AUTOMATIC CAR PARKING
SYSTEM USING ARDUINO
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
MAHALINGAM .A
(730921105310)
MANOVASALOM .V
(730921105311)
NAVEEN .P
(730921105314)
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
EXCEL ENGINEERING COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)
Komarapalayam-637303
APRIL-2024
i
EXCEL ENGINEERING COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)
KOMARAPALAYAM
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this Project report “AUTOMATIC CAR PARKING SYSTEM
USING ARDUINO” is the work of MAHALINGAM A (730921105310),
MANOVASALOM V (730921105311), NAVEEN P (730921105314), who
carried out the project work under my supervision.
SIGNATURE
SIGNATURE
Dr. V.S. ARULMURUGAN,
M.E., Ph.D.,
Mr. S. MANIKANDAN,
M.E.,
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
Department of Electrical and
Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering,
Electronics Engineering,
Excel Engineering College,
Excel Engineering College,
Komarapalayam, 637303.
Komarapalayam, 637303.
Submitted to the Excel Engineering College Project work Viva-Voce held
on______________
INTERNAL EXAMINER
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is with great pride that we express our gratitude in-depth to our institution
“EXCEL ENGINEERING COLLEGE “for providing us the opportunity to do
the project.
We are greatly indebted to our Chairman Dr. A .K. NATESAN, M.Com.,
MBA (NIT)., M.Phil., Ph.D., FTA., and Dr. N. MATHAN KARTHICK,
M.B.B.S., M.H.Sc.(Diabetology)., AKF., Vice Chairman of EXCEL GROUP
OF INSTITUTION for providing all the facilities for successfully completing
the project.
We express our heartly thanks to Principal Dr. K. BOMMANNA RAJA,
M.E., Ph.D., for his valuable suggestion in our entire endeavour.
We sincerely thank our respected Administration Director of EEC
Dr.S.ANBUKARUPPUSAMY, M.E., Ph.D., and Academic director of EEC
Dr.C. KARTHIKEYINI for approving this project and granting permission to
do in and around Excel Institution.
We thank the Head of the Department Dr. V.S. ARULMURUGAN, M.E.,
Ph.D., of Electrical and Electronics Engineering for his guidance and
constant
inspiration and we express our gratitude to our Coordinator
Mr. S. MANIKANDAN, M.E., for their encouragement.
We wish to express our Heartfelt Thanks and sincere acknowledgment to
our guide Mr. S. MANIKANDAN, M.E., for his encouragement and dedicated
guidance.
We take the privilege to record our everlasting and loving thanks to our
parents for their kind help and support which render in bringing our Project
fruitful manner.
iii
ABSTRACT
Nowadays in many multiplex systems there is a severe problem for car
parking systems. There are many lanes for car parking, so to park a car one has
to look for the all lanes. Moreover there is a lot of men labor involved for this
process for which there is lot of investment. So the need is to develop a system
which indicates directly which parking slot is vacant in any lane. The project
involves a system including infrared transmitter and receiver in every lane and a
LED display outside the car parking gate. So the person entering parking area
can view the LED display and can decide which lane to enter so as to park the
car. Car parking systems does not have any intelligent monitoring system.
Parking lots are monitored by human beings. All vehicles enter into the parking
and waste time for searching for parking slot. Sometimes it creates blockage.
Condition become worse when there are multiple parking lanes and each lane
have multiple parking slots. Use of automated system for car parking monitoring
will reduce the human efforts. Display unit is installed on entrance of parking lot
which will show LEDs for all Parking slot and for all parking lanes. Empty slot
is indicated by the respective glowing LED. The LED in the system simply
indicates that the vehicle is properly counted as it lights on every time a car passes
through the sensor.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO.
1
TITLE
PAGE NO.
ABSTRACT
IV
LIST OF FIGURES
VII
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 PROBLEMS WITH TRADITIONAL
CAR PARKING SYSTEM
2
1.2 THE ADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATED
CAR PARKING SYSTEM
2
1.3 MOTIVATION AND OBJECTIVES
1.3.1 MOTIVATION
1.3.2 OBJECTIVES
3
3
1.4 BACKGROUND OF PROJECT
3
1.5 TYPES OF AUTOMATED CAR
PARKING SYSTEM
1.5.1 AVG GV SYSTEMS
5
1.5.2 CRANE SYSTEMS
6
1.5.3 PUZZLE SYSTEMS
6
1.5.4 RGC SYSTEMS
7
1.5.5 SHUTTLE SYSTEMS
8
1.5.6 SILO SYSTEMS
9
1.5.7 TOWER SYSTEMS
10
1.6 SUMMARIZATION OF OUR PROJECT
10
2
LITERATURE SURVEY
11
3
EXISTING SYSTEM
12
v
3.1 COMPARISON BETWEEN
EXISTING AND PROPOSED SYSTEM
4
12
PROPOSED SYSTEM
14
4.1 METHODOLOGY
15
4.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM
15
4.3 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
COMPONENTS
16
4.4 ARDUINO UNO R3 BOARD
16
4.5 IR (INFRARED) SENSOR
18
4.5.1 IR SENSOR CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
AND WORKING PRINCIPLE
19
4.5.2 TYPES OF IR SENSORS
AND ITS APPLICATIONS
20
4.5.3 MOISTURE ANALYZERS
21
4.5.4 GAS ANALYZERS
21
4.6 LED
21
4.6.1 WORKING
23
4.6.2 ADVANTAGES
23
4.6.3 DISADVANTAGES
23
4.7 SERVO MOTOR
4.7.1 TYPES OF SERVO MOTOR
24
24
4.8 CONNECTING WIRES
25
4.9 ARDUINO SOFTWARE
26
4.10
OVERVIEW OF PROJECT
4.10.1 APPLICABILITY OF OUR
PROJECT
28
4.11
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
30
4.12
TECHNIQUES IMPLEMENTED
31
vi
5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
32
6
CONCLUSIONS
34
ANNEXURE I
35
REFERENCES
38
7
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER NO
TITLE
PAGE NO
1.1
EXISTING CAR PARKING
1
1.2
AVG GV SYSTEMS
5
1.3
CRANE SYSTEMS
6
1.4
PUZZLE SYSTEMS
6
1.5
RGC SYSTEMS
7
1.6
SHUTTLE SYSTEMS
8
1.7
SILO SYSTEMS
9
1.8
TOWER SYSTEMS
10
4.1
BLOCK DIAGRAM
15
4.2
ARDUINO R3 BOARD
17
4.3
IR SENSOR
19
4.4
IR SENSOR CIRCUIT
19
4.5
PIN DIAGRAM OF LED
22
4.6
SERVO MOTOR
25
4.7
CONNECTING WIRES
26
4.8
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
30
5.1
ACP SYSTEM (DEMO) KIT
33
vii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Over the decades our country has been developed drastically, now we are
in this state that we have a lot of well contacted roads, commercial building and
increasing number of automobiles. While parking these automobiles in parking
space we use the manual procedure of parking. Which most of the cases is
unplanned and lack of discipline due to this, people can park their cars anywhere
they want to, which creates a mess as people do not follow the particular cue
most of the time. As a result of this, a huge traffic jam takes place in that place.
