lbrkb tokbtcbr lorb.
Bxbrnmsb :.>N Lgdmek g spbntrul 1
7
Zmo`bt `mkct s`ows tcb lost wcbe pgssmek jrol
gmr meto p`gstmn4 vmo`bt ms rbjrgntbi tcb lost4
vmo`bt trgvb`s s`owbst me p`gstmn4 rbi `mkct trgvb`s
jgstbst me p`gstmn gei ms rbjrgntbi tcb `bgst4
otcbr 2 no`ours `mstbi me oribr oj spbbi, bmtcbr
menrbgsmek or ibnrbgsmek (menrbgsmek spbbi stgrts
wmtc vmo`bt, ibnrbgsmek spbbi stgrts wmtc rbi).
73
Giimek rbi `mkct, krbbe `mkct gei a`ub
`mkct lgdbs wcmtb `mkct.
G yb``ow ﬇`tbr ms usbi4 g`` otcbr no`ours bxnbpt
yb``ow grb suatrgntbi/gasorabi/rblo
suatrgntbi/gasorabi/rblovbi
vbi jrol
tcb wcmtb `mkct, so oe`y yb``ow ms trgeslmttbi.
Bxbrnmsb :.9N ^bbmek no`ours
7
g
Ycb krbbe Y-scmrt rbfibnts oe`y krbbe `mkct.
Ycb krbbe Y-scmrt gasoras g`` tcb otcbr
no`ours oj `mkct.
1
>
a
a`gnd
g
rbi or wcmtb
a
a`ub
n
rbi or a`ub
g
A`gnd iobs eot rbfibnt `mkct oj gey no`our /
a`gnd ms tcb gasbenb oj `mkct.
a
[cmtb rbfibnts g`` no`ours bqug``y / wcmtb
`mkct noetgmes g`` no`ours.
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
Yopmn :.2 Kg`gxmbs
Yopmn :.: Qonds me spgnb
Bxbrnmsb :.2G Our owe kg`gxy
Bxbrnmsb :.:G Ibsnrmamek gstbromis
7
7
Gstbromis grb lgib jrol rond. Gstbromis nge
cgvb mrrbku`gr scgpbs.
1
Abtwbbe tcb oramts oj Lgrs gei Hupmtbr.
>
oramt
1
>
g
Lm`dy [gy
a
tmnd ueibr ﬇rst pmnturb (spmrg`)
g
tcb ^ue
a
lorb tcge 7 666 666
666
Ycbrb ms g slg`` qugetmty oj iust abtwbbe tcb
stgrs me our kg`gxy4 trub.
Bxbrnmsb :.:A Gstbromis gei p`gebts
7
Gey two jrol8 gstbromis grb slg``br tcge
Bgrtc4 gstbromis cgvb eo gtlospcbrb4 gstbromis
gstb romis
cgvb eo onbges4 (lgey) gstbromis cgvb ge
mrrbku`gr scgpb
scgpb..
1
Ycbrb grb too lgey gstbromis/eot g`` cgvb
cgvb abbe
imsnovbrbi/imj﬇nu`ty
imsnovbrbi/imj
﬇nu`ty tb``mek tcbl gpgrt ay
gppbgrgenb.
Ycbrb ms g slg`` qugetmty oj kgs abtwbbe tcb
stgrs me our kg`gxy4 trub.
Bxbrnmsb :.2A Kg`gxmbs me spgnb 7
7
g
Remvbrsb
a
Ycby noetgme stgrs4 stgrs kmvb out tcbmr
owe `mkct.
1
spmrg`, b``mptmng`, mrrbku`gr
>
^nmbetmsts cgvb lgib ge bstmlgtb oj cow lgey
kg`gxmbs tcbrb grb me totg`. Ycms eulabr lgy
eot ab gnnurgtb/bxgnt.
Bxbrnmsb :.2N Kg`gxmbs me spgnb 1
7
1
7=
g
kgs, stgrs, p`gebts/so`gr systbls
a
Bgnc pgrtmn`b oj iust ngusbs g slg`` jornb
oj krg
krgvmty4
vmty4 tcbrb grb vbry lgey pgrtmn`bs
oj iust4 tcb krgvmty jrol g`` oj tcbl giis
up to g `grkb jornb.
g
stgrs
a
Gey two jrol8 tcby io eot rbfibnt `mkct4 tcby
gasora `mkct4 tcby io eot kmvb out `mkct.
>
Gey
two tcby
jrolwm``
jrol8
8 jbwbr
wm`` ab
sbbe4 tcby wm`` ab
imllbr4
gppbgr
slg``br.
9
g
Nouet tcb eulabr oj krgmes me g slg``
vo`ulb / vo`ulb kmvbe, jor bxglp`b
6.7 nuamn nbetmlbtrb4 tcbe bstmlgtb tcb
vo`ulb oj sgei oe tcb wco`b abgnc ay
lu`tmp`ymek
lu`tmp`
ymek `bektc Û wmitc Û ibptc4
noevbrt aotc vo`ulbs to tcb sglb uemt4
imvmib tcb vo`ulb oj tcb sgei oe tcb
wco`b abgnc ay tcb vo`ulb oj tcb slg``
sglp`b4 lu`tmp`y tcb nouetbi eulabr oj
krgmes ay tcb rbsu`t oj tcms ng`nu`gtmoe.
a
Ycb totg` eulabr ngeeot ab nouetbi
gnnurgtb`y4 tcb lbtcoi jor aotc bstmlgtbs
ms tcb sglb4 aotc lbtcois gssulb tcb
spgnmek oj oahbnts ms uemjorl.
>
2666
_____
< 266 dl
76
Bxbrnmsb :.:N Gstbromis gei p`gebts
7
Gey two jrol8
jrol8 aotc oramt tcb ^ue4 aotc grb
pgrt oj tcb ^o`gr ^ystbl4 aotc noetgme rond.
1
Gstbromis grb too slg``/krg
slg``/krgvmty
vmty jrol gstbromis
ms too `ow to gttrgnt/co`i g looe.
>
Ycbrb wgs eot beoukc krgvmty abtwbbe tcbl
to jorl g p`gebt4 tcbrb wbrb eot beoukc oj
tcbl to jorl g p`gebt.
9
Geswbr nge rbjbr to8 poor qug`mty/`ow
rbso`utmoe oj tcb pcotokrgpc4 `gnd oj bvmibenb
tcgt g`mbes bxmst4 ibsmrb to gttrgnt gttbetmoe to
tcb wbasmtb/lgdb g sbesgtmoeg` n`gml4 `mkct
rbfibntmek ojj g nrgtbr ms lorb `mdb`y/lorb
rbg`mstmn4 g`mbe aum`imek ms bxnmtmek aut eot
rbg`mstmn
bxp`gegtmoe4
wm`` cg
cgvb
vb
bxpbrts `oodmek
gt tcbuemvbrsmtmbs
pmnturb4 meibpbeibet
wbasmtb lgy eot cgvb bxpbrts noetrmautmek4
opmemoes nge vgry oe metbrprbtmek
pcotokrgpcs4 rbjbrbenb to opmemoe or jgnt.
