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Eletric vehicles impact using renewable energy
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DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2015.7113007
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2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)
Eletric Vehicles Impact using Renewable Energy
Michela Longo, Dario Zaninelli
Department of Energy,
Politecnico di Milano
Milano, Italy
michela.longo@polimi.it, dario.zaninelli@polimi.it
Abstract—In this moment, the principle topics for the modern
world are the reduction of environmental pollution and the
production of energy from renewable sources (for example
photovoltaic system, wind farm, hydroelectric plants, etc.). This
particular attention is determined by different reasons, in
particular from the Kyoto Protocol, and from different problems
as greenhouse effect, acid rain and climate change. The scope of
this work is to study, for different years (1997-2013) in Italy, the
production of electric energy from renewable and non-renewable.
At a later stage, the attention will be on the consumption of the
electric energy divided for different sectors. In particular, we
study the possible solutions in order to reduce emissions. This
paper examines the integration of sources of renewable energy in
all regions of Italy where the focus is on the possibility to reduce
emission integrating the electric vehicles.
Keywords-electric vehicles; wind farm; green energy; vehicles
fleet.
I.
INTRODUCTION
The Kyoto Protocol (KP)was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, in
1997. Due to a complex ratification process, it entered into force
in 2005. The KP is significant because, unlike previous
negotiations on climate change, which had only suggested that
governments voluntarily reduce their emission of greenhouse
gases, it contains concrete mandatory aims for the countries
which have signed it, as for example Italy [1, 2].This policy
indicates different aspects, in particular: compensating for
emissions by increasing the number of a country’s carbon sinks;
emissions trading; clean development mechanism; joint
implementation.
In this moment, the principle topics for the modern world
are the reduction of environmental pollution and the production
of energy from renewable sources (for example photovoltaic
system, wind farm, hydroelectric plants, etc.) [3].
A strong increase in renewable energy generation is a trend to
which many Countries are oriented. This aspect has been
central since many years, first for the economic and reliable
benefits that the introduction of renewable sources (RES) in the
generation system could cause [4-6] and now for the rapid
increase in world demand for electricity coupled with the need
to reduce the high carbon emissions due to the use of fossil fuel
[7].But not enough to move towards a sustainable production of
electric energy .It is very important to understand what are the
978-1-4673-6785-1/15/$31.00 ©2015 European Union
Fabio Viola, Pietro Romano, Rosario Miceli, IEEE
member
Dipartimento di Energia, ingegneria dell’Informazione e
modelli Matematici, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy,
fabio.viola@unipa.it, pietro.romano@unipa.it,
rosario.miceli@unipa.it
sectors that pollute and in this case to apply the solutions that
bring down emissions. In all countries, there are many sectors
that generate pollution, but one in particular is more critical and
it is the traffic[8, 9].The exposure to air pollution from traffic
can create the development of asthma in children and adults and
the diesel exhaust can cause lung cancer. It is necessary to think
at different strategies with short- and long-term, for example:
 Reducing vehicle emissions: introducing programs to
remove or retrofit high-emission vehicles; reducing traffic
congestion; expanding infrastructure for electric vehicles
(EVs).
 Modifying current infrastructure: limiting heavy truck
traffic to specific routes; separating active commuting zones
from busy roads
 Better land-use planning and traffic management
 Encouraging behavioral change: creating policies to reduce
traffic congestion in specific areas and encouraging
alternative commuting behaviors.
Right on, the first point it has been decided to investigate.
This study aims to present a preliminary research of the impact,
in terms of vehicle fleet, the diffusion of photovoltaic and wind
generation in all regions of Italy. This work want to show as
both possible to use the energy production of renewable
resources to recharging the electric vehicles. Starting from data
collected, the following analysis proposes a study of the
feasibility between electric vehicle and renewable energy
introduction.
The paper firstly presents a brief description of the
production and consumption of Italian electric energy (Section
2) and of the data collection used for this analysis (Section 3).
Section 4 presents the processing of the collected data and
finally, the results and discussion are reported in section 5.
II.