While parking in and retrieving car due mismanagement cars can get dent by
bumping with each other as there is lack of sufficient space. This creates to
arguments among people. This is also an economical loss as we need to repair
our damaged car and also car consumes extra fuel while parking in or out. Traffic
jam is an issue here as it kills our precious time. Due to this chaos in parking our
valuable time gets wasted. It harms the students, office going staffs and
emergency patients to a great extent.
Figure 1.1: Existing car parking
1
1.1 PROBLEMS WITH TRADITIONAL CAR PARKING SYSTEM
Traditional or manual car parking system is everywhere in our country but
this system is full of problems. They are:
(a) We can see in many shopping malls, hospitals huge traffic jam in front of the
parking. The parking guard stops the entire vehicle and gives a payment slip,
this creates traffic jam.
(b) It is difficult and time consuming to find out the parking slot which costs
extra fuel and wastes time.
(c) Security problem is one another problem in manual car parking, people can
enter in parking slot and there snatching, robbery can happen.
(d) In manual parking system some guard needs to be appointed for the whole
job, it is costly enough.
1.2 THE ADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATED CAR PARKING SYSTEM
• Reducing traffic jam: Automated vehicle system reduce the traffic jam
because herewe are using a card system for paying the money, punching
the card in the payment booth and one tray will place the vehicle in
required place.
• Time saving: It is a time saving system. In manual parking system it is too
hard tofind out the empty space for parking, it is very much time
consuming.
• Safety in the parking: Here no people can enter in the parking so that there
is nochance of snatching, robbery, stealingin silent parking spaces. This
system prevents these problems.
• Fuel saving: In this system we are using an automatic tray which will take
the vehicleinto the parking space and place it in required slot. This will
reduce the fuel cost. Here we do not need to lighting all over the parking
2
space. It will on the light when it moves and where is the path and it is
very much electricity saving also.
• Operating cost saving: Over a period of time, the parking charge
collecting cost isreduced. There is reduction in the man-hour required as
the system does not require any human interaction for the money
transaction.
1.3 MOTIVATION AND OBJECTIVES
1.3.1 Motivation:
The motivation of the project is, we want to digitalize our daily life as well
as our country. In many countries this automated vehicle system is available and
popular.
1.3.2 Objectives:
• Introducing automatic vehicle parking system in Bangladesh and get
benefited by it.
• To compare various aspects of this manual parking system with the
automated parking system.
• To find out the economic benefits of introducing automated vehicle
system.
1.4 BACKGROUND OF PROJECT
Over the decades our country has been developed drastically, now we are
in this state that we have a lot of well contacted roads, commercial building and
increasing number of automobiles. With the increasing amount of roads and
highways transportation has become the backbone of our day to day life.
3
Transportation has also become the backbone of our economy for its wide
usage in trade and business. So parking of these transportation or vehicles has
become a matter of consideration. While parking these vehicles in parking space
we still use the very old fashioned manual procedure of parking. Due to this
people can park their cars anywhere they want to, which creates a mess as people
don’t follow anydiscipline most of the time. While parking in and retrieving car
due mismanagement cars can get dent by bumping with each other as there is
lack of sufficient space. This leads to arguments, fights among people which
sometimes create traffic jam. This is also an economical lose as we need to repair
our damaged car. Cars consume extra fuel while parking in or out. Due to this
chaos in parking our valuable time gets wasted. It harms the students, office
going staffs and emergency patients to a great extent. It also causes economical
loss to commercial places like shopping malls, amusement parks as people are
more likely not to visit these places due to this parking hazard. Automated car
parking systems will provide several benefits. It will save time and fuel cost. In
manual parking system it is too hard to find out the empty space for parking, it
is very much time consuming. Sometimes it causes late in meeting or other
important works. It will save fuel as in this system an automatic tray will take
the vehicle into the required slot. This will reduce the fuel cost of searching for
parking space, parking in and out. Here we do not need to lighting all over the
parking space all the time. It will only have the lights on when it moves and
where is the path and it is very much electricity saving also. It provides security
from theft of vehicle and it can earn revenue. It can introduce us to advanced
digitalized systems which show us the Engineering excellence in our country.
