Enhancing Indoor Broccoli Farming Sustainability through IoT-Based Soil Moisture
Monitoring and Management
A Design Project
Presented to the Faculty of the
Asia Technological School of Science and Arts
A Designed Project by:
Antioquia, Christian Dave C.
Belza, Franz Lloyd H.
Camcaman, Rhenz Aeron C.
Laron, John Marvin
Ramirez, Carl Daniel G.
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering
Sir. Alexander Avendaño
Adviser
September 2023
SEPTEMBER 28, 2023
Sir. Alexander Avendaño
Capstone Project Adviser
Dear Sir:
Warm greetings!
We are the fourth-year students of Asia Technological School of Science and Arts taking
up Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering. This is to humbly inform you that we will be
conducting research entitled, “Enhancing Indoor Broccoli Farming Sustainability through
IoT-Based Soil Moisture Monitoring and Management” as a requirement for our CPE Practice
and Design under Prof. Rozaida C. Tuazon.
In line with this, we would like to humbly request your service and expertise to serve as
our research adviser. We believe that your knowledge and insights will be valuable and will greatly
enrich our study.
We hope that you will grant our request to support our study. Your approval is greatly appreciated.
Thank you and God bless!
Respectfully yours,
The researchers
CHRISTIAN DAVE ANTIOQUIA
RHENZ AERON CAMCAMAN
FRANZ LLOYD BELZA
JOHN MARVIN LARON
CARL DANIEL G. RAMIREZ
Noted:
Prof. ROZAIDA C. TUAZON
Subject Professor
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION
PAGE
Background of the Study
6
Statement of the Problem
6
Research Question
6
Significance of the Study
7
Objective of the Study
7
Scope and Limitations
9
Definition of Terms
9
CHAPTER 2 – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
10
2.1 Foreign Studies
10
2.2 Local Studies
22
2.3 Synthesis
24
2.4 Literature Map
26
2.5 Concept of Study
27
CHAPTER 3 – MATERIALS AND METHODS
28
3.1 Research Design
28
3.2 Project Description
30
3.3 Project Design
31
3.4 Concept Design
36
3.5 Project Layout
36
3.6 Hardware and Software Requirements
37
3.6.1 Hardware
37
3.6.2 Software
39
3.7 Circuit Diagram
40
3.8 Block Diagram of the Project
41
CHAPTER 4 – RESULT AND DISCUSSION
42
4.1 Project Description and Structure
43
4.2 Flowchart
43
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4.3 Sample of Device for Automatic Start of Irrigation
44
4.4 Sample of device for automatic off of irrigation
45
4.5 Sample of Website with Real-time Data Monitoring
46
CHAPTER 5 – SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS
54
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings
54
Conclusions
54
Recommendations
55
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Indoor agriculture has emerged as a technique to address the problems faced by way of
farming inclusive of limited fertile land, unpredictable weather styles, and the necessity, for
sustainable meal manufacturing. This thesis delves into the strategy of enhancing sustainability in
broccoli farming by combining IoT-powered soil moisture tracking and control, with LED lights
technology to foster the best boom of broccoli crops.
Avenger Broccoli is a crop that holds fee and monetary significance. It flourishes when
furnished with situations. One essential element, in ensuring the nicely-being and productiveness
of broccoli flora is maintaining a stage of soil moisture. Conventional farming techniques often
face challenges, in achieving moisture stages, that could bring about inefficiencies and decrease
crop excellence. However, by leveraging the talents of the Internet of Things (IoT) we have the
capability to convert avenger broccoli cultivation into something. The usage of sensors to screen
the moisture tiers in the soil making sure it stays within the optimum range, for growing avenger
broccoli.
These sensors accumulate information in time, that is then analyzed to make
knowledgeable selections, approximately irrigation. This records-centric approach lets farmers
save water decrease waste and maximize their . Furthermore, incorporating LED lighting fixture
structures allows regulation of the spectrum and depth of light. This innovation ensures that
broccoli plant life obtains mild conditions during their boom cycle fostering photosynthesis and
standard plant properly-being. By way of customizing the soft spectrum to healthy broccolis
requirements, farmers can enhance crop excellence and yield whilst minimizing electricity usage.
In essence, this look explores the technique, for improving sustainability in broccoli
farming. Via the utilization of IoT-based soil moisture tracking and LED lighting technology our
objective is to set up a green technique for cultivating this precious crop. The research supplied
here marks a stride, towards useful resource-efficient agriculture in these day’s generation.
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Background of the Study:
This research delves into the improvement of sustainability, in broccoli farming by
combining IoT-based soil moisture monitoring and LED lighting technology. Indoor farming is
becoming increasingly important in tackling food security issues. It faces challenges related to
managing soil moisture, resource utilization, and crop quality. To tackle these challenges, we have
developed a system that utilizes sensors for real-time monitoring of soil moisture and LED lighting
for the illumination of crops. This system optimizes soil moisture levels improves crop quality and
conserves resources. Our study explores the potential of technology-driven agriculture to advance
sustainability in controlled environments, which can have implications for practices, as a whole.
Statement of the Problem:
The study responds to the need to improve the sustainability and efficiency of indoor
broccoli farming, specifically in the areas of soil moisture management, resource utilization, and
crop quality, by integrating IoT-based soil moisture monitoring and LED lighting technology. This
study tackles the need to enhance the sustainability and efficiency of indoor broccoli farming by
addressing issues such as soil moisture management, resource use, and crop quality. Inconsistent
soil moisture levels, inefficient resource use, and crop quality variability are important barriers to
achieving sustainable indoor broccoli farming. To address these difficulties, IoT-based soil
moisture monitoring and LED lighting technology must be integrated to optimize soil conditions
and improve crop quality while conserving resources.
Research Questions:
"How can the implementation of an IoT-based Smart Agriculture System improve crop
management practices and contribute to agricultural operations' sustainability?"
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Significance of the Study:
This study holds significant implications for advancing indoor agriculture practices by
improving sustainability, increasing resource efficiency, and ensuring consistent high-quality
broccoli production. By integrating IoT-based technology and LED lighting, this research
contributes to the development of environmentally responsible and economically viable indoor
farming methods, addressing crucial food security and resource conservation challenges. The
research conducted is significant because it has the potential to advance sustainable agriculture,
increase resource efficiency, enhance crop quality, promote food security, and safeguard the
environment. It meets the growing need for fresh approaches to the challenges facing modern
agriculture while also offering technological and economic advantages. If the proposed system is
implemented correctly, accommodation was made for those individuals who are included.
1. The Future Researchers. The future researchers, shall be aware of what is algorithm, and
for them to improve the industry of Agriculture. Improve or add to its current features, like
making a message box for NPK sensor indicating its low nutrients from the soil.
2. The Engineering Teachers. Engineering teacher might use this research as a pattern to
present the used of soil moisture sensor with the used of Internet of things to monitor the
soil moisture in broccoli.
3. The Farmers. The farmers, they can used this for more accurate planting.
4. The Government. The government. The findings of this study may be useful in monitoring
soil moisture for indoor farming in Agricultural Sector.
Objectives of the study:
The researcher previously discussed the background of the study and the current state of
innovation, which will influence the local population, notably farmers and agricultural companies,
by detecting and monitoring the condition of soil in broccoli in indoor farming based on our
proposed system.
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1.2.1 General Objective
The main goal of improving sustainability, in broccoli farming using IoT based soil
moisture monitoring and management is to enhance the efficiency, resource usage and
environmental sustainability of broccoli cultivation practices. This involves utilizing technology
to optimize soil moisture levels minimize water wastage increase crop yields and increase the
impact associated with farming.