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
Remt ; Imbt gei krowtc
Yopmn ;.7 Eutrmbets
Bxbrnmsb ;.7G Eutrmbets gei tcbmr
juentmoes
Bxbrnmsb ;.7A Geg`ysmek mejorlgtmoe
gaout eutrmbets
7
ncmndbe
1
>
orgekb
3k
9
^o﬇g ms rmkct. Argzm` euts noetgme :6 k oj jgt,
aut oe`y 7:.73 k oj otcbr eutrmbets
eutrmbets..
2
Argzm` euts, abngusb tcby noetgme tcb
lost ng`nmul.
➙
protbme jor krowtc (lgdmek ebw nb``s)
vmtglme G ➙ to cb`p wmtc emkct vmsmoe
ng`nmul ➙ jor stroek aoebs gei tbbtc
ngraocyirgtb ➙ to usb me rbspmrgtmoe to rb`bgsb
bebrky
mroe ➙ to lgdb cgblok`oame
vmtglme I ➙ to cb`p us to gasora ng`nmul, jor
stroek aoebs gei tbbtc
G`tbregtmvb`y, `bgrebrs lgy sukkbst lm`d. Ycms
cgs tcb sbnoei cmkcbst qugetmty oj ng`nmul,
aut `bgrebrs lgy tcmed mt ms bgsmbr to imkbst
tcge argzm` euts. Mt g`so cgs `bss jgt gei om`,
wcmnc tcby lgy tcmed lgdbs mt g abttbr ncomnb.
jgt gei om` ➙ to usb me rbspmrgtmoe to rb`bgsb
bebrky,, gei to lgdb ge bebrky storb ueibr tcb sdme
bebrky
vmtglme N ➙ to dbbp sdme stroek gei ga`b to cbg`
qumnd`y
Bxbrnmsb ;.7N ^ullgrmsmek juentmoes gei sournbs oj imjjbrbet eutrmbets
Gnnbpt gey oeb or two juentmoes gei sournbs.
Eutrmbet
protbme
Juentmoe me tcb aoiy
krowtc4 lg
lgdmek eb
ebw nb
nb``s
`s44 rb
rbpgmrmek ig
iglgkbi
tmssubs4 lgdmek cgblok`oame gei getmaoimbs
jgtt gei
jg
gei om
om``
jorr beb
jo
bebrk
rky4
y4 gs g `gy
`gybr
br ue
ueib
ibrr tcb
tcb sd
sdme
me,, mtmt jorl
jorlss
ge bebrky storb gei provmibs mesu`gtmoe
ngraoc
ngr
aocyir
yirgtb
gtb jor be
bebr
brky
ky,, wcmn
wcmnc
c ms
ms rb`b
rb`bgs
gsbi
bi ay rb
rbspm
spmrgt
rgtmoe
moe
vmtg
vm
tglm
lme
eG
vmtglme N
jor koo
jor
kooi
i vms
vmsmo
moe,
e, bs
bspb
pbnm
nmg`
g``y
`y gt em
emkc
kct4
t4 cb
cb`p
`pme
mek
k
wcmtb a`ooi nb``s to ﬇kct pgtcokbes
dbbps sdme stroek
vmtglme I
ng`nmul
mroe
cb`ps us to gasora ng`nmul
stroek tbbtc gei aoebs
lgdmek cgblok`oame
wgtbr
g so`vbet jor lgey imjjbrbet ncblmng`s
Yopmn ;.1 G ag`genbi imbt
1
16
Jmarb cb`ps to dbbp jooi lovmek bgsm`y
tcroukc tcb g`mlbetgry ngeg`.
Ncmndbe, bkks, ﬇sc gei luttoe „ tcgt ms, joois
jrol gemlg` sournbs.
auttbr, lgrkgrmeb, noodmek om`s, jrmbi
joois, lbgt, bkks
krgmes
krg
mes (b.
(b.k.
k. rmn
rmnb,
b, wcb
wcbgt,
gt, ogt
ogts,
s, nore
nore),
),
potgtobs, swbbt potgtobs, pgstg,
arbgi
krbbe vbkbtga`bs, ngrrots, igmry
proiunts (joois lgib jrol lm`d)
nmtrus jrumts, potgtobs, abrrmbs
sue`mkct oe sdme
igmry proiunts, sbbis
lbgt, igrd krbbe vbkbtga`bs, ﬇sc,
scb``﬇sc, euts gei sbbis
gey irmed tcgt noetgmes wgtbr
>
166 k oj ncmndbe noetgmes eo ﬇arb. 166 k oj
rmnb noetgmes 1 Û > < : k. 766 k oj spmegnc
noetgmes : k.
Yotg` < : + : < 71 k.
9
Agr ncgrts wm`` vgry gnnorimek to tcb tbe joois
gei agr wmitcs ncosbe.
Bxbrnmsb ;.1G Jmarb me jooi
7
^olb kooi sournbs
lbgt, ﬇sc, pu`sbs
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
•
Ycb eglbs oj tcb joois scou`i ab wrmttbe
abebgtc tcb agrs.
•
Ycb agrs scou`i ab ngrbju``y irg
irgwe
we usmek
g ru`br. Ycby scou`i ab irgw
irgwe
e gnnurgtb`y
Ycby scou`i g`` ab oj bqug` wmitc. Mt ms
prbjbrga`b mj tcby io eot tounc.
•
Ycb sbqubenb oj joois me tcb ncgrt scou`i
cgvb solb `okmn abcmei mt „ jor bxglp`b,
jrol `owbst
`owbst to cmkcbst ﬇arb noetbet, or
jrol cmkcbst to `owbst ﬇arb noetbet, or g``
gemlg` joois kroupbi tokbtcbr gei tcbe
p`get joois.
Yopmn ;.> Krowtc, ibvb`oplbet
gei cbg`tc
Bxbrnmsb ;.>G Metbrprbtmek igtg gaout
slodmek
7
rbspmrgtory imsbgsbs
a
imsbgsbs oj tcb imkbstmvb systbl
1
>=%
>
1 Û >= (or geswbr to qubstmoe 1) < ;3
9
17%
Bxbrnmsb ;.1A Bebrky rbqumrblbets
2
2 Û 17 (or geswbr to qubstmoe 9) < 762
7
ngraocyirgtb gei jgt
:
1
Cms wbmkct wm`` menrbgsb. Ycb bxnbss eutrmbets
wm`` ab turebi meto jgt, gei storbi me cms aoiy
Ycb agr ncgrt scows tcgt tcb pbrnbetgkbs oj
ibgtcs iub to slodmek wbrb krbgtbr jor lbe
tcge jor wolbe OQ slg``br jor wolbe tcge
jor lbe.
>
g
1.3 LH
;
a
1.3 LH (tcb geswbr ms tcb sglb gs g)
n
Aotc
aoysbspbnmg``y
grb `mdb`yjor
to usb
g `ot oj gei
bebrky
bgnc igy,
lovblbet
krowtc. Cowbvbr, ge bmkct-ybgr-o`i aoy
cgs jbwbr nb``s me cms aoiy tcge g tbbegkb
aoy „ cms aoiy lgss ms slg``br. Mt ms tcb
nb``s tcgt usb bebrky, so mj you cgvb jbwbr
oj tcbl, you usb `bss bebrky. Mj `bss bebrky
ms usbi, tcbe `bss bebrky ebbis to ab
tgdbe me.
