Muscles of the Upper Limb
Muscle
ROTATOR CUFF
Supraspinatus
Function
Origin
Insertion
Innervation
Initiate abduction +
stabilise
Medial 2/3 of
supraspinous fossa
Suprascapular
nerve (C5,6)
Infraspinatus
Lat. Rotation +
stabilise
Medial 2/3 of
infraspinous fossa
Teres minor
Lat. Rotation +
stabilise
Subscapularis
Medial rotation,
adduction + stabilise
Upper 2/3 of post. And
lat. Aspect of
infraspinous fossa
Subscapular fossa
Superior facet on
greater tubercle
(humerus)
Mid. Facet on
greater tubercle
(humerus)
Inf. facet on greater
tubercle (humerus)
Lesser tubercle of
humerus
Teres major
(not part of
rotator…)
ANTERIOR
THORAX
Pectoralis major
Adduction and
medial rotation
Dorsal surface of
scapula (towards inf.
angle)
Medial lip of
intertubercular
groove
Upper + lower
subscapular nerves
(C5,6)
Lower subscapular
nerve (C5,6)
Adduction + medial
rotation (heads can
function
independently)
Clavicular head –
medial half of clavicle
Sternocostal head –
ant. Surface of
sternum, rib 1-6 costal
cartilages
Surface of ribs 1-9
Intertubular groove
Medial border of
scapula (ant.
Surface)
Long thoracic nerve
(C5-7)
Ribs 3-5
Coracoid process
Depress + stabilise
clavicle
1st rib
Inferior surface of
clavicle
Medial pectoral
nerve (C8, T1)
Subclavian nerve
(C5,6)
Descending: elevate
scapula
Middle: retract
scapula
Ascending: depress
scapula
Adduction, med.
Rotation + extension
Sup. Nuchal line
external occipital
protuberance, spinous
processes C7-12 T12
Spine of scapula
Spinal accessory
nerve (CN XI) + C3-4
Spinous processes T712, thoracolumbar
fascia + post. Iliac crest
Transverse process C14
Ligamentum nuchae,
spinous processes C7T1
Spinous processes of
T2-5
Intertubercular
groove
Thoracodorsal
nerve
Medial border of
scapula (superior)
Medial border of
scapula (upper)
Dorsal scapular
nerve + C3-4
Dorsal scapular
nerve
Medial border of
scapula (lower)
Dorsal scapular
nerve
Serratus
anterior
Pectoralis minor
Subclavius
POSTERIOR
THORAX
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Protraction +
rotation of scapula
(Boxer/s muscle),
accessory resp.
muscle
Depress scapula
Levator
scapulae
Rhomboid
minor
Elevate scapula
Rhomboid
major
Retract + elevate
scapula
Retract + elevate
scapula
Intertubercular groove
Suprascapular
nerve (C5,6)
Axillary nerve (C5,6)
Lat. + med. Pectoral
nerves
ARM
Deltoid
(anterior,
lateral,
posterior)
ANTERIOR
Coracobrachialis
Abduction, flexion +
extension
Lat. Aspect of clavicle,
acromion process +
spine of scapula
Deltoid tuberosity
Axillary nerve
Flex + adduct arm
Tip of coracoid process
Mid 1/3 of humerus
Biceps (brachii)
Secondary flexor +
supination
Radial tuberosity
Brachialis
Primary forearm
flexor (MVP!)
Long head:
supraglenoid tubercle
Short head: coracoid
process (apex)
Distal portion of ant.