1.2.2 Specific Objective

Optimize Soil Moisture control:
Create a unique and automated soil moisture tracking system that ensures consistent
moisture tiers inside the most suitable range for broccoli boom, reducing water wastage and
enhancing crop fitness.

Improve Growth Performance:
Utilize LED lighting fixtures era to provide tailored mild spectra and depth to assist
photosynthesis and common plant fitness, in the long run increasing the high-quality and yield of
indoor-grown broccoli.

Real-time Monitoring:
Create a responsive website that displays record data on soil moisture, nutrient levels,
temperature, humidity, and water usage, allowing for monitoring and rapid response.
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Scope and Limitations:
Improving resource efficiency and crop productivity were the primary objectives of
boosting the sustainability of broccoli farming through the application of IoT-based soil moisture
monitoring and control. By monitoring soil moisture levels, this method optimizes water
efficiency, cuts waste, and encourages sustainability. It makes it easier to make data-driven
decisions, which increases yields and improves quality. Additionally, farmers have flexibility and
convenience with remote monitoring choices. But it's crucial to recognize your limitations. Smallscale farmers may find it challenging to embrace this technology due to the high upfront
expenditures. For system upkeep, ongoing maintenance and technical know-how are crucial.
Concerns around data security and privacy, as well as interoperability with current farming
infrastructure, must be addressed. Data gathering may be limited by environmental factors and
connectivity issues, and accurate calibration of soil moisture sensors is required. Concerns about
scalability, power dependence, and compliance with local laws could all pose obstacles to broader
implementation.
Definition of Terms:

Cloud-based - refers to the use of the internet to store computer data and run applications
rather than doing it on your own computer.

Control Hardware - The physical components and equipment used to manage and operate
different processes, systems, or machines.

IoT (Internet of Things) - a network of interconnected physical items or "things" integrated
with sensors, software, and other technologies that allow them to gather and share data with
one another and with central systems over the Internet.

LED (Light-emitting Diode) - a semiconductor device that produces light when an electric
current flows through it.

Soil Sensor- Soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content in soil.
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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This section contains data gathered from books, publications, handouts, unpublished
materials and the internet that will serve as a foundation and source of learning for the developers
as they plan and build this project, external and nearby examinations are discussed below.
2.1 Foreign Studies
(K.M Chew, et al. 2020). Agriculture is vital in human evolution and was the first activity to be
emphasized ever since the beginning of time. With the population growing constantly, there are
inventions of new means in the production of food to cater for those demands. Improvement in a
variety of technologies is one of such effort conducted for the cause. Robotics or chemical
technologies may not be the only improvements that could be exercised. Internet of Things (IoT)
technology is one of an application widely used currently. The study aims to establish a less
manpower plantation in smart city with the use of IoT technology to improve the crop cultivation.
In preliminary, a wireless soil moisture monitoring and irrigation system was developed. The
system aims to monitor the moisture and properties of soil for plants. At the same time, with a selfsufficient and self-organized irrigation system based on the water-control algorithm. The
developed system covered the three layers in IoT architecture: perception layer, network layer and
application layer. In perception layer, a microcontroller, soil moisture sensors and solenoid valves
acted as the sensors, transducers and actuators. Wireless networking technology (WIFI) was used
as the communication for data transmitting and receiving. Through the developed application,
humidity and irrigation volume were collected, recorded and analyzed. These preliminary results
help in visualizing the concept of a less manpower plantation in smart city"
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(V. David, et al. 2021). Indoor Farming has been considered as a more sustainable method in
recent times. This project aims to automate some of the processes of indoor agriculture by
monitoring the parameters that contribute to a healthy crop growth such as temperature, humidity
and machine temperature, Light intensity and DB levels. and automating them to stay within the
optimal range, where possible, or alert the owner of the estate to take necessary action immediately.
the methodology involves the integration of sensors, data simulation, cloud storage, data
transmission, automation logic, and a mobile application to create a smart indoor farming system.
The system's objective is to ensure optimal conditions for crop growth while minimizing the need
for manual labor through automation and remote monitoring.
(S. Borah, R. Kumar, W. Pakhira and S. Mukherjee, et al. 2020). The Internet of Things (IoT)
based system was assembled to monitor the moisture of soils for both indoor and outdoor uses.
The SKU: SEN0193 capacitive soil moisture sensor exhibited a linear response to a variation in
water volume added to the soil. Microcontroller Arduino NodeMCU was used with ESP32 Wi-Fi
module to transfer the sensing data in real-time, and the soil moisture data was displayed by the
Blynk application on a smartphone. When the moisture dropped under the pre-defined threshold,
the user was informed via the Line application and able to remotely trigger the irrigation pump. It
involves selecting an appropriate soil moisture sensor, using a microcontroller and Wi-Fi module
for data collection and transmission, visualizing the data through a mobile application and
implementing a threshold-based alert system through a messaging application (Line) for timely
intervention when soil moisture levels are below the desired range.
(S. Fatimah, A. Hafiz, S. Izah and S. Noorrhzirah et al. 2018) This project utilizes IoT
technology to monitor plant water quality, particularly focusing on mustard green cultivation. It
employs the NodeMCU ESP32 microcontroller to control the hydroponic system, along with Total
Dissolves Solid (TDS) and ultrasonic sensors to measure water concentration and level inside the
reservoir. Data from these sensors is transmitted via Wi-Fi to the Cayenne my Devices App for
mobile monitoring. The system alerts users if the water level exceeds 10 cm or the TDS reading
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falls below 840 ppm. Experiments confirm the system's effectiveness in displaying mustard green
water quality on mobile devices and ensuring timely notifications for maintaining optimal
conditions.
(A.M. Ezhilazhahi, and P. Bhuvaneswari, et al. 2017). In response to the growing demand for
organic farming, there is an increasing need for ongoing monitoring of plant health. This is crucial
for maintaining both the quality and quantity of organic produce. To address this necessity, the
primary aim of this research is to create a remote monitoring system capable of continuously
tracking soil moisture levels in plants. To achieve this objective, the study integrates a Wireless
Sensor Network (WSN) with the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. Additionally, in an effort to
prolong the network's lifespan, the research incorporates an Exponential Weighted Moving
Average (EWMA) event detection algorithm. This innovative approach seeks to provide a
sustainable and efficient solution for monitoring and maintaining plant health in organic farming
practices.
(A. Chakraborty, et al. 2022). Climate change and global warming, population bursts, water
shortages, a lack of cultivable land, soil degradation, and other crucial factors have all had a
significant impact on agricultural food production in recent decades. IoT and novel technology can
assist enhance productivity and improve the quality of the farming industry. This study presents
an intelligent solution to the existing agriculture problem by using IoT to provide environmental
monitoring and irrigation facilities. The system uses IoT to monitor the temperature, humidity, soil
moisture, and light intensity of a greenhouse both on-site and remotely. A sophisticated irrigation
system has also been fitted for optimal water supply. The XAMMP program is used for IoT
communication and real-time data monitoring. If there is a problem with the smart irrigation
system, the IoT system also has direct control of the water pump. Results from implementation at
a small scale are displayed and examined. According to the study's findings, the real-world
performance of IoT-based monitoring and smart irrigation systems will be a pioneer in the
development of an economically viable solution for sustainable farming technology.
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(S. Bharadwaj, A. Antony, S. Bhalerao, A. Kulkarni, R. Eswara and A. S. Suryawanshi, et
al. 2020). This project introduces a smart IoT-based indoor agricultural analysis and monitoring
system based on fuzzy logic approaches. Indoor farming's climatic characteristics are interrelated,
making regulation difficult. To address this, the project creates a system that monitors and analyzes
these characteristics using fuzzy logic methods. The major goal is to efficiently monitor and adjust
these factors utilizing actuators within the system, thereby increasing the production of highquality vegetables and eliminating the labor-intensive activities associated with traditional
farming. Furthermore, the project intends to enable remote monitoring and control of the artificial
farming environment, so reducing dependency on natural circumstances and providing year-round
supply of diverse plants and vegetables. Air temperature, humidity, lighting, soil moisture, and
CO2 concentration are among the environmental parameters examined. The system's sensor layer
is IoT-based, with Soil Moisture Sensors, Humidity and Temperature Sensors, and LDR sensors.
Through an application with a static IP address and a domain name, the complete system is
accessible. Users can obtain temperature and humidity data through a browser for real-time
monitoring, and the information is kept in a cloud database (ThingSpeak). The main goal of this
project is to automate farming, increasing productivity through precise water irrigation, motion
detection in the indoor field, and soil fertility management.
(Boonsit. Yimwadsana, et al. 2018). This project intends to provide a controllable environment
for evaluating and encouraging plant growth by combining Internet of Things technology and
scientific experimentation to improve farmers' plant-growing performance. Farmers have
traditionally grown plants using their experience and local knowledge from ancestors or friends,
rather than scientific procedures. Plant production outputs are heavily influenced by farm
circumstances such as air temperature, humidity, light intensity, and soil moisture. Inadequate
farming conditions can result in low output. To accurately anticipate farm performance,
agricultural conditions must be properly measured, understood, and controlled. To assist with these
chores, they suggest an IoT-controlled plant development system. The system is made up of two
key components: (1) hardware, which includes air, light intensity, and soil moisture sensors, as
well as actuators such as relays, motor gear dc, and water pumps, all of which are linked and
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controlled by microcontrollers. (2) management software, which includes a dashboard for data
visualization and monitoring via sensors, as well as actuator control for altering agricultural
conditions. The control could be controlled manually or automatically using rule-based control
based on plant growth information acquired in the system's plant growth database. Our system user
interface allows users to monitor and regulate air temperature, humidity, light intensity, and soil
moisture.
(Yimwadsana, et al. 2018 and Abdalla, et al. 2021). Currently, the indoor plants require daily
human watering and fertilization. However, improper watering and fertilizer can cause plants to
die, fail to bloom, or grow slowly. Additionally, users require understanding of temperature and
humidity to care for specialty plants and extend their lives. The user's ability to care for their indoor
plants is also constrained by their current way of living. In order to create an IoT-based plant
monitoring and watering system, this study. This technology aims to automatically water the plants
based on human input and a timetable. The single smart pot system includes controllers and sensors
to track plant development and to provide automatic fertilizer and watering. The sensors include
ones for soil moisture, temperature, and humidity. Wi-Fi is used to transport the data to a
smartphone app where it can all be viewed. The system will also feature a Graphical User Interface
(GUI) that displays the state of the plant right now. The GUI's display of plant status includes
details like temperature, humidity, and whether or not the light is on. The display also includes
details like the fertilization and watering schedule for the plant. The time at which the light will be
turned on or off is also shown. The information is also utilized to control the fertilization and
irrigation systems for plants.
(S.H. Elrahman and F.A. Haslem, et al. 2016). Organic fertilizer and proper water management
are critical for adequate broccoli and cauliflower development and productivity. During the 2014
and 2015 seasons, two field experiments were carried out in a clay soil at the Central Laboratory
for Agricultural Climate (CLAC), Giza governorate, Egypt. The study looked at the effect of
different irrigation water levels (50, 75, and 100% of crop ETc) and fertilizer sources (inorganic
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fertilizer (control), composttea, and vermin liquid) on the vegetative growth, yield, and water use
efficiency of broccoli and cauliflower plants. The study involved evaluating their effects on some
soil chemical characteristics (pH, ECe, chemically available N, P, and K, as well as OM content)
in order to optimize the efficient use of irrigation water and minimize the use of chemical fertilizer.
The experimental design consisted of split plots, with irrigation levels as main plots and different
fertilizer treatments as sub-plots. The data showed that liquid organic fertilizers had a positive
effect on all growth parameters, including vegetative growth, yield, and N, P, and K nutrient
content in the plants. In terms of irrigation water treatments, using 50% ETc increased water use
efficiency when compared to other irrigation treatments. In terms of the soil chemical
characteristics being studied in relation to the tested treatments and crop species, data show that
vermicompost tea combined with a low level of irrigation water can prevent macronutrients from
leaching out of the soil profile. Furthermore, it improved plant resistance to water stress.
(C. E Wong, Z. W Norman, and T. S Hao Yu et al. 2020). Controlled indoor farming presents
a dependable solution for food supply in densely populated cities, addressing the growing issue of
food insecurity. Leafy vegetables, packed with essential nutrients, form a significant portion of
indoor farming globally. Adequate lighting is crucial for plant growth, and the success of indoor
farming heavily relies on lighting quality. Energy-efficient LED technology has gained
prominence in indoor farming systems due to its effectiveness and sustainability.
(A. Mendon, B. Votavat, and S. Singh et al. 2022). Hydroponics alludes to the art of developing
plants in water without any soil and is very well known because of its ability to create a nutrientrich yield of crops with the least amount of resources. It guarantees an amazing chance to develop
a variety of crops all through the year without the constraints forced by the environment. But the
limitation of cultivating hydroponics in a greenhouse environment is to keep up with the
environmental parameters like temperature, humidity, etc. at a specific level. Also, manual
monitoring of crops is an extremely trifling errand that is currently in practice. The paper focuses
on developing a hydroponic framework that is completely automated and built on the Internet of
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Things (IoT) technology using ESP32 microcontroller and sensors that would provide a flexible
environment for the growth of crops. The proposed system can be utilized for quantitatively
optimizing greenhouse farming and for automating most of the labor-intensive tasks"
(J.C Rodriguez, C. Mendez, P. Rangel and C.J Carvazos et al. 2021). This study investigated
the production of organic broccoli seedlings using various inputs. These inputs included growth
medium combinations of Sphagnum Peat Moss mixed with poultry manure compost at different
ratios, application of biofungicide Trichoderma harzianum, and supplementary nutrition with
poultry manure tea. Results showed that treatments incorporating organic inputs outperformed
conventional methods. Specifically, the combination of peat substrate mixed with poultry manure
(80:20 ratio), inoculation with T. harzianum, and application of poultry manure tea yielded the
best results. This study concludes that high-quality broccoli seedlings can be produced using
certified organic inputs.
(J. Kumar, et al. 2021). The study aimed to create an automated irrigation system for real-time
irrigation management in broccoli farming. This system incorporated various components,
including soil moisture sensors, decision support systems, level sensors, level controllers, GSM
receivers and transmitters, solenoid valves, water meters, and pumps. To evaluate its effectiveness,
the study conducted field experiments in broccoli crops over two years, using different irrigation
methods: check-basin, furrow, and drip irrigation. Additionally, irrigation control methods were
tested, comparing automated and manual approaches. The results indicated that the sensor-based
automated drip irrigation system outperformed all other methods. It achieved the highest irrigation
water productivity (9.7 kg/m3) and crop water productivity (10.6 kg/m3) compared to the other
treatments. Moreover, it demonstrated the highest benefit-cost ratio (3.24) and resulted in
substantial water savings. Consequently, the study concluded that this indigenous sensor-based
automated drip irrigation system holds significant potential for efficient irrigation management in
broccoli farming.
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(M. Dolores, J.M Caselles, and R. Moral et.al 2015). This study addresses the growing demand
for greenhouse horticultural growth media and explores alternatives to traditional sources like
sphagnum peat moss, especially in Mediterranean regions where it is scarce and costly. The
research focuses on incorporating composted sewage sludge into growth media and its effects on
germination and trace element extraction in cauliflower, broccoli, and lettuce. Four treatments with
varying proportions of sewage sludge and peat were tested. And the Ph- level required is 6.0 - 6.8.
Results showed reduced germination in lettuce and broccoli with higher sewage sludge content,
while cauliflower showed improved germination with moderate sewage sludge levels.
Micronutrient content increased with sewage sludge additions, with broccoli and lettuce exhibiting
high extraction efficiency. Heavy metal extraction was low, with Cd, Pb, and Cr accumulating in
roots and Ni in aerial parts of plants.
(J. Khan, et al 2017). This review article discussed various management strategies specifically
tailored for growing broccoli in sandy soil conditions prevalent in arid regions. Strategies included
soil amendment with organic matter, adoption of efficient irrigation techniques, and selection of
broccoli cultivars with drought tolerance traits.
(A. Kaluzewicz, W. Krzesinki, M. Knaflewski, and J.M Lisiecka, et al. 2012). Three-year
studies were conducted at the Experimental Station "Marcelin" of Pozna University of Life
Sciences in Poland on the effect of temperature on vegetative growth and growth of broccoli heads.
The temperature sum day-degree, number and area of leaves, and head diameter were all estimated.
A similar relationship was established between the number and area of leaves and the diameter of
the head. Linear, curvilinear, and segment linear regression were used to describe the correlations.
Temperature sum day-degree and number of leaves had a linear relationship, whereas temperature
and area of leaves and head diameter had a curves function. Based on segment linear regression, it
was discovered that the area of leaves increased the fastest during the period of slow growth of
heads (up to about 1.5 cm in size). It happened on the 24th and 27th day after planting. When the
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plant had about 18 leaves and an area of 4900 cm2, the broccoli heads grew the fastest. During the
period of rapid head growth, a 100-day-degree increase in sum temperature resulted in a 3.5-cm
increase in head diameter.
(D. Gmizic, M. Pinteric, M. Lazarus and I. Sola, et al. 2023). High temperatures (HT) cause
physiological and biochemical changes in plants, which may affect their nutritional potential. The
purpose of this study was to assess the nutritional value of broccoli seedlings grown at HT in terms
of phytochemicals, macro- and microelements, antioxidant capacity, and in vitro cytotoxicity of
their extracts. HT increased total phenols, soluble sugars, carotenoids, quercetin, sinapic, ferulic,
p-coumaric, and gallic acid levels. Total flavonoids, flavonols, phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic
acids, proteins, glucosinolates, chlorophyll a and b, and porphyrins, on the other hand, were
decreased. At high temperatures, the minerals As, Co, Cr, Hg, K, Na, Ni, Pb, Se, and Sn increased,
while Ca, Cd, Cu, Mg, Mn, and P decreased. ABTS, FRAP, and -carotene bleaching assays
revealed that seedlings grown at HT had higher antioxidant potential, whereas DPPH revealed the
opposite. The most sensitive cells to broccoli seedling extracts were hepatocellular carcinoma
cells.
(R Nurhasanah, et al. 2021). Tomatoes require precise watering to ensure optimal growth and
yield, taking into account soil moisture and air temperature. Soil moisture levels should range from
60% to 80%, with temperatures ranging from 24 to 28 degrees Celsius. To address this, we propose
an IoT-based innovation that employs an ESP8266, a soil moisture sensor, and DHT11. This
system, which can be controlled via Telegram Messenger, allows for remote monitoring and
watering using real-time data. Through experiments, the system effectively maintains soil moisture
and air temperature, providing farmers with convenient control and maintenance of tomato plants
at all times and from any location.
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(H. Hammad, A. Al-Mandalawi, and G.J. Hamdi, et al. 2018). Continuous use of synthetic
fertilizers alters soil structure and increases nitrate accumulation in broccoli potentially harming
human health. This study assessed the impact of cow or sheep manure, and chicken litter, on the
growth and yield of broccoli varieties Balimo, Green majic, and Zone. Results showed that sheep
manure boosted leaf production, while chicken litter resulted in wider heads and higher protein
content. Chicken litter also yielded more sulfur compared to cow and sheep manure. The Zone
variety exhibited superior traits, including more branches, heavier heads, quicker heading time,
and higher total yield. Overall, chicken litter enhanced vegetative growth and yield quality, making
the Zone cultivar the most promising among those tested.
(R. Bhadra, N. Mehedi, S. Akter, A. Rouf and F. Mohasina, et. al.2019). An experiment
conducted at the Horticulture Farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, aimed
to study the effects of cow dung and boron on broccoli growth and yield. The experiment included
four levels of cow dung (C0: no cow dung, C1: 10 ton/ha, C2: 15 ton/ha, C3: 20 ton/ha) and four
levels of boron (B0: no boron, B1: 1 kg/ha, B2: 2 kg/ha, B3: 3 kg/ha). Results showed that the
highest broccoli production was achieved with 20 ton/ha cow dung and 2 kg/ha boron, resulting in
increased plant height, spread, leaf number, curd weight, and yield per hectare. This combination
also reduced the days required for curd initiation compared to other treatments, highlighting its
effectiveness in broccoli cultivation at the Horticulture Farm condition of Bangladesh Agricultural
University, Mymensingh.
(J. Brown and H. Johnson et al. 2016). This comparative study evaluated the performance of
sphagnum peat moss versus coconut coir as growing media for broccoli cultivation. Findings
indicated that while both media supported broccoli growth, sphagnum peat moss demonstrated
superior water retention and nutrient holding capacity, resulting in higher broccoli yields.
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(F. Hossain and N, Ara, et. al.2012). A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural
Research Station, BARI, Thakurgaon during the rabi season of 2009/10 to determine the best
sowing time and plant spacing for broccoli production. Three sowing times (1 October, 15 October,
and 30 October) and three plant spacings (60 x 40cm, 60 x 50cm, and 60 x 60cm) were compared.
The results showed that broccoli production was highest on October 1 (21.39 t/ha) and lowest on
October 30 (13.6 t/ha). Closer spacing (60 x 40cm) yielded the highest yield (18.8 t/ha), followed
by 60 x 50cm (17.6 t/ha), while the widest spacing (60 x 60cm) yielded the lowest (16 t/ha). The
highest yield (22.5 t/ha) came from 1 October sowing with 60 x 40cm spacing, followed by 1
October sowing with 60 x 50cm spacing (21.9 t/ha), and the lowest (12.8 t/ha) came from 30
October sowing with 60 x 60 cm spacing.
(T. Chand and M. K. Singh, et.al 2017). The current study was conducted with the primary goal
of determining the effect of various NPK and boron application doses on broccoli growth and yield
in an irrigated agro-ecosystem in western Uttar Pradesh during the Rabi season 2010-11. Seven
treatments, including a control, were used in a Randomized Block design (RBD). The results
showed that the different treatments had a significant effect on broccoli growth and yield. The
application of 120 kg N+60 kg P2O5+40 kg K2O+15 kg B ha-1 resulted in the maximum plant
height (65.44 cm), number of leaves (18.26 cm), length of longest leaf (52.99 cm), width of longest
leaf (17.99 cm), plant spread (55.55 cm), and stem diameter (4.72 cm). In contrast, the control
group had the smallest plant height (58.00 cm), number of leaves (12.33 cm), longest leaf length
(42.70 cm), longest leaf width (14.18 cm), plant spread (47.49 cm), and stem diameter (3.04 cm).
A similar pattern was observed in the number of sprouts plant-1 (6.22), weight of curd plant-1
(286.89 g), weight of sprout plant-1 (126.89 g), and total yield Curd + sprout (148.51 qha-1) with
the application of 120 kg N+60 kg P2O5+40 kg K2O+15 kg B ha-1', with the minimum being
under the control treatment.
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(R. Bhadra, et. al 2019). Growing broccoli seedlings at high temperatures (HT) induces changes
in their nutritional composition and antioxidant capacity. While HT increases levels of certain
phytochemicals and minerals such as phenols, sugars, and potassium, it decreases others like
flavonoids and chlorophyll. Despite variations, HT-grown broccoli seedlings exhibit higher
antioxidant potential in vitro, although their effects on different cell lines vary. These findings
underscore the importance of temperature regulation in optimizing the nutritional quality and
biological effects of broccoli seedlings intended for consumption.
(G. Smith, et al. 2018). This study investigated the impact of sphagnum peat moss as a growing
medium amendment on broccoli growth parameters and nutrient uptake. Results showed that
incorporating sphagnum peat moss into the growing medium improved soil structure, water
retention, and nutrient availability, leading to enhanced broccoli growth and yield.
(B. Gutezeit, et al. 2006). The effect of water supply on total mass and yield of broccoli (Brassica
oleracea L. var. italica, ‘Emperor’) was examined in an experiment carried out in a microplot field
installation on three soil types: Gleyic Cambisol (sand) and Eutric Fluvisol (flood-plain loam) in
spring and fall and on a Loam Soil in fall. Soil moisture levels were established by irrigation under
the following replacement protocols: 14 mm whenever the limit of 70% of the available water, 14
and 28 mm whenever the limit of 50% of water, and 14, 28, and 42 mm whenever the limit of 35%
volume of water were reached. The highest total plant mass was achieved by irrigation at 75% of
water on the sandy soil in spring cultivation, and at 55% of water (in doses of 28 mm) on the floodplain loam in fall cultivation. The highest marketable yield (head mass) was obtained on the sandy
soil at 55% of water (in doses of 14 mm) for both spring and fall production. The total plant mass
and head mass was only significantly affected by reduced soil moisture at 35% water in spring. At
75% vol of water, irrigation with 14 mm always resulted in reduced head mass. In fall, yield was
not affected by soil moisture depletion or soil type. For the production of broccoli, it is
recommended that irrigation be started when soil moisture falls below 55% volume of water,
followed by a water application rate of either 14 or 28 mm.
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(A. Kaluzewics, W. Krzesinski, M. Knaflewsk, et al. 2012). The study examined the impact of
temperature on broccoli yield and quality across different cultivation periods and cultivars.
Over several years, seedlings from three cultivars were planted on various dates. Growth phases
were classified based on the time until the first harvest. Temperature ranges of 0°C to 40°C were
investigated. Correlations were found between temperature ranges and yield, loose heads, and head
uniformity. The results showed that prolonged exposure to temperatures ranging from 15°C to
25°C during the initial growth phase increased total yield. In contrast, longer durations at
temperatures above 20°C resulted in lower yield. Furthermore, prolonged periods of 20°C to 25°C
before harvest and 10°C to 15°C during harvest reduced uneven surface heads. Increased exposure
to temperatures above 20°C during the second phase and harvest contributed to head.
(G. Cocetta, D. Casciani, R. Bulgari, F. Musante, A. Kołton, M. Rossi, and A. Ferrante, et al.
2017). In recent years, there has been a surge in interest in vegetable production in indoor or
challenging climatic conditions, often utilizing greenhouses. However, a key challenge in indoor
or low-light environments is selecting the appropriate light source and ensuring the quality of the
lighting spectrum. With higher plant density indoors, competition for light and nutrients
intensifies. Advanced indoor horticulture systems now leverage LED technology to boost crop
growth, productivity, and nutritional quality. LED lighting offers greater efficiency and flexibility
compared to traditional horticultural lighting sources, allowing for precise control over light
spectrum and intensity. This tailored lighting approach optimizes growth and enhances the quality
of vegetables.
(L. Chen, K. Kosta, and W. Dick, et al. 2010). The addition of loam soil during composting of
manure or biosolids has shown promise in reducing ammonia nitrogen losses and controlling
odors. However, further research is required to assess the impact of gypsum-containing composts
on plant growth and nutrient uptake, as well as their ability to mitigate heavy metal accumulation.
Field and growth chamber studies involving broccoli and tall fescue revealed that composts with
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gypsum, applied at appropriate rates, significantly increased yields without affecting
concentrations of environmentally concerning elements in plant tissue. These findings suggest that
gypsum composts can be safely utilized to improve soil fertility and enhance crop growth.
2.2 Local Studies
(V. Ella, M. Reyes and A. Mercado, et.al 2012). This study compared soil quality under
conventional plow-based and conservation agriculture production systems (CAPS) in southern
Philippines. Various CAPS treatments were tested, and soil samples collected over time at different
depths were analyzed for bulk density, soil organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, pH, and residual
moisture content. Results showed differences in soil parameters among treatments, with CAPS
generally exhibiting higher nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the upper soil layers
compared to conventional plow-based systems. Conservation agriculture demonstrated higher
residual moisture content, suggesting potential benefits for soil quality improvement. Ongoing
monitoring is needed to further assess the long-term effects of CAPS on soil quality.
(E.V Tolentino, V. Andays, G.A Cristobal and J.C Sacramento. et.al 2020). This research
developed a digital single probe sensor to monitor soil macronutrients (NPK), temperature,
moisture, and pH. The sensor utilizes electrical conductivity for NPK values and resistivity for pH
and moisture. A canister releases reagents to enhance conductivity, and a Wi-Fi module allows for
remote data monitoring. The device demonstrates a 12% error rate in soil fertility monitoring.
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2.3 Synthesis:
In comparison to the studies that have been compiled in various publications, this research
is more thorough. The research papers presented collectively highlight the critical role of
technology, particularly the Internet of Things (IoT), in transforming agricultural methods.
Agriculture, being a vital component of human existence, has seen innovations to fulfill the
increasing demands of an expanding population. Several researchers look into how IoT
technology, such as smart sensors, wireless communication, and automation, might be used to
improve crop cultivation, resource management, and overall agricultural efficiency. Additionally,
they emphasize the use of the Internet of Things technology and the main purpose of it is to monitor
soil properties and automated irrigation systems for both indoor and outdoor applications. For realtime data transmission, some studies include some systems such as soil moisture sensors, Arduino
Node MCU, and Wi-Fi Module. Some studies are using Raspberry Pi and Wi-Fi in which the
system uploads data to a cloud-based server, enabling remote access and replacing traditional
farming methods and automatic irrigation for improved efficiency.
Utilize IoT technologies and a Wireless Sensor Network to meet the demand for indoor
farming. Their technique provides a sustainable solution for organic farming by continuously
monitoring soil moisture levels through the use of an Exponential Weighted Moving Average
algorithm. The studies also address global challenges in terms of agriculture and climate change
by implementing IoT for smart irrigation and environmental monitoring as well. Another is to
provide a comprehensive review of the vegetation system’s impact on indoor environmental
quality and it suggests that biophilic workspaces and plant interaction positively influence human
behaviors, attitudes, and overall well-being. Additionally, the use of LED technology in indoor
farming emphasizes its sustainability and effectiveness in terms of adequate lighting for plant
growth.
The authors have accomplished that they investigate the objectives and problems of IoT
and modern technologies in agriculture, focusing on soil monitoring and irrigation systems. Many
studies emphasize basic soil moisture monitoring and irrigation but do not address individual crop
requirements. Different plants have different requirements, and a one-size-fits-all strategy may not
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be ideal. The accuracy and reliability of soil moisture sensors are critical for the success of these
systems, which means the studies briefly mention the types of sensors used, but there is a need for
more detailed discussion on the calibration and potential errors associated with these kinds of
sensors. Lastly, for energy efficiency, some studies utilize wireless communication technologies
such as Wi-Fi.
Some authors investigated temperature ranges from 0°C to 40°C to determine how they
correlated with yield, loose heads, and head uniformity. Prolonged exposure to temperatures that
ranged from 15°C to 25°C during the initial growth phase increased total yield, whereas longer
exposures above 20°C reduced yield. Extended pre-harvest temperatures of 20°C to 25°C, as well
as harvest temperatures of 10°C to 15°C, reduced uneven surface heads. Increased exposure above
20°C during the second phase, as well as harvest, all contributed to head issues. When it comes to
the nutrients that required for growing broccoli for indoor planting
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2.4 Literature Map
Figure 2.4.1. Literature Map
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2.5 Concept of Study
Figure 2.5.1. Concept of the Study
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CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Research Design
This section drives the methods and tactics that the developers took in order to tackle the
challenge mentioned in Chapter 1. This section of the study outlines the research design and
method of investigation, which included population, tool creation and validation, and statistical
approaches for data analysis.
Figure 3.1.1 Research Design of the Study
Issue Identification
The researchers will investigate the problem of soil moisture monitoring and management
in indoor broccoli farming using an Internet of Things (IoT) system, with the aim of identifying
the specific areas in need of improvement.
The document outlines the project's goals and all
necessary requirements in a comprehensive and detailed manner.
The developers will get the
information from the Internet.
Preliminary Design
The researchers will ascertain all pertinent criteria to generate the first design for the
suggested framework. Although not comprehensive, the structure only encompasses the essential
tasks of the system for the customer.
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The researchers will engage in discussions and
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conceptualization to envision the potential company, its operational mechanics, and the creation
of its underlying framework. They will use a range of tools, including Tinkercad, to visualize the
device they want to construct.
Prototype Construction
The researchers will refine the information needs derived from the fast framework to get
toward the introductory model that demonstrates the existence of the operational project. They
will ascertain the essential components necessary for the device to perform as a cohesive unit.
They will ascertain the components that exhibit the highest level of compatibility with each other,
along with the materials to be used.
Prototype Evaluation
Upon completion of the prototype, the structure will be handed over to the client for a
comprehensive assessment of the model, in order to ascertain the necessary inclusions or
exclusions. The process will include collecting and presenting client audits and suggestions to the
developers. The researchers and the client will assess the project's functionality. The client will
provide valuable perspectives on potential improvements or additions to the project. Upon
receiving the client's evaluation of the prototype, if they express dissatisfaction with the prototype
developed by the researchers, the current model will be refined to meet the specified requirements.
The researchers will improve and integrate all of the recommendations that are beneficial to the
project.
Final Product
The researchers will provide a comprehensive project tailored to meet the specific needs
and preferences of the client.
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3.2 Project Description
This project intends to improve indoor broccoli farming's sustainability by putting in place
an Internet of Things (IoT)--based soil moisture management and monitoring system. The goal of
the project is to maximize agricultural productivity in controlled indoor conditions by optimizing
irrigation techniques, enhancing resource efficiency, and integrating real-time data analytics
through the use of sophisticated soil moisture sensors. The creation of an automated irrigation
system, an intuitive mobile application for remote monitoring, and the use of predictive analytics
to assist in decision-making are the main goals. By using these technological interventions, the
initiative hopes to lessen its impact on the environment, operational expenses, and water usage
while equipping farmers with the skills and information they need to grow broccoli indoors in a
sustainable manner.
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3.3 Project Design
SIDE VIEW
FRONT VIEW
TOP VIEW
Figure 3.1.3 Project Design of the Study
Figure 3.1.3 displays 3-dimensional conceptual design of the project. The project involves
using PVC pipes to establish an indoor farming system for growing broccoli. The PVC pipes will
serve as the framework for the hydroponic system, with holes drilled at regular intervals to
accommodate the broccoli plants. LED lights will be integrated into the system and mounted on
adjustable fixtures to provide the ideal lighting conditions for plants at various stages of growth.
The adjustable LED lights ensure that the broccoli receives the proper amount and intensity of
light for photosynthesis and overall growth. This design promotes healthy broccoli cultivation
indoors by making efficient use of space, requiring little maintenance, and providing customizable
lighting options.
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The researcher will use the following resources and modules to create the prototype.
Breadboard
Cable Tie
DS3231 RTC Module precise real
time clock I2C AT24C32 with battery
DC12V 8L/mm large flow rate
agricultural electric water pump
sprayer
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DHT11 (Humidity and Temperature Sensor)
ESP8266 Board
LED Growing Light T8 Integration
Male – Male Jumper Wires
NPK Sensor (Soil Nutrient Detector)
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Power Adapter (12V 2A)
PVC Pipes and PVC Pipe connector (32 mm
fittings, Elbow, 4-way cross, tee, 4-way corner
and Angled Tee)
Relay Module (5V)
RS485 to TTL Serial Level Converter
MAX485
Soil Moisture Sensor (Capacitive)
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Steel Matting
Steel Wire
Universal Protoboard PCB (FR4 5X7 Cooper
Plate)
HardieFlex
XL4015 Constant Current Buck Converter
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3.4 Concept Design
The prototype's design was conceptualized by the researchers taking into account the
hardware and software specifications. As the first step in the design process, rendering
conceptualize a 3D design model using Sketchup and is part of the first design. The actual device
development process has not yet been started by the researchers, who will continue to make small
to large changes until it is finished.
3.5 Project Layout
The device Enhancing Indoor Broccoli Farming Sustainability through IoT-Based Soil
Moisture Monitoring and Management is a device to improve indoor broccoli farming
sustainability through IoT-based soil moisture monitoring and control by using Xampp. The
sensors are placed in the soil at various locations throughout the indoor farming facility to detect
and communicate data on soil moisture levels in real time. In addition, actuators or controllers may
be used in the system to automate watering based on the information acquired by the sensors. The
entire system is linked via an Internet of Things architecture, allowing for centralized monitoring
and management of soil moisture conditions.
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3.6 Hardware and Software Requirements
3.6.1 Hardware
Description
Atomizing Sprayer Sprinkler
A hardware device that distributes water in the form of a fine mist or spray. It
was developed specifically for indoor broccoli farming, providing controlled
and precise irrigation. This sprinkler system atomizes water into tiny droplets,
producing efficient and uniform moisture distribution across broccoli plants.
Breadboard
For easily and quickly developing temporary electronics circuits or
implementing circuit design experiments. Breadboards allow developers to
easily connect components such as wires by arranging rows and columns of
internally connected spring clips beneath the perforated enclosure. It is also an
older, simpler construction base for designing electronic circuits and wiring for
applications that use microcontroller boards like Arduino.
DS3231 RTC Module precise It operates as a precise real-time clock via an I2C interface and gives an
real time clock I2C AT24C32 AT24C32 EEPROM memory chip with a battery backup. This module supports
with battery
in accurate timekeeping in indoor environments, allowing growers to monitor
and control the timing of various broccoli cultivation processes. It ensures that
cultivation procedures are synchronized and executed efficiently within
prearranged time intervals or schedules.
DC12V 8L/mm large flow It performs as a pump system powered by a 12-volt direct current source as well
rate agricultural electric water as was made for spraying water or liquid fertilizers onto indoor broccoli plants.
pump sprayer
This pump was intended to meet the needs of indoor agricultural setups,
providing controlled and efficient watering mechanisms required for the growth
and maintenance of broccoli crops in indoor environments.
Cable Tie
A cable tie holds electrical cables and wires together.
OLED Display
The outcome of what the sensor detects will be presented on this OLED.
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LED Growing Light T8
Integration
Our project uses photosynthetic active radiation technology and high
photosynthetic photon flux levels to help a plant's photosynthesis process during
its development cycle.
Male – Male Jumper Wires
It consists of wires with male connectors on both ends, that are commonly used
to connect different components on a breadboard, microcontroller, or other
electronic devices. These wires are essential for creating circuits, transferring
signals, and testing electronic designs during the prototyping phase of projects,
including indoor broccoli farming systems that use sensors, controllers, and
other electronic components.
Nodemcu ESP8266 Board
A widely used development board in IoT applications that provides a diverse
and cost-effective method of connecting things to the internet. It has Wi-Fi
and programming capabilities, allowing for faster prototyping and deployment
of IoT solutions.
NPK Sensor (Soil Nutrient
The sensor for an indoor broccoli prototype is a hardware device that measures
and tracks the levels of essential nutrients in the soil, just nitrogen (N),
phosphorus (P), and potassium.
Detector)
Power Adapter (12V 2A)
An electronic device designed to convert standard alternating current (AC)
voltage from a wall outlet to direct current (DC) voltage with a 12-volt output
and a current rating of 2 amps.
PVC Pipes
It is a type of plastic pipe which is commonly used in irrigation and plumbing
systems. In the context of an indoor broccoli farming prototype, PVC pipe may
serve as a hardware component. It can be utilized for irrigation systems, support
structures for grow lights, and even hydroponic frameworks.
Relay Module (5V)
It regulates the opening and shutting of an electrical circuit's circuit connections.
RS485 to TTL Serial Level It allows connectivity among devices that operate at different voltage levels.
The MAX485 allowed devices with TTL level signals, commonly found in
Converter MAX485
microcontrollers and sensors, to communicate with RS485 networks commonly
used in industrial settings.
Soil Moisture Sensor
This sensor will determine whether or not the soil is in good condition.
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Universal Protoboard PCB
It is a common material used for printed circuit boards. A thin layer of copper
foil is typically laminated on one or both sides of a FR-4 glass epoxy panel.
These are commonly known as copper-clad laminates. Copper thickness and
weight can vary, and as such are specified separately.
Universal Soft Rubber Wheel
Shivel
It ddesigned for better movement and mobility in a prototype system for indoor
broccoli growing. This soft rubber wheel swivel gives smooth and flexible
rotation, allowing the prototype to easily navigate numerous surfaces while also
providing stability and support for the equipment used to grow indoor broccoli.
XL4015 Constant Current
Buck Converter
It regulates and controls the flow of electrical current, maintaining a consistent
and constant supply of power to the LED lights used to grow broccoli indoors.
3.6.2 Software
Description
Arduino IDE
In this software, all the programs necessary for the functioning of the device
created by researchers will be encoded within it.
Creative Slicer
It's used in 3D printing to "cut" 3D models into layers and draw a publishing
path for the 3D printer to follow.
Fritzing
It is an open-source software tool used for designing electronic circuits, creating
schematics, and developing printed circuit boards.
Sketchup
Researchers use SketchUp to visualize their findings, conduct spatial analysis,
and quickly prototype new ideas.
Sublime
It used to write and edit code, scripts, and text documents.
Sublime Text
A free software text and source code editor that runs on Windows, macOS, and
Linux. It supports a wide range of programming and markup languages.
XAMPP
It's an open-source web server solution package. It is primarily used for web
application testing on a local webserver
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3.8 Circuit Diagram
Figure 3.8.1 Circuit Diagram of the Project
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3.9 Block Diagram of the Project
Figure 3.9.1 Block Diagram of the Project
Starting with monitoring of soil moisture in Broccoli plant and soil Ph in a specific soil.
The researchers used a power source is the entire system that ensures that all the components
receive the necessary power to operate. The microcontroller acts as a central processing unit,
managing communication between different components. It receives data from the soil sensor and
temperature sensor, processes it and sends information to IoT Application and OLED. While the
soil moisture measures parameters such as soil moisture level of the broccoli plant. And it sends
data to the microprocessor for analysis and processing. Then the temperature sensor which
measures the soil temperature. Similar to the soil sensor then it also sends data to the
microcontroller. The LCD is the visual interface that display real-time information about soil
condition, temperature as well other relevant data. Then it also provides feedback to the user and
may display alerts or historical trends.
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CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The part shows the investigation’s project illustrations, project structure, project capacities
and limitations, and task assessment.
4.1 Project Description and Structure
Figure 4.1 Architectural Structure of Enhancing Indoor Broccoli Farming Sustainability through
IoT-Based Soil Moisture Monitoring and Management
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4.2 Flowchart
Figure 4.2 Flow chart of Enhancing Indoor Broccoli Farming Sustainability through IoT-Based
Soil Moisture Monitoring and Management
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4.3 Sample of device for automatic start of irrigation
Figure 4. 3 Sample of device for automatic start of irrigation
Figure 4.3 This system is intended to provide optimal irrigation for indoor broccoli
cultivation. It includes an automated water pump that turns on when soil moisture levels fall below
55%, indicating the need for hydration. The pump then delivers water to the soil until the moisture
content reaches 60%, at which point irrigation stops. This precision ensures that the broccoli plants
receive the right amount of water for healthy growth, with no risk of over- or under-watering.
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4.4 Sample of device for automatic off of irrigation
\
Figure 4. 4 Sample of device for automatic off of irrigation
Figure 4.4 This system is intended to provide optimal irrigation for indoor broccoli cultivation. It
includes an automated water pump that turns off when soil moisture levels content reaches to 60 %,
the irrigation will stop
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4.5 Sample of Website with Real-time Data Monitoring
Figure 4. 5 Sample of Website with Real-time Data Monitoring
Figure 4.5 Our platform uses capacitive soil moisture and NPK sensors to continuously
monitor the soil moisture and nutrient levels in your broccoli plants. Interactive pie graphs allow
you to quickly and easily understand nutrient composition, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potassium, as well as moisture, temperature, and humidity levels. Additionally, our platform
includes a line graph that displays water counts when soil moisture falls below 55%. Our
comprehensive monitoring system will keep you informed and help you optimize your broccoli
cultivation.
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Table 1. Soil Moisture required and pH-level for Indoor Broccoli (Avenger)
Name
Broccoli
Soil Moisture Required
(Brassica
oleracea var. italica)
Ph Level Required
Below 35%
40%
50%
6.0 – 6-8 pH level
55%
60%-80%
70%
Table 1 showed how much soil moisture and pH level required for indoor Broccoli. The
researcher compiled this information from various articles.
Table 2 Soil Type for Broccoli
Name
Soil Type
Loam Soil
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var.
italica)
Sphagnum Peat moss
Sandy Soil
Table 2 showed specific types of soil that fits with Broccoli. The researcher compiled this
information from various articles and gather information by asking farmers who are
knowledgeable about growing broccoli.
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Table 3. Trial Soil Moisture Level for Automatic Irrigation (Start and Stop)
Name
Broccoli
Moisture
Moisture
Liters of
Content
Content
Water
(Start)
(Stop)
Below 35%
60%
(Brassica
oleracea
2.4 L to 3.1
Interval Time
Advisable /
Not Advisable
50 - 65 sec
Not Advisable
75 – 85 sec
Not Advisable
40 - 50 sec
Not Advisable
L
var. Below 40%
75%
italica)
3.0 L to 3.6
L
Below 50%
75%
2.2 L to 2.8
L
Below 55%
60%
0.6 to 08 ml
15 - 20 sec
Advisable
Below 60%
80%
1.4 L to 2.2
25 – 30 sec
Not Advisable
30 - 40 sec
Not Advisable
L
Below 70%
90%
1.6 to 2.3 L
The result of test conducted on the device in six distinct types of soil moisture level – below 35%
- 60%, below 40% - 75%, below 50% to 75%, below 55% - 60%, below 60% - 80% and 70% to
90%. – as well as using Sphagnum Peat Moss (Heavily organic amended soil) were shown in Table
2. The researchers conducted tests using a liter of bottled water to gauge water consumption at
different soil moisture levels outlined in Table 3. They used a timer to determine irrigation
duration. The researchers found that soil moisture levels between 55% and 60% require 0.5 to 0.6
ml of water for 15-20 seconds of watering, deemed suitable for broccoli growth. However, soil
moisture levels reaching 2+ liters could harm broccoli growth due to excessive water, potentially
causing drowning.
