CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK
English Language
Skills answers
Exercise 1.2
Chapter 1
4
Exercise 1.1
3
a
2
3
1
b
Term
Definition
quantity
something length
that can be
measured
measuring
instrument
what is
used to
measure a
quantity
ruler
the
result of
measuring
a quantity
22.4 cm
value
a
Example
from
paragraph
5
6
mass
​​
density = _______
​​
volume
kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m3)
Adjective
Comparative Superlative
form
form
large
larger
the largest
high
higher
the highest
great
greater
the greatest
heavy
heavier
the heaviest
accurate
more
accurate
the most
accurate
greater, larger, denser / more dense, the
highest, the lowest
Exercise 1.3
b
centimetre (cm)
a
Measuring
instrument
Quantity
measured
SI unit
metre ruler
length
metre (m) /
centimetre
(cm)
measuring
cylinder
volume
cubic
centimetre
(cm3) /
cubic
metre (m3)
stopwatch
time
seconds (s)
balance
mass
kilogram
(kg)
b
Learner’s own answer. Answer should
include correct use of the imperative.
a
half-filled, recorded, immersed,
recorded, calculated
b
Learner’s own answer. Answer should
include correct use of the imperative and
sequencers, such as first, then and finally.
7
interval, oscillation, stopwatch, time,
average, period
8
a
Learner’s own answer. Answer should
include correct use of past tense and
sequencers, such as first, next and
after that.
b
Learner’s own answer. Answer should
include correct use of past passive
and sequencers, such as first, then
and finally.
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CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK
Exercise 2.2
Chapter 2
4
1
speed, distance, time, average, metre,
second, instantaneous
2
a
average speed
b
metres, seconds, metres per second
c
instantaneous speed
3
y-axis
slower constant speed
zero speed
Distance/m
Exercise 2.1
faster constant speed
x-axis
origin
Time/s
250
a​​ ____ ​​ = 12.5 m/s
20
b It is the average speed as it is the total
distance travelled divided by the total time
travelled.
5
6
a
gradient
b
constant
c
slower
d
horizontal, stationary
a
Learner’s own answer. Answer should
include correct use of present simple, such
as starts, moves and stops.
b
i
ii
c
15
Section A: ___
​​   ​​ = 0.75 m/s
20
15 metres
25 metres
25
Section C: ___
​​   ​​ = 1.25 m/s
20
Exercise 2.3
7
Description
Constant
speed
The speed of the cricket ball is 25 m/s throughout the journey.
Accelerating Decelerating
✓
The bike slows down near the corner.
✓
The ball moves at 30 m/s on the flat surface.
✓
As the toy car rolls downhill, it speeds up.
✓
The ball gradually comes to a stop at the bottom.
✓
A bus changes its speed from 30 km/h to 50 km/h.
8
9
a
up
b
at a steady speed
c
comes to a sudden stop
a
B and D
b
i
A and C
ii
C
c
2
✓
10 a
b
Learner’s own answer. Answer should
include correct use of present simple and
correct terms, such as increases, constant
and decreases.
C; The gradient of the line is steeper in
section C than in section E.
E
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CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK
Exercise 3.3
Chapter 3
7
Exercise 3.1
1
weight, contact, friction, air resistance,
newton, upthrust, drag
2
a
rubbing
b
moving
c
falling
d
floating
e
acting
a
The length of the arrow shows the size of
the force.
b
i
ii
3
8
No, the forces are not balanced.
8 N acting downwards
Exercise 3.2
4
Statement
Mass
It is a force.
It is the amount
of matter that an
object contains.
✓
✓
It is measured
in newtons.
✓
It is the pull of the
Earth’s gravity on
an object.
✓
It is measured in
kilograms.
Unit
mass
kg
weight
N
acceleration of
free fall
m/s2
gravitational field
strength
N/kg
a
equal to
b
directly proportional to
c
constant
a
W
g = ___
​​  m ​​
b
Planet
Gravitational
field strength
_____________
​​
​​
N/kg
Weight of
astronaut/N
Earth
9.8
784 N
Mars
3.7
296 N
Jupiter
24.7
1976 N
Venus
8.8
704 N
Saturn
10.5
840 N
✓
It can be
represented by
an arrow and has
a direction.
3
Weight
9
Quantity
✓
5
kilograms, newtons, mass, weight
6
a
i
ii
iii
b
Learner’s own answers. Answers should
include correct use of who and that.
that
that
who
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CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK
Exercise 4.3
Chapter 4
7
Exercise 4.1
1
2
3
a
as
b
not as
a
moment
c
as
b
turning effect
d
not as
c
moment, moment
a
d
unbalanced
Object A is the most stable because it has
a wider base and a lower centre of gravity.
a
to
b
b
about
Object B is the most unstable because it
has a smaller base and a higher centre
of gravity.
c
to
d
against
e
about
8
9
Learner’s own answers. Answers should
include as [adjective] as or as not [adjective] as,
and because.
at, against, to, to, about
Exercise 4.2
4
equilibrium, forces, turning effects, moment,
anticlockwise, pivot
5
a
whereas
b
although
c
whereas
d
although
6
For the see-saw to be balanced: anticlockwise
moment = clockwise moment
Fd = Fd
380 × d = 450 × 1.2
450 × 1.2
​​ = 1.4 m
d = _________
​​
380
Sonja needs to be 1.4 m from the pivot.
