Complete Version
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Methods of charging:
o Conduction:
 Conduction is the process of transmitting electric charge through a material.
 Conduction can occur in both conductors (materials that allow electric charge to flow easily) and insulators
(materials that resist the flow of electric charge).
 In conductors, electric charge is carried by free electrons that can move through the material.
 In insulators, electric charge is carried by charged particles that are immobile (i.e., fixed in place) but can still
transmit an electric charge through the material.
o Induction:
 Induction is the process of generating an electric current in a conductor by exposing it to a changing magnetic
field.
 Induction requires a time-varying magnetic field and a conductor that is capable of allowing current to flow.
 In induction, the changing magnetic field induces an electric field in the conductor, which in turn causes a flow
of electric current.
o Differences:
 The key difference between induction and conduction is that induction generates an electric current through a
changing magnetic field, while conduction transmits electric charge through a material.
 Induction does not require physical contact between the magnetic field and the conductor, while conduction
typically requires physical contact between the material carrying the charge and the rest of the circuit.
 Induction can occur in materials that are not conductive, while conduction requires a material that is capable
of transmitting electric charge.
Electrical Fields:
o An electric field is a region of space around a charged object or group of objects in which an electric charge would
experience a force.
o Electric fields can be represented by electric field lines, which show the direction of the electric field at different points
in space. The closer the lines are together, the stronger the electric field is.
o Test charges are small, charged objects used to study electric fields.
o The force experienced by the test charge can be measured, and from this measurement, the strength and direction of
the electric field at that point can be determined using Coulomb's law or other related equations.
o Electric fields are vector fields, meaning they have both magnitude and direction.
o Electric field lines always start on a positive charge and end on a negative charge or extend to infinity if there are no
charges.
o The electric field at a point in space is proportional to the charge creating the field and inversely proportional to the
distance from the charge.
o Electric fields can produce a force on a moving charged particle, which can cause the particle to accelerate and change
direction.
Laws:
o Coulomb's law:
 Coulomb's law is a fundamental law of electrostatics that describes the interaction between charged particles.
It states that the electrostatic force between two charged particles is directly proportional to the product of
their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Mathematically,
Coulomb's law can be expressed as F = k*q1*q2/r2, where F is the electrostatic force between the particles, q1
and q2 are their charges, r is the distance between them, and k is Coulomb's constant, which is a fundamental
constant of nature.
o Ohm's law:
 Ohm's law is a fundamental law of electrical circuits that relates the voltage, current, and resistance in a
circuit. It states that the current flowing through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to
the voltage across the two points and inversely proportional to the resistance of the conductor.
Mathematically, Ohm's law can be expressed as V = I*R, where V is the voltage across the conductor, I is the
current flowing through the conductor, and R is the resistance of the conductor. Ohm's law is a simple and
useful tool for analyzing and designing electrical circuits.
Other Notes:
o Subatomic Particles:
 Proton = Positive
 Electron = Negative
 Neutron = Neutral
o Current:
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 Current is conserved.
Equation Group 0:
o e = k * q / r2 (Electric field strength) [Relates the electric field strength (e) created by a point charge to the magnitude of
that charge (q) and the distance (r) from that charge]
 e: Electric field strength (measured in newtons per coulomb, N/C)
 k: Coulomb's constant (measured in newton meter squared per coulomb squared, N·m2/C2)
 q: Point charge (measured in coulombs, C)
 r: Distance from the point charge to the point in space where the electric field strength is being measured
(measured in meters, m)
o F = k * (q1 * q2) / r2 (Coulomb's law)
 F: Electrostatic force (measured in newtons, N)
 k: Coulomb's constant (measured in newton meter squared per coulomb squared, N·m 2/C2)
 q1 and q2: Charges of the two objects (measured in coulombs, C)
 r: Distance between the two objects (measured in meters, m)
o e = f / q (Electric field strength) [Relates the electric field strength (e) at a particular point in space to the electric force
(f) experienced by a test charge with a known magnitude (q).]