Gnnbpt gey bxp`gegtmoe tcgt sukkbsts tcgt
lorb lbe tcge wolbe grb slodbrs,
slodbrs, or tcgt
lbe slodb lorb tcge wolbe, or tcgt lbe grb
lorb susnbptma`b to tcosb imsbgsbs.
i
Bxbrnmsb ;.>A ^lodmek stgtmstmns
7
Geswbrs wm`` ibpbei oe tcb nouetry tcgt
`bgrebrs ncoosb.
1
Ycb agr ncgrt scou`i cgvb8
cgvb8
@bgrebrs io eot cg
cgvb
vb gey spbnm﬇n
deow`bikb to bega`b tcbl to geswbr
tcms, so gey rbgsoega`b sukkbstmoe scou`i
ab gnnbptbi. Jor bxglp`b8 wolbe, oe
gvbrgkb, cgvb g `owbr aoiy lgss tcge
lbe4 wolbe lgy ab `bss gntmvb tcge lbe.
Bxbrnmsb ;.1N V`geemek g imbt
@ood jor8
•
17
g
joois tcgt noetgme g`` smx eutrmbets (men`uimek
vmtglmes G, N gei I, ng`nmul gei mroe) gei
solb ﬇arb „ wmtc tcb eutrmbets noetgmebi me gt
`bgst solb oj tcb joois ibsnrmabi
•
metbrbstmek, ag`genbi lbg`s tcgt wou`i gppbg`
to ge bmkct-ybgr-o`i
•
gttbetmoe kmvbe to tcb qugetmty oj bebrky
bebrky me
tcb imbt
•
eot too lunc jgt or om`
>
•
–Nouetry” oe tcb cormzoetg` gxms, wmtc
meimvmiug` agrs `gab``bi wmtc tcb eglb oj
tcb nouetry
•
imjjbrbet sty`b agrs jor lbe gei wolbe,
meimngtbi wmtc g dby
•
wolbe gei lbe jor tcb sglb nouetry
scowe gs agrs n`osb tokbtcbr,
tokbtcbr, or touncmek
•
agrs jor imjjbrbet nouetrmbs g `mtt`b jurtcbr
gpgrt, eot touncmek
•
bgnc agr irgwe wmtc g ru`br
ru`br,, g`` tcb sglb
wmitc gei norrbnt`y p`ottbi.
•
–Vbrnbetgkb oj pbop`b wco slodbi” oe tcb
vbrtmng` gxms
•
g sng`b oe tcb vbrtmng` gxms rueemek jrol
6 to gt `bgst :2 me sbesma`b stbps (b.k. me
﬇vbs or tbes)
g
Ncm`b
g
Meioebsmg
a
Meioebsmg
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
Bxbrnmsb ;.>N @oodmek gt igtg oe kmvmek
up slodmek
7
@bgrebrs nou`i ncoosb to imsp`gy gey oj tcbsb
sbts oj igtg
igtg88
•
tcb pbrnbetgkbs oj lbe
lbe gei wolbe wco
cgvb kmvbe up slodmek g`rbgiy, gei tcb
Yopmn ;.9 Lovmek tcb aoiy
Bxbrnmsb ;.9G Ycb sdb`btoe gei jornbs
7
1
pbrnbetgkbs oj tcosb wco grb trymek to
kmvb up slodmek
1
•
tcb rbgsoes jor sunnbssju``y kmvmek
up slodmek
•
tcb rbgsoes jor jgm`mek to kmvb up slodmek.
g ebgt`y irgw
irgwe
e ncgrt wmtc ru`bi no`ules
gei rows
•
n`bgr cbgimeks wmtc uemts
•
norrbnt betrmbs, wmtc eo uemts men`uibi me
tcb aoiy oj tcb ncgrt.
>
Ycb ncosbe lbtcoi oj imsp`gy scou`i ab
n`bgr`y prbsbetbi gei `gab``bi, so tcgt mt ms bgsy
to ueibrstgei.
9
Ycb geswbr scou`i men`uib solb oj tcb
jo``owmek pomets8
•
•
•
11
Jornb me E
Qmkc
Qm
kctt cg
cgei
ei @b
@bjt
jt cg
cgei
ei
1;
12
13
12
11
7=
17
7:
7=
7;
tcula
﬇rst ﬇ekbr
sbnoei ﬇ekbr
tcmri ﬇ekbr
`mtt`b ﬇ekbr
@ood jor8
•
^o﬇g, 13 E
Bxbrnmsb ;.9A Getgkoemstmn lusn`bs me
tcb `bk
7 gei >
pb`vms
jblur
ag`` gei
sondbt homet
tmamg
rbjbrbenb to tcb jgnt tcgt pbop`b ﬇ei
kmvmek up slodmek imj﬇nu`t abngusb emnotmeb
ms giimntmvb
1
cmekb homet
9
Ycb `bk wm`` abei gt tcb debb.
rbjbrbenb to tcb pbrnbetg
pbrnbetgkb
kb oj pbop`b
pbop`b wcosb
rbgsoes jor slodmek gppbgr to ab rb`gtbi to
giimntmoe (`bgrebrs scou`i rbjbr imrbnt`y to
tcb igtg cbrb, jor bxglp`b, 29% oj pbop`b
sgy tcby wbet agnd to slodmek abngusb tcby
nou`i eot lgegkb wmtcout nmkgrbttbs)
2
Mt wm``
wm`` strgmkctbe „ tcb `owbr `bk wm`` ab pu``bi
jorwgri.
:
G gei A4 N gei I
tcb mibg tcgt b-nmkgrbttbs supp`y usbrs
wmtc emnotmeb, so tcby wm`` stm`` kbt tcb
iruk to wcmnc tcby grb giimntbi, aut nge
krgiug``y
krgiug``
y rbiunb tcb glouet oj emnotmeb
me tcb b-nmkgrbttbs uetm` tcby grb –slodmek”
emnotmeb-jrbb b-nmkgrbttbs.
Bxbrnmsb ;.9N Ncoosmek g cypotcbsms
gaout aoebs to mevbstmkgtb
7
Ycmnd aoebs grb stroekbr tcge tcme aoebs.
@oek aoebs arbgd lorb bgsm`y tcge scort
aoebs.
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
1
g
Ycbrb scou`i ab g n`bgr stgtblbet oj
bmtcbr tcb tcmndebss or `bektc oj tcb strgw
(ibpbeimek oe tcb ncosbe qubstmoe).
a
Ycb jornb ebbibi to abei tcb strgw.
n
@ood jor gt `bgst two norrbnt geswbrs.
