Muscles of the Leg
11/30/2016 10:43:00 PM
 Muscles of the Leg are Divided into: Pelvis, Thigh, & Lower
Leg/Shin
Muscles of the Pelvis –Move the Hip
Movements of the Hip:
Flexion – Dec angle between hip and femur. Ie pulling the leg forward
 Hip Flexors (Iliopsoas Group)
Extension – Inc angle between hip and femur. Ie pulling leg behind body
 Gluteus Maximus
Medial Rotation (Toes In):
 Gracilis, Gluteus Minimus & Medius
Lateral Rotation (Toes Out):
 Lateral Rotators (Piriformis, Gemellus’, Obtuators & Quat Femoris)
Hip Abduction (Splits):
 Gluteus Medius & Minimus
Hip Adduction (Legs Together):
 Hip Adductors (Adductor Longus, Brevis, Magnus, Pectineus, & Gracilis)
Muscles of the Pelvis:
 Broken down into 4 Groups:
1. Iliopsoas (Hip Flexors) – Flex the Hip
2. Gluteus Maximus – Extends the Hip
3. Gluteus Medius & Minimus – Medially Rotate & Abduct the Hip
4. Lateral Rotators (P, GOGO, QF) – Laterally Rotate the Hip
Iliopsoas Group (Hip Flexors)
 Made up of the Psoas Major, Minor, and Iliacus
 Hip Flexion, Innervated by the Femoral nerve.
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Function Nerve
Psoas Major
Lumbar
Iliopsoas / Lesser
Hip
& Minor
Vertebrae
Trochanter
Flexion
Iliacus
Iliac Crest
Iliopsoas /Lesser
Trochanter
Hip
Flexion
Femoral
Femoral
Iliopsoas
*Together the Psoas Major, Psoas Minor, and Iliacus form the Iliopsoas.
 They all attach to the lesser trochanter on the medial upper femur.
 Located in the front of the leg, contacting these muscles pulls your leg
forward
*Rectus Femoris also aids in hip flexion
 All can be trained via sit ups, mostly the first 15degrees
Gluteal Group:
 Made up of the gluteus maximus, medialis, and minumus, and Tensor
Fascia Latae
 Gluteus Maximus is its own separate group*
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Function
Nerve
Gluetus Max
Posterior
Iliac Crest to
Gluteal
Tuberosity
Hip Extension
Inferior
Gluteal
Sacrum (
(Femur)
Gluteus
Medius
Ilium
Greater
Trochanter
(Ant, Sup,
Femur)
Hip Abduction Superior
& Medial
Gluteal
Rotation
Nerve
Gluteus
Minimus
Ilium
Greater
Trochanter
Hip Abduction Sup Glute
& Medial
Nerve
Rotation
Tensor
Ilium
IT band
Compresses
Sup Glute
contra-lateral
side of leg
Thigh
Nerve
Fascia Latae
Nerve
Gluteus Max  Contraction causes hip extension. Ie bringing the leg behind
the body, like in a squat. Also aids in lateral rotation bc it attaches anteriorly
on the iliac crest and inserts posteriorly on the femur.
Front to Back = Lateral Rotation
Gluteus Medius & Minimus  Abduction, Spreading the legs apart like your
doing the splits.
 Also some medial rotation because it attaches Back to Front. (Ilium to
Greather Trochanter of the Femur)
*Minimus Located Just beneath the Medius
Tensor Fascia Latae  Compresses the thigh muscles to generate more force
 Enlargement of thigh muscles can cause the IT band to pull on the lateral
side of the knee, causing pain. Needs to be stretched / foam rolled out.
Lateral Rotators:
 Located underneath the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius
 Laterally Rotate & Abduct the hips.
Lateral Rotation of the Hips – Like squatting Ie toes out
 Attachments are generally from the anterior sacrum and ilium to the
greater trochanter (front to front)
Abduction – Doing the splits
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Function
Nerve
Piriformis
Anterior
Sacrum
Greater
Trochanter
Lateral
Rotation
Piriformis
Nerve
Superior
Gemellus
Ischial Spine
Greater
Trochanter
Lateral
Rotation
Obturator
Internis
Obturator
Internus
Obturator
Foramen
Greater
Trochanter
Lateral
Rotation
Nerve to
Obturator
Internus
Obturator
Externus
Inferior
Gemellus
Obturator
Foramen
Ischial
Tuberosity
Femur,
Inferior to
greater
trochanter
Obturator
Nerve
Greater
Trochanter
Inferior
Gemellus
Ischial
Tuberostiy
Greater
Trochanter
Lateral
Rotation
Quatratus
Femoris
Nerve
Quatratus
Femoris
Ischial
Tuberosity
Greater
Trochanter
Lateral
Rotation
Quatratus
Femoris
Nerve
 Obtuator Externus Is NOT a lateral rotator
 To id these muscles locate the large yellow Sciatic Nerve.