 e: Electric field strength (measured in newtons per coulomb, N/C)
 f: Electric force (measured in newtons, N)
 q: Charge (measured in coulombs, C)
Equation Group 1:
o V = I * R (Ohm's law)
 V: Voltage (measured in volts) [Electric potential difference]
 I: Current (measured in amperes) [Amperage]
 R: Resistance (measured in ohms)
o R = ρ * l / A (Resistance equation)
 R: Resistance (measured in ohms)
 ρ (rho): Resistivity (measured in ohmmeters)
 l: Length (measured in meters)
 A: Cross-sectional area (measured in square meters)
Other Equation Notes:
o Conversions (Case Sensitive):
 1 μC = 10-6 C
 1 pC = 10-12 C
 1 MΩ = 106 Ω
o Other:
 Coulomb's constant: k = 9 * 109
TLDR Version
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Methods of charging:
o Conduction:
 The transmission of electric charge through a material.
 Can occur in conductors and insulators.
 In conductors, electric charge is carried by free electrons.
 In insulators, electric charge is carried by charged particles that are immobile.
o Induction:
 Generating an electric current in a conductor through exposure to a changing magnetic field.
 Requires a time-varying magnetic field and a conductor capable of allowing current to flow.
 Induces an electric field in the conductor, causing a flow of electric current.
o Differences:
 Induction generates an electric current through a changing magnetic field, while conduction transmits
electric charge through a material.
 Induction does not require physical contact between the magnetic field and the conductor, while
conduction typically does.
 Induction can occur in non-conductive materials, while conduction requires a material capable of
transmitting electric charge.
Electrical Fields:
o An electric field is a region of space around a charged object or group of objects in which an electric charge would
experience a force.
o Electric fields can be represented by electric field lines, with closer lines indicating stronger electric fields.
o Test charges are used to study electric fields, with measurements used to determine the strength and direction of
electric fields via Coulomb's law or other equations.
o Electric fields are vector fields, meaning they have magnitude and direction.
o Electric field lines start on a positive charge and end on a negative charge or extend to infinity if there are no
charges.
o The strength of the electric field at a point is proportional to the charge creating the field and inversely
proportional to the distance from the charge.
o Electric fields can cause a force on a moving charged particle, resulting in acceleration and direction changes.
Laws:
o Coulomb's law:
 A fundamental law of electrostatics describing the interaction between charged particles.
 Electrostatic force between two charged particles is directly proportional to the product of their charges
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
 Mathematically expressed as F = k*q1*q2/r2, where F is the electrostatic force, q1, and q2 are the charges, r
is the distance, and k is Coulomb's constant.
o Ohm's law:
 A fundamental law of electrical circuits relating voltage, current, and resistance.
 Current flowing through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the
points and inversely proportional to the resistance of the conductor.
 Mathematically expressed as V = I*R, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance.
 A simple and useful tool for analyzing and designing electrical circuits.
Other Notes:
o Subatomic Particles:
 Proton = Positive.
 Electron = Negative.
 Neutron = Neutral.
o Current:
 Current is conserved.
Equation Group 0:
o e = k * q / r2 (Electric field strength) [Relates electric field strength (e) to point charge magnitude (q) and distance
(r)]
 e: Electric field strength (N/C)
 k: Coulomb's constant (N·m2/C2)
 q: Point charge (C)
 r: Distance from point charge to point in space where the electric field strength is measured (m)
o F = k * (q1 * q2) / r2 (Coulomb's law)
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 F: Electrostatic force (N)
 k: Coulomb's constant (N·m2/C2)
 q1 and q2: Charges of two objects (C)
 r: Distance between two objects (m)
o e = f / q (Electric field strength) [Relates electric field strength (e) at a point to electric force (f) experienced by a
test charge (q)]
 e: Electric field strength (N/C)
 f: Electric force (N)
 q: Charge (C)
Equation Group 1:
o V = I * R (Ohm's law)
 V: Voltage (volts) [Electric potential difference]
 I: Current (amperes) [Amperage]
 R: Resistance (ohms)
o R = ρ * l / A (Resistance equation)
 R: Resistance (ohms)
 ρ (rho): Resistivity (ohmmeters)
 l: Length (meters)
 A: Cross-sectional area (square meters)
Other Equation Notes:
o Conversions (Case Sensitive):
 1 μC = 10-6 C
 1 pC = 10-12 C
 1 MΩ = 106 Ω
o Other:
 Coulomb's constant: k = 9 * 109