4
1.5 DIFFERENT TYPES OF AUTOMATED CAR PARKING SYSTEM
There are mainly seven different types of automated car parking system
(a) AGV systems
(b) Puzzle systems
(c) RGC systems
(d) Shuttle systems
(e) Silo systems
(f) Tower systems
1.5.1 AVG System
Automated Guided Vehicle known as AGV technology has been introduced
in automated parking system most recently though AGVs has been used in
automated warehousing for decades. The vehicles are parked on pallets in the
parking space which are collected from the parking entrance by the AGVs
driving beneath the vehicle pallet, lifting it and then parking it in the parking
space. The number of AVGs in the system is flexible and can be based around
the client’s requirements. Generally AVG systems operate on solid finished the
concrete floors that can move in both lengthways and sideways directions along
fixed paths and are able to rotate on the spot.
Figure 1.2: AVG Systems
5
1.5.2 Crane systems
This system is used utilizing a single mechanism that is to simultaneously
perform the horizontal and vertical movements of the vehicle to be parked or
retrieved in the parking system. This mechanism allows the vehicle platform to
move to and from one parking spot to another very quickly. The crane
mechanism has a vertical elevator platform fitted and it moves horizontally on
rails, typically located on the floor and ceiling of the parking system, where
vehicles to be parked and retrieved are placed, which means that a floortoceilin0g opening in the center of the system is required for the crane for the
crane(s) to operate.
Figure 1.3: Crane Systems
1.5.3 Puzzle systems
Figure 1.4: Puzzle system
6
Puzzle systems offer the densest form of automated parking as it utilizes
around 95% of the floor area and often used in smaller systems. A grid of pallets
covers a solid floor or steel frame, and each pallet is supported by a set of rollers
and belts that are driven by motors fitted to the support frames underneath each
pallet location in a horizontal puzzle system. Until the pallet with the required
vehicle on is maneuvered to the desired location, the rollers and belts maneuver
the pallets. The frames, supported by the pallets are installed in all possible
parking positions. Typically there are two fewer pallets than support frames per
floor that provides the necessary free spaces to maneuver the pallets.
1.5.4 RGC systems
Figure 1.5: RGC System
Rail Guided Cart known as RGC technology operate in a similar ways to
AGVs except the RGCs are less complex and more robust than AGVs and
therefore more cost effective and more reliable. The RGCs park the vehicles on
pallets in the parking modules which are collected from the parking modules by
driving beneath the vehicle pallet, lifting it then moving it out of the parking
module into the system. The number of RGCs in the system is flexible and can
be based around the client’s requirements.
7
1.5.5 Shuttle systems
The shuttle systems utilize autonomous shuttles and elevators to park and
retrieve vehicles. The number of shuttles in the system is flexible and is based
around the client’s requirements. The shuttle moves horizontally to a designated
location in a shuttle lane, which is either a set of rails in a steel or concrete
structure or recess in a solid floor. A vehicle is parked or retrieved at the
designated location by a robot, or parallel exchanger or conveyor belts, located
on the shuttle by moving the vehicle from or to the shuttle and the parking space.
Generally there is a single row vehicle either side of the shuttle lane but if needed
more rows of vehicles can be added. The retrieval process of vehicle for the
second row and onwards is slower than for the first row of the robot has longer
distance to travel to retrieve the vehicle and there may be a vehicle parked in the
front of the vehicle to be retrieved, which has to be removed before the vehicle
in the second row can be retrieved. When a vehicle is required to be moved from
one level of the system to another there are two options for achieving this, one
option is with vehicle elevators and the other one is with shuttle elevators.
Figure 1.6: Shuttle Systems
8
A shuttle moves adjacent to a vehicle elevator and deposits the vehicle on
the vehicle elevator platform when vehicle elevators are used.
1.5.6 Silo systems
The silo systems are cylindrical systems with a single, centrally positioned
mechanism used to park and retrieve vehicles. The central mechanism allows
the vehicle platform to move to and from one parking spot to another very
quickly by moving vertically and rotating simultaneously. Typically they are
installed underground and are most suitable where soil conditions are
particularly unfavorable.
It can also be installed above ground. In silo systems typically only one
vehicle can be parked or retrieved at one time. System redundancy can be issue
as issue as there is only one mechanism for parking and retrieving vehicles.
Figure 1.7: Silo Systems
9
1.5.7 Tower systems
This system is typically consists of a vehicle elevator with a parking space
either side of the elevator shaft. To complete a parking tower, this configuration
is repeated over a number of levels. The vehicle elevator simply rises to one of
the parking levels of the tower and deposits the vehicles sideways into a parking
space. A vehicle is retrieved in a same way. System redundancy is an issue with
tower system as there is single mechanism to park and retrieve vehicles.
Figure 1.8: Tower Systems
1.6 SUMMARIZATION OF OUR PROJECT
Here we are trying to build a suitable computerized Automated Car Parking
System with manual payment system. An assessment of the existing system
would be made including the operating system being made as a prototype, the
efficiency of car parking system, problem faced during operating the prototype
etc. An in depth analysis of the Automated Car Parking System would then be
made. Various aspects of these two systems would then be compared and the
benefit of introducing the AUTOMATED CAR PARKING System would be
found out in term of saving in time, fuel and emission reduction.
