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MIS Chapter 1 - Test Attempt review
hệ thống thông tin quản lý (Đại học Kinh tế Quốc dân)
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MIS Chapter 1 - Test: Attempt review
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/ Hệ thống thông tin quản lý(121)_BFT62@ / Week 2 - MIS Chapter 1 / MIS Chapter 1 - Test
Started on
Wednesday, 1 September 2021, 10:00 AM
Completed on
Wednesday, 1 September 2021, 10:50 AM
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Finished
49 mins 52 secs
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9.13 out of 10.00 (91%)
Question 1
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Feedback is output returned to appropriate members of the organization to help them evaluate or correct the input stage.
Select one:
a.
False
b. True

The correct answer is: True
Question 2
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
The key elements of an organization are its structure, business processes, politics, culture, and people.
Select one:
a.
False
b. True

The correct answer is: True
Question 3
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
The three main dimensions of information systems are management, organizations, and information technology.
Select one:
a.
True

b. False
The correct answer is: True
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MIS Chapter 1 - Test: Attempt review
Question 4
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Which of the following is not one of the current changes taking place in information systems technology?
Select one:
a.
Increased usage of data generated by the Internet of Things
b. Emerging mobile digital platform
c.
Growing business use of big data
d. Growth in cloud computing
e.
Growth in the PC platform

The correct answer is: Growth in the PC platform
Question 5
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
The total number of food items with storage temperature problems is an example of which of the following?
Select one:
a.
Meaningful information

b. Raw data
c.
Feedback
d. Input
e.
Processing
The correct answer is: Meaningful information
Question 6
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Which of the following is an example of raw data from an automobile manufacturer?
Select one:
a.
An average of 120 Subarus sold daily in New York in 2017
b. Annual sales of Subaru Outbacks increased 5.3 percent
c.
One Subaru Outback sold July 27, 20176 in Mohegan Lake, New York for $24,000

d. 1,200 Subaru Outbacks sold during the first quarter 2017 in New York
e.
An average sale price of $25,500 for all Subaru Outbacks sold during July 2017 in Mohegan Lake, New York
The correct answer is: One Subaru Outback sold July 27, 20176 in Mohegan Lake, New York for $24,000
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MIS Chapter 1 - Test: Attempt review
Question 7
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Laws and regulations creating fair, stable market environments are examples of complementary social assets required to optimize returns
from IT investments.
Select one:
a.
False
b. True

The correct answer is: True
Question 8
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Networking and telecommunications technologies, along with computer hardware, software, data management technology, and the people
required to run and manage them, constitute an organization's:
Select one:
a.
Culture
b. Data management environment
c.
Information technology (IT) infrastructure

d. Networked environment
e.
Information system
The correct answer is: Information technology (IT) infrastructure
Question 9
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
To make sure they stock clothes that their customers will purchase, a department store implements a new application that analyzes spending
levels at their stores and cross-references this data to popular clothing styles. Which of the following business objectives is this information
intended to support?
Select one:
a.
Operational excellence

b. New products and services
c.
Improved decision making
d. Survival
e.
Customer intimacy
The correct answer is: Operational excellence
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MIS Chapter 1 - Test: Attempt review
Question 10
Incorrect
Mark 0.00 out of 1.00
In a hierarchical organization, the upper level consists of:
Select one:
a.
Professional employees

b. Scientists
c.
Knowledge workers
d. Senior management
e.
Data workers
The correct answer is: Senior management
Question 11
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
A firm that must invest in new information systems capabilities in order to comply with federal legislation is investing to achieve which
business objective?
Select one:
a.
Customer intimacy
b. Survival
c.

Operational excellence
d. Improved decision making
e.
Creation of new products
The correct answer is: Survival
Question 12
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
A firm that invests in an information system because it is a necessity of doing business does so because it is seeking to achieve which of the
following business objectives?
Select one:
a.
Operational excellence
b. Survival
c.

Customer intimacy
d. Improved decision making
e.
Competitive advantage
The correct answer is: Survival
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MIS Chapter 1 - Test: Attempt review
Question 13
Incorrect
Mark 0.00 out of 1.00
Approximately how many Americans access the Internet using a smartphone or tablet?
Select one:
a.
258 million
b. 194 million
c.

230 million
d. 118 million
e.
172 million
The correct answer is: 230 million
Question 14
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Which of the following disciplines focuses on mathematical techniques for optimizing parameters of organizations, such as transportation
and inventory control?
Select one:
a.
Operations research

b. MIS
c.
Management science
d. Utilization management
e.
Computer science
The correct answer is: Operations research
Question 15
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Converting raw data into a more meaningful form is called:
Select one:
a.
Organizing
b. Processing
c.