PRODUCTION ANDCONSUMPTIONOF ELECTRIC ENERGY
IN ITALY
This section wants to gather different information on the
Italian electric production. In particular, the attention is focused
on the production of electric energy with electric plants
correlate with the diffusion of the renewable sources, in
particular photovoltaic systems, wind, thermal, geothermal and
hydroelectric plants in Italy from 1997 to 2013 in order to
perform a correlation among the values of the consumption for
different sectors of the electric energy. The choice to start the
2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)
analysis from 1997, derives from the fact that the Kyoto
protocol was signed in that year.
industry and household users executing new policies for the
reduce for pollution.
180000
Energy consumpion [GWh]
120000
Energy [GWh]
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
160000
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
0
Year
Hydroelectric plant
Year
Wind Plant
Biomass Power Plant
Geothermal plant
Agriculture
Solar Plant
Figure 1. Production of electric energy for different sources (renewable
systems).
Figure 1 shows the energy produced to the renewable
energy.
It is possible to observe that from year 2008, the number of
installation for renewable system has been increased. In
particular, the solar plant has had the highest diffusion from
2011 to 2013. Of all renewable energy sources, solar PV's
success is second only to hydro, which provided 23.4% of
Italy's electricity in the same time period. Wind farms and
geothermal power contributed a further 5.8% and 2%,
respectively. Figure 2 shows the production of electric energy
with non-renewable systems.
350000
Energy [GWh]
300000
Industry
Service Sector
Household uses
Figure 3. Energy consumption fo different sectors.
III.
DATA COLLECTION
This survey has been carried out considering the data
available from a specific website, and specifically the TERNA
site [10]. TERNA is the Italian Transmission System Operator
(TSO) that manages electricity transmission in Italy
guaranteeing its safety, quality and affordability over time. It
ensures equal access conditions to all grid users. Moreover, it
develops market activities and new business opportunities with
the experience and technical skills gained in managing complex
systems. However, the focus is on the diffusion of photovoltaic
system and wind farm in addition to the diffusion vehicle fleet
in all Italian regions during different years, in specific from
2007- 2013. This choice derives observing of the evolution and
different diffusion between renewable and non-renewable
energy. In this work, they have been used different websites for
collect data, even if in the TERNA site is been possible to find
many information. Other useful sites for analysis are:
 ACI and ARPA sites allow different information on vehicle
fleet different for all regions in Italy;
250000
200000
 ATLASOLE site [11] is the geographic information system
that identifies the photovoltaic systems distributed on Italian
grid. This allows the installations PV at the different level,
for example Region, Province or District. However, it shows
photovoltaic systems grouped by power classes and by
number of systems in function.
150000
100000
50000
0
Thermal Plant
Year
Total Renewable sources
Figure 2. Production of electric energy for Termal plant.
In addition, in this case, it is possible to see that from year
2009 the production of thermal energy is reduced respect the
last years. This effect is very important because it demonstrated
that renewable energies are spreading.
The production of electric energy both from green energy
and non-renewable is used for different sectors as shown in
Figure 3. In fact, it is possible to observe the decrease of
consumption of the energy for some sectors, for example
 ATLAVENTO site [12] allows the interactive viewing of
wind parks in Italy, dividing them on national, regional and
provincial levels, with number of wind systems, power
(MW) and production (GWh).
A. Photovoltaic System
For several years, the incentive policies carried out in Italy
have led to the development and spread of several photovoltaic
installations throughout the country. In particular, much
progress in installed power can be seen starting from 2009, as
shown in Fig. 4.
2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)
500000
18000
400000
15000
300000
12000
9000
200000
6000
Number of PV system
100000
3000
0
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
Years
Energy production [GWh]
2011
2012
4.00E+07
2013
Number of PV system
3.00E+07
Figure 4. Number of PV plants and production green energy in Italy for
different years.
The development of renewable energy and photovoltaic
systems has radically transformed the electricity generation
system in Italy. Furthermore, the distribution of the installed
power and the number of photovoltaic systems in Italian regions
is not homogeneous. In fact, the highest number of systems is
found in the North, especially in Lombardy and Veneto. The
percentage distribution of plants in Italy has shown a higher
concentration of installations in the North about 54%, the Centre
has installed about 17% in the south the remaining 29%.
Nevertheless, if the North Italy is characterized by many small
size power plants, in the South Italy is characterized by high
power systems installations.