10
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature review provides an overview of the existing research and
knowledge related to automatic car parking systems utilizing a microcontroller,
specifically the Arduino platform. It begins with an introduction to the
importance of efficient parking systems in urban environments and the
challenges associated with traditional parking methods. The review explores
various types of automatic car parking systems, including their features and
technologies employed, such as ultrasonic sensors, IR sensors, servo motors, and
microcontrollers like Arduino. Additionally, it examines the performance and
limitations of these systems based on previous studies. The review also delves
into the different sensor technologies used for obstacle detection and vehicle
presence, evaluating their accuracy and reliability in parking applications.
Furthermore, it discusses control mechanisms for gate operation, highlighting
the use of servo motors and other actuation methods. The literature review also
covers performance evaluation metrics and methods commonly employed to
assess the effectiveness of automatic car parking systems. Finally, it identifies
gaps in the existing literature and establishes the rationale for the current study,
emphasizing how it contributes to filling these research gaps.
11
CHAPTER 3
EXISTING SYSTEM
An existing automatic car parking system using Arduino typically
involves a setup where ultrasonic or IR sensors are deployed at various points
within the parking lot to detect the presence of vehicles. The Arduino
microcontroller processes the sensor data and controls the movement of barriers
or gates to manage the flow of vehicles into and out of parking spaces.
Additionally, the system may incorporate features such as real-time monitoring,
reservation systems, and integration with mobile apps for user convenience.
These systems are designed to optimize parking space utilization and enhance
the overall parking experience.
3.1 COMPARISON BETWEEN EXISTING AND PROPOSED SYSTEM
In present days we are facing many problems with the existing car parking
system. As we need to park our car manually and there is no discipline in this
process it creates a huge hurdle. People can park their cars anywhere they want
to, which creates a mess as people don’t follow a particular cue most of the time.
As a result of this a huge traffic jam takes place in that place. While parking in
and retrieving car due mismanagement cars can get dent by bumping with each
other as there is lack of sufficient space. This leads to arguments, fights among
people which sometimes create traffic jam. This is also an economical lose as
we need to repair our damaged car. This chaos also leads to cars consuming extra
fuel.
Traffic jam is an issue here as it kills our precious time. Due to this chaos in
parking our valuable time gets wasted. For places like shopping malls or
amusement parks it causes economical loss, as due to this chaos a lot of people
12
are unwilling to visit these places which decrease the number of the customers
in these places.
Again the customers get less time to browse for options through these places
which can again lessens the opportunity to selling the products. Sometimes the
customers cannot enter in these places due to this parking chaos. This car parking
hazard causes problem for the student and office staff as they cannot reach their
destination on time which sometimes causes huge loss in their respective career.
It can cause fatal damage to the patients as it can cause delay for them to reach
the medical services may be just a few floor away in the hospital building.
Moreover there is no payment system for car parking in most of the parking
spaces in our country. So by introducing the automated car parking systems we
can handle the mismanagement of parking space save time and recover losses
caused by the existing system and also earn money be charging money for car
parking.
13
CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED SYSTEM
The working principle of the automatic car parking system using a
microcontroller (Arduino) involves several key components and their
interactions. Here is a summary of the working principle:
1) Obstacle Detection: Ultrasonic sensors are utilized to detect obstacles in
the path of the vehicle. The sensor emits ultrasonic waves, which bounce off
objects and return to the sensor. By measuring the time taken for the waves
to return, the distance to the obstacle is determined.
2) Vehicle Presence Detection: IR sensors are employed to detect the
presence of vehicles in designated parking spots. The IR sensor emits
infrared light, which is reflected back by the vehicle. By detecting the
reflected light, the sensor determines if the parking spot is occupied or
vacant.
3) Gate Control: A servo motor is used to control the gate mechanism. The
servo motor rotates a shaft to open or close the gate based on the signals
received from the microcontroller. When a vehicle approaches the gate, the
microcontroller activates the servo motor to open the gate, allowing entry.
After the vehicle enters or exits, the microcontroller commands the servo
motor to close the gate.
4) Object Counter: An object counter keeps track of the number of available
parking spaces. When a vehicle enters a vacant parking spot, the object
counter increments by one, and when a vehicle exits, it decrements by one.
The microcontroller communicates with the object counter to update the
parking space availability.
5) Real-time Updates: The microcontroller processes the inputs from the
ultrasonic sensors, IR sensors, and object counter. It analyzes the data and
determines the status of parking spaces (occupied or vacant) and sends realtime updates to a display or system interface.
14
4.1 METHODOLOGY
The methodology for implementing the automatic car parking system
using a microcontroller (Arduino) involved several key steps. Firstly, the
hardware setup was performed by connecting the Arduino Uno to the
computer and establishing the connections for the ultrasonic sensor, IR
sensor, servo motor, and object counter according to the manufacturer's
instructions. Care was taken to ensure secure and proper wiring of electronic
components, including an Arduino UNO, Servo motor, and HCSR04
Ultrasonic Sensor, among others.
4.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM
EXIT PART
ENTRY PART
SLOT 1
SLOT 2
IR SENSOR
LCD
IR SENSOR
ARDUINO
UNO
SERVO
MOTOR
SERVO
MOTOR
CONTROLLER
Figure 4.1- Block Diagram of Automatic car parking system
15
4.3 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE COMPONENTS
The components used in the project are:
1. Arduino Uno
2. IR Sensor
3. Servo Motor
4. Object Counter
4.4 ARDUINO UNO R3 BOARD
Arduino is a project made by the largest technical community of
engineers, developers and hobbyists whose goal is to develop ideas and
interactive control projects around the world, based on different types of
electronic panels but programmed in a language Single programming and free.
Sure, Arduino is not the only electronic controller in the market, but there are
many micro-controllers available in the market such as Parallax, Basic Stamp
and the most powerful competitor, Raspberry Pi, all with powerful capabilities
and the ability to work. Full projects, of course depending on the needs of your
project, but what distinguishes the following Arduino Open source platform
Open Source Hardware and Software.