4
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CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK
Chapter 5
Exercise 5.1
1
force, deform, compressed, shape,
permanently
2
2, 6, 4, 5, 1, 3
3
a
The extension is directly proportional to
the load.
b
i
ii
The limit of proportionality.
The spring will be permanently
deformed and will not return to
its original length when the load is
removed.
Exercise 5.2
4
greater, area, density, depth
5
Learner’s own answers. Answers should
include correct use of while and whereas.
6
Learner’s own answer. Answer should include
correct use of while.
Exercise 5.3
7
5
a
stretching
b
sinking
c
increasing
d
acting
e
measuring
8
Learner’s own answers. Answers should
include correct use of so that and in order to.
9
Learner’s own answer. Answer should include
ideas about force and pressure, correct use of
present continuous and so that and in order to.
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CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK
Chapter 6
Exercise 6.1
1
2
kinetic, elastic, chemical, internal, thermal,
nuclear, gravitational potential, strain
Energy store
Description
A kinetic
energy
1 energy stored
in an object that
has changed
shape
B gravitational
potential
energy
2 the total kinetic
and potential
energies of the
particles in an
object
C chemical
energy
3 energy stored in
a moving object
D internal
energy
4 energy stored in
the nucleus of
an atom
E nuclear
energy
5 energy stored in
an object when
it is lifted up
against the force
of gravity
F strain
energy
3
6 energy stored
in the bonds
between atoms
kinetic energy, greater, gravitational potential
energy, strain energy, heated, internal energy
5
Learner’s own answers. Answers should
include correct use of consequently
and therefore.
6
Learner’s own answers. Answers should
include correct use of both.
7
a
Energy is stored in the flashlight as
chemical energy in the cells.
b
The chemical energy in the cells is
transferred to the internal energy of the
light bulb by electrical energy transfer. It
is also transferred to the internal energy
of the surroundings by radiation energy
transfer and thermal energy transfer.
Exercise 6.3
8
wasted, heat, efficient, useful
9
a
least
b
best
c
more
10 a
In any energy transfer, the total amount
of energy before the energy transfer and
after the energy transfer is the same.
b
Internal energy is wasted energy.
total energy before = total energy after
gravitational potential energy = kinetic
energy + internal energy
100 J = 76 J + internal energy
internal energy = 24 J
Exercise 6.2
4
6
Way of
transferring
energy
Description
A electrical
working
1 energy is
transferred
by heating
B thermal
working
2 energy is
transferred by
a force
C radiation
3 energy is
transferred by an
electric current
D mechanical
working
4 energy is
transferred
by light
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CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK
Exercise 7.2
Chapter 7
4
Exercise 7.1
1
2
3
Uncountable
Countable
power
tree
energy
turbine
pollution
pollutant
electricity
solar panel
a
less
b
less
c
as much
d
fewer
e
as much
f
as many
g
fewer
Learner’s own answers. Answers should
include correct use of comparison terms, such
as as much [noun] as, fewer [noun] than and
twice as many [noun] as.
5
Energy
resource
How energy is
produced
1 biofuel
A energy is
produced by the
kinetic energy of
moving air
2 nuclear
fuel
B energy is
produced by
burning coal, oil
or natural gas
3 hydroelectric
C energy is
produced by
burning plant
matter or
animal waste
4 fossil fuel
D energy is
produced by
radioactive
decay
5 wind
power
E energy is
produced by the
kinetic energy of
moving water
Learner’s own answers. Answer should include
correct use of comparison terms, such as
as much as, less than and the most.
Exercise 7.3
7
6
Step 1: coal
Step 2: heat
Step 3: high pressure steam
Step 4: turbine
Step 5: generator coil
7
a
Learner’s own answer. Answer should
include an explanation and correct
use of words such as first, because
and consequently.
b
Learner’s own answer. Answer should
include a comparison and correct use of
comparative adjectives and words, such as
as … as, not as … as, less … than.
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CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK
b
Chapter 8
Exercise 8.1
1
a
i
ii
b
2
a
b
i
ii
iii
iv
v
kinetic, transfer, direction, joules,
energy, distance, force
kinetic
Exercise 8.3
force, distance
joules
force, force
distance, direction
energy
5
energy – transferred to an object in order
to do work on the object
kinetic – the energy stored by a
moving object
joules – the unit of energy
potential – the energy stored by an object
due to its position relative to another object
work done – the product of force and the
distance moved in the direction of the
force
a
The time taken to do the work decreases
as the power of the person increases.