Humerus
Musculocutaneous
(C5-7)
Musculocutaneous
nerve (C5,6)
Tuberosity of ulna
Musculocutaneous
nerve (C5,6) +
sometimes radial
(C7)
POSTERIOR
Triceps (brachii)
Elbow extension
Long head:
infraglenoid tubercle
(scapula)
Medial + lateral heads:
posterior surface of
humerus
Olecranon
Radial nerve (C6-8)
FOREARM ANTERIOR
(SUPERFICIAL)
Pronator teres
Pronation
Humeral head: medial
epicondyle of humerus
Ulnar head: prox. Ulna
Medial epicondyle of
humerus
Medial epicondyle of
humerus
Medial epicondyle of
humerus + post. Ulna
Midshaft lateral
surface of radius
Median nerve
Base of metacarpals
1&2
Palmar aponeurosis
Median nerve
Pisiform, hook of
hamate and 5th
metacarpal
Middle phalanges
Ulnar nerve
Flexor carpi
radialis
Palmaris longus
Flex + abduct wrist
Flexor carpi
ulnaris
Flex + adduct wrist
Flexor digitorum
superficialis
(middle)
(DEEP)
Pronator
quadratus
Flexor pollicis
longus
Flex proximal
interphalangeal
joints
Medial epicondyle
prox. Ulna &
anteroproximal radius
Pronation
Distal ant. Ulna
Distal ant. radius
Median nerve
Flex thumb
Ant. Surface of radius
+ interosseous
membrane
Ant. + med. Ulna &
interosseous
membrane
Base of distal
phalanx of thumb
Median nerve
Distal phalanx
Lateral: median
Medial: ulnar
Flexor of wrist
Flexor digitorum Flex distal
profundus
interphalangeal joint
Median nerve
Median nerve
FOREARM POSTERIOR
(SUPERFICIAL)
Brachioradialis
(more
prominent ant.)
Anconeus
Accessory forearm
flexor
Lateral condyle
(humerus)
Lateral distal radius
Radial nerve
Ulna abduction
during pronation +
accessory elbow
extensor
Wrist extension +
abduction
Wrist extension +
abduction
Digit extension
Posterior lateral
epicondyle
Posterior proximal ulna
Radial nerve
Lateral condyle of
humerus
Lateral epicondyle
of humerus
Lateral epicondyle
of humerus
Radial nerve
Extensor digiti
minimi
Extensor carpi
ulnaris
DEEP
Supinator
Extend little finger
Lateral epicondyle
of humerus
Lateral epicondyle
of humerus
Dorsal surface base of 2nd
metacarpal
Dorsal surface base of 3rd
metacarpal
Extensor hoods at base of
middle + distal phalanges
(index to little finger)
Extensor hood of little finger
Base of 5th metacarpal
Radial nerve
Proximal lateral radius
Radial nerve
Abductor
pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis
brevis
Extensor pollicis
longus
Extensor indicis
Thumb abduction +
extension
Thumb extension
Posterior medial
ulna
Posterior
radius/ulna
Posterior radius
Base of 1st metacarpal
Radial nerve
Radial nerve
Thumb extension
Posterior ulna
Base of thumb, proximal
phalanx
Base of thumb, distal phalanx
Index finger
extension (pointing)
Posterior ulna
Extensor hoods at base of
middle + distal phalanges
Radial nerve
Extensor carpi
radialis longus
Extensor carpi
radialis brevis
Extensor
digitorum
Adduct + extend
wrist
Forearm supination
Radial nerve
Radial nerve
Radial nerve
Radial nerve
Muscles of the Lower Limb
Muscle
Function
GLUTEAL REGION SUPERFICIAL
Gluteus maximus
Hip/thigh ext. + lateral
rotation
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia latae
DEEP
Piriformis
Abduction + med.
Rotation
Abduction + med.
Rotation
Abduction + med.
Rotation
Quadratus femoris
Lat. Rotation (extended
femur) + abduction
(flexed femur)
Lat. Rotation +
abduction
Lat. Rotation +
abduction
Lat. Rotation +
abduction
Lateral rotation
Iliacus
Psoas major
Flex hip
Flex hip
Obturator internus
Superior gemellus
Inferior gemellus
THIGH ANTERIOR
Sartorius
Vastus lateralis
Flex hip + (some) ext.
rotation
Flex thigh + extend
knee
Knee extension
Vastus medialis
Knee extension
Vastus
intermedius
Pectineus
Knee extension
Rectus femoris
MEDIAL
Gracilis
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Obturator
externus
Flex + adduct thigh
Adduct thigh + medial
rotation (+ some
flexion)
Adduct + medially
rotate thigh
Adduct thigh
Origin
Insertion
Innervation
Posterior iliac line,
dorsal surface of
sacrum and coccyx
Between ant. + post.