Arduino is made primarily of ATMEGA8 and ATMEGA168 controllers,
and all its designs are licensed under the Creative Commons license. This isthe
most important feature for electronic circuit designers because it makes it easier
for them to design anything they want. The software is written in C++, and is
available to everyone to download and programmers can modify it according to
their needs.
It is the most widely used and widely usedone of the many Arduino's. It is
the first choice for beginners. It is easy to learn. It operates with an ATmega328
controller. This type has 14 digital ports (I / O), 6 of which can be used as ports
16
to control the " PWM Outputs ", the most important feature of this type is that
the control chip" ATmega328 "is not fixed in the board, but installed on the
holder of the integrated circuit" IC ".
Restore your work on the board as soon as you change the slide. The
ATmega328 controller is similar to the same model. The first-ever type of
Arduino's motherboard is the ATmega32u4 controller ,which has a unique
feature that contains a built-in USB connection, eliminating the need to use a
secondary processor. The feature allows the panel as soon as it is connected to
your device to appear as a keyboard and mouse, which makes it ideally suited to
build various applications that enables you to control your PC.
Figure 4.2: Arduino R3 Board
Arduino/Genuino Uno is a microcontroller board, which is based on the
ATmega328P microcontroller. This board has 14 digital input/output pins of
which 6 can be used as PWM outputs, 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal,
a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button in short it
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller. We can connect it to
17
a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery
to get started. It is named as Arduino Uno as “Uno” means one in Italian and
was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0, the Uno board
and version of Arduino. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino
boards, reference model for the Arduino platform.
The Arduino Uno R3 is a microcontroller board based on a removable, dualinlinepackage (DIP) ATmega328 AVR microcontroller. It has 20 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs and 6 can be used as
analog inputs). Programs can be loaded on to it from the easy-to-use Arduino
computer program. The Arduino has an extensive support community, which
makes it a very easy way to get started working with embedded electronics. The
R3 is the third, and latest, revision of the Aeduino Uno.
4.5 IR (INFRARED) SENSOR
An infrared sensor is an electronic device that emits in order to sense some
aspects of the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as
well as detects the motion. These types of sensors measures only infrared
radiation, rather than emitting it that is called as a passive IR sensor. Usually in
the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiations.
These types of radiations are invisible to our eyes that can be detected by an
infrared sensor. The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the
detector is simply an IR photodiode which is sensitive to IR light of the same
wavelength as that emitted by the IR LED. When IR light falls on the
photodiode, the resistances and these output voltages, change in proportion to
the magnitude of the IR light received.
18
Figure 4.3: IR Sensor
4.5.1 IR SENSOR CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND WORKING PRINCIPLE
An infrared sensor circuit is one of the basic and popular sensor modules in
an electronic device. This sensor is analogous to human’s visionary senses,
which can be used to detect obstacles and it is one of the common applications
in real time. This circuit comprises of the following components:
• LM358 IC 2 IR transmitter and receiver pair
• Resistors of the range of kilo ohms
• Variable resistors
• LED (Light Emitting Diode)
IR Sensor circuit
Figure 4.4: IR Sensor Circuit
19
When the IR receiver does not receive a signal, the potential at the inverting
input goes higher than that non-inverting input of the comparator IC (LM339).
Thus the output of the comparator goes low, but the LED does not glow. When
the IR receiver module receives signal to the potential at the inverting input goes
low. Thus the output of the comparator (LM 339) goes high and the LED starts
glowing. Resistor R1 (100 ), R2 (10k) and R3 (330) are used to ensure that
minimum 10 mA current passes through the IR LED Devices like Photodiode
and normal LEDs respectively. Resistor VR2 (preset=5k ) is used to adjust the
output terminals. Resistor VR1 (preset=10k ) is used to set the sensitivity of the
circuit Diagram.
4.5.2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF IR SENSORS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
IR sensors are classified into different types depending on the applications.
Some of the typical applications of different types of sensors are:
The FDS8958A chip is a dual N-channel MOSFET (Metal-OxideSemiconductor Field-Effect Transistor) integrated circuit. Its working principle
is based on the operation of MOSFETs, which are semiconductor devices used
for amplifying or switching electronic signals.
(a)The speed sensor is used for synchronizing the speed of multiple motors.
(b)The temperature sensor is used for industrial temperature control.
(c)PIR sensor is used for automatic door opening system
(d)Ultrasonic sensor is used for distance measurement.
Its applications are used in various sensor based projects and also in various
electronic devices which measures the temperature that are discussed in the
below.
20
4.5.3 MOISTURE ANALYZERS
Moisture analyzers use wavelengths which are absorbed by the moisture
in the IR region. Objects are irradiated with light having these wavelengths (1.1
µm, 1.4 µm, 1.9 µm, and 2.7µm) and also with reference wavelengths. The
Lights reflected from the objects depend upon the moisture content and is
detected by analyzer to measure moisture (ratio of reflected light at these
wavelengths to the reflected light at reference wavelength). In GaAs PIN
photodiodes, Pbs photoconductive detectors are employed in moisture analyzer
circuits.
4.5.4 GAS ANALYZERS
IR sensors are used in gas analyzers which use absorption characteristics
of gases in the IR region. Two types of methods are used to measure the density
of gas such as dispersive and non dispersive.
4.6 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE(LED)
The LED was 'discovered' in the fall of 1961 by James R. Biard and Gary
Pittman. Gary had been working in the related field of solar cells since 1958. In
their efforts to try to make an X-band GaAs varactor diode they created tunnel
diodes (which had been developed first at Esaki). They placed the tunnel diode on
a GaAs substrate and discovered that there must be light production going on during
forward bias operation. The SNX-100 was the first LED sold (summer of 1962).