 Piriformis is directly above the Sciatic Nerve and then they follow this
order superiorly to inferiorly
P > G > O>G >O >QF
QF, P, & OI have their own nerve
 Gemellus use the Nerve of the muscle below it*
Muscle Compartments of the Thigh:
 Broken down into 3 compartments by function:
1. Medial Thigh (Groin Muscles) – Adduction (Squeezing legs together)
2. Posterior Thigh (Hamstrings) – Knee Flexion
3. Anterior Thigh (Quads) – Knee Extension
Medial Thigh Muscles (Groin Muscles)
 Adduct the Hip (Squeezing legs together, Sprints, hurdles, etc.)
 Often torn near the insertion points
 Made up of the Pectineus, Adductor Longus, Brevis, Magnus, and the
Gracilis
 Innervated by the Obturator Nerve (Same as the Obturator Externus)
 Common Insertion is the Linea Aspera, eception is Gracilis (Goose’s Foot)
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Function
Nerve
Pectineus
Obturator
Foramen
Linea Aspera
Hip
Adduction
Obturator
Adductor
Longus
Pubis
Linea Aspera
Hip
Adduction
Obturator
Adductor
Brevis
Inferior Rami
of Pubis
Linea Aspera
Hip
Adduction
Obturator
Adductor
Magnus
(Multi-
All around
Linea Aspera
Entire inferior
half of
Hip
Adduction,
lateral
Obturator
Function)
Obturator
Foramen
rotation,
Gracilis
Inferior Rami
of Pubis
(Right near
pubic
symphesis
Goose’s Foot
(Medial
Knee)
Hip
Adduction,
Medial
Rotation,
Obturator
 To ID: Pectineus Originates higher: Off of the Obturator Foramen Superior
Border
 Can’t see the adductor brevis form a superior view* But it is sandwiched
between the adductor longus and pectineus
Femoral Triangle  A triangle formed by connecting the Inguinal Ligament
(V-lines, which goes from the ASIC to the Pubis), and Adductor Longus to
the Sartorius.
*Medial View of the Leg, Vastus lateral SHOULD be labeled Vastus Medialis
*Gracilis separates the medial thigh from the posterior thigh
*Anterior & Posterior Thigh Move the Knee NOT the HIP
Anterior Thigh (Quads)
 Main role is extension of the Knee. (Leg Straight)
*Rectus Femoris also flexes hip b/c it crosses into the iliopsoas groap
 Made up of the: Rectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Medialis, Vastuc
Intermedius (Hidden) & Sartorius muscles
*Vastus Intermedius hidden underneath the Rectus Femoris
 Common insertion into Quad Tendon
 Common Nerve Innervation is the Femoral Nerve
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Function
Nerve
Rectus
AIIS
Quad Tendon
Knee ext. &
Femoral
Remoris
Hip ext.
Vastus
Lateralis
Lateral
Femur
(Greater
Trochanter)
Quad Tendon
Knee ext.
Femoral
Vastus
Medialis
Medial Femur
(Linea
Aspera)
Quad Tendon
Knee ext.
Femoral
Vastus
Femur
Quad Tendon
Knee ext.
Femoral
ASIS
Goose’s Foot
Knee ext.
Femoral
Intermedius
Sartorius
Posterior Thigh (Hamstrings)
 Flex the Knee (Heels touching Butt)
 Common origin: Ischial Tuberosity (Lower bump on Ischium that we sit on
 Common Nerve: Sciatic Nerve
 Made up of the Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus & Bicep Femoris
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Function
Nerve
Semimembranosus Ischial
Tuberosity
Back of
Knee
Knee Flex.
Sciatic
Semitendinosus
Ischial
Tuberosity
Goose’s
Foot
Knee Flex.
Sciatic
Biceps Femoris
Ischial
Tuberosity
Back of
Knee
Knee Flex.
& Hip Ext.
Sciatic
 Semimembranosus is wider, tendinosus thin like a tendon. Biceps Femoris
is larger, has 2 heads and inserts at the lateral knee.