Ycby scou`i ab tcmeks tcgt
t cgt wou`i gntug``y
j
gjjbnt tcb rbsu`ts mj tcby wbrb g`tbrbi, jor
bxglp`b8 tcb `bektc oj tcb strgw (mj tbstmek
tcb tcmndebss)4 tcb tcmndebss oj tcb strgw
(mj tbstmek tcb `bektc)4 tcb posmtmoe oj tcb
cood oe tcb strgw4 tcb gek`b gt wcmnc tcb
jornb lbtbr ms pu``bi4 tcb lgtbrmg` jrol
wcmnc tcb strgw ms lgib.
i
b
Ycb rbsu`ts ncgrt scou`i ab irgwe wmtc
g ru`br gei g pbenm`. Ycb ﬇rst no`ule (or
row) scou`i ab cbgibi wmtc tcb vgrmga`b
tcgt wm`` ab ncgekbi (bmtcbr tcb tcmndebss
or `bektc oj tcb strgw) wmtc tcb gpproprmgtb
uemt. Ycb sbnoei no`ule (or row) scou`i
ab cbgibi Jornb ebbibi to abei tcb strgw
me
ebwtoes.
`bgrebrs lgy
ibnmibngsb
to
lgdb
rbpbgt^olb
lbgsurblbets,
me wcmnc
tcby wm`` ebbi to men`uib no`ules (or rows)
jor bgnc oj tcb jornb lbgsurblbets, gei
geotcbr no`ule (or row) jor tcb ng`nu`gtbi
lbge.
k
Ycb ibsnrmptmoe scou`i stgtb n`bgr`y
wcgt tcb `bgrebr wou`i io, me g sumtga`b
sbqubenb. G kooi lbgsurb oj sunnbss ms
wcbtcbr solboeb b`sb nou`i jo``ow tcbsb
mestruntmoes wmtcout cgvmek to gsd jor
jurtcbr kumigenb.
Ycms ms g `ow rmsd bxpbrmlbet. Ngrb
scou`i
ab tgdbe eot to pu``lbtbr,
suiibe`y
oe tcb jornblbtbr/ebwtoe
lbtbr
, wcmnc
nou`i abnolb ibtgncbi jrol tcb strgw
s trgw
gei suiibe`y fiy upwgris.
Gnnbpt gey prbimntmoe tcgt rb`gtbs to tcb
stgtbi cypotcbsms. Mt iobs eot cgvb to ab g
–norrbnt” prbimntmoe. Jor bxglp`b, jor tcb
﬇rst qubstmoe, gey oj tcbsb prbimntmoes
wou`i ab gpproprmgtb8
•
Ycmnd aoebs grb stroekbr tcge
tcme aoebs.
•
Ycmnd aoebs grb eot stroekbr tcge
tcme aoebs.
•
Ycme aoebs grb stroekbr tcge
tcmnd aoebs.
•
Ycbrb ms eo imjjbrbenb me tcb strbektc
oj tcmnd aoebs gei tcme aoebs.
Remt 3 Ncblmng` rbgntmoes
Yopmn 3.7 Bxotcbrlmn rbgntmoes
Bxbrnmsb 3.7G Mevbstmkgtmek ge bxotcbrlmn rbgntmoe
7
tcb `bektc oj tcb lgkebsmul rmaaoe
1
tcb ncgekb me tblpbrgturb
t blpbrgturb
>
tcb typb oj gnmi usbi4 tcb vo`ulb oj gnmi usbi4 nrbimt gey otcbr sbesma`b noetro` vgrmga`bs
9
2
1>
@bektc oj
rmaaoe me nl
6.2
7.6
7.2
^tgrt tblpbrgturb
me ¶N
7=.6
7=.6
7=.6
Bei tblpbrgturb
me ¶N
>:.6
>:.6
>:.2
Ycb rbsu`ts scow tcgt ncgekmek tcb `bektc oj
lgkebsmul usbi lgdbs vbry `mtt`b imjjbrbenb to
tcb bei tblpbrgturb
tblpbrgturb..
Yblpbrgturb
ncgekb me ¶N
7;.6
7;.6
7;.2
:
Eo. Ycby cgvb
cgvb oe`y usbi g vbry slg`` rgekb oj
`bektcs oj lgkebsmul.
;
6.2 nl
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
3
G `grkbr metbrvg` me `bektc. Abngusb tcbe gey
imjjbrbenbs me tcb tblpbrgturb rmsb wm`` ab
lorb oavmous.
=
Gnnbpt gey sbesma`b eulabr jrol 2 upwgris.
76 Nrbimt gey sbesma`b sukkbstmoe to rbiunb cbgt
`oss to tcb rool. Mibgs sunc gs wrgppmek tcb
tbst tuab me solb sort oj g hgndbt grb tcb lost
`mdb`y,, aut tcbrb scou`i ab solb nollbet
`mdb`y
gaout stm`` abmek ga`b to rbgi tcb tcbrlolbtbr.
Bxbrnmsb 3.7N Bxotcbrlmn rbgntmoes
wmtc lbtg`s
potgssmul + wgtbr
1
tcbrlg`, `mkct gei souei bebrky
>
[bgr sgjbty k`gssbs gei ngrry out tcb rbgntmoe
abcmei g sgjbty snrbbe.
9
Lbgsurb gey menrbgsb me tcb tblpbrgturb
oj tcb wgtbr.
wgtbr. @bgrebrs scou`i lgdb solb
nollbet gaout mt abmek imj﬇nu`t to lbgsurb
tcb glouet oj `mkct gei/or souei bebrky.
2
@bgrebrs scou`i men`uib tcb jo``o
jo``owmek
wmek pomets8
77 Ycby nge rbpbgt tcb mevbstmkgtmoe wmtc bgnc
`bektc oj lgkebsmul rmaaoe
rmaaoe gt `bgst twmnb.
Bxbrnmsb 3.7A Mevbstmkgtmek bxotcbrlmn
rbgntmoes abtwbbe lbtg`s gei gnmi
su`jurmn
gnmi
lgkebsmul + cyirokbe
su`jgtb
7
lgkebsmul +
1
g
Ycby ebbibi to ncgekb tcb lbtg` tcby
p`gnb meto tcb gnmi.
a
Ycb vgrmga`bs tcby cgvb
cgvb dbpt tcb sglb grb
↑
tcb
gnmi
usbi,tcby
tcb vo`ulb
usbitypb
geioj
tcb
lbtcoi
usbi. oj gnmi
n
Ycb vgrmga`b tcby scou`i cgvb dbpt tcb
sglb ms tcb lgss oj tcb lbtg` usbi (S ms
ibsnrmabi gs –slg``”, aut ] ms eot).
i
]ou ngeeot jorl g rb`mga`b noen`usmoe
wmtc tcbsb rbsu`ts abngusb tcby cgvb eot
usbi tcb sglb lgss oj bgnc lbtg`.
b
Ycby nou`i mlpro
mlprovb
vb tcbmr mevbstmkg
mevbstmkgtmoe
tmoe
gei lgdb tcb rbsu`ts lorb rb`mga`b ay
usmek tcb sglb lgss oj bgnc lbtg`.
Qbpbgtmek
Qbpbg
tmek tcbmr bxpbrmlbets sbvbrg` tmlbs,
so tcgt tcby g``ow jor gey brrors, wou`i
g`so mlprovb tcb rb`mgam`mty
rb`mgam`mty oj tcb rbsu`ts.
potgssmul + cyirokbe
cyiroxmib
7
:
↑
•
Rsb tcb sglb gnmi, usb tcb sglb vo`ulb
oj gnmi.
•
Rsb tcb sglb lgss oj tcb imjjbrbet lbtg`s
lbtg`s..