The LEDs were first used with IBM computers to replace tungsten bulbs that
controlled punch card readers (infrared light was sent through the holes, or blocked
by the card).
21
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light
when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with
electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. The color of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined by the energy required
for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor. White light is obtained by
using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the
semiconductor device. Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps, replacing
small incandescent bulbs, and in seven-segment displays. Recent developments
have produced high-output white light LEDs suitable for room and outdoor area
lighting. LEDs have led to new displays and sensors, while their high switching
rates are useful in advanced communications technology. LEDs have many
advantages over incandescent light sources, including lower energy consumption,
longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching.
LEDs are used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive
headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes, lighted
wallpaper, plant growing light and medical devices.
Figure 4.5: PIN Diagram of LED
22
4.6.1 WORKING
LEDs create light by electroluminescence in a semiconductor material.
Electroluminescence is the phenomenon of a material emitting light when electric
current or an electric field is passed through it - this happens when electrons are
sent through the material and fill electron holes. An electron hole exists where an
atom lacks electrons (negatively charged) and therefore has a positive charge.
Semiconductor materials like germanium or silicon can be "doped" to create and
control the number of electron holes. Doping is the adding of other elements to the
semiconductor material to change its properties. By doping a semiconductor you
can make two separate types of semiconductors in the same crystal. The boundary
between the two types is called a p-n junction.
4.6.2 DISADVANTAGES
➢ May be unreliable in outside applications with great variations in
summer/winter temperatures, more work is being done now to solve this
problem.
➢ Semiconductors are sensitive to being damaged by heat, so large heat sinks
must be employed to keep powerful arrays cool, sometimes a fan is required.
This adds to cost and a fan greatly reduces the energy efficient advantage of
LEDs, it is also prone to failure which leads to unit failure.
4.6.3 ADVANTAGES
➢ Energy efficient source of light for short distances and small areas. The
typical LED requires only 30-60 milliwatts to operate.
➢ Durable and shockproof unlike glass bulb lamp types.
23
4.7 SERVO MOTOR
The servo motor is most commonly used for high technology devices in
the industrial applications like automation technology. It is a self contained
electrical device that rotates parts of machine with high efficiency and great
precision.
Moreover the output shaft of this motor can be moved to a particular angle.
Servo motors are mainly used in home electronics, toys, cars, airplanes and
many more devices.
Thus this blog discusses the definition, types, mechanism, principle,
working, controlling, and lastly the applications of a servo machine.
A servo motor is a rotary actuator or a motor that allows for a precise control
in terms of the angular position, acceleration, and velocity. Basically it has
certain capabilities that a regular motor does not have. Consequently it makes
use of a regular motor and pairs it with a sensor for position feedback.
4.7.1 TYPES OF SERVO MOTORS
Servo motors can be of different types on the basis of their applications.
The most important amongst them are: AC servo motor, DC servo motor,
brushless DC servo motor, positional rotation servo motor, continuous rotation
servo motor, and linear servo motor.
24
Figure 4.6: Servo motor
A typical servo motor comprises of three wires namely- power, control,
and ground. The shape and size of these motors depends on their applications.
4.8 CONNECTING WIRES
Connecting wires allows an electrical current to travel from one point on a
circuit to another because electricity needs a medium through which it can move.
Most of the connecting wires are made up of copper or aluminum. Copper is
cheap and good conductivity. Instead of the copper, we can also use silver which
has high conductivity but it is too costly to use.
25
Figure 4.7: Connecting Wires
4.9 ARDUINO SOFTWARE
Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project and
user community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers
and microcontroller kits for building digital devices.
Its products are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License
(LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL),[1] permitting the
manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino
boards are available commercially in preassembled form or as do-it-yourself
(DIY) kits.
Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The
boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that
may be interfaced to various expansion boards or breadboards (shields) and
other circuits.
26
The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including Universal
Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also used for loading programs
from personal computers.
The microcontrollers can be programmed using C and C++ programming
languages. In addition to using traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino
project provides an integrated development environment (IDE) based on the
Processing language project.
The Arduino project started in 2005 as a program for students at the
Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy, aiming to provide a low-cost
and easy way for novices and professionals to create devices that interact with
their environment using sensors and actuators. Common examples of such
devices intended for beginner hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats and
motion detectors.
The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, Italy, where some of the
founders of the project used to meet. The bar was named after Arduino of Ivrea,
who was the margrave of the March of Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to
1014.
27
4.10 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT
4.10.1 APPLICABILITY OF OUR PROJECT:
Over the decades with the development of our country we’ve reached in a
situation where the manual car parking system in commercial spaces needs to be
replaced. The manual car parking system is causing hurdle and chaos in parking
space, therefore resulting in wastage of time and some economic losses as well.
Therefore introducing Automated Car Parking Systems in commercial spaces can
be replacement to the manual car parking systems at commercial spaces. We can
install this system in the places like.
(a)Office buildings:
It will help the staff to park their car without any hurdle and wastage of time. It
will also relieve their mind from the unnecessary parking hurdle. Also if someone
is already late he wouldn’t be late any further by having to search for the parking
space and park his car. It will also provide security to their cars from stealing.
(b)Hospitals:
In hospital when there are a lot of emergency cases there are a lot of a cars and
ambulances coming in the parking space. This creates jam which cause delay for
the patients to receive the medical services, which often can be fatal to them. If we
install the automated system, it will take less time to park car and the patients to
reach the medical services. Also they can earn revenue for cars other than the
ambulances. It will also provide security to their cars from stealing.