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Table 4. Data Monitoring of Temperature and Humidity April 01 to April 08
The table showed data monitoring on the day of April 01 to April 08, with the DHT11
responsible for detection. The data from daily monitoring will be saved in the Wi-Fi Module. Its
databases are stored on the local host. The latest and most recent data in monitoring will then be
displayed.
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Table 5. Data Monitoring of NPK in April 01 to April 08
The table displayed the latest data monitoring on the day of April 01 to April 08, with the
NPK and Capacitive Sensor being responsible for detection. The data from daily monitoring will
be stored in the Wifi Module. Its databases are kept on the Local Host. Then, you can see the latest
and most recent data in monitoring.
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Table 6. Data Monitoring of Moisture and Session Count for April 01 to April 8
This table shows data monitoring for the water count, which will only be counted once the
capacitive sensor detects that the soil condition is less than 55%. The water pump will
automatically water because it has a relay, and it results in one count when it activates until it
meets 60%.
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4.6 Data Analysis using Line graph in 1 month monitoring of Water Count
Figure.4.6 Data Analysis using Line graph in 1 month monitoring of Water Count
This displayed the data monitoring in terms of water count over a month. The highest water
count in one month of monitoring was 3 counts on March 3, 2024, March 16, March 18, March
20, March 26, March 27, March 29, March 31, April 03, and April 5. The lowest water count was
1, which was taken on March 13, March 24, March 27, and April 01, 2024.
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4.7 Data Analysis using Pie Graph per record
Figure 4.7 Data Analysis using Pie graph per record
This displayed what the monitoring looked like in the pie graph, which included humidity,
temperature, moisture, nutrients, phosphorus, and potassium. The recording of data will only start
when it is automatically watered until it turns off.
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Table 7: Summary of Evaluation in Survey
Criteria
Mean
Interpretation
Very Good
1. Functionality Analysis
4.06
2. Design Analysis
4.05
Very Good
Very Good
3. Economic Analysis
4.04
Very Good
4.05
The summary of evaluation is shown in Table 4. This are the outcomes of the study, with
the researchers using a Likert scale to assess the system, with 5 being the highest score, and 1 the
lowest: 5 corresponds to “Excellent”, 4 to “Very Good”, 3 to “Good”, 2 to “Fair”, and 1 to “Poor.”
On functionality analysis, the evaluators rated the prototype “Very Good” with a mean score
of 4.06. The results demonstrated that the device is provides accurate and timely data for managing
indoor broccoli cultivation, as well as do the intended functions properly.
Meanwhile, in design analysis, it is revealed that the evaluators approved the structure and
effectiveness of a system's design in achieving its intended purpose, with the mean score of 4.05.
Furthermore, the prototype received a “Very Good” rating as well in Economic Analysis,
with a mean score of 4.04. This demonstrates that the device is economical in terms of the financial
aspects related to the project, or system.
As a result, the produced prototype is evaluated "Very Good" with an overall mean score of
4.05 in areas of functionality, design, & economic factors.
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CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter provides a summary of the findings, conclusion, and recommendations derived
from the evaluation, comments, and suggestions.
Summary of Findings
After a thorough experiments and trials, the researchers were able to identify the best soil
that suit for planting broccoli. The researchers discovered that using a soil like Loam soil and
Sphagnum Peat Moss, broccoli will get its required nutrients as per in NPK suggested that the
researchers gathered. It also complies to the soil moisture that set to below 55% to 60% to maintain
the required irrigation that broccoli needs to grow faster.
With the help of the device that attached to the prototype where’s the broccoli planted. The
researcher were able to identify when the planted plant need to be watered, as shown in Figure 4.3
it is set to 55% and when its drop to 54% automatic irrigation will triggered and will stop until the
soil moisture meets the required percentage of 60% as shown in Figure 4.4.
Conclusions
To help the farmers and those who wanted to plant the broccoli here in the Philippines,
because broccoli is best planted between 40 degrees and 70 degrees and mature only in fall and
does best during cool periods. The researchers come up to this idea of making indoor broccoli
farming with automatic irrigation that has three features of sensors that helps them to make the
broccoli surely be alive. Before starting the researchers makes a thorough research about on how
broccoli was planted and grow in a non-cold places.
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The primary objective of the study was to create something that helps individuals to be
independent in terms of what they want to farm or planted inside or outside their houses or yards.
According to Ortiz, J. et al. (2021), development, physiological, and morphological
indices showed that the use of organic inputs in broccoli seedling production outperformed the
traditional treatment. When broccoli seedlings were produced using organic inputs, the most
advantageous treatment was an 80:20 mixture of poultry manure and sphagnum peat as the
growing medium, together with a T inoculation. applied with 1.5–3 g/L of harzianum and 1 dS/m
of poultry manure tea. With the inputs approved for certified organic agriculture, premium broccoli
seedlings can thus be produced. And with the help of this study conducted by the researchers, it
can give them the idea of what kind of methods or technique they can do whenever they wanted
to do so. The prototype and the device that made by the researchers helps the broccoli plant to
grow and live unlike other broccoli that planted manually, it becomes pale and slowly turned leaves
into color yellow, besides compare to others that planted in the prototype with the use of device
there’s a gap between the height of the plant. A measurement of 2-3 inches was the gap between
the two compared broccoli and the soil was optimize with the help of soil moisture sensor that help
the soil keep it moisture.
Recommendations
The fact that every gadget utilized in the project and the system as a whole functioned as
planned proved that the researchers' experimentation paid off. However, as the saying goes, there's
always room for improvement, and as time and money were limited, not all of the system's needs
could be met for this project. The advice that the present developers had for upcoming developers
was as follows.

A website that uses Domain Host.

Insert automated LED Growing Light

Improved the component like micro-controller for better improvement
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Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT), Coimbatore, India,
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Chew, K. M. (2020, February 17). “IoT Soil Moisture Monitoring and Irrigation
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Bhadra, R. & Mehedi, Md & Aktar, Sangita & Rouf, Md & Mohosina, Fatamatul.
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Curriculum Vitae
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APPENDICES
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Appendix A
(Project Layout)
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Figure 4.1.1 Project Layout of the Study
Legends:
A. OLED Display
B. Capacitive Soil Moisture Sensor with Wire
C. NPK Sensor
D. Filament that used in 3D Printer (PLA Filament)
E. Red Button (Reset Button)a
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Appendix B
(Purchased Material)
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Atomizing Sprayer Sprinkler
Breadboard
Cable Tie
DS3231 RTC Module precise
real time clock
Water pump (8L/mm)
DHT11
ESP8266
LED Growing Light T8
Male – Male Jumper Wires
Integration
NPK Sensor (Soil Nutrient
Detector)
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Power Adapter (12V 2A)
PVC Pipes
Page 74 of 78
Relay Module (5V)
RS485 to TTL Serial Level
Soil Moisture Sensor (Capacitive)
Converter MAX485
Steel Matting
Steel Wire
Universal Protoboard PCB
(FR4 5X7 Cooper Plate)
HardieFlex
XL4015 Constant Current Buck
Converter
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Appendix C
(Survey forms/ Questionnaires)
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Appendix D
(Project Construction)
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Appendix E
(Plagiarism Checking Certification)
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