Gluteal lines
B/w inf. + ant. (?)
Gluteal lines
Iliac crest + ASIS
Gluteal tuberosity
and iliotibial band
Inf. gluteal nerve
Posterior surface of
greater trochanter
Ant. Surface of
greater trochanter
ITB – lateral condyle
of tibia
Sup. Gluteal nerve
Ant. Surface of
sacrum
Greater trochanter
(sup. Medial border)
S1, S2 (ventral
rami)
Anterolateral wall of
true pelvis
Ext. surface of ischial
spine
Upper aspect of
ischial tuberosity
Lat. Aspect of
ischium ant. to
ischial tuberosity
Iliac fossa
T12-L5 vertebrae
Greater trochanter
(medial)
Sup. Surface of ob.
Internus tendon
Inf. surface of ob.
Internus tendon
Quadrate tubercle
on intertrochanteric
crest
Lesser trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Nerve to obturator
internus
Nerve to obturator
internus
Nerve to quadratis
femoris
L5, S1
ASIS
Proximal medial tibia
(pes anserinus)
Patella / quadriceps
femoris tendon
Lateral patella
Femoral nerve
Medial patella
Femoral nerve
Patella
Femoral nerve
Pectineal line of
femur
Femoral nerve
Body and inferior
pubic ramus
Proximal medial tibia
Obturator nerve
Body of pubis (inf)
Linea aspera
(mid 1/3)
Pectineal line + linea
aspera
Linea aspera +
adductor tubercle
Trochanteric fossa
Obturator nerve
AIIS + superior
acetabular rim
Greater trochanter +
lateral linea aspera
Intertrochanteric line
+ medial linea aspera
Proximal femoral
shaft
Pectineal line of
pubis
Body of pubis + inf,
pubic ramus
Adduct thigh + medially Pubic ramus + ischial
rotates
tuberosity
Lateral rotation of
Ext. surface of
thigh
obturator membrane
Sup. Gluteal nerve
Sup. Gluteal nerve
Femoral nerve
Femoral nerve
Femoral nerve
Femoral nerve
Obturator nerve
Obturator + sciatic
nerve
Obturator nerve
POSTERIOR
Semitendinosus
Extend thigh + flex leg
Ischial tuberosity
Proximal media tibia
Semimembranosus Extend thigh + flex leg
Ischial tuberosity
Biceps femoris
Extend thigh + flex leg
Long head: ischial
tuberosity
Short head: linea
aspera
Proximal medial
tibial condyle
Long head: head of
fibula
Short head: fibula
and lateral tibia
LEG ANTERIOR
Tibialis anterior
Dorsiflex + invert
Proximal lateral tibia
condyle
Extensor hallucis
longus
Dorsiflex + extend big
toe
Extensor digitorum
longus
Dorsiflex + extend toe
Medial fibula +
interosseous
membrane
Lat. Tibia condyle +
sup. ¾ of fibula
Fibularis tertius
Dorsiflex + eversion
Distal part of fibula
(medial surface)
Plantarflex /
stabilisation when
standing
Foot eversion
Proximal lat. Fibula
(head)
Plantarflexion (foot) +
knee flexion
Plantarflexion
LATERAL
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
POSTERIOR
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
Popliteus
(oblique)
Flexor digitorum
longus
Flexor hallucis
longus
Tibialis posterior
Plantarflexion + knee
flexion
Weak knee flexor,
unlocks knee by weak
internal rotation
Toe flexion (4)
Sciatic (tibial)
nerve
Sciatic (tibial)
nerve
Long head: Sciatic
(tibal)
Short head: Sciatic
(fibial)
Med. + inf. v surfaces Deep fibular nerve
of medial cuneiform
and base of 1st
metatarsal
Base of distal
Deep fibular nerve
phalanx of big toe
Base of middle +
distal phalanges (4
smaller toes)
Base of 5th
metatarsal
Deep fibular nerve
Plantar medial
cuneiform, 1st
metatarsal base