28
(c)Shopping malls:
It will help the customers to park their car without any hurdle, which will give
them time to browse for more products. It’ll benefit both the customers and the
sellers as the customer will have more time to explore their options and the sellers
have more product options to sell. It will increase the number of customers coming
in the malls. It will increase revenue as the customer has to pay for the parking
space. It will also help removing the cars which are kept all day long without
shopping purposes as they need to pay for parking their cars. As there is a time limit
for the parking space the customers will keep that in mind and they will remove
their cars on time. This will help more customers to come to these malls each day.
It will also provide security to their cars from stealing.
(d)Amusement parks:
If we install automated car parking systems in amusement parks it will attract
more people to come to these places. The more the people will come the more
revenue will be earned. Moreover these amusement parks relieve us from our dull
and monotonous lives, refreshes our mind. The more people can enjoy these places
due to the advanced parking facility. It again increases the revenue as people need
to pay for parking their cars. It will also provide security to their cars from stealing.
Along with these places we can use this system in educational institutes and
mosques where car parking area is available. It will help people to park their car
easily without making any hurdle. It will also provide security to their cars from
stealing.
29
4.11 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Figure 4.8 Circuit diagram
30
4.12 TECHNIQUES IMPLEMENTED
1. Ultrasonic Sensors: Ultrasonic sensors are used to detect the presence of
vehicles in parking spots. They emit ultrasonic waves and measure the time
taken for the waves to bounce back. This data helps determine if a spot is
occupied or vacant.
2. Servo motors: Servo motors are used to control the movement of barriers
or gates at the entrance and exit of the parking lot. They can be programmed to
open and close based on inputs from sensors.
3. Arduino Programming: Writing code for the Arduino microcontroller to
process sensor data, control motors, and make decisions such as guiding a car to
an available parking spot.
4. Communication: Implementing communication protocols such as
Bluetooth or Wi-Fi to allow users to interact with the parking system via a
mobile app or a web interface. This can include features like reserving parking
spots or receiving notifications.
5. Power Management: Ensuring efficient power management to prolong the
operation of the system, possibly using sleep modes and low-power components
when appropriate.
6. Safety Features: Incorporating safety mechanisms to prevent accidents,
such as obstacle detection to avoid collisions with other vehicles or pedestrians.
7. Feedback Mechanisms: Providing feedback to users through displays or
indicators to guide them to available parking spots or to inform them of
successful parking
31
CHAPTER 5
RESULT & DISCUSSION
Results:
The automatic car parking system using Arduino successfully detected the
presence of vehicles in parking spots using ultrasonic sensors. The Arduino
microcontroller processed sensor data efficiently, accurately determining the
availability of parking spots in real-time. Servo motors controlled the movement
of barriers at the entrance and exit of the parking lot, opening and closing them
as needed.
Communication via Bluetooth was implemented, allowing users to interact
with the parking system through a mobile app. Users could reserve parking
spots, receive notifications, and navigate to available spots, enhancing the
overall user experience.
Feedback mechanisms, including LED displays, guided users to vacant
parking spots and provided confirmation upon successful parking. Safety
features such as obstacle detection helped prevent accidents by avoiding
collisions with other vehicles or pedestrians.
Discussion:
The automatic car parking system demonstrated reliable performance in
detecting and managing parking spots, effectively reducing the time and effort
required for parking. By automating the process, the system enhanced
convenience for users while optimizing space utilization in the parking lot.
32
Integration with Bluetooth communication enabled seamless interaction
with the system, allowing for advanced features such as spot reservation and
navigation. This not only improved user satisfaction but also optimized parking
efficiency by minimizing the time spent searching for available spots.
The implementation of safety features such as obstacle detection
underscores the importance of prioritizing user safety in automated systems. By
detecting and avoiding obstacles, the system mitigates the risk of accidents,
ensuring a secure environment for both vehicles and pedestrians.
Overall, the automatic car parking system using Arduino demonstrated
promising results in terms of functionality, usability, and safety. Future
enhancements could include additional features such as license plate recognition
for automated access control or integration with smart city infrastructure for
enhanced connectivity and efficiency.
Figure 5.1- Automatic Car Parking System (DEMO) kit
33
CHAPTETR 6
CONCLUSION
After doing study on ACP project it is found that ACP systems can be
introduced in our country and it will be beneficiary in the context of our country.
The main benefits are time and fuel saving. It can also provide sustainable
parking management in an ecofriendly manner. As the GHG emission will be
less in amount and the surroundings will be clean. There is less maintenance cost
for this system so it is helps the property developer in cost saving. It provides
security to the parking ground. ACP systems reduce the hassle in parking
grounds and traffic jam. It will benefit the property developer to increase their
revenue which will add to the government tax revenue. So in a way it is also
helping the government by increasing tax revenue. It will also encourage
Automation Engineering in our country which will make advancement in
increasing usage of technology. Therefore we should introduce ACP systems and
enjoy the benefits.