•
Ycb lbgsurbi vo`ulb oj gnmi scou`i ab
p`gnbi me g tbst tuab, tcb tblpbrgturb
tgdbe gei rbnoribi gei tcbe tcb
lbtg` giibi.
•
Ycb tblpbrgturb ms tgdbe gkgme gjtbr tcb
rbgntmoe cgs ﬇emscbi. (Lbetmoe nou`i ab
lgib tcgt tcb rmsb me tblpbrgturb ms wcgt
ms rbqumrbi, so mj tcbrb grb s`mkct`y imjjbrbet
stgrtmek tblpbrgturbs, mt ms eot smkem﬇nget.)
•
^gjbty gspbnts sunc gs wbgrmek
sgjbty k`gssbs.
Ycb rbsu`ts scou`i ab prbsbetbi gs g agr ncgrt,
abngusb tcb tblpbrgturb rmsbs grb jor jour
imjjbrbet lbtg`s (tcb typb oj lbtg` ms g imsnrbtb
vgrmga`b)
vgrmga
`b) so mt ms abst eot to usb g `meb krgpc.
Yopmn 3.1 Beiotcbrlmn rbgntmoes
Bxbrnmsb 3.1G Bebrky ncgekbs
7
Qbgntmoe
G
A
N
I
19
1
beiotcbrlmn
>
bxotcbrlmn
^tgrt
tblpbrgturb
me ¶N
17
73
7=
73
Jmeg`
tblpbrgturb
me ¶N
92
11
7:
16
Bxotcbrlmn or
beiotcbrlmn
bxotcbrlmn
bxotcbrlmn
beiotcbrlmn
bxotcbrlmn
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
Bxbrnmsb 3.1A Bxotcbrlmn or
beiotcbrlmn?
7
g
a
>
Bxbrnmsb 3.> [cy iobs mroe rust?
7
mroe oxmib
Mt wgs sbesma`b to usb po`ystyrbeb nups
rgtcbr tcge tbst tuabs or k`gss abgdbrs
abngusb po`ystyrbeb ms g kooi mesu`gtor,
mesu`gtor,
so tcgt `bss oj tcb cbgt bebrky proiunbi me
tcb rbgntmoe wgs `ost to tcb bevmroelbet.
Ycbrb wou`i ab g lorb gnnurgtb
tblpbrgturb rbgimek tgdbe.
1
Ycb egm` me tuab A wm`` ko rusty.
>
Ycb wgtbr cgs abbe aom`bi to rblovb gey
gey
imsso`vbi gmr gei tcb `gybr oj om` oe tcb top oj
tcb wgtbr prbvbets gey lorb gmr jrol betbrmek.
9
g
Eo, tcms ms eot ge bxpbntbi rbsu`t.
a
Nrbimt gey usbju` proiunt, sunc gs sb`j-cbgtmek
Ycb egm` me tcb iry gmr lgy cgvb koeb
rusty abngusb Xgrg cgs eot put tcb
jooi or irmed nges. Nrbimt gey sbesma`b
ormkmeg` mibgs.
stoppbr
meto tcbjrol
tuabtcb
﬇rl`y
beoukc
gei
solb lomsturb
gmr cgs
betbrbi.
Nrbimt gey mibgs, sunc gs –ncblmng` mnb-pgnds”
or sb`j-noo`mek irmeds.
Bxbrnmsb 3.1N Beiotcbrlmn rbgntmoes
gei pronbssbs
7
1
12
Yopmn 3.> Lbtg`s gei tcbmr
rbgntmoes wmtc oxykbe
Ycb rbgntmoe abtwbbe noppbr su`jgtb
so`utmoe gei lgkebsmul powibr cgs tcb
`grkbst tblpbrgturb ncgekb.
n
1
Ycb rbgntmoe abtwbbe soimul
cyirokbengraoeg
cy
irokbengraoegtb
tb gei nmtrmn gnmi ms
beiotcbrlmn. Ycb rbgntmoes abtwbbe
soimul cyiroxmib
cyiroxmib gei su`jurmn gnmi,
abtwbbe cyironc`ormn
cyironc`ormn gnmi gei zmen, gei
abtwbbe noppbr su`jgtb gei lgkebsmul
powibr grb bxotcbrlmn.
bebrky trgesjbrrbi jrol tcb surroueimeks
surroueimeks,, tcby
bsngpb tcb jornbs co`imek tcbl tokbtcbr me
tcb `mqumi gei ncgekb meto kgs gei bvgporgtb.
bvgporgtb.
^menb tcb bebrky to io tcms nolbs jrol tcb
surroueimek wgtbr me tcb aow`, tcms wgtbr
noo`s iowe gei dbbps tcb aott`bs oj soig noo`.
Me ge beiotcbrlmn rbgntmoe, g ncblmng`
rbgntmoe tgdbs p`gnb wmtc ebw proiunts abmek
jorlbi. Bebrky ms tgdbe jrol tcb bevmroelbet,
so tcbrb ms g ibnrbgsb me tblpbrgturb. Ge
bxglp`b ms tcb rbgntmoe oj soimul cyirokbe
ngraoegtb wmtc nmtrmn gnmi to proiunb soimul
nmtrgtb, wgtbr gei ngraoe imoxmib. Me ge
beiotcbrlmn pronbss, bebrky ms g`so tgdbe me
jrol tcb bevmroelbet, aut tcbrb grb eo ebw
proiunts jorlbi. Jor bxglp`b, mnb lb`tmek
tgdbs me bebrky jrol tcb bevmroelbet, so mt
ms beiotcbrlmn, aut smenb eo ebw proiunts
grb jorlbi (wgtbr lbrb`y ncgekbs stgtb) mt ms
ge beiotcbrlmn pronbss. (Nrbimt gey otcbr
sumtga`b bxglp`bs sunc gs potgssmul nc`ormib
imsso`vmek me wgtbr gs ge beiotcbrlmn pronbss.)
Ycb wgtbr me tcb aow` sogds meto tcb n`otc
ovbr tcb soig aott`bs. Ycb `mqumi wgtbr
bvgporgtbs gs mt cbgts up me tcb cot wbgtcbr.
Ycb pgrtmn`bs me tcb `mqumi wgtbr lovb
lovb g`` tcb
tmlb gei nge s`mib pgst bgnc otcbr gs tcby oe`y
cgvb wbgd jornbs co`imek tcbl me p`gnb. Ycb
lorb bebrky tcb pgrtmn`bs cgvb,
cgvb, tcb lorb tcby
nge lovb. [cbe tcb pgrtmn`bs cgvb beoukc
2
Nrbimt gey two sbesma`b mibgs, sunc gs pgmetmek,
kg`vgemsmek or nogtmek wmtc gey otcbr sumtga`b
lgtbrmg`, sunc gs p`gstmn or krbgsb.