Goose’s Foot
 Medial side of the Knee
 Insertion point of 3 VIP Muscles:
1. Sartorius (Ant thigh, Knee Ext.)
2. Gracilis (Medial thigh, defines posterior thigh from medial)
3. Semitendinosus (Post thigh, Knee Flexion)
Muscles of the Lower Leg
 Divided into Anterior Shin, Posterior Shin (2 Layers) & Lateral Shin
 Move the Ankles & Toes
Movements of the Ankles & Toes
Dorsi Flexion – Toes pointing Up
 Accomplished by the Tibialis Anterior
Plantar Flexion – Toes pointing Down
 Accomplished by the Gastrocnemius, Soleus, & the Fibularis Longus &
Brevis
Inversion – Big Toe above Pinky Toe
 Accomplished by the Tibialis Anterior & Tibialis Posterior
Eversion – Pinky above Big Tie
 Accomplished by the Fibularis Longus, Fibularis Brevis, & Fibularis Tertius
Anterior – Dorsi Flexion (Toes up)
Lateral – Plantar Flexion (Toes down) & Eversion (Pinky toe above big ties)
Posterior (2 Layers) – Flex the Knee, Plantar Flexion, Inversion (Big Toe
Above Pinky)
Anterior (Shin)
 Responsible for Dorsi Flexion of the ankle & Extension of Toes
-Extensors also extend the toes, Tibialis anterior inverts the foot, Fibularis
Tertius everts the foot
 Common Origin: Tibia & Fibula
 Common Nerve: Deep Fibular Nerve (Sciatic Nerve splits into Tibial Nerve
& Common Fibular Nerve, Common means it is going to split so the Common
Fibular Nerve splits into the Deep and Superficial Fibular Nerve)
*Hallucis = Big Toe
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Tibialis
Anterior
Tibia & Fibula 1st MetaTarsal (Big
Toe)
Function
Nerve
Inversion +
Dorsi Flex.
Deep Fibular
Ankle
Fibularis
Tertius
(Small)
Fibula
(Lateral)
Extensor
Hallucis
Longus
Tibia & Fibula Phalanx of
Digit 1
Extends Digit
1
Deep Fibular
Extensor
Digitorum
Tibia & Fibula Distal
Phalanx
Extends
Digits 2-5
Deep Fibular
Longus
5th Metatarsal Eversion
Digits #2-5
Deep Fibular
Fibularis / Lateral Shin
 Plantar Flexion (Toes Up) & Eversion (Bringing Pinky Toe Above Big Toe)
Common Nerve: Fibular Nerve
Common Origin: Fibula
Underneath the Extensor Digitorum Longus is the DEEP FIBULAR
NERVE
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Function
Nerve
Fibularis
Longus
Fibula
Metatarsal
#1 (Big Toe)
Plantar Flex.
& Evert Foot
Fibular Nerve
Fibularis
Brevis
Fibula
Metatarsal
#5
Plantar Flex.
& Evert Foot
Fibular Nerve
Posterior Shin / Calves
 Divided into Superficial and Deep layers
 Common Nerve: Tibial Nerve
Superficial Layer of the Posterior Leg:
 Plantar Flexion
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Function
Nerve
Gastrocnemius Femur
Lateral &
Medial
Epicondyles
Achilles’
Tendon
Plantar
Flexion,
Knee Etc.
Tibial Nerve
Soleus
Achilles’
Tendon
Plantar Flex.
Tibial Nerve
Tibia & Fibula
 Tendo Calcaneus = Achillie’s Tendon. This tendon attaches to the
Calcaneus Tuberosity on the Calcaneus bone.
 Gastroc causes knee flex answell as plantar flextion because it attaches to
the Femur and crosses the knee joint.
 Gastroc is the 2 large bulges, soleus is the long thin muscle beside it.
Gastroc has 2 Heads, lateral and medial.
*Soleus is very visible underneath the grastroc
Deep Layer of Posterior Leg
 Inversion & Toe Flexion
 Plantaris – Slowly fading out, useless. Distal femur to Achilles’ tendon
 Medial rotation occurs when you lock the knee into place so it can’t flex
(Standing) to relax the quads. In order to move we need to “unlock” /lateral
rotate the knee. Popliteus
 All innervated by the tibial branch of the sciatic nerve
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Function
Nerve
Popliteus
Lateral
Femur
Medial Tibia
Lateral
Rotation of
Tibial Nerve
Knee
Tibialis
Posterior
Tibia & Fibula Metatarsals
2-5
Inversion
Tibial Nerve
Flexor
Hallicus
Longus
Tibia & Fibula Distal
Phalanx of
Digit 1
Flexes Digit 1
(Big Toe)
Tibial Nerve
Flexor
Digitorum
Longus
Tibia & Fibula Distal
Phalanx of
Digits 2-5
Flexes Digits
2-5
Tibial Nerve
 Last 3 run behind the medial malleolus and through the talar shelf.
Because they move behind the medial malleolus they also plantar flex the
foot.
 They insert on the medial side of the foot and therefore also invert the
foot. Tibialis muscles invert the foot.
Tom Dick & Harry
 Help Organize muscles around the medial malleolus
T – Tibialis Anterior & Posterior
Anterior lies just in front of the Medial Malleolus. Attaches to first Metatarsal
Tibialis Posterior lies just behind the Medial Malleolus. Insert Metatarsals 2-5
D – Flexor Digitorum. Behind the Tibialis Posterior
H – Flexor Hallucis. Behind the Flexor Digitorum
Muscles of the Foot
 4 Layers. Not Important
 Short flexors, abductors, lumbricals. Similar set up to the hand.
Bone Spurs  Plantar aponeurosis attaches the calcaneus tuberosity. When
the arch in the foot weakens there is a growth of the bone on the heel, very
painful when you step on it. On the calcaneus tuberosity due to the tendon
pulling on the bone.
Muscles of the Body
11/30/2016 10:43:00 PM
Back Muscles
 Divided into True & False Back Muscles
True Back Muscles / Erector Spinae
 Consists of the Iliocostalis, Longissimus, and Spinalis. (I Like Standing)
 Maintain trunk (posture, balance) and extend the trunk
 Have different innervations than all other muscles:
-Usually sensory info comes into the vertebrae via the dorsal horn and motor
info goes out via the ventral horn. However the deep ILS back muscles
motor neurons run through the dorsal rami.
*Rami = multiple vertebral tracts, dorsal or ventral
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Function
Nerve
Iliocostalis
Iliac Crest
Ribs
Maintain /
Extend Trunk
Dorsal Rami
Longissimus
Transverse
Processes
Transverse
Process of all
Vertebrae,
right up to
Maintain /
Extend Trunk
Dorsal Rami
Maintain /
Extend Trunk
Dorsal Rami
C1 and then
the Mastoid
Process
Spinalis
Spinous
Process
Spinous
Processes of
all Vertebrae
To ID: Ilicostalis Originates the lowest.
Longissimus innervates the sides (transverse processes) of the vertebrae
Spinalis innervates the center (spinous process) of the vertebrae
External Oblique is ACTUALLY the Quadratus Lumborium
Deepest Back Muscles / Transversospinalis Back Muscles
 Deepest back muscles, also innervated via the dorsal rami
 Extension, Lateral Flexion, & Rotate the spinal column
Rotatores & Multifidus rotate, Intertransverse Lateral Flex & Interspinalis
Extend the vertebral column
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Function
Nerve
Intertransversarius Transverse
Process
Transverse
Process
Lateral Flex. Dorsal
Spine
Rami
Interspinalis
Spinous
Process
Spinous
Process
Extend
Spine
Dorsal
Rami
Rotundus
Spinous
Process
Inferior
Transverse
Process
Rotation of
Spine
Dorsal
Rami
Multifindus
Spinous
Process
2x Inferior
Transverse
Rotation of
Spine
Dorsal
Rami
Process
To ID:
Intertransversarius – Runs in between the Transverse processes
Interspinalis – Runs in between the Spinous processes
Rotatores – Run from the spinous process of a vertebrae to transverse
process of the vertebrae directly below it
Multifindus – Run from the spinous process of a vertebrae to the transverse
process of the vertebrae 2x below it. Skips.
Abdominal Muscles
 Divided into Front, Obliques & Intercostals (3 Layers)
Anterior Abdominals
 Rectus Abdominus ( 6 Pack ) runs from ribs 5-7 to the pubic crescent
 Linea Alba – Connective Tissue that divides the abs in half vertically
 Tendinous Intersections – Connect Tissue that divide the abs horizontally
Aponeurosis of External Oblique – White connective tissue below ext oblique
 Serratus Anterior – Cut part above oblique
 Inguinal Ligament – Connective tissue (V-Line)
Oblique (3 Layers)
 External – Run on a -45* Angle starting from the outside to in. (Hands in
your front pockets)
 Internal Oblique – Runs on a 45* angle starting from the outside in.
Opposite of external oblique
Transverse Abdominus – Innermost oblique, runs horizontal
Common Function: Lateral flexion of the body. Also increases intraabdominal pressure
Intercostals
External Intercostals  Most superficial
 Runs like hands in your front pockets just like external oblique
 Start in the center and connect to medial rib
 Expand Diaphragm for inhalation
Internal Intercostals  Middle layer of intercostals
 Run opposite to external intercostals
 In between the ribs
 Compress diaphragm to aid expiration
Innermost Intercostals
 Run in horizontal just like the transverse abdominus
 Compress diaphragm to aid in expiration
*Main Intercostal Nerve & Arteries run in between the internal and
innermost intercostals
To ID: Internal Intercostals are in between the ribs and run opposite way of
external. External Intercostals begin in the center of abdomen and connect
to ribs via cartilage
Diaphragm
 Mushroom / dome shaped muscle involved in breathing
 Dome shaped when the ribs are pushing in (exhalation) and expands
when ribs pull up and out (inhalation)
 Attaches to the xiphoid process, ribs, and lumbar vertebral bodies.
* Has holes in it (heituses) for BV and esophagus to run through
Pelvic Muscles: Perineum & Pelvic Diaphragm
 Divided into 2 layers: Deep & Superficial
 Innervated by the Pudendal & Inferior Sacral Nerves
 Different muscles between sexes
Muscles of the Upper Limbs
Muscles of the Upper Limbs are divided into 3 Groups:
1. Pectoral Girdle
2. Arm
3. Forearm
Pectoral Girdle:
 Divided into 2 Groups:
Muscles that move the Shoulder &
Muscles that move the Humerus
Muscles That Move The Shoulder
 Attach to Axial Skeleton
 Move the Scapula or Clavicle
Posterior Muscles that Move the Shoulder:
 Trapezius, Rhomboid Major & Minor, & Levator S capulae
-Trapezius causes upward rotation (Superior Fibers) and adduction of
scapula (Middle Fibers)
- Rhomboids causes downward rotation and adduction
-Levator Scapulae elevates the scapula
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Function
Innervation
Trapezius
Ligamentum
Nuchae
(Occipital
Bone) & C7T12 Spines
Clavicle &
Scapula
(Acromion &
Spine)
Upward
Rotation
(Sup), &
Adduction
(Mid)
Accessory
Nerve
Rhomboid
Major
Spines of
T2-T5
Medial
Border of
Scapula
(Low)
Adduction of
Scapula
Dorsal
Scapular
Nerve
Rhomboid
Minor
Spines of
C7-T1
Medial
Border of
Scapula
(Middle)
Adduction of
Scapula
Dorsal
Scapular
Nerve
Levator
Scapulae
Transverse
Process of
C1-C4
Medial
Border of
Scapula
(High)
Elevation of
Scapula
Dorsal
Scapular
Nerve
To ID:
Anterior Muscles That Move the Shoulder
 Consist of the CoricoBrachialis, Pectoralis Minor, Subclavius, & Serratus
Anterior
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Function
Innervation
Pectoralis
Minor
Corocoid
Process
Ribs 3-6
Downward
Rotation of Scap
Median
Pectoral
Nerve
Subclavius
Clavicle
Rib 1
Stabilize Pectoral
Subclavian
Girdlge
Nerve
CoricoBrachialis Corocoid
Process
Humerus
Should
MusculoFlexion/Adduction Cutaneous
Nerve
Serratus
Anterior
Ribs 3-8
Keeps Scapula
tight to ribcage
Medial
Border
Long
Thoracic
Nerve
 Serratus Anterior also involved in heavy respiration. Torn Serratus causes
Winging of the scapula, and all the force going through the humerus to go
through the clavicle which is easily broken.
Pec Minor Corocoid to ribs 3-6
Subclavius – clavicl to 1st rib
Coricobrachilias – corocoid to humerus
Serratus anterior medial border of scapula to ribs 3-8
Muscles That Move The Humerus
 Pec Major, Deltoid, Latissimus Dorsi, Rotator Cuff Muscles, &
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Function
Pec Major
Clavicle &
Sternum
Humerus
Greater
Tubercle
Shoulder
Pectoral
Flex. &
Nerve
Humerus Add
Latissimus
Dorsi
Thoracic &
Lumbar
Fascia
Bicipital
Groove
Shoulder Ext. Thoracodorsal
Humerus Add Nerve
Deltoid
Anterior
Clavicle
Bicipital
Groove
Flex.
Shoulder
Axillary
Deltoid
Acromion
Bicipital
Abduct
Axillary
Groover
Shoulder
Bicipital
Groove
Ext. Shoulder Axilary
Lateral
Deltoid
Posterior
Scapula
Spine
Innervation
Rotator Cuff Muscles:
 Infraspinatus, Supraspinatus, Teres Minor & Subscapularis
 Move the Humerus at the Shoulder joint
 Greater Tubercle = Lateral Bump
Lesser Tubercle = Medial Bump
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Function
Innervation
Subscapularis
Subscapular
Fossa
Lesser
Tubercle
Medial
Rotation
Subscapular
Nerve
Supraspinatou
s
Supraspinou
s Fossa
Greater
Tubercle
Abductio
n of
Shoudler
Suprascapular
Nerve
Infraspinatous
Infraspinous
Fossa
Greater
Tubercle
Lateral
Rotation
SupraScapula
r Nerve
Teres Minor
Posterior
Greater
Lateral
Axillary Nerve
Border
Tubercle
Rotation
Inferior
Angle, just
beneath
minor
Intertubercula
r Sulcus
Shoulder
Ext.
Teres Major
Subscapular
Nerve
(Posterior Scapula)
(Anterior Scapula)
Muscles of the Arm
Anterior Arm
 Biceps Brachii & Brachialis
 Elbow & Shoulder Flexion.
 Innervated by the Musculo-Cutaneous Nerve
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Function
Innervation
Biceps
Short
Corocoid
Radial
Tuberosity
Elbow Flex
MusculoCutaneous
Biceps Long Supraglenoid
Tubercle
Radial
Tuberosity
Elbow Flex
MusculoCutaneous
Brachialis
Ulnar
Tuberosity
Elbow Flex
MusculoCutaneous
Humerus
*Biceps attach to Bicipital Aponeurosis (Connective Tissue) which attach to
the Radial Tuberosity on the Radius.
*Biceps Short Head is Medial, Long Head is Lateral
*Brachialis is underneath the Biceps and attaches to the ulna
*In This Picture the Medial Head is actually the Lateral Head.
 From the Biceps short head it goes Biceps Long, Tricep Lateral, Tricep
Long, Tricep Medial (Mostly Underneath)
Triceps
 3 Heads: Medial, Lateral, and Long
 All Insert into the Olecranon Process on the Ulna
 All Innervated by the Radial Nerve
 Olecranon Process of Ulna fits into the Olecranon Foss of the posterior
Humerus to form the elbow joint
To ID:
 Long head crosses the Shoulder Joint, originates at the infraglenoid
tubercle
 Long Head is Medial, Lateral Head is Lateral. Medial Head underneath
 Medial head has a much larger origin on the posterior humerus
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Function
Innervation
Tricep Medial
Infraglenoid
Tubercle
Olecranon
Process
Elbow Ext
Radial Nerve
Tricep Long
Humerus
Olecranon
Process
Elbow Ext
Radial Nerve
Tricep
Lateral
Humerus
Olecranon
Process
Elbow Ext
Radial Nerve
*See Above Picture
Posterior Muscles of the Forearms (2 Layers)
 Move the Wrist & the Fingers
Movements of the Wrist: Abduction = moving thumb closer to mid-line
Fingers: Extension = Pointing, Flexion = Making a Fist
Superficial Layer
 Originate off of the Lateral Epicondyle of the Humerus
 Innervated by the Radial Nerve
 Name is their function. Ie Extensor Digiti Minimi Extends the Pinky Finger
(Digit #5)
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Function
Innervation
Extensor
Digitorum
Lateral
Epicondle
Tips of
Fingers 2-5
Extends
Digits 2-5
Radial
Extensor
Lateral
Metacarpal
Extend Wrist
Radial
Carpi
Radialis
Longus
Epicondyle
#2
Extensor
Carpi
Radialis
Brevis
Lateral
Epicondyle
Metacarpal
#3
Extend Wrist
Radial
Extensor
Lateral
Tip of Pinky
Extends
Radial
Digiti Minimi
Epicondle
Extensor
Carpi Ulnaris
Lateral
Epicondyle
Pinky
Metacarpal
#5
Adducts
Wrist
Radial
BrachioRadialis, Carpi (Wrist), Policis Abductor then Extensor, Extensor
Digitorum, Extensor Digiti Minimi, Extensor Carpi Ulnariseer
Deep Layer
Muscle
Origin
Supinator
Radius /
Ulna
Abductor
Policis
Longus
Radius /
Ulna
Extensor
Policis
Longus
Insertion
Function
Innervation
Supination of
Radius
Radial
Thumb
Proximal
Phalanx
Abducts
Thumb
Radial
Radius /
Ulna
Thumb Distal
Phalanx
Extends
Thumb
Radial
Extensor
Radius /
Distal
Extends
Radial
Indicis
Ulna
Phalanx of
index finger
(Digit #2)
Index Finger
Movements of the Thumb:
Extension = Thumbs up, Abduction = Open hand
Deep Posterior Forearm Muscles
Anterior Forearm Muscles (3 Layers)
 Move the Wrist & The Fingers
Movements of the Wrist
Fingers: Extension = Pointing, Flexion = Fist
Superficial Layer
 Pronator Teres, Flexor Carpi Radialis, Palmaris Longus, Flexor Carpi
Ulnaris + Flexor digitorum superficialis
 Don’t go the tips of the fingers, furthest is the phalanges. Therefore these
muscles move the Wrist NOT the Fingers
 All Innervated by the Median Nerve except the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris which
is innervated by the Ulnar Nerve (Funny Bone)
 All Superficial Originate off of the Medial Epicondyle of Humerus
Muscle
Origin
Pronator
Teres
Medial
Epicondyle
Flexor Carpi
Radialis
Medial
Epicondyle
Flexor Carpi
Ulnaris
Palmaris
Longus
Insertion
Function
Innervation
Pronation of
Radius
Median
Flexes Wrist
Median
Medial
Epicondyle
Flexes Wrist
Ulnar
Medial
Epicondyle
Flexes Wrist
Median
Carpals of
digits 2 & 3
Deep Layer
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Function
Innervation
Flexor
Digitorum
Superficialis
Medial
Epicondyle
Middle
Phalanx of
digits 2-5
Flexes Digits
2-5
Ulnar Nerve
Flexor
Digitorum
Profundus
Radius / Ulna
Distal
Phalanx of
digits 2-5
Flexes Digits
2-5
Median Nerve
Flexor Policis
Longus
Radius / Ulna
Distal
Phalanx of
Digit 1
Flexes the
Thumb
Median Nerve
Pronator
Quadratus
Radius / Ulna
Wrist
Pronates
Wrist
Median Nerve
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis removed, flexor digitorum profundis
underneath. Flexor policis Longus, Pronator Quadratus
Muscles of the Hand:
 Innervated by the Median & Ulnar Nerves
Movements of the Thumb:
Movements of the Fingers
Muscles of the Hand.
A OF A (Thenar Muscles) OF A (Hypothenar Muscles)
Thenar Group: Muscles at the base of the thumb
1. Flexor Pollicis Bevis
2. Abductor Pollicis Brevis
3. Opponens Pollicis Brevis
4. Adductor Pollicis
Hypothenar Group: Palm Muscles that move the Pinky
1. Abductor Digiti Minimi
2. Flexor Digiti Minimi
3. Opponens Digiti Minimi
PADS DABS & Lumbricals
PADS – Palmar Interossei Adduct (Close Fingers)
 Located on the inside of fingers
DABS – Dorsal Interossei Abduct (Open Fingers)
 Located on the outside of fingers
Lumbricals
 Tendon Attachment Muscles allowing for finger Flexion at Knuckle
* To ID: Flexor Digitorum Profundis attaches further on the fingers than the
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
Muscles of the Neck & Face
Muscles of Facial Expression
 Innervated by Cranial Nerve # 7
11/30/2016 10:43:00 PM
*Rissortus Should be Spelled Risorius
*Occipitalis is the muscle of the Posterior Head covering the occipital bone,
bTemporalis on the medial & lateral head over the temporal bones.
Muscles of Chewing: B MOT
Buccinator
Masseter
Orbicularis Oris
Temporalis
 Innervated by the Mandibular Branch of Cranial Nerve 7
Muscles of the Glossus (Tongue):
GlenioGlossus – Chin to Bottom of Tongue. (Pulls Tongue Back to Swallow)
StyloGlossus – Tongue to Styloid Process. (Pulls Tongue Back to Swallow)
-Cranial Nerve #7
PalatoGlossus – Tongue to Soft Palate. (Gag Reflex)
-Vagus Nerve
Muscles of the Neck:
Lateral Neck
Scalene Muscles
 All originate from the Transverse Processes of C2-C7
-Anterior and Middle insert Rib#1, Posterior Rib#2
 Laterally Bend the Neck & Elevate Ribs 1 & 2
 Innervated by Cervicle Nerves C3-C6
*The Brachio Plexus Nerve is the large nerve extending from in between the
Anterior and Medial Scalene Muscles.
Anterior Neck Muscles:
Made up of the Supra & Infra Hyoid Muscles which elevate and depress the
hyoid bone for Swallowing and for Speech respectively
 Supra Hyoid Muscles are the Hyoid Muscles Above the Hyoid Bone, Infra
Hyoid Muscles below
Supra-Hyoid Muscles
 Elevate Hyoid Bone for Swallowing (Larynx pushes on Epiglottis to close
off the Trachea)
 Myohyoid, Stylohyoid, Geniohyoid & Diagnostic Anteior & Posterior BUT
On the Model you can only see Diagnostic Anterior, Myohyoid, & GlenioHyoid
because the others are covered by the Hyoglussus
-DMGH
 Supra Innervated by the Mandibular Branch of the Facial Nerve / (CN7)
 Blue part is just Hyoid Cartillage
Infra-Hyoid Bones
 Depress Hyoid Bone for Swallowing & Speech (Pull Epiglottis down to open
Trachea)
 Omohyoid, Sternohyoid and Thyrohyoid
 Innervated by the Ansa Cervicalis
*SternoCleidoMastoid is the largest Most Superficial Muscle of the Neck, is
Innervated by Cranial Nerve 6 and rotates the neck.
