Surveying π Pace factor (π π‘πππ ) - measuring using your steps alone - Finding distance per step. Decimal value - Pace factor = π π‘πππ πππ tan ππ ππ£π Actual length - Radius of the earth = 6400 km - Actual length = πππ ππ£π ⋅ ππππ πΉπππ‘ππ - πππ 1 π1 = π2 πππ 2 Leveling symmetric distance between BS & FS - First station has no FS & last station has no BS and HI - Nakaharap ung stations papunta sa first station - First station is nakatutok sayo kaya BS lang meron ka - π»πΌ0 = π΅π0 + πΈπππ£0 - πΈπππ£1 = π»πΌ0 − πΉπ1 - πΉπ1 = π»πΌ0 − πΈπππ£1 Leveling Unsymmetric distance - The farther you are the greater the error - Error per BS & FS = Known Error x πΈππππ πππ πππ‘ππ - Error in every setup = FS – BS - Total Error = # of Set ups x Error in every setup πππ tan ππ - Correct Elevation = Elevation of the station + or - Total Error Stadia Surveying - Used in military, sa mga snipers - Middle (MHR)– from the ground hanggang sa sinukat mo - Length of Line AB = (D to A) + (D to B) - D to A or D to B = (Upper – Lower) (Stadia interval factor) + Stadia constant - Horizontal distance between A and B (H) = ππ cos2 - (V) = ππ ∅ + πΆπππ ∅ sin2 ∅ + πΆπ ππ∅ [V is the distance from the instrument to the middle cross hair] 2 Where: k = upper – lower s = Stadia interval factor C = stadia constant Area Computation - Latitude = y; Departure = x; sign changes depending on the quadrant - Reference of the angle is always N or S - π·ππ·0 = Copy the first departure - π·ππ·1 = π·ππ0 + π·ππ·0 + π·ππ1 - Double Area (DA) = Lat x DMD - Area = ∑ π·π΄ 2 Trapezoidal rule - β +β A = L( π 2 π + ∑ β)where: ∑ β = summation of intermediate heights Simpson’s One-Third Rule - πΏ A = 3 (βπ + βπ + 2 ∑ βπππ + 4 ∑ βππ£ππ ): where L is common interval Rise and Fall method - Rise or Fall (1) = π΅π0 + πΌπΉπ1 [Rise if +] - Rise or Fall (2) = πΌπΉπ1 + πΌπΉπ2 [Fall if -]