:
Ycb p`ge jor tcb mevbstmkgtmoe scou`i n`bgr`y
stgtb tcb vgrmga`b tcb `bgrebr wm`` ncgekb, tcb
tblpbrgturb
tblpbrgtu
rb oj tcb egm`. Ycms nge ab ioeb me g
vgrmbty oj wgys. Gs `oek gs tcb lbtcoi ms n`bgr
gei wordga`b, nrbimt mt. G sukkbstmoe lgy ab
to p`gnb ebw scmey egm`s oj tcb sglb scgpb, smzb
gei nolposmtmoe meto tbst tuabs noetgmemek
wgtbr gt imjjbrbet tblpbrgturbs. Nrbimt `bgrebrs
mj tcby kmvb g sumtga`b
sumtga`b rgekb oj tblpbrg
tblpbrgturbs
turbs..
@bgrebrs lgy ibnmib to dbbp tcb tbst tuabs
me g wgtbr agtc to lgmetgme tcb imjjbrbet
tblpbrgturbs.
Ycbrb lust ab g n`bgr meimngtmoe oj tcb
vgrmga`bs
vgrmga
`bs to ab noetro``bi,
n oetro``bi, sunc gs tcb typb gei
smzb oj tcb egm`, tcb vo`ulb oj wgtbr usbi gei
tcb tmlb jor tcb bxpbrmlbet. Ycbrb scou`i g`so
ab g n`bgr meimngtmoe oj tcb ibpbeibet vgrmga`b
(rustmek) gei cow tcby wm`` lbgsurb mt. Ycms
wm`` proaga`y
proaga`y ab ay byb gei g nolpgrmsoe oj
tcb rust oe tcb egm`s gjtbr g kmvbe tmlb.
Nrbimt scou`i ab kmvbe to g p`ge tcgt noesmibrs
tcb prgntmng`mty oj tcb gpprognc.
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
Yopmn 3.9 Qbgntmoes oj lbtg`s
wmtc wgtbr
77 Noppbr iobs eot rbgnt wmtc wgtbr. Ycms ms wcy
mt ms usbi jor pmpbs ngrrymek wgtbr. Mroe iobs eot
rbgnt wmtc wgtbr bmtcbr aut mt iobs rbgnt wmtc
oxykbe mj mt ms me tcb prbsbenb oj wgtbr. ^o tcb
mroe me tcb pmpbs wou`i rbgnt wmtc gey imsso`vbi
oxykbe me tcb wgtbr gei rust. Mroe oxmib wou`i
jorl. Ycms wou`i rbsu`t me tcb wgtbr abmek
Bxbrnmsb 3.9 Qbgntmoes wmtc wgtbr
gei stbgl
7
Me oribr stgrtmek wmtc tcb lost rbgntmvb8
1
potgssmul4 lgkebsmul4 zmen4 noppbr.
potgssmul
potgssmul + wgtbr
+ cyirokbe
cyiroxmib
>
soimul or `mtcmul
9
Noppbr nge ab usbi jor roojs abngusb mt iobs
eot rbgnt wmtc wgtbr.
wgtbr. Lgkebsmul rbgnts s`ow`y
wmtc wgtbr, so wou`i eot ab usbi jor g rooj, gs
mt wou`i rbgnt wcbe tcbrb ms rgme or seow.
2
:
no`ourbi rbiimsc arowe wmtc tcb mroe oxmib,
oxmib,
gei tcb pmpbs wou`i bvbetug``y no``gpsb.
↑
ng`nmul + wgtbr
ruaabr
auek
↑
Yopmn 3.2 Qbgntmoes
Qbgntmo es oj lbtg`s wmtc
im`utb gnmis
Bxbrnmsb 3.2G Mevbstmkgtmek rbgntmvmty
7
Ycb tbst tuab wmtc lbtg` N cgs `bss gnmi tcge
tcb otcbrs, so mt ms eot g jgmr tbst. G`` tcb tbst
tuabs scou`i cgvb tcb sglb vo`ulb oj gnmi.
Ycb vo`ulb oj gnmi lust ab oeb oj tcb
noetro` vgrmga`bs.
1
Ycby cgvb put oe sgjbty k`gssbs.
>
Abngusb tcb tuab wmtc lbtg` G noetgmes g
imjjbrbet gnmi, emtrmn gnmi4 tcb otcbrs cg
cgvb
vb
cyironc`ormn gnmi. Ycb typb oj gnmi lust ab
oeb oj tcb noetro` vgrmga`bs.
vgrmga`bs.
9
Eo, abngusb tcb pmbnb oj lbtg` A ms `grkbr
tcge tcb pmbnbs oj tcb otcbr lbtg`s. Ycb smzb
oj tcb pmbnbs
pmbnbs oj lbtg` lust
lust ab oeb oj tcb
noetro` vgrmga`bs.
2
cow rbgntmvb imjjbrbet lbtg`s grb wmtc
im`utb gnmis
ng`nmul + cyirokbe
cyiroxmib
aom`mek
tuab
stbgl
nbrglmn
woo`
pmbnb oj
lbtg`
;
cyirokbe
:
tcb typb oj lbtg` usbi
3
Ycb tbst jor cyirokbe
cyirokbe kgs ms to p`gnb g `mkctbi
sp`met me tcb kgs to sbb wcbtcbr mt lgdbs g
squbgdy pop souei wcbe mt aures.
;
tcb glouet oj auaa`mek/eulabr oj auaa`bs
tcbrb grb wcbe tcb lbtg` rbgnts wmtc tcb gnmi
3
Ycb vo`ulb oj gnmi usbi, tcb typb oj gnmi
usbi, tcb lgss oj lbtg` usbi. Nrbimt g`so
–tcb sglb tblpbrgturb”, gei gey lbetmoe
oj tcb jorl tcb lbtg` ms me, m.b. powibr
powibr,, `ulp
or rmaaoe, wcmnc wou`i scow g cmkc ibkrbb
oj ueibrstgeimek.
lgkebsmul + stbgl
=
76
↑
lgkebsmul
+ cyirokbe
oxmib
tbst tuab
auaa`bs oj kgs
Bxbrnmsb 3.2A Qbgntmoes oj lbtg`s wmtc
im`utb gnmis
7
Ycby nge tb`` tcgt g rbgntmoe cgs tgdbe
p`gnb mj tcbrb ms g no`our ncgekb, auaa`bs
oj kgs grb kmvbe ojj or mj tcbrb ms g ncgekb
me tblpbrgturb.
1
Ycby nge tb`` wcmnc lbtg` ms lorb rbgntmvb ay
nolpgrmek tcb eulabr oj auaa`bs kmvbe ojj
me g kmvbe tmlb or nolpgrmek tcb tblpbrgturb
ncgekbs. No`our ncgekb ms eot g rb`mga`b or
prgntmng` wgy to nolpgrb rbgntmoes.
abgdbr
wgtbr
jueeb`
lbtg`
1:
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
>
9
Ycby ngeeot usb tcbmr oasbrvgtmoes to
nolpgrb noppbr, g`ulmemul,
g`ulmemul, zmen gei `bgi
abngusb tcb two aoys cgvb
cgvb usbi imjjbrbet gnmis.
Ycb gnmis grb g`so oj imjjbrbet noenbetrgtmoes
gei imjjbrbet vo`ulbs.
Ycb p`ge scou`i usb tcb noenbpt tcgt tcb oe`y
vgrmga`b
vgrmg
a`b to ab ncgekbi ms tcb typb oj lbtg`.
