Panaji (/ˈpʌnədʒi/; Goan Konkani: Ponnjem, IPA: [pɵɳdʒĩ]; also known as Panjim) is the capital of the
Indian state of Goa and the headquarters of North Goa district. Previously, it was the territorial
capital of the former Portuguese India. It lies on the banks of the Mandovi river estuary in the
Tiswadi sub-district (taluka). With a population of 114,759 in the metropolitan area, Panaji is Goa's
largest urban agglomeration, ahead of Margao and Mormugao.
Panaji has terraced hills, concrete buildings with balconies and red-tiled roofs, churches, and a
riverside promenade. There are avenues lined with gulmohar, acacia and other trees. The baroque
Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church is located overlooking the main square known as
Praça da Igreja. Panaji has been selected as one of a hundred Indian cities to be developed as a
smart city under the Smart Cities Mission.[4]
The city was built with stepped streets and a seven kilometre long promenade on a planned grid
system after the Portuguese relocated the capital from Velha Goa in the 17th century.[5] It was
elevated from a town to a city on 22 March 1843.[6]
Etymology
The city was renamed from Panjim in English to Panaji, its present official name in the 1980s. The
Portuguese name is Pangim. The city is sometimes spelt as पणजें in Devanagari or Ponnjé in Romi
Konkani. The city had been renamed Nova Goa (Portuguese for "New Goa") when it officially
replaced the city of Goa (now Old Goa) as the capital of Portuguese India, though the Viceroy had
already moved there in 1759.
The justification of the modern word Panaji is derived from the words panjani and khali, which mean
a boat and a small creek respectively, in Sanskrit. Thus the modern word Panjim is believed to be a
corruption of the old word Panjanakhani as inscribed on the discovered Panjim copper-plates dated
1059 CE, belonging to the rule of Kadamba king Jayakesi I.[7][8] According to legend, this northern
capital city was mentioned in a stone inscription of Kadamba king Jayakesi I dated 1054 CE as
'Panjanakhani', giving him the epithet of Padavalendra which is Kannada for lord of the western
ocean.[9]
History
Panaji was made the capital of Portuguese India, after a devastating epidemic decimated the
population of the City of Goa in the mid-18th century.[10]
Panaji was annexed by India with the rest of Goa and the former Portuguese territories after the
Indian annexation of Portuguese India in 1961. It became a state-capital on Goa's elevation to
statehood in 1987and between 1961 and 1987, it was the capital of the Union Territory of Goa,
Daman and Diu. A new Legislative Assembly complex was inaugurated in March 2000, across the
Mandovi River, in Alto Porvorim. Panaji is also the administrative headquarters of North Goa district.
Geography
Panaji is located at 15°29′56″N 73°49′40″E.[11] It has an average elevation of 7 metres (23 feet).
Suburbs
Panaji has various vāde or sub-divisions, including:
São Tomé, Fontainhas, Mala, Portais, Altinho, Cortin, Praça da Igreja, Tar, Bazar, Japão, and Boca de
Vaca.
Some areas outlying it are:
Campal, Santa Inez, Chinchollem, Batulem, Merces, Bambolim, Caranzalem, Santa Cruz, Siridao,
Dona Paula, and Platô de Taleigão.
Besides lying on the banks of the Mandovi River, Panaji is bound by two creeks called pői by the
locals, namely Ourém creek and Santa Inêz creek.
Demographics
During the 2011 census of India,[12] Panaji had a population of 114,405. Males constituted 52% of
the population and females 48%. It had an average literacy rate of 90.9%; male literacy was 94.6%
and female literacy 86.9%. In Panaji, 9.6% of the population was under 7 years of age.
Religion
Panaji comprises three major religions, with Hinduism being the majority with 64.08% followers,
Christianity with 26.51% followers, and the smallest being Islam with 8.84% followers. 0.4% of the
population count as other which include Buddhist, Jain, and Sikh followers.[13]
Climate
Panaji features a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am). The climate in Panaji
is hot in summer and equable in winter. During summers (from March to May) the temperature
reaches up to 32 °C (90 °F) and in winters (from November to February) it is usually between 31 °C
(88 °F) and 23 °C (73 °F).
The monsoon period is from June to October with heavy rainfall and gusty winds. The annual
average rainfall is 2,932 mm (115.43 in).