Capturing
d. Analysis
e.
Feedback
The correct answer is: Processing
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MIS Chapter 1 - Test: Attempt review
Question 16
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Which of the following constitutes an organizational element in the UPS tracking system described in the chapter?
Select one:
a.
A web-based Post Sales Order Management System
b. The use of handheld computers and networks for managing package delivery
c.
Promoting the company strategy of low-cost, superior service
d. Monitoring service levels
e.
The specification of procedures for identifying packages with sender and recipient information

The correct answer is: The specification of procedures for identifying packages with sender and recipient information
Question 17
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Which of the following is an example of a social complementary asset?
Select one:
a.
A strong IS development team
b. Incentives for management innovation
c.
Distributed decision-making rights
d. Training programs
e.
Technology and service firms in adjacent markets

The correct answer is: Technology and service firms in adjacent markets
Question 18
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
In order to be considered a digital firm, all of the firm's significant business relationships and core business processes must be digitally
enabled.
Select one:
a.
True
b. False

The correct answer is: False
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MIS Chapter 1 - Test: Attempt review
Question 19
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
In ________, raw data is systematically acquired and transformed during various stages that add value to that information.
Select one:
a.
The dissemination process
b. The feedback process
c.
The firm value chain
d. Information processing
e.
An information value chain

The correct answer is: An information value chain
Question 20
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Knowledge workers make long-range strategic decisions about products and services.
Select one:
a.
False

b. True
The correct answer is: False
Question 21
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Which of the following statements is not true?
Select one:
a.
In 2017, American businesses invested about $1 trillion in information systems hardware,software, and telecommunications
equipment
b. Much of the money spent by American businesses on business and management consulting involves redesigning firms' business
operations to take advantage of new technologies
c.
In 2017, American businesses spent $500 billion on business and management consulting and information technology services

d. Most of the business value of IT investment derives from organizational, management, and cultural changes inside firms
e.
Private business investment in information technology has grown from 21 percent of total invested capital in 1999 to 33 percent of
all invested capital in 2017
The correct answer is: In 2017, American businesses spent $500 billion on business and management consulting and information technology
services
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MIS Chapter 1 - Test: Attempt review
Question 22
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Data management technology consists of which of the following?
Select one:
a.
Hardware and software used to transfer data
b. Two or more computers to share data or resources
c.
Physical hardware and media used by an organization for storing data
d. Detailed, preprogrammed instructions that control and coordinate the computer hardware components in an information system
e.
Software governing the organization of data on physical storage media

The correct answer is: Software governing the organization of data on physical storage media
Question 23
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Which of the following statements about digital firms is not true?
Select one:
a.
Today, most firms are fully digital

b. Digital firms sense and respond to their environments more rapidly than traditional firms
c.
Digital firms have more flexibility to survive in turbulent times
d. In digital firms, time shifting and space shifting are the norm
e.
Digital firms offer opportunities for flexible global organization and management
The correct answer is: Today, most firms are fully digital
Question 24
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Which of the following is not one of the IT innovations changing the world of business today?
Select one:
a.
The mobile digital platform
b. Cloud computing
c.

Big data
d. IoT
e.
Business intelligence
The correct answer is: Cloud computing
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MIS Chapter 1 - Test: Attempt review
Question 25
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Which main business function is responsible for maintaining employee records?
Select one:
a.
Manufacturing and production
b. Sales and marketing
c.
Human resources

d. Finance and accounting
e.
Middle management
The correct answer is: Human resources
Question 26
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Which of the following is an example of a business using information systems to improve customer and supplier intimacy?
Select one:
a.
Verizon's use of a web-based digital dashboard to provide real-time company information for managers
b. PCL Construction's use of cloud computing
c.
The Mandarin Oriental's use of computers to keep track of guest preferences

d. Walmart's RetailLink system
e.
Apple's creation of the iPad
The correct answer is: The Mandarin Oriental's use of computers to keep track of guest preferences
Question 27
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Which of the following statements is not true?
Select one:
a.
Most PCs manufactured in China use microprocessor chips manufactured in Korea

b. Eighty percent of the toys sold in the United States are manufactured in China
c.
Technology companies are particularly dependent on offshore revenue
d. In 2017, 60 percent of Apple's revenue was generated outside of the United States
e.
Many Fortune 500 U.S. firms derive more than half their revenues from foreign operations
The correct answer is: Most PCs manufactured in China use microprocessor chips manufactured in Korea
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MIS Chapter 1 - Test: Attempt review
Question 28
Incorrect
Mark 0.00 out of 1.00
In a business hierarchy, which of the following levels is responsible for monitoring the daily activities of the business?
Select one:
a.
Operational management
b. Knowledge workers
c.

Middle management
d. Service workers
e.
Production management
The correct answer is: Operational management
Question 29
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Verizon's use of a web-based digital dashboard to provide managers with precise real-time information enabled it to improve which of the
following?
Select one:
a.
Compliance with regulations
b. Managerial decision making
c.