Ycb typb, vo`ulb gei noenbetrgtmoe oj tcb
gnmi usbi scou`i ab tcb sglb me bgnc tbst. Ycb
lgss oj lbtg` usbi scou`i ab tcb sglb. Ycbrb
scou`i ab ge meimngtmoe oj cow tcbsb vgrmga`bs
wm`` ab lbgsurbi to besurb tcby grb tcb sglb me
bgnc ngsb. Jor bxglp`b, tcb usb oj g lbgsurmek
ny`meibr to lbgsurb tcb vo`ulb
vo`ulb oj tcb gnmi.
Ycbrb scou`i ab solb meimngtmoe oj cow tcb
eulabr or vo`ulb oj auaa`bs oj cyirokbe kmvbe
ojj wm`` ab nolpgrbi. Ycms nou`i ab ay iomek
tcb tbsts gt tcb sglb tmlb gei nolpgrmek ay byb.
Ycbrb scou`i ab ge bqumplbet `mst or meimngtmoe
oj wcgt bqumplbet wm`` ab rbqumrbi. ^gjbty
mejorlgtmoe, sunc gs wbgrmek sgjbty k`gssbs gei
cow to usb rbgkbet aott`bs, rbp`gnmek stoppbrs
gei
so oe, scou`i
ab men`uibi.
Ycb
p`ge
scou`i
ab prbsbetbi
me g `okmng`
sbqubenb
gei
lgeebr.
Bxbrnmsb 3.2N Cow rbgntmvb grb tcbsb
lbtg`s?
7
Ycb lgss oj lbtg` usbi4 tcb vo`ulb oj gnmi
usbi4 tcb typb oj gnmi gei mts noenbetrgtmoe.
G`so, tcb mevbrtbi tbst tuab lust g`wgys
g`wgys ab
nolp`btb`y ju`` oj wgtbr gt tcb stgrt oj tcb
mevbstmkgtmoe4
mevbstmkg
tmoe4 tcb tmlbr lust ab stgrtbi gt
tcb sglb pomet me tcb mevbstmkgtmoe8 wcbe
wcbe tcb
ib`mvbry tuab ms agnd me p`gnb, jor
jor bxglp`b4 tcb
tbst tuab oj kgs lust ab nolp`btb`y ju`` wcbe
tmlmek ms stoppbi.
1
Noppbr iobs eot rbgnt me im`utb gnmi.
>
@bgrebrs scou`i irgw g agr ncgrt, wmtc tcb agrs
me oribr oj cbmkct, tcb tg``bst agr jurtcbst `bjt.
9
Gnnbpt gey sbesma`b sukkbstmoes, jor bxglp`b8
scb lmkct cgvb lmsrbgi tcb tmlbr, or eot
stoppbi mt gt bxgnt`y tcb rmkct tmlb4 scb lmkct
cgvb kot tcb lgss oj lbtg` wroek, or lmxbi
up wcmnc lbtg` scb wgs usmek.
2
@bgrebrs nou`i lbetmoe tcb imj﬇nu`tmbs oj
dbbpmek tcb ib`mvbry tuab me p`gnb so tcgt eo
cyirokbe ms `ost4 kbttmek tcb ib`mvbry tuab
agnd me p`gnb me tcb noemng` figsd gjtbr giimek
tcb lbtg`4 abmek bxgnt`y surb wcbe tcb tuab ms
nolp`btb`y ju`` oj kgs.
:
Gnnbpt sbesma`b sukkbstmoes to mlprovb
gnnurgny4 io eot gnnbpt rbpbgtmek tcb
bxpbrmlbets wmtc bgnc lbtg`, gs tcms mlprovbs
mlprovbs
tcb rb`mgam`mty, eot tcb gnnurgny. ^ukkbstmoes
tcgt lmkct ab bxpbntbi gei wcmnc wou`i
provmib
provm
ib bvmibenb tcgt `bgrebrs cg
cgvb
vb tcoukct
ngrbju``y
gaout
tcb
prgntmng`
mevbstmkgtmoe
mevbstmkg
tmoe
grb8
oeb
pbrsoe gspbnts
giimek oj
tcbtcb
lbtg`
gei geotcbr pbrsoe puttmek tcb ib`mvbry tuab
agnd4 usmek g krgiugtbi tuab or lbgsurmek
ny`meibr or lgrdmek tcb tbst tuab so tcgt mt
ms bgsmbr to sbb wcbe tcb kgs rbgncbs g
pgrtmnu`gr `bvb`.
Remt = Lgkebtmsl
Yopmn =.7 Lgkebtmn ﬇b`is
Bxbrnmsb =.7G Lgkebtmn ﬇b`i pgttbres
7
a
g
^
S me bmtcbr oj tcb posmtmoes scowe.
E
S
1;
S
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
n
[ me gey oj tcb posmtmoes scowe.
[
Bxbrnmsb =.7N Metbrgntmoe oj lgkebtmn
﬇b`is
7
[
Ycb lgkebtmn ﬇b`i `mebs abtwbbe tcb two po`bs
grb me opposmtb imrbntmoes4 rbpb`.
Ycb lgkebtmn ﬇b`i `mebs abtwbbe tcb two po`bs
grb me tcb sglb imrbntmoes4 gttrgnt.
[
1
[
1
V`gnb two lgkebts oe g surjgnb wmtc tcb two
soutc po`bs jgnmek4 p`gnb g pmbnb oj pgpbr ovbr
aotc lgkebts4 sprmed`b mroe ﬇`meks oe tcb pgpbr.
Yopmn =.1 Ycb Bgrtc gs g
kmget lgkebt
g
Bxbrnmsb =.1G Ycb Bgrtc”
Bgrtc”ss lgkebtmn ﬇b`i
E
^
a
E
E
Bxbrnmsb =.7A Lgkebtmn ﬇b`is
7
1
g
Ycb grbg grouei g lgkebt wcbrb tcb
bjjbnt oj tcb lgkebt nge ab ibtbntbi.
a
G lgkebtmn nolpgss wm`` ture gnnorimek
to tcb posmtmoe oj g lgkebtmn oahbnt4
tcb ebbi`b wm`` pomet me tcb imrbntmoe oj
lgkebtmn ﬇b`i `mebs.
7
Ycb Bgrtc”s lgkebtmn po`bs cgvb eot g`wgys
abbe me tcb sglb posmtmoes.
Ycb Bgrtc”s lgkebtmn
lgkebtmn po`bs grb smlm`gr to tcb
po`bs oj g agr lgkebt.
1
Ycb Bgrtc”s lgkebtmn ﬇b`i onnurs g`` grouei
tcb Bgrtc.
>
g
norb
a
mroe gei emndb`
Bxbrnmsb =.1A Imrbntmoe oj tcb Bgrtc”s
lgkebtmn ﬇b`i
7
towgri kbokrgpcmn eortc
1
soutc
>
g
^trodb tcb ebbi`b wmtc tcb lgkebt4 usb
^trodb
tcb sglb po`b oj tcb lgkebt4 strodb
sbvbrg` tmlbs4 strodb me tcb sglb imrbntmoe
bgnc tmlb.
a
Gey lbtcoi tcgt wm`` g``ow tcb ebbi`b to
rotgtb jrbb`y, sunc gs fiogt oe g nord me
wgtbr or suspbei cormzoetg``y usmek
g tcrbgi.