Muscles of the Eye
 4 Rectus Musces: Medial Lateral Inferior & Superior
Medial – Adducts
Lateral – Abducts
Superior – Looks up
Inferior – Looks Down
 Superior & Inferior Oblique
Inferior – External Rotation (Looking Out)
Superior – Internal Rotation (Looking At Your Nose)
-Go Under Superior & Inferior Rectus
 Superior Levator Palpebrae – Moves the Eye Lashes
-Lies Overtop of the Superior Rectus
Trochelar Nerve – Superior Oblique
Abducens Nerve – Lateral Rectus
Oculomotor Nerve – Everything Else
*ALL THE MUSCLES CONJOIN AT THE TENDINOUS RING
Heart
11/30/2016 10:43:00 PM
 Vessels NOT on the Bell Ringer
 Heart usually works fine but vessels and structure around often give out.
 Beats fine outside of the chest
 Not in center of body, Apex points down to the left.
 Held within the Pericardial Sac, which is attached the diaphragm and the
major vessels running to and from the heart.
-Thin layer of pericardial fluid between sac and surrounding parts to reduce
friction as it beats.
 Pumps blood to tissues, needs to generate enough power to get it al the
way through the body.
 Pumps blood to different tissues differently:
1. Pulmonary Circuit – To and from the Lungs
2. Systemic Circuit – Everything but the lungs and heart itself.
3. Coronary Circuit – Network of vessels around the heart that provide heart.
Veins – Blood to the heart
Arteries – Arteries away from the heart
Blue – Cianosis, occurs when there is no blood. All blood is red, more
oxygenated makes it darker red, but it is always red.
 Veins appear blue because they are much thinner giving them a dark red
appearance, arteries don’t they are too thick.
Ex. Pulmonary artery brings deoxygenated blood away from heart to lungs.
Pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood back to the heart.
 Right side of heart holds deoxygenated blood, left side oxygenated
Nerve Innervations
11/30/2016 10:43:00 PM
Anterior Shin  Deep Fibular
Lateral Shin  Superficial Fibular
Posterior Shin  Tibial Nerve
Quads  Femoral Nerve
Adductors  Obtuator Nerve
Hamstring  Sciatic Nerve
Gluteus Med + Min  Superficial Gluteal Nerve
Gluteus Max  Inferior Gluteal Nerve
Lateral Rotators  PGOGO Quadratus Femoris
ALL Erector Spinae  Dorsal Rami of Thoracic Spinal Nerves
Quad Lumborium  Anterior Rami
Abs  Anterior Rami of thoracic Nerves
Big Front Muscles Moving the Arm:
Deltoid  Axillary
Pec Major  Pectoral Nerve
Pec Minor  Median Pectoral Nerve
Big Back Muscles Moving the Arm
Trapezius  Accessary Nerve
Rhomboid Minor & Major & Levator Scapulae  Dorsal Scapular Nerve
Little Front Muscles Moving the Arm:
Pec Minor  Median Pectoral Nerve
SubClavius  Subclavian Nerve
Serratus Anterior  Long Thoracic Nerve
CoricoBrachialis  MusculoCutaneous
Rotator Cuff Muscles
Subscapularis (Medial Rotation Less Tubercle)  Subscapular Nerve
Supraspinatous  SupraScapular Nerve
Infraspinatous  SupraScapular Nerve
Teres Minor  Axillary (SHOULDER NERVE)
Teres Major  Subscapular Nerve
Biceps & Brachialis  Musculocutaneous Nerve
Anterior Forearm  Median Nerve
*Flexor Carpi Ulnaris  Ulnar Nerve
Triceps & Posterior Forearm  Radial Nerve
Lateral Neck  Cervical Nerves 3-6
Levator Scapular  Dorsal Scapular Nerve
Scalene Anterior Posterior & Median  Cervical Nerves 3-6
InfraHyoid  Trigeminal Nerve Mandibular Division
Diagnastic Anterior
MyoHyoid
GlenioHyoid
HyoGlossus
SupraHyoid  Cervical Nerves 1-3
Superior OmoHyoid
SternoHyoid
ThyroHyroid  Cervical Nerve 1-2
Tongue
GlenioGlossus  CN 7
StyleGlossus
PalatoGlossus  Vagus Nerve
Face  CN #7 Ma