Base of 5th
metatarsal
Superficial fibular
nerve
Lateral + medial
femoral condyles
Post. Fibular head +
soleal line of tibia
Lat. Femoral
supracondylar ridge
Lateral femoral
condyle
Calcaneus via
calcaneal tendon
Calcaneus via
calcaneal tendon
Calcaneus via
calcaneal tendon
Proximal posterior
tibia
Tibial nerve
Posterior tibia
Bases of distal
phalanges
Base of distal
phalanx of big toe
Plantar surface of
cuneiform +
navicular joints +
bases of metatarsals
2-4
Tibial nerve
Distal lateral fibula
Big toe flexion
Posterior fibula
Plantarflexion + invert
foot
Posterior tibia +
fibula, and
interosseous
membrane
Deep fibular nerve
Superficial fibular
nerve
Tibial nerve
Tibial nerve
Tibial nerve
Tibial nerve
Tibial nerve
FOOT – DORSUM
Extensor digitorum
brevis
Superolateral surface Base of proximal
of calcaneus
phalanx of great toe
+ lat. sides of
tendons of extensor
digitorum longus
Superolateral surface Base of proximal
of calcaneus
phalanx of great toe
+ lat. sides of
tendons of extensor
digitorum longus
Deep fibular nerve
Abduct + flex great toe
at MTP
Medial process of
calcaneal tuberosity
Medial plantar
nerve (from tibial)
Flexor digitorum
brevis
Flex lateral 4 toes at
PIP
Medial process of
calcaneal tuberosity
Abductor digiti
minimi
Abduct little toe at
MTP
Lateral + medical
processes of
calcaneal tuberosity
Medial side of base
of prox. Phalanx of
great toe
Sides of plantar
surface of middle
phalanges
Lateral side of base
of prox. Phalanx of
little toe
Flex toes (4) w/ flexor
digitorum longus
tendon
Medial surface of
calcaneus + lat.
process of calcaneal
tuberosity
1st: med. Side of
tendon of FDL
2-4: adj. surfaces of
adj. tendons of FDL
Lat. side of flexor
digitorum longus
tendon
Lat. plantar nerve
from tibial nerve
Medial free margins
of extensor hoods of
toes 2-5
1st: med. Plantar
nerve (from tibial)
2-4: lat. Plantar
(from tibial)
Plantar surface of
cuboid + lat.
Cuneiform; tendon
of tibialis posterior
Transverse head:
ligaments ass. w/
MTP joints of lateral
3 toes
Oblique: bases of
metatarsals 2-4
Base of metatarsal 5
Lat. + med. Sides of
Med. plantar
base of prox. Phalanx nerve (from tibial)
of great toe
Extensor hallucis
brevis
FOOT - SOLE
1ST LAYER
Abductor hallucis
2ND LAYER
Quadratus plantae
Lumbricals
3RD LAYER
Flexor hallucis
brevis
Adductor hallucis
Extension of MTP joint
of big toe + extension
of others
Extends MTP joint of
big toe + 3 middle toes
Flexion of MTP joint +
extension of
interphalangeal joints
Flex MTP joint of great
toe
Adduct great toe at
MTP joint
Plantar interossei
Medial plantar
nerve (from tibial)
Lateral plantar
(from tibial)
Lat. Side of base of
prox. Phalanx of
great toe
Lat. Plantar nerve
(from tibial)
Lat. Side of base of
prox. Phalanx of little
toe
Lat. Plantar nerve
(from tibial)
Abduction of toes (4) at Sides of adjacent
MTP
metatarsals
Extensor hoods +
bases of prox.
Phalanges (2-4)
Adduction of toes (4) at Medial sides of
MTP
metatarsals of toes
3-5
Extensor hoods +
bases of prox.
Phalanges (3-5)
Lateral plantar
nerve (from tibial)
1st + 2nd: also deep
fibular
Lat. Plantar nerve
(from tibial)
Flexor digiti minimi Flex little toe at MTP
brevis
joint
4TH LAYER
Dorsal interossei
Deep fibular nerve