9
g
kbts wbgdbr
a
kbts wbgdbr (to tcb lmii`b oj tcb lgkebt)
tcbe kbts stroekbr gkgme
Gttgnc tcb strmek to tcb lmii`b oj tcb lgkebt
usmek tcb gicbsmvb tgpb4 cgek tcb agr lgkebt
so mt ms cormzoetg` gei supportbi jrol tcb
wooibe n`glp stgei4 g``ow tcb lgkebt to
ture. Ycb lgkebt wm`` g`mke n`osb to tcb
kbokrgpcmn eortc-soutc imrbntmoe4 tcb eortc
po`b oj tcb lgkebt wm`` pomet n`osb`y to
kbokrgpcmn eortc.
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
13
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
Bxbrnmsb =.1N ^trbektc oj tcb Bgrtc”s
lgkebtmn ﬇b`i
7
1
Ycb strbektc oj tcb lgkebtmn ﬇b`i 7 nl jrol
tcb bei oj g agr lgkebt. Qbgsoe8 tcb Bgrtc”s
lgkebtmn ﬇b`i wm`` eot lgdb g pgpbrn`mp lovb,
aut wcbe 7 nl jrol tcb bei oj g agr lgkebt,
Bxbrnmsb =.>A B`bntrolgkebts 1
7
Gey two jrol8 `mjtmek/sortmek snrgp lbtg`4
togstbr4 b`bntrmn ab``4 b`bntrmn lotor4 co`imek
ioors opbe.
1
g
g pgpbrn`mp wm`` lovb.
g 9
a
a
1266
n
n
26 666
:2 666
S
>6 666
7
Bmtcbr8 armek g lgkebtmn nolpgss n`osb to
tcb bei4 mj tcb nolpgss pomets towgris tcb
bei oj tcb egm`, mt ms soutc4
soutc4 mj tcb nolpgss
pomets gwgy jrol tcb bei oj tcb egm`, mt ms
eortc4 OQ armek tcb eortc po`b oj g agr
lgkebt to tcb bei oj tcb egm`4 mj mt gttrgnts
mt ms soutc4 mj mt rbpb`s, mt ms eortc.
g
Mt nou`i ab g soutc po`b.
a
Armek tcb eortc po`b oj g agr lgkebt
towgri tcb bei oj tcb egm`4 mj tcby rbpb`,
tcbe tcb bei oj tcb egm` ms g eortc4 mj tcby
gttrgnt, tcbe tcb bei oj tcb egm` ms g soutc
(gnnbpt bxp`gegtmoe usmek soutc po`b wmtc
opposmtb bjjbnts).
n
Qbvbrsb tcb nurrbet me tcb nom`/rbvbrsb tcb
Qbvbrsb
nb`` me tcb nmrnumt4 rblovb tcb egm` jrol tcb
nom` gei mesbrt tcb otcbr wgy rouei / wmei
tcb nom` me tcb opposmtb imrbntmoe.
[
>6 666
Ycb `bgrebr”s posmtmoe scou`i ab norrbnt`y
mibetm﬇bi4 mj tcb `bgrebr”s `ongtmoe ms
abtwbbe two `mebs tcbe gey vg`ub abtwbbe
tcb vg`ubs oj tcosb `mebs nge ab kmvbe.
Yopmn =.> B`bntrolgkebts
Bxbrnmsb =.>G B`bntrolgkebts 7
7
to tcb egm`.
[cbe nurrbet stops fiowmek, tcb egm` ms eo
`oekbr lgkebtmsbi4 tcb pmes wm`` eo `oekbr
ab gttrgntbi to tcb egm`.
Bxbrnmsb =.>N B`bntrolgkebts >
i
b
[cbe nurrbet fiows, tcb egm` ms lgkebtmsbi4
tcb pmes grb lgkebtmn gei wm`` ab gttrgntbi
Yopmn =.9 Mevbstmkgtmek
b`bntrolgkebts
g
wmrb to lgdb tcb nom`4 mroe or stbb` roi/egm`
jor tcb norb
Bxbrnmsb
=.9G ^trbektc
oj
b`bntrolgkebts
7
a
stbb` pgpbrn`mps
7
1
stbb` gei mroe
>
Ycb b`bntrolgkebt usbs b`bntrmnmty/nurrbet to
word4 tcb b`bntrolgkebt nge ab swmtncbi oe
gei ojj.
g
Gs tcb eulabr oj tures oe tcb nom`
menrbgsbs, tcb eulabr oj pgpbrn`mps `mjtbi
menrbgsbs. Ycms lbges tcb b`bntrolgkebt
kbts stroekbr gs tcb eulabr oj tures oe
tcb nom` menrbgsbs.
a
16 tures/2 pgpbrn`mps
n
rbpbgt mt/io mt gkgme (eot ncbnd mt)
i
smzb oj tcb pgpbrn`mps4 nurrbet me tcb nom`4
lgtbrmg` me tcb norb
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
1=
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
Bxbrnmsb =.9A ^trbektc oj
b`bntrolgkebts 1
7
g
lgtbrmg` me tcb norb4 eulabr oj tures me
tcb nom`4 sglb smzb pgpbr n`mps
a
m
Nb``s nge rue out/rue `ow,
`ow, wcbrbgs tcb
powbr supp`y wm`` eot/powbr supp`y
1
a
slg`` pgpbrn`mps4 g abttbr rgekb oj
vg`ubs nge ab lbgsurbi/lbgsurblbet ms
me slg``br metbrvg`s/nge ibtbnt slg``br
ncgekbs me b`bntrolgkebtmn strbektc
g
Ycb rbgimek oe tcb ag`genb wm`` ibnrbgsb4
tcb mroe a`ond wm`` ab gttrgntbi up to tcb
b`bntrolgkebt4 tcb jornb oj gttrgntmoe oe
tcb a`ond ms me tcb opposmtb imrbntmoe to
tcb wbmkct oj tcb a`ond4 tcb jornb iowe oe
tcb ag`genb ms `bss.
a
Gs tcb nurrbet me tcb b`bntrolgkebt
menrbgsbs, tcb rbgimek oe tcb ag`genb wm``
kbt slg``br/ibnrbgsb
slg``br/ibnrbgsb..
n
Eo, tcms ms eot norrbnt4 mj tcb noeebntmoe ms
rbvbrsbi, tcbe tcb nurrbet wm`` ab rbvbrsbi4
tcb po`bs oe tcb b`bntrolgkebt wm`` ab
rbvbrsbi4 wcmncbvbr po`b ms n`osb to tcb mroe
a`ond wm`` stm`` gttrgnt tcb a`ond bqug``y.
bqug``y.
ms lorb rb`mga`b4 bgsmbr to ncgekb tcb
nurrbet wmtc tcb powbr supp`y tcge
noeebntmek/imsnoeebntmek nb``s
nb``s..
n
mm
Ycb wmrb me tcb nom` kbts too cot.
m
mm
26 pmes
71 or 7> pmes (eot 71.2)
Bxbrnmsb =.9N ^trbektc oj
b`bntrolgkebts >
7
g
nurrbet me tcb nom` gei lgtbrmg` me tcb norb
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc