Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing DMX5212 Day School 1 Introduction Product Design Process Design Process and Computer Aided Design Computer-aided design or CAD refers to the use of computer software that supports the design process. The software helps us create, modify, analyze, and enhance a design. Manufacturing • Manufacturing is a process of converting raw materials, components, or parts into in to finished product by using various processes, machines and energy. • Manufacturing includes other stages such as design, sales, management and marketing. • All manufacturing can be categorized as a form of production but manufacturing specifically means the use of raw materials in the process of creating a product, use of labor and following a detailed plan. Production • Production is the process of converting inputs into outputs through various operations. Production is a broad category that includes manufacturing. • All sorts of manufacturing falls in production, not all productions fall in manufacturing. • In production, the raw material is not procured from outside, the company owns it and after processing and make the final product. Types of Production 1. Job shop production (low volume) -To meet specific customer orders 2. Batch production (medium-sized lots)- to satisfy continuous customer demand for an item. 3. Mass production (high production rates) 4. Continuous-flow processes. Product Life Cycle Types of Manufacturing /Production Systems Types of Manufacturing Systems 1. Job-shop production. Production of low quantities, often one of a kind, of specialized products. The products are often customized and technologically complex. Examples: prototypes, aircraft, machine tools and other equipment. 2. Batch production. Production of medium lot sizes of the same product. The lot may be produced once or repeated periodically. Examples: books, clothing and certain industrial machinery. 3. Mass production of discrete products. Dedicated production of large quantities of one product (with perhaps limited model variations). Examples include automobiles, appliances and engine blocks. 4. Continuous-flow processes. Continuous dedicated production of large amount of bulk product. Continuous manufacturing is represented by chemicals, plastics, petroleum, and food industries. Types of Manufacturing Systems Manufacturing Vs Production In manufacturing, the company makes the final product after procuring the raw material from outside. This is not necessary for production in which the company processes the raw material to make the final product. • Manufacturing: A process in which raw material is used to generate output. • Production : A process of converting inputs into outputs. Production Systems • Production system is a collection of people, equipment, and procedures organized to accomplish the manufacturing operations of a company. • Production systems can be divided into two categories or levels Manufacturing systems • Manufacturing system is a collection of integrated equipment and human resources, whose function is to perform one or more processing and or assembly operations on starting from raw material, part, or set of parts. Functions in Manufacturing Basic functions that must carried out to convert raw materials into finished product. 1. Processing 2. Assembly 3. Material handling and storage 4. Inspection and test 5. Control Examples Of Manufacturing Systems • Single station cells • Machine clusters • Manual assembly lines • Automated transfer lines • Automated assembly systems • Flexible manufacturing system Components Of Manufacturing System • Production Machines - plus tools, fixtures, and other related hardware • Material handling systems – to transfer, buffer, hold materials and products • Computer systems - to co-ordinate and/or control the preceding components • Human Resources - to operate and manage the system Production Machines • Machines can be classified according to worker participation in the task, as: manually-operated; semiautomated; or fully automated. Manufacturing Cycle • Clint Order – The phase where the requirement is placed by the customer to the supplier. • Design – Road map or a strategic approach to achieve the unique expectations by defining the various parameters such as specification, plan, Cost, processes, Safety etc.,. • Fabricate – The process in which all the ideas that have been designed are put into practical implication and fabricated. • Test – The fabricated final product needs to be tested to ensure it works properly and that they perform as designed. • Warehousing – The finished goods is finally packed and stocked at a warehouse before being dispatched • Distribute – The Finished goods needs to be shipped to the customer through dispatching. Manufacturing support systems It is a set of procedures used by a company to manage production and to solve technical and logistics problems in ordering materials, moving work through the factory, and ensuring that products meet quality standards. Involves a cycle of information-processing activities that consists of four functions: 1. Business functions - sales and marketing, order entry, cost accounting, customer billing 2. Product design - research and development, design engineering, prototype shop 3. Manufacturing planning - process planning, production planning, MRP, capacity planning 4. Manufacturing control - shop floor control, inventory control, quality control Processing Cycle of Manufacturing Support Systems Business functions - sales and marketing, order entry, cost accounting, customer billing Product design - research and development, design engineering, prototype shop Manufacturing planning - process planning, production planning, MRP, capacity planning Manufacturing control- shop floor control, inventory control, quality control Manufacturing Methods • Manufacturing methods can be classified into the below categories • Discrete manufacturing • Process manufacturing Discrete Manufacturing • Discrete manufacturing is the process of producing distinct items. In discrete manufacturing, the product is made by sequential steps made in the same process or by the same craftsman. The resulting products are easily identifiable and differ greatly from process-manufacturing where the products are undifferentiated for example oil, natural gas and salt Examples Automobiles, Furniture's, Toys, Mobiles & Aircraft manufacturing sectors Process Manufacturing • Process manufacturing is the branch of manufacturing that is associated with formulas and manufacturing recipes, and can be contrasted with Discrete Manufacturing, which is concerned with bills of material and routing. • Process manufacturing like production of paper or petroleum refining, where the end product is obtained by a continuous process or a set of continuous processes. • Simpler definition of Process manufacturing is once an output is produced by this process, it cannot be distilled back to its basic components. Processing operations Transform the product from one state of completion into a more advanced state. Classification 1. Basic processes - Which give the work material its initial form. 2. Secondary processes -Performed to give the work part its final desired geometry. 3. Operations to enhance physical properties - Physical properties of the material are improved 4. Finishing operations - Final processes performed on the work part. Sequential engineering Traditionally, design has been carried out as a sequential set of activities with distinct non-overlapping phases. Sequential engineering Concurrent engineering • Work methodology based on the parallelization of tasks. • It refers to an approach used in product design engineering, manufacturing engineering and other functions are integrated to bring new product to market. Concurrent engineering replaces the more traditional sequential design flow, or ‘Waterfall Model’. Computers in Design & Manufacturing Today's marketplace becoming more and more competitive, there is an ever-increasing pressure on companies to respond quickly to market needs, be cost effective, reduce lead-times to market and deliver superior quality products. Computer integrated manufacturing Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) • Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) includes all of the engineering functions of CAD/CAM, but it also includes the firm’s business functions that are related to manufacturing.