Climate data for Panaji (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2012)
Month Jan
Year
Feb
Mar
Record high °C (°F)
36.7
Apr
(98.1) 39.2
(102.6) 39.0
(102.2) 39.8
(103.6) 38.6
(101.5) 37.8
(100.0) 33.5
(92.3) 34.0
(93.2) 33.4
(92.1) 37.2
(99.0) 37.2
(99.0) 36.6
(97.9) 39.8
(103.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
(90.5) 32.4
(90.3) 32.6
(90.7) 33.4
(92.1) 33.8
(92.8) 30.9
(87.6) 29.3
(84.7) 29.5
(85.1) 30.2
(86.4) 32.0
(89.6) 33.5
(92.3) 33.1
(91.6) 32.0
(89.6)
32.5
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Daily mean °C (°F)
26.3
(79.3) 26.4
(79.5) 27.7
(81.9) 29.3
(84.7) 30.1
(86.2) 27.8
(82.0) 26.8
(80.2) 26.7
(80.1) 27.0
(80.6) 27.8
(82.0) 27.9
(82.2) 26.9
(80.4) 27.6
(81.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
(68.0) 20.6
(69.1) 23.3
(73.9) 25.4
(77.7) 26.3
(79.3) 24.9
(76.8) 24.2
(75.6) 24.2
(75.6) 24.0
(75.2) 24.0
(75.2) 22.7
(72.9) 20.9
(69.6) 23.4
(74.1)
Record low °C (°F)
(57.9) 13.3
(55.9) 16.8
14.4
20.0
(62.2) 20.2
(68.4) 20.9
(69.6) 20.7
(69.3) 21.6
(70.9) 21.7
(71.1) 21.0
(69.8) 20.0
(68.0) 15.3
(59.5) 15.7
(60.3) 13.3
(55.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
1.0
(0.04) 0.1
(0.00) 0.0
(0.0)
4.9
(0.19) 76.6
(3.02) 890.4
(35.06) 955.2
(37.61) 571.7
(22.51) 304.1
(11.97) 156.4
(6.16) 21.3
(0.84) 2.5
(0.10) 2,984.1
(117.48)
Average rainy days
1.5
0.2
0.1
97.3
0.0
0.1
0.3
3.6
21.2
26.7
23.0
13.7
6.8
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST)
86
82
76
65
58
57
71
59
65
67
69
83
87
Mean monthly sunshine hours 303.8 291.0 288.3 279.0 285.2 132.0 96.1
180.0 232.5 270.0 294.5 2,773.3
120.9
Mean daily sunshine hours
7.5
9.0
9.5
9.8
7.6
10.3
9.3
9.3
9.2
4.4
3.1
3.9
6.0
Source 1: India Meteorological Department (sun, 1971–2000)[14][15][16]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1981–2010)[17]
Landmarks
Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church
Panaji People's Art Gallery & Café
The Menezes Bragança Institute
The heart of the city is the Praça da Igreja (Church Square) where the Jardim Garcia de Orta
(municipal garden) with the Portuguese Baroque Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Imaculada Conceição,
originally built in 1541. Other tourist attractions include the old and rebuilt Adilshahi Palace (or
Idalção Palace), dating from the sixteenth century, the Institute Menezes Braganza, the Chapel of St.
Sebastian and the Fontainhas area—which is considered to be the old Latin Quarter—as well as the
nearby beach of Miramar. Panaji hosted the relics of Saint John Bosco (also known as Don Bosco)
until 21 August 2011 at the Don Bosco Oratory.
One of the capital city's most discerning assets is the Mahalaxmi Temple. Located on the Dada
Vaidya road (Rua de Saudade during the Portuguese times), the Mahalaxmi deity is the chief object
of veneration for all Panjimites, irrespective of caste, class, sex or creed.[18]
The carnival celebrations in February include a colourful parade on the streets. This is followed by
the Shigmo / Xigmo, or Holi. The Narkāsūr parade on the night before Diwali in the city is very
colourful.
Well-known places in Panaji are the 18th June Road (a busy thoroughfare in the heart of the town
and a shopping area for tourists and locals), Mala area, Miramar beach and the Kala Academy (a
cultural centre known for its structure built by architect Charles Correa). Kala Academy is a place
where Goa showcases its art and culture.
Palace of Adil Shah (Secretariat Building)
Situated on the banks of Mandovi River in the heart of Panaji is ‘Old Secretariat’ building popularly
known as ‘Adil Shah's Palace’.[19] It was built by Yusuf Adil Shah of the Bijapur Sultanate in around
1500, as a summer residence and fortress. The building was armed with 55 cannons and surrounded
by a moat. The Palace was besieged by Portuguese admiral Afonso de Albuquerque in 1510[20] and
in the mid-1500s the Portuguese conquerors renamed it as ‘Idalcao's Palace’[21] and was the
temporary residence of the first ‘Viceroy of Goa’. In 1963 this ancient structure was renovated by
Goa government to house Goa Legislative Assembly. This structure today is 'The Goa State Museum'.
Other attractions
Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary is a bird sanctuary named after the ornithologist Dr. Salim Ali. The sanctuary,
located in the village of Chorão, near Panaji, plays host to rare and endangered bird species—both
migratory and resident.
Goa is famous for its beaches, and Miramar, Bambolim, and Dona Paula are three popular beaches
located near Panaji.
Dona Paula is the meeting point for two of Goa's famous rivers, Zuari and Mandovi. These two rivers
meet at the Arabian Sea. The official residence of the governor of Goa, known as Cabo Raj Bhavan, is
situated on the westernmost tip of Dona Paula.
Miramar Beach is one of the more crowded beaches in Goa, which remains full with local and
international tourists throughout the year.
Also located near Panaji, is the Goa Science Centre which was opened to the public in December
2001. The Caculo Mall is also located in St. Inez near Panaji. Also Madhuban Complex, at St.inez is
very popular among Panjimites.
Panaji is widely acknowledged as being both the Casino capital ₹ Gin capital of India.
Education
The renovated building of Goa Medical College (established in 1842 as Escola Médico-Cirúrgica de
[Nova] Goa) in Campal. The institution has since been relocated and this building now serves as the
headquarters of the Entertainment Society of Goa.
Goa's only university, the Goa University, is situated at Taleigão on the outskirts of Panaji. Some
other educational institutes in Panaji are:
Goa Medical College, Bambolim
Goa College of Pharmacy
Goa Polytechnic Panaji
Goa College of Fine Arts
The Rosary High School, Miramar
Our lady of Rosary (Green Rosary), Dona Paula
Santa Cruz High School, Santa Cruz
Don Bosco High School
Goa Institute of Management
Dempo College of Commerce and Economics, Altinho
Dhempe College of Arts and Sciences, Miramar
Mary Immaculate Girls High School, São Tomé/Fontainhas
Sharada Mandir School,Miramar