B. Wind Farm
The conditions for the production of wind energy in Italy is
not the most favorable, because of the long and narrow shape
of the territory and the presence of high reliefs, such as the Alps,
which are an obstacle to the winds, but locally there are many
favorable situations, particularly along the Apennines and the
Adriatic islands. It is evident that the regions of the south and
center are the most productive, thanks to the favorable winds
along the ridge of the Apennines and the hills of the islands,
while the presence of the Alps affects negatively for North
Regions. The energy produced for 24% comes from Sicily,
23% from Puglia, 13.6% from Campania, 13% from Calabria,
10.6% from Sardinia, 6.3% from Molise, Basilicata by 4.6%,
3% from Abruzzo. In all other regions, the production of energy
from wind power is less than 1%. Figure 5 shows the number
of wind farm and the energy production.
1200
14000
1000
12000
10000
800
8000
600
6000
400
4000
Number of wind farm
Energy production [GWh]
C. Vehicle Fleet
When it speaks to fleet vehicles are groups of motor vehicles
owned or leased by an individual or family, business and
government agency or other organization. Different typologies
are presented in a country, for example the autobus, cars,
scooters, trucks, etc. In this paper, it has been considered only
the cars in different years, from 2007 to 2013. Figure 6 shows
the total number of vehicle fleet during the last years in all Italy.
200
2000
0
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
Years
Energy production [GWh]
2011
2012
2013
Number of wind farm
Figure 5. Number of WIND farms and production green energy in Italy.
# Vehicle Fleet
Energy production [GWh]
21000
2.00E+07
1.00E+07
0.00E+00
2007
2008
2009
2010
Years
2011
2012
2013
Figure 6. Total number of vehicle fleet in the last years.
IV.
PROCESSING OF THE DATACOLLECTED
All the data collected previously described have been processed
in order to find the feasibility of the integration of electric
vehicles and PV systems and wind farms. The comparison have
been carried out among the 20 Italian regions that have different
characteristics regarding the above items. In order to facilitate
the study, they have been considered some variables:
 EPVRegion: PV energy production in GWh in a specific region
of Italy;
 EWINDRegion: wind energy production in GWh in a specific
region of Italy;
 EEVsRegion: energy required for recharge the electric vehicles;
 EgridRegion: energy required to the electric grid;
For the electric vehicles, it is necessary to consider different
information, in particular:
 Cbattery: battery capacity of 24 kWh
 DOD: Depth Of Discharge is equal to 60%
 : efficiency of the charging system is 85%.
 Cave: the average value of consumption, in this study, it is
considere equal to 0.213 kWh/km.
 ΔSOC: the energy that must be provided to the vehicles will
depend on the difference between the initial and final States
Of Charge of the battery. In this case, it has been considered
the unfavorable case where ΔSOC is equal to 60%.
 Dcharge:the possible distance travelled in annual with
different State of Charge, but in this case for ΔSOC equal
to 60% the annual distance is 24676 km.
According to the computed average distance, it is possible to
evaluate the energy required by the electric vehicles considered.
So, we determine the energy required on an annual basis:
2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)
Lombardy
(1)
6000000
12
EPV Re gions   Ed  m,  ,  
(2)
m1
3000000
40000
2000000
20000
1000000
where Ed is energy generated by PV system, where it must be
changed depending of the region considered; m are months, as
January is equal to 1 and December is equal to 12; is the
Azimuth angle and istheTilt angle [13].
Applying the mathematical law (1) and (2),it is possible to
obtain the requested energy necessary to recharge the electric
vehicle, in (3)
EGrid Re gions  EPV Re gions  EEVs Re gions
(3)
The assessment of the energy flows within the charging system
requires the knowledge of the daily production curves of the PV
system and the demand curves of the EVs. In this preliminary
study, it analyses how many electric vehicles that can be
recharged with the energy produced by PV systems and Wind
farms distributed in different Italian regions. Figure 7 shows
details for regions in Italy, in particular the total number of cars
and the green cars obtained with the recharge to PV systems and
Wind farms.
It is possible to observe that a high presence of photovoltaic
or wind generation substantially causes a high diffusion of the
electric vehicles. Obviously, in this case it has been
hypothesized that all energy production is used to recharge the
EVs, but in future work, they will considered different scenarios
where the energy will used for different uses and not only for
EVs
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Years
# Evs with Wind energy
# Evs with PV energy
# Vehicle Fleet
Trentino A. A.
# Vehicle Fleet
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
0
800000
20000
600000
15000
400000
10000
200000
5000
0
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Years
# Evs with Wind energy
# Evs with PV energy
# Vehicle Fleet
Veneto
3000000
80000
2500000
# Vehicle Fleet
V.
60000
4000000
# Electric Vehicles
It is possible to obtain the annual electricity production
generated of PV systems, using the (2):
80000
5000000
# Electric Vehicles

60000
2000000
1500000
40000
1000000
20000
500000
0
# Electric Vehicles
 Dch arg e  Cave 
# Vehicle Fleet
EEVs Re gions 
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Years
Aosta Valley
# Evs with Wind energy
# Evs with PV energy
# Vehicle Fleet
1000
80000
400
40000
200
0
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Years
# Evs with Wind energy
# Evs with PV energy
Friuli V. G.
800000
20000
600000
15000
400000
10000
200000
5000
# Vehicle Fleet
0
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Years
# Evs with Wind energy
# Evs with PV energy
# Vehicle Fleet
# Electric Vehicles
600
# Vehicle Fleet
800
120000
# Electric Vehicles
# Vehicle Fleet
160000
2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)
Marche
Liguria
1000000
20000
50000
600000
10000
400000
5000
200000
0
2011
2012
200000
10000
0
2007
2013
2008
2009
Years
# Evs with Wind energy
# Evs with PV energy
# Evs with Wind energy
# Vehicle Fleet
1500000
40000
1000000
20000
500000
0
# Vehicle Fleet
60000
2000000
# Electric Vehicles
# Vehicle Fleet
2500000
2011
2012
4000000
80000
3000000
60000
2000000
40000
1000000
20000
0
2007
2013
2008
2009
Years
# Evs with Wind energy
# Evs with PV energy
# Evs with Wind energy
# Vehicle Fleet
20000
1000000
10000
500000
0
# Vehicle Fleet
1500000
# Electric Vehicles
# Vehicle Fleet
30000
2011
2012
60000
800000
40000
600000
400000
20000
200000
0
2007
2013
2008
2009
Years
# Evs with PV energy
# Evs with Wind energy
# Vehicle Fleet
400000
10000
200000
5000
0
0
2011
2012
2013
# Vehicle Fleet
15000
# Electric Vehicles
# Vehicle Fleet
600000
2010
2013
# Vehicle Fleet
300000
120000
200000
80000
100000
40000
0
0
2007
2008
Years
# Evs with Wind energy
2012
Molise
20000
2009
2011
# Evs with PV energy
Umbria
2008
2010
Years
800000
2007
# Vehicle Fleet
0
0
# Evs with Wind energy
2013
Abruzzo
2000000
2010
2012
1000000
40000
2009
2011
# Evs with PV energy
Tuscany
2008
2010
Years
2500000
2007
# Vehicle Fleet
0
0
2010
2013
Lazio
80000
2009
2012
# Evs with PV energy
Emilia R.
2008
2011
Years
3000000
2007
2010
# Electric Vehicles
2010
20000
# Electric Vehicles
2009
400000
# Evs with PV energy
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Years
# Vehicle Fleet
# Evs with Wind energy
# Evs with PV energy
# Vehicle Fleet
# Electric Vehicles
2008
30000
600000
0
0
2007
40000
800000
# Electric Vehicles
15000
# Vehicle Fleet
800000
# Electric Vehicles
# Vehicle Fleet
1000000
2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)
Sicily
300000
2000000
200000
1000000
100000
0
300000
2000000
200000
1000000
2009
2010
2011
2012
100000
0
0
2007
2013
2008
2009
Years
# Evs with Wind energy
# Evs with PV energy
# Evs with Wind energy
# Vehicle Fleet
300000
1000000
200000
100000
0
# Vehicle Fleet
400000
# Electric Vehicles
# Vehicle Fleet
500000
2000000
300000
800000
200000
400000
100000
2011
2012
0
0
2007
2013
2008
2009
Years
# Evs with Wind energy
# Evs with PV energy
# Evs with Wind energy
# Vehicle Fleet
300000
150000
200000
100000
100000
50000
0
# Electric Vehicles
# Vehicle Fleet
200000
0
2009
2010
2011
2012
VI.
2013
# Evs with PV energy
# Vehicle Fleet
∆𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑝𝑜𝑙 = 0.70
# Evs with PV energy
DISCUSSION
2013
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑉𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑉𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑡
.
(4)
# Vehicle Fleet
Figure 8 shows the air pollution index for all Italian regions, in
particular only for 2013 year.
Calabria
1600000
240000
180000
800000
120000
400000
60000
0
D reducion pollution
300000
1200000
# Electric Vehicles
# Vehicle Fleet
2012
A recent paper [14] shows that driving vehicles fed by
electricity from renewable energy instead of gasoline could
reduce the resulting deaths due to air pollution by 70 percent.
Each Italian region has the potential to reduce deaths caused by
air pollution index equal to:
Years
# Evs with Wind energy
2011
Figure 7. Italy's regions indicating vehicle Fleet and EVs recharged of
Photovoltaic Systems and Wind Farms.
400000
2008
2010
Years
Basilicata
2007
# Vehicle Fleet
1200000
0
2010
2013
Sardinia
600000
2009
2012
# Evs with PV energy
Apulia
2008
2011
Years
3000000
2007
2010
# Electric Vehicles
2008
400000
3000000
0
2007
500000
# Electric Vehicles
3000000
4000000
# Vehicle Fleet
400000
# Electric Vehicles
# Vehicle Fleet
Campania
4000000
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
0
Years
# Evs with Wind energy
# Evs with PV energy
# Vehicle Fleet
Regions
Figure 8. Italy's regions indicating air pollution index for 2013 year.
2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)
In this way, following the reasoning set out in the project
Aphekom [15], which evaluated the occurrence of diseases and
related costs for the national health system, it is possible to
evaluate an economic benefit in using electricity produced from
renewable sources. Focusing only on the reduction of
Particulate Matter 10 and 2.5, are distinguishable two possible
objectives: 1) reduction of 5[𝜇𝑔⁄𝑚3 ] corresponding to a PM10
reduction of 13% and 24% of PM2,5; 2) reducing the values
established by the World Health Organization, which would
result in a halving of the current emissions.
TABLE I.
APHEKOM PROJECT
Aphekom project
reduction
Economic value[M€]
PM10
13%
5,3
50%
19,7
PM2,5
24%
983,1
50%
2.115,1
Considering three regions: Lombardy, Lazio and Sicily, for
which the application of the formula 4 brings a reduction
respectively 0.93, 1.4 and 8.75%, the following minimum
savings for the national health system, respectively can be
assumed.
TABLE II.
ECONOMICAL VALUATION OF THE REDUCTION OF PM10AND
PM2.5
Economic savings
Lombardy
Reduction PM10
0.93%
Savings
0.215
[M€]
Reduction PM2,5 0.93%
Savings
38.1
[M€]
Lazio
1.4%
0.323
Sicily
8.75%
2.019
1.4%
57.3
8.75%
321.5
VII. CONCLUSIONS
The aim of this work is to study the feasibility between electric
vehicles and photovoltaic systems and wind farm. The analyzed
period considers five years, from 2009 to 2013. The study has
been carried out for the 20 Italian regions, each as a
representative case of a particular combination of vehicle fleet,
PV, wind and EVs. The obtained results show that in general, it
is possible to integrate and to recharge the EVs.
This diffusion can permit to reduce the pollution e to think
at the environmental. Obviously, the use of photovoltaic
systems or wind farms are not used only for electric vehicles
but in general, they can be used for another uses, for example
to domestic use. In discussions, a brief assessment of the
economic return in the savings of the national health system is
traced.
The future work will be to study the reduction of pollution
for different emissions, for example CO2, NOx, PM2.5 and PM10
for all regions analyzed in this study.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors acknowledge the financial support from
University of Palermo and from PON i-Next: Innovation for
greeN Energy and eXchange in Transportation, PON04a2_H
2007-2013.
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