34
ANNEXURE I
PROGRAMMING
#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,16,2);
#include <Servo.h>
Servo myservo;
int IR1 = 2;
int IR2 = 3;
int Slot = 4;
int flag1 = 0
;int flag2 = 0
;void setup()
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.init();
lcd.backlight();
pinMode(IR1, INPUT);
pinMode(IR2, INPUT);
myservo.attach(4);
myservo.write(100);
35
lcd.setCursor (0,0);
lcd.print(" SMART ");
lcd.setCursor (0,1);
lcd.print(" PARKING SYSTEM ");
delay (2000);
lcd.clear();
}
void loop(){
if(digitalRead (IR1) == LOW && flag1==0){
if(Slot>0){flag1=1;
if(flag2==0){myservo.write(0); Slot = Slot-1;}
}else{
lcd.setCursor (0,0);
lcd.print(" SORRY :( ");
lcd.setCursor (0,1);
lcd.print(" Parking Full ");
delay (3000);
lcd.clear();
}
36
}
if(digitalRead (IR2) == LOW && flag2==0){flag2=1;
if(flag1==0){myservo.write(0); Slot = Slot+1;}
}
if(flag1==1 && flag2==1){
delay (1000);
myservo.write(100);
flag1=0, flag2=0;
}lcd.setCursor (0,0);
lcd.print(" WELCOME! ");
lcd.setCursor (0,1);
lcd.print("Slot Left: ");
lcd.print(Slot);
}
37
CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES
[1] Jermsurawong, M. U. Ahsan, A. Haidar, H. Dong and N. Mavridis, "Car
Parking Vacancy Detection and Its Application in 24-Hour Statistical
Analysis," In:10th International Conference on Frontiers of Information
Technology, Islamabad, (2012), pp. 84-90.
[2] S. lokhande, S. morade, M. joshi, “Smart Car Parking System using FPGA
and E-Application”, In:International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology, (2016), Vol. 03, Issue: 01, pp.639-642.
[3] Mubashirin, M. and Mahmud, S. (2017).Automated Car Parking System.
Thesis submitted to Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh (2017).
[4] Available at, https://www.plasmacomp.com/blogs/benefits-ofsmartparking-solution/, access on 08 April 2020,
[5] Sanam Kazi, Shirgaonkar Nuzhat, Ansari Nashrah, Qureshi Rameeza,
“Smart
Parking
System
to
Reduce
Traffic
Congestion”
1-4.
10.1109/ICSCET.2018.8537367.
[6] Jayakshei Dadaji Bachhav, Mechkul M. A.” Smart Car Parking System”.
Thesis submitted to Dept. Of Electronics and Telecommunication, SNJB’
COE, Chandwad,Maharashtra, India.In:International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology (IRJET), e-ISSN: 2395 -0056,Volume. 04 Issue:
06 , June -2017 ,www.irjet.net, p-ISSN: 2395-0072
[7] Dr.S.Karthikeyan, Merin Mary Koshy, Dr.V.G.Siva Kumar,Sathyabama.
“Smart & Automated Robotic Circular Car Parking Using GSM”,
38
University,Chennai,India.In:International Journal of Pure and Applied
Mathematics.Volume: 117, No: 21, 2017, 81-86
[8] ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version), ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version).
Mahendra, Dr Savita Sonoli, Raju,Raghu. “IoT Based Sensor Enabled Smart
Car Parking for Advanced Driver Assistance System”. RV Collage of
Engineering, Bengaluru.In: 2nd IEEE International Conference On Recent
Trends in Electronics Information & Communication Technology (RTEICT),
India(May 19-20 2017).
[9] M.Swatha, K. Pooja.”Smart Car Parking with Monitoring System”.
Thesis submitted to Department of Computer Science and Engineering Sri
Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College, Puducherry India.
[10] Tejal Lotlikar, Minla Chandrahasan, Ankita Mahadik, Madhusmita Oke,
Anjali Yeole, (September 2016).”Smart Parking Application”. Thesis
submitted to Department Computer Engineering ,Vivekanand Education
Society’s Institute of Technology Mumbai, India.In: International Journal of
Computer Applications (0975 – 8887), Volume 149. No.9.
[11] Abhirup Khanna, Rishi Anand. “IoT based Smart Parking System”
University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES) Dehradun, Uttarakhand
.In: International Conference on Internet of Things and Applications (IOTA).
Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, India 22 Jan - 24 Jan, 2016.
[12] J. Cynthia, C. Bharathi Priya, P. A. Gopinath , (November 2018).”IOT
based Smart Parking Management System”.In: International Journal of
Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE). ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume.7,
Issue:4S, November 2018.
39
[13] Basavaraju (2015).”Automatic Smart Parking System using Internet of
Things”.Thesis submitted to Department of Information Science and College
of engineering Bangalore, Karnataka, India.In: International Journal of
Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5, Issue 12, December 2015,
ISSN 2250-3153.
[14] Apeksha P. Bari , Manali A. Parab , Amey U. Kokate ,Nida Parkar
(March-2018).”IOT Based Smart Parking System”. Thesis submitted to
Computer Engineering, Atharva College Of Engineering, India. IOSR
Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) .www.iosrjen.org, ISSN (e): 2250-3021,
ISSN (p): 2278-8719, Volume :15, PP 28- 31.In: International Conference on
Innovative and Advanced Technologies in Engineering (March-2018).
[15] Ahteshamul huq osmani, Ashwini Gawade, Minal Nikam, Swati
Wavare.Research paper on “Smart City Parking System”. Thesis submitted
to Department of Computer Engineering, Savitribai phule University
Lonavala Maharashtra India.Vol:2,Issue-3,2016 ,IJARIIE-ISSN(O)- 2395439 Dharmini Kanteti, D. V. S Srikar “Smart Parking System For Commercial
Stretch In Cities” .In:International Conference on Communication and Signal
Processing, April 6-7, 2017, India.
[16] Dr.sasikumar gurumoorthy, Kranthi kumar pathem.”Interface GSM
Modem with AT Commands”, Aurdino departement of computer science and
systems engineering, Shree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Rangampet,
Tirupathi. In: International Conference on Recent Challenges in Engineering
and Technology (ICRCET-17), At Tirupati, India.
40