Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing
DMX5212
Day School 1
Introduction
Product Design Process
Design Process and Computer Aided Design
Computer-aided design or CAD refers to the
use of computer software that supports the
design process. The software helps us create,
modify, analyze, and enhance a design.
Manufacturing
• Manufacturing is a process of converting raw materials, components, or parts into in to finished
product by using various processes, machines and energy.
• Manufacturing includes other stages such as design, sales, management and marketing.
• All manufacturing can be categorized as a form of production but manufacturing specifically means
the use of raw materials in the process of creating a product, use of labor and following a detailed
plan.
Production
• Production is the process of converting inputs into outputs through various operations.
Production is a broad category that includes manufacturing.
• All sorts of manufacturing falls in production, not all productions fall in manufacturing.
• In production, the raw material is not procured from outside, the company owns it and after processing
and make the final product.
Types of Production
1. Job shop production (low volume) -To meet specific customer orders
2. Batch production (medium-sized lots)- to satisfy continuous customer demand for an item.
3. Mass production (high production rates)
4. Continuous-flow processes.
Product Life Cycle
Types of Manufacturing /Production Systems
Types of Manufacturing Systems
1. Job-shop production. Production of low quantities, often one of a kind, of specialized products. The
products are often customized and technologically complex. Examples: prototypes, aircraft, machine
tools and other equipment.
2. Batch production. Production of medium lot sizes of the same product. The lot may be produced once
or repeated periodically. Examples: books, clothing and certain industrial machinery.
3. Mass production of discrete products. Dedicated production of large quantities of one product (with
perhaps limited model variations). Examples include automobiles, appliances and engine blocks.
4. Continuous-flow processes. Continuous dedicated production of large amount of bulk product.
Continuous manufacturing is represented by chemicals, plastics, petroleum, and food industries.
Types of Manufacturing Systems
Manufacturing Vs Production
In manufacturing, the company makes the final product after procuring the raw material from
outside. This is not necessary for production in which the company processes the raw material to
make the final product.
• Manufacturing: A process in which raw material is used to generate output.
• Production : A process of converting inputs into outputs.
Production Systems
• Production system is a collection of people, equipment, and procedures organized to
accomplish the manufacturing operations of a company.
• Production systems can be divided into two categories or levels
Manufacturing systems
• Manufacturing system is a collection of integrated equipment and human
resources, whose function is to perform one or more processing and or assembly
operations on starting from raw material, part, or set of parts.
Functions in Manufacturing
Basic functions that must carried out to convert raw materials into finished
product.
1. Processing
2. Assembly
3. Material handling and storage
4. Inspection and test
5. Control
Examples Of Manufacturing Systems
• Single station cells
• Machine clusters
• Manual assembly lines
• Automated transfer lines
• Automated assembly systems
• Flexible manufacturing system
Components Of Manufacturing System
• Production Machines - plus tools, fixtures, and other related hardware
• Material handling systems – to transfer, buffer, hold materials and products
• Computer systems - to co-ordinate and/or control the preceding components
• Human Resources - to operate and manage the system
Production Machines
• Machines can be classified according to worker participation in the task, as: manually-operated; semiautomated; or fully automated.
Manufacturing Cycle
• Clint Order – The phase where the requirement is placed by the customer to the supplier.
• Design – Road map or a strategic approach to achieve the unique expectations by defining the various parameters such as
specification, plan, Cost, processes, Safety etc.,.
• Fabricate – The process in which all the ideas that have been designed are put into practical implication and fabricated.
• Test – The fabricated final product needs to be tested to ensure it works properly and that they perform as designed.
•
Warehousing – The finished goods is finally packed and stocked at a warehouse before being dispatched
•
Distribute – The Finished goods needs to be shipped to the customer through dispatching.
Manufacturing support systems
It is a set of procedures used by a company to manage production and to solve technical and logistics
problems in ordering materials, moving work through the factory, and ensuring that products meet
quality standards.
Involves a cycle of information-processing activities that consists of four functions:
1. Business functions - sales and marketing, order entry, cost accounting, customer billing
2. Product design - research and development, design engineering, prototype shop
3. Manufacturing planning - process planning, production planning, MRP, capacity planning
4. Manufacturing control - shop floor control, inventory control, quality control
Processing Cycle of Manufacturing Support Systems
Business functions - sales and marketing, order entry, cost accounting, customer billing
Product design - research and development, design engineering, prototype shop
Manufacturing planning - process planning, production planning, MRP, capacity planning
Manufacturing control- shop floor control, inventory control, quality control
Manufacturing Methods
• Manufacturing methods can be classified into the below categories
•
Discrete manufacturing
•
Process manufacturing
Discrete Manufacturing
• Discrete manufacturing is the process of producing distinct items.
In discrete manufacturing, the product is made by sequential steps made in the same process or by the
same craftsman.
The resulting products are easily identifiable and differ greatly from process-manufacturing where the
products are undifferentiated for example oil, natural gas and salt
Examples
Automobiles, Furniture's, Toys, Mobiles & Aircraft manufacturing sectors
Process Manufacturing
• Process manufacturing is the branch of manufacturing that is associated with formulas and manufacturing recipes, and
can be contrasted with Discrete Manufacturing, which is concerned with bills of material and routing.
• Process manufacturing like production of paper or petroleum refining, where the end product is obtained by a
continuous process or a set of continuous processes.
• Simpler definition of Process manufacturing is once an output is produced by this process, it cannot be distilled back to
its basic components.
Processing operations
Transform the product from one state of completion into a more advanced state.
Classification
1. Basic processes - Which give the work material its initial form.
2. Secondary processes -Performed to give the work part its final desired geometry.
3. Operations to enhance physical properties - Physical properties of the material are improved
4. Finishing operations - Final processes performed on the work part.
Sequential engineering
Traditionally, design has been carried out as a sequential set of activities with distinct
non-overlapping phases.
Sequential engineering
Concurrent engineering
• Work methodology based on the parallelization of tasks.
• It refers to an approach used in product design engineering, manufacturing engineering and other
functions are integrated to bring new product to market.
Concurrent engineering replaces the more traditional sequential design flow, or
‘Waterfall Model’.
Computers in Design & Manufacturing
Today's marketplace becoming more and more competitive, there is an ever-increasing pressure on
companies to respond quickly to market needs, be cost effective, reduce lead-times to market and deliver
superior quality products.
Computer integrated manufacturing
Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)
• Computer-integrated
manufacturing (CIM) includes
all of the engineering functions
of CAD/CAM, but it also
includes the firm’s business
functions that are related to
manufacturing.