As the amount of energy transferred
increases, power also increases. Coal
power stations produce pollutants as they
generate electricity.
b
Action that
starts the energy
transfer
Action that
happens at the
same time
the power of the
person increases
the time taken
to do the work
decreases
6
8
Pushing a table a long distance
needs more work to be done than
pushing a table a short distance.
lifting
weights
Lifting a heavy weight requires
more power than lifting a
lighter weight.
Picture
Description
The two children are
running fast in the
race. It is helpful to
tie your shoelaces
before a race. The
child who runs
the fastest has the
greatest power.
The people are lifting
boxes high into the
air. It is important to
lift boxes correctly.
The heavier the box,
the harder it is to lift
and the more power
that is required to
lift it.
i false
ii true
iii false
iv false
pushing
a table
The weights are
not very heavy so
it is easy for the
person to lift them.
As the weights
get higher, they
gain gravitational
potential energy.
coal power stations they produce
generate electricity pollutants
a
Explanation in terms of work
done or power
cycling a Pushing the pedal faster
bike
requires more power.
the amount of
power increases
energy transferred
increases
4
Example
kicking a When you kick a football, you
football are doing work on the football.
Exercise 8.2
3
iHer speed increases as she runs the next
100 m because her power has increased.
iiiAs she climbs the last part, she climbs
more slowly, so there is a decrease in
her power.
ivThe time it takes to push the trolley the
next 2 m decreases as his power increases.
7
Learner’s own answers. Answers should refer
to power or work done and correct use of
easier to + verb and because.
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CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK
Exercise 9.2
Chapter 9
4
Exercise 9.1
1
State of
matter
Arrangement and
movement of particles
State of
matter
Shape
Volume
Property
A solid
1 widely separated;
move freely about
solid
rigid and fixed
fixed
volume
shape
cannot be
squashed
B liquid
2 close together in a
regular pattern; vibrate
about a fixed position
liquid
no rigid
fixed
or fixed
volume
shape
and
takes the
shape
of its
container
cannot be
squashed
C gas
3 less close together
and arranged
randomly; vibrate and
move about
no fixed
no rigid
or fixed
volume
shape
and
expands
to fill its
container
can be
squashed
gas
5
6
gain, faster
b
lose, slower
c
absolute zero, no
Learner’s own answers. Answers should
include correct use of formal verbs, such as
gain, vibrate and collide.
Exercise 9.3
7
a, b can be, demonstrates (demonstrate),
contain (contains), moves (move), changes
(change), happens, collides (collide)
8
a
will diffuse
b
will expand
c
will dissolve
2
WATER VAPOUR
condensing
evaporation
a
9
Learner’s own answer. Answer should include
correct use of formal verbs, such as vibrate,
collide, and transfer.
WATER
melting
freezing
ICE
3
9
a
i
ii
iii
iv
b
Learner’s own answer. Answer should
include correct use of present simple.
condenses
melt
evaporates
solidify
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CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK
Chapter 10
Exercise 10.1
1
kinetic, faster, contracts, most, less, least
2
Statement
Observation
Conclusion
Metals expand when they are heated because the
particles gain energy and move faster and push
each other apart.
✓
The cold steel rod fits inside the gap in the metal
jaw.
✓
When steel is heated, it expands.
✓
The hot steel rod is too long to fit inside the gap in
the metal jaw.
3
Observations: In summer, the tyre is inflated.
In winter, the tyre is deflated.
Conclusion: The air in the tyre expands when
it is warmer in summer and contracts when it
is colder in winter.
Explanation for the conclusion: The air particles
inside the tyre gain energy when it is warm in
summer. They move faster. The air particles hit
the walls of the tyre and exert a higher pressure
on the walls and the tyre inflates. The air
particles inside the tyre move more slowly when
it is cold in winter. They exert a lower pressure
on the walls of the tyre and the tyre deflates.
✓
Exercise 10.3
7
a
false
b
true
c
true
d
false
8 a i
ii
temperature, increases, expands
5
a
b
6
10
The bimetallic strip is straight at room
temperature. As the air gets hotter, the
bimetallic strip heats up and bends. This
completes the circuit and the bell rings.
Learner’s own answer. Answer should
include correct use of expressions to
introduce the conclusion, such as it can be
concluded that and due to the fact that.
9
0 °C;
100 °C
b
As the ice is heated, its temperature
increases until it reaches the melting
point. The temperature stays the
same until all the ice has melted. The
temperature of the water increases until
it reaches the boiling point. As the water
boils, the temperature stays the same until
all the water has changed into steam.
c
The energy being supplied to the ice is
being used to break the bonds between
the molecules or atoms in the solid ice.
a
The water particles have different kinetic
energies and are moving around at
different speeds. As the water is heated
by the Sun, the particles gain kinetic
energy and move faster. Eventually, they
are moving fast enough to escape from
the surface of the puddle into the air and
become particles of water vapour.
b
The particles with the most kinetic energy
escape first. This leaves the particles with
less kinetic energy in the puddle. The
average energy of the particles in the
puddle is lower and so the temperature of
the water decreases.
Exercise 10.2
4
Explanation
Learner’s own answers. Answers should
include correct use of therefore, because or as
and must + verb.
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CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK
b i
ii
iii
Chapter 11
Exercise 11.1
1
a
true
b
false
c
true
d
false
9
2
Learner’s own answers. Answers should
include correct use of present simple passive.
3
Learner’s own answer. Answer should include
correct use of present simple passive and the
verbs heat, melt and transfer.
a
The thermal energy is transferred to
the surroundings by convection. The
hot liquid makes the air above it hot.
The hot air rises and the cool air sinks.
This process reduces the temperature of
the liquid.
b
The glass flask is double-walled and
has a vacuum between the two walls.
In conduction, moving particles transfer
thermal energy to other particles by
colliding with them. A vacuum has no
particles, so the thermal energy cannot be
transferred.
c
The silvered surfaces reflect the thermal
energy that radiates from the liquid back
into the liquid. This helps to keep the
liquid hot.
Exercise 11.2
4
Thermal energy
transfer
Conduction Convection
An electric
heater heating a
whole room
Ice melting in
your hand
✓
✓
Using a hair
dryer to dry
your hair
A spoon in a cup
of hot tea
matt black plate
shiny white plate
matt black plate
✓
✓
5
expands, decreases, upwards, more,
downwards
6
Learner’s own answer. Answer should include
correct use of expressions, such as the diagram
shows, the left-hand side and upwards.
Exercise 11.3
7 a i
ii
iii
iv
v
b
Learner’s own answers.
8 a i
ii
iii
iv
11
ultraviolet radiation
visible light
clamp stand
lightbulb
convection heater
T
F
T
F
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CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK
6
Chapter 12
Exercise 12.1
1
2
3
cym
lin
gui
mpet
tru
ourine
vio
bal
tamb
ute
dr
tar
fl
um
a
source, particles
b
particles, air
c
ears, eardrums
7
8
Learner’s own answers. Answers should include
the idea that sound is produced by vibrations.
4
12
increase
b
decrease
c
low
d
small
Learner’s own answers. Answers should
include correct use of first conditional.
Exercise 12.3
Exercise 12.2
Answer
A How high a
frequency of
sound can
humans hear?
1 120 000 Hz
B How low a
frequency of
sound can dogs
hear?
2 20 000 Hz
C How high a
frequency of
sound can bats
hear?
3 5 Hz
D How low a
frequency of
sound can
elephants hear?
4 50 Hz
any sound with a frequency above
20 kHz/20 000 Hz
F
b
human and elephant
L
R
c
S
O
E
E
L
U
Q
any two from: dog whistle, dolphin
communication, sonar, material testing
medicine e.g. monitoring during
pregnancy
D
B
E
D
U
V
O
V
U
D
E
E
E
M
G
U
V
N
H
D
H
N
S
C
V
C
G
J
I
F
I
B
J
Y
A
M
P
L
I
T
U
D
E
K
T
X
C
B
P
C
L
Z
G
O
T
F
S
Q
O
I
I
O
N
X
U
P
K
U
H
P
G
F
J
L
E
I
A
W
L
R
T
F
W
T
C
K
Z
M
S
a
vacuum
b
medium
c
loudness
d
frequency
e
pitch
9
Question
a
F
5
a
10 Learner’s own answer. Answer should include
correct use of use [noun] to [verb] and answer
the questions How far apart? and How should
the result be calculated?
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5
Chapter 13
Exercise 13.1
1
3
When the light ray enters the glass block,
it bends towards the normal.
b
The light ray remains straight when it
passes through the glass block.
c
When the light ray leaves the glass block,
it bends away from the normal and
emerges parallel to the incident ray.
Term
Definition
A reflected
ray
1 a line drawn at
right angles to
a surface
6
B incident
ray
2 the angle
between the
reflected ray
and the normal
Exercise 13.3
C angle of
reflection
3 a ray of light
that arrives at a
surface
D normal
4 the angle
between the
incident ray
and the normal
E angle of
incidence
2
a
a
false
b
true
c
false
d
true
a
5 a ray of light
that bounces
off a surface
normal
Term
Definition
A converging
lens
1 the distance
from the centre
of a lens to its
principal focus
B principal
axis
2 a lens that
causes light
rays parallel to
the principal
axis to come
together at the
principal focus
C diverging
lens
3 a line passing
through the
centre of a lens
D focal
length
4 a lens that
causes light rays
parallel to the
principal axis to
spread out
reflected ray
incident ray
angle of angle of
incidence reflection
b
7
The angle of incidence is greater than the
critical angle so the light ray has been totally
internally reflected.
law of reflection: angle of
incidence = angle of reflection
8
9
a
Before the light rays reach the converging
lens, they are parallel.
b
As the light rays pass through the lens,
they are refracted.
c
After passing through the lens, the light rays
meet at the principal focus and then diverge.
a
Exercise 13.2
4
13
a
from, into
b
towards
c
away from
d
through, through
F
O
object
F
image
b
It is the same size as the object, real and
inverted.
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CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK
Exercise 14.3
Chapter 14
7
Exercise 14.1
1
crest, wavelength, hertz, period, frequency,
trough, amplitude, speed
2
a
crest
b
wavelength
c
period
d
frequency
e
frequency
f
wavelength
Phenomenon
Picture
diffraction
reflection
3
a distance travelled
b i
amplitude
ii wavelength
c
refraction
​​  1  ​​ = 0.06 s
T = __
​​  1 ​​ = ___
f 18
d i
ii
2.4 cm
v = f × λ = 18 × 0.024 = 0.432 m/s
Exercise 14.2
4
5
6
14
8
a
refract
a
closed
b
diffract
b
open
c
reflect
c
open
d
closed
a
transverse, longitudinal
b
transverse, longitudinal, troughs,
compressions, transverse, longitudinal
9
Learner’s own answers. Answers should
include correct use of [Observation].
Therefore, we can say that [answer].
10 Learner’s own answer. Answer should include
correct use of [Observation]. Therefore, we
can say that [answer].
Learner’s own answer. Answer should include
correct use of sequencers, such as first, next
and finally.
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Chapter 15
Exercise 15.1
1
2
3
M
G
N
O
G
A
Y
V
R
N
H
J
P
I
T
M
D
J
I
M
O
P
A
V
I
S
I
B
L
E
G
S
O
U
F
C
C
F
W
W
Q
L
V
E
E
X
S
K
I
H
S
J
Z
S
R
U
B
F
V
Z
L
I
E
Z
M
N
N
A
H
L
M
C
O
R
A
D
I
O
Z
H
A
G
A
M
M
A
A
W
Y
R
W
Y
T
S
V
B
K
T
H
K
G
D
I
O
P
R
Z
H
A
U
L
T
R
A
V
I
O
L
E
T
L
V
K
G
W
K
V
O
Q
S
S
H
D
K
C
Z
V
X
D
T
M
Y
J
A
E
S
T
T
E
T
W
O
R
Y
W
R
Z
F
M
F
U
R
S
V
Y
N
A
S
C
T
C
X
S
A
U
B
W
T
N
M
I
N
F
R
A
R
E
D
V
O
A
Y
O
R
V
Y
Q
N
A
V
F
Q
X
I
K
J
O
E
Z
M
X
G
R
M
E
J
5
Statement
a
transverse
b
speed, decreases
c
frequency / wavelength
d
wavelength
Infrared may be used to
sterilise water.
Radio waves can be used
for broadcasting TV signals.
Learner’s own answers. Answers should
include correct use of prepositions and
expressions of position, such as between,
beyond and in the region of.
15
radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light,
ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma rays
✓
✓
Ultraviolet can be used to
detect forged bank notes.
✓
X-rays can be used in
security scanners at airports.
✓
Microwaves may be used
in remote controls.
False
✓
Gamma rays may be used
to heat food.
Exercise 15.2
4
True
✓
6
can be, cannot be, cannot be, can be, cannot
be, can be, cannot be
7
Learner’s own answer. Answer should include
correct use of passive and can or may.
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Exercise 15.3
8
9
Verb
Past simple
form
Regular or
irregular?
to choose
chosen
irregular
to pass
passed
regular
to compare
compared
regular
to measure
measured
regular
to apply
applied
regular
to place
placed
regular
to shine
shone
irregular
frequency, ultraviolet, microwaves,
gamma rays
10 Learner’s own answer. Answer should include
correct use of past simple and active or passive.
16
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Exercise 16.2
Chapter 16
5
Exercise 16.1
1
bar magnet, magnetised, north pole, attraction,
unmagnetised, south pole, repulsion
2
Adjective
Noun
Verb
attractive
attraction
attract
repulsive
repulsion
repel
magnetic
magnet
magnetise
3
4
a
attractive, attracts
b
repels, repulsion
c
magnetise, magnet, magnetised
N
6
Learner’s own answer. Answer should include
correct use of nouns, verbs and adjectives.
7
S
a
out of/from/away from
b
to/towards
c
to/towards
d
away from
e
into/towards/to
Learner’s own answer. Answer should include
correct use of prepositions, such as around,
next to, on.
Exercise 16.3
8
9
17
M
M
I
P
C
S
N
N
L
S
I
N
E
A
A
U
N
P
H
W
O
I
O
O
N
S
E
I
G
O
B
C
I
E
R
O
M
U
T
E
G
R
N
O
A
O
N
L
T
L
O
T
T
O
T
O
E
O
R
S
R
L
H
N
N
H
N
R
L
N
T
T
M
O
L
W
P
W
E
P
E
R
N
C
I
G
A
L
S
O
O
O
N
O
R
N
A
O
C
O
G
E
W
T
L
E
N
L
R
C
R
R
F
O
N
N
I
I
E
T
N
E
U
N
O
E
I
I
E
O
S
R
R
I
I
B
C
L
C
I
E
A
T
I
C
A
E
E
P
A
C
O
I
L
L
L
N
D
I
D
E
U
E
R
R
I
I
D
D
T
E
N
G
A
M
O
R
T
C
E
L
E
E
E
T
O
I
E
W
N
E
E
E
I
A
R
a
coil, solenoid, electric current, magnetic
field, bar magnet
b
Increase the current.
Increase the number of turns on the wire.
Add an iron core.
10 The electromagnet is switched on when the electric
current is switched on. The electromagnet picks
up the metal scrap and moves it. When the metal
has been moved, the electromagnet is switched off
by switching off the electric current and the metal
scrap falls to the ground. An electromagnetic is
used instead of a permanent magnet because a
permanent magnet cannot be switched on and off.
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Chapter 17
Exercise 17.1
1
2
A A positive
charge is…
1 …repel each
other
B A negative
charge and
a positive
charge will…
2 …the type
of charge
carried by an
electron
C A negative
charge is…
3 …attract each
other
D Two negative
charges
will…
4 …the type
of charge
carried in the
nucleus of
an atom
a
b
c
d
e
f
3
a
b
D
D
O
E
E
E
4
Verb
Past participle
rub
rubbed
attract
attracted
bring
brought
hang
hung
show
shown
charge
charged
leave
left
move
moved
Learner’s own answers. Answers should
include correct use of passive and
past participles.
Learner’s own answer. Answer should include
correct use of passive and past participles.
Exercise 17.2
5
18
F
X
S
H
O
W
C
Z
F
V
E
B
P
I
N
D
T
O
Q
R
V
R
O
K
D
I
V
R
N
O
M
U
S
N
V
J
I
Y
N
C
O
G
O
S
I
E
V
I
T
A
G
E
N
P
D
W
L
T
U
T
E
N
L
O
D
G
B
O
J
T
U
L
O
L
C
M
I
O
Z
D
B
S
C
R
G
A
C
N
A
I
J
H
W
R
Q
I
N
C
Z
R
H
V
T
T
R
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
S
T
A
T
I
C
O
F
N
S
A
I
O
C
B
U
R
L
E
P
E
R
R
D
E
V
T
N
K
E
G
N
E
U
T
R
O
N
T
E
O
T
T
N
E
L
X
S
G
Z
H
Q
V
V
M
C
P
D
R
U
T
E
D
N
E
J
H
F
Q
J
D
F
E
N
A
S
M
O
X
E
R
V
B
D
T
R
L
N
I
F
C
F
D
U
C
D
C
Z
P
T
B
Y
J
W
Y
B
T
Y
F
R
M
Z
O
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6
insulators, charge, electrons, negative,
positive, attract
7
Learner’s own answer. Answer should include
correct use of can.
Exercise 17.3 Electric fields
8
electric field, charged object, force, charged
object, touching
9
Learner’s own answers. Answers should
include correct use of -ing form of verbs.
10 a
Object B. The lines of force are going
into the object so it must be negatively
charged.
b
19
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Exercise 18.2
Chapter 18
Exercise 18.1
1
Term
Definition
A current
1 current that
flows in the
same direction
all the time
B alternating
current
2 what is carried
around a circuit
by the current
C ammeter
3 the flow of
electric charge
D conductor
4 current that
constantly
changes
direction
E direct
current
5 the unit of
electric current
F charge
6 a material that
lets current
flow through it
G ampere
7 an instrument
for measuring
current
2
An, a, a, a, The, the, a, the, the, an, the, the,
the, the
3
a
The reading on the ammeter is 5 mA.
b
An analogue ammeter has a needle that
moves along a scale. A digital ammeter
has numbers that can be read.
c
4
voltage, resistance, voltmeter, ohm,
electromotive force, volt, potential difference
5
A If you
increased
the e.m.f.
of a power
supply in a
circuit…
1 …their e.m.fs
would add
together.
B If a longer
wire were
used in a
circuit…
2 …the current
flowing
around the
circuit would
increase.
C If you added
cells in
series…
3 …the current
flowing
through the
component
would be
decreased.
D If the
resistance of
a component
were
increased…
4 …its
resistance
would be
increased.
6
a
i
ii
iii
An ammeter is placed in series with other
components, anywhere in a series circuit.
b
If the thickness of the wire is
increased, then the resistance will be
decreased.
If the voltmeter is connected in series
with the wire, then it will not be able
to measure the potential difference
across the wire.
If the resistance of the wire is
decreased, then the the current will be
increased.
V 12
​​   ​​ = 4.8 Ω
R = ​​ __ ​​ = ___
I 2.5
Exercise 18.3
20
7
a
8
Learner’s own answers. Answers should
include correct use of expressions to introduce
examples, such as for example, for instance or
such as.
9
a
t = 30 minutes = 0.5 hours
P = 2400 W = 2.4 kW
E = Pt = 2.4 × 0.5 = 1.2 kWh
b
1.2 kWh × 15 p = 18 p
true
b
false
c
false
d
true
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Exercise 19.3
Chapter 19
Exercise 19.1
1
Component
Definition
A cell
1
lamp
B generator
7
neutral wire, electrical cable, fuse, trip switch,
earth wire, double insulation, live wire
8
Learner’s own answers. Answers should include
correct use of should / should not + verb.
9
Learner’s own answer. Answer should include
correct use of should / should not + verb and
should + be + past participle.
2
variable resistor
C transformer
3
switch
D switch
4
cell
E variable
resistor
5
thermistor
F lamp
6
transformer
G thermistor
7
G
generator
2
3
a
that
b
when
c
whose
d
that
Learner’s own answers. Answers should
include correct use of relative pronouns, such
as whose, when and that.
Exercise 19.2
4
Left-hand circuit: series; right-hand circuit:
parallel
5
a
series, current, potential difference
b
parallel, current, current, potential difference
6
21
Learner’s own answer. Answer should include
correct use of imperatives, formal verbs and
sequencers, such as first, then and after.
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Chapter 20
Exercise 20.1
1
a
magnetic field
b
direction
c
right-hand grip rule
d
bar magnet
2
5, 4, 3, 6, 1, 2
3
When the control switch is closed, a current
flows through the coil of wire in the first
circuit. This causes a magnetic field around
the coil of wire. The moveable contact is
attracted towards the stationary contact,
which closes the switch in the second circuit.
Current flows in the second circuit and the
motor is turned on.
Exercise 20.2
4
current, magnetic field, magnetic field,
interact, force
5
Learner’s own answers. Answers should
include correct use of connectives, such as so,
since and because.
6
Learner’s own answer. Answers should include
correct use of connectives, such as because,
although and therefore.
Exercise 20.3
22
7
coil, motor effect, commutator, turning effect,
rotate, current, brush
8
magnetic field, motor effect, force, opposite,
force, opposite, brushes, same
9
Learner’s own answer. Answer should include
correct use of the + comparative adjective and
will + verb.
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Chapter 21
Exercise 21.1
1
1
e
2
m
f
3
o
4
m
a
g
n
c
t
u
o
r
r
r
e
t
i
5
c
f
i
e
f
o
n
f
n
t
e
d
c
u
t
c
l
d
t
6
m
o
t
o
r
r
2
Learner’s own answers. Answers should
include correct use of by.
3
a
An e.m.f. can be induced by moving the
magnet in and out of the coil of wire.
b
The strength of the induced e.m.f. can be
increased by using a stronger magnet.
The strength of the induced e.m.f. can be
increased by moving the magnet in and
out of the coil of wire more quickly.
The strength of the induced e.m.f. can be
increased by increasing the number of
turns of wire in the coil.
Exercise 21.2
4
magnets, magnetic field, magnetic field,
induced e.m.f., induced current
5
Learner’s own answers. Answers should
include correct use of connectives of contrast,
such as while, in contrast and whereas.
6
Learner’s own answer. Answer should include
correct use of connectives of contrast, such as
however, although and in contrast.
Exercise 21.3
7
8
23
a
fewer
b
more
c
less
d
smaller, greater
a
step-down transformer
b
It is a step-down transformer because
there are more turns on the primary coil
than on the secondary coil.
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9
number of turns on primary coil
voltage across primary coil
_________________________
a​​
​​ = ​​  ______________________________
​​
voltage across secondary coil
number of turns on secondary coil
Vp N p
​​ ___ ​ = ​ ___ ​​
Vs Ns
b
V
N
Vs
Ns
p
p
___
​​   ​ = ​ ___ ​​
10
___
​​  12 ​​ = ​​ ___ ​​
Vs
30
12 × 30
​​
Vs = _______
​​
10
Vs = 36 V
24
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Chapter 22
Exercise 22.1
1
nuclear model, nucleus, protons, positively,
negatively, nucleus
2
At first, negatively, positively
3
a
They expected the alpha particles to pass
through the gold foil easily.
b
First of all, they fired alpha particles at a
thin piece of gold foil. The alpha particles
were moving quickly. Most of the alpha
particles passed completely through the
gold foil. Some of the alpha particles
were deflected slightly. A few of the
alpha particles were reflected back in the
opposite direction.
c
Most of the mass of an atom is packed
tightly into the nucleus.
The nucleus is charged positively.
An atom is mostly empty space.
Exercise 22.2
4
25
Particle
Relative
charge
Relative
mass
Position
neutron
0
1
in the
nucleus
electron
−1
0
outside
the
nucleus
proton
+1
1
in the
nucleus
5
Learner’s own answers. Answers should
include correct use of expressions of contrast,
such as however, while and whereas.
6
a
protons: 11, neutrons: 12, electrons: 11
b
protons: 9, neutrons: 10, electrons: 9
c
protons: 54, neutrons: 77, electrons: 54
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Exercise 22.3
7
1
2
5
n
u
l
e
o
n
e
u
t
e
m
t
o
u
e
r
n
t
n
o
n
n
u
n
m
p
r
o
e
t
o
o
o
7
4
r
6
l
3
n
r
c
p
n
u
c
l
e
o
n
n
u
m
b
m
e
b
r
e
r
e
r
26
8
protons, neutrons, element, hydrogen, one,
one, one, one, two, chemical
9
Learner’s own answer. Answers should include
correct use of expressions of contrast, such as
however, although and in contrast.
Cambridge IGCSE™ Physics – Nightingale © Cambridge University Press 2022
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK
Exercise 23.3
Chapter 23
7
Exercise 23.1
1
2
3
Radiation
Description
A alpha
1 an electron;
negative
charge
B beta
2 electromagnetic
wave, neutral
C gamma
3 two protons and
two neutrons;
positive charge
a
all
b
Both
c
Handling
safely?
wearing normal clothes in a
contaminated area
no
operating equipment from a
separate room
yes
picking it up with your fingers
no
storing it in a lead-lined box
yes
marking it as radioactive when yes
it is being transported
keeping it in an unlocked
cupboard when not in use
8
no
a
Why, ionisation, kill
Neither, nor
b
What, divide, tumour
d
None, all
c
Which, offspring
e
No
a
Alpha radiation is the most ionising.
f
All
b
Humans are least likely to be harmed by
alpha radiation coming from outside the
body because clothes and dead skin cells
absorb the radiation.
c
If you breathe in radon gas, this can
irradiate you from the inside, which can
lead to lung cancer.
9
Learner’s own answer. Answers should include
correct use of expressions of similarity, such
as both, neither … nor and all.
Exercise 23.2
27
Way of handling radioisotope
4
activity, beta decay, radioisotope, half-life,
alpha decay, random, count rate
5
shows, between, axes, origin, straight,
downwards, proportional, greater than
6
a
The half-life is 4 seconds.
b
Number of atoms left undecayed:
115 atoms
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Exercise 24.3
Chapter 24
7
Exercise 24.1
1
2
3
a
it
b
its, it
c
their, they
a
it
b
it, its
c
them
d
it
e
it, it
8
to orbit
orbiting
to find
finding
to point
pointing
to travel
travelling
to have
having
to pull
pulling
a
having
b
orbiting
c
increasing
d
decreasing
What it is referring to
1
Jupiter
2
Jupiter’s
3
Jupiter
4
the planets beyond Earth in
the Solar System
5
the planets beyond Earth in
the Solar System
Mercury 58 000 000 000
193 s
Saturn
4757 s
planets closer to the Sun
Neptune 4497 000 000 000
9
Exercise 24.2
28
-ing form
Pronoun
6
4
Verb
Planet
Average distance
from the Sun/m
1427 000 000 000
Time for
light to
reach the
planet from
the Sun/s
14 990 s
58 000 000 000
s _____________
Mercury: t = ​​ __v ​​ =
​​
​​ = 193 s
300 000 000
Term
Definition
A asteroid
1 a frozen ball of
dust, gas and rock
that orbits the Sun
B planet
2 a small, round,
rocky object that
orbits a planet
C comet
3 a lump of rock
that orbits the Sun
D moon
4 a large round
object that orbits
the Sun
5
Sun, eight, Venus, inner, rocky, Uranus, outer,
gas, minor, moons, asteroids
6
Learner’s own answer. Answers should include
correct use of pronouns, such as it, they
and its.
1427 000 000 000
s _______________
​​
​​ = 4757 s
Saturn: t = ​​ __v ​​ =
300 000 000
4497 000 000 000
s _______________
​​
Neptune: t = __
​​  v ​​ =
​​ = 14 990 s
300 000 000
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CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK
Exercise 25.3
Chapter 25
6
Exercise 25.1
1
2
Noun
Plural
theory
theories
stimulus
stimuli
Adjective
Adverb
medium
gradually
crisis
crises
dense
quickly
curriculum
curricula
cool
violently
ellipsis
ellipses
glowing
highly
half
halves
large
nearly
gaseous
generally
7
a
stable, gas, hot, hydrogen, helium, medium,
solar mass, visible light, ultraviolet
b
stable , huge , glowing , extremely,
hot , nearly, mostly, small , heavier ,
medium , solar , continually visible ,
When waves are moving away from us,
their wavelengths are increased. Redshift in
absorption spectra from distant galaxies shows
that the wavelengths of light being emitted by
the galaxies are increasing. This shows that
the galaxies are moving away from us. This
suggests that the Universe is expanding, which
is evidence for the Big Bang theory, which says
that the Universe started from a single point
and then expanded.
infrared , ultraviolet
3
Nuclear reactions are taking place constantly
inside stable stars. These reactions are
nuclear fusion reactions. In a nuclear fusion
reaction, two smaller nuclei join together
to become one heavier nucleus. In the Sun,
hydrogen nuclei join together to become
helium nuclei. This releases vast amounts of
energy which the Sun radiates into space as
electromagnetic radiation.
Exercise 25.2
29
4
star, Milky Way, gravity, parallax, spiral
galaxy, distance, Proxima Centauri, light-year
5
a
A, a, the, the
b
the, a, the
c
The, a, a, the, a
d
The, the, the, the, a
Cambridge IGCSE™ Physics – Nightingale © Cambridge University Press 2022