Intimacy with its suppliers
d. Efficiency in creation of new products
e.
Employee morale
The correct answer is: Managerial decision making
Question 30
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Intranets link different systems and networks within a firm.
Select one:
a.
True

b. False
The correct answer is: True
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MIS Chapter 1 - Test: Attempt review
Question 31
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
All business processes are formally documented by an organization.
Select one:
a.
True
b. False

The correct answer is: False
Question 32
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Disciplines that contribute to the technical approach to information systems include:
Select one:
a.
Management science, computer science, and engineering
b. Operations research, management science, and computer science
c.

Computer science, engineering, and networking
d. Engineering, utilization management, and computer science
e.
Economics, sociology, and psychology
The correct answer is: Operations research, management science, and computer science
Question 33
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
The Toxic Substances Control Act requires firms to retain records of employee exposure to toxic chemicals:
Select one:
a.
Forever
b. For 30 years
c.

For 1 year
d. For 10 years
e.
For 5 years
The correct answer is: For 30 years
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MIS Chapter 1 - Test: Attempt review
Question 34
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Maintaining the organization's financial records is a central purpose of which main business function?
Select one:
a.
Manufacturing and production
b. Sales and marketing
c.
Finance and accounting

d. Finance and sales
e.
Human resources
The correct answer is: Finance and accounting
Question 35
Incorrect
Mark 0.00 out of 1.00
Personnel who design new products or services for a firm belong to which level of a business hierarchy?
Select one:
a.
Data workers

b. Service workers
c.
Knowledge workers
d. Middle management
e.
Production workers
The correct answer is: Knowledge workers
Question 36
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Which field of study focuses on both a behavioral and technical understanding of information systems?
Select one:
a.
Operations research
b. Economics
c.
Computer science
d. Management information systems
e.

Sociology
The correct answer is: Management information systems
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MIS Chapter 1 - Test: Attempt review
Question 37
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
All of the following describe the effects of globalization except:
Select one:
a.
Replication of business models in multiple countries
b. Increases in transaction costs
c.

Ability to find low-cost suppliers
d. Significant decreases in operating costs
e.
Reduction of labor costs through outsourcing
The correct answer is: Increases in transaction costs
Question 38
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
You need to know something about the hierarchy and culture of the company in order to understand how a specific business firm uses
information systems.
Select one:
a.
False
b. True

The correct answer is: True
Question 39
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Walmart exemplifies the power of information systems coupled with state-of-the-art business practices and supportive management to
achieve which of the following?
Select one:
a.
Survival
b. New products and services
c.
Competitive advantage
d. Customer intimacy
e.
Operational efficiency

The correct answer is: Operational efficiency
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MIS Chapter 1 - Test: Attempt review
Question 40
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
In 2017, what percent of the U.S. economy resulted from foreign trade?
Select one:
a.
30 percent

b. 66 percent
c.
50 percent
d. 10 percent
e.
25 percent
The correct answer is: 30 percent
Question 41
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
There are four major business functions: human resources; manufacturing and production; finance and accounting; and information
technology.
Select one:
a.
True
b. False

The correct answer is: False
Question 42
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
All of the following are examples of environmental actors in an information system except:
Select one:
a.
Regulatory agencies
b. Customers
c.
Suppliers
d. Competitors
e.
Sales force

The correct answer is: Sales force
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MIS Chapter 1 - Test: Attempt review
Question 43
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Private business investment in information technology constituted 55 percent of all invested capital in 2017.
Select one:
a.
True
b. False

The correct answer is: False
Question 44
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Which of the following roles in a firm would be least affected by using mobile devices to access firm information systems?
Select one:
a.
Sales executives
b. Senior executives
c.
Knowledge workers
d. Operational managers
e.
Production workers

The correct answer is: Production workers
Question 45
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Which of the following is not one of the six strategic business objectives of information systems?
Select one:
a.
Competitive advantage
b. Improved decision making
c.
New products and services
d. Improved community relations
e.

Survival
The correct answer is: Improved community relations
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MIS Chapter 1 - Test: Attempt review
Question 46
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Which of the following best describes the primary reason for implementing a new information system, from a business perspective?
Select one:
a.
The system will automate key business processes
b. The system integrates well with the Web
c.
The system enables the firm to create new products and services
d. The system will create new value for the firm, beyond its costs
e.

The system is in use by our primary competitors
The correct answer is: The system will create new value for the firm, beyond its costs
Question 47
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
There is little variation in returns on IT investment across firms
Select one:
a.
False

b. True
The correct answer is: False
Question 48
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
The three principal levels within a business organization hierarchy are:
Select one:
a.
Senior management, middle management, and operational management

b. Senior management, middle management, and service workers
c.
Senior management, data workers, and service workers
d. Senior management, operational management, and service workers
e.
Senior management, operational management, and information systems
The correct answer is: Senior management, middle management, and operational management
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MIS Chapter 1 - Test: Attempt review
Question 49
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Middle managers make long-range strategic decisions about the firm's products and services
Select one:
a.
True
b. False

The correct answer is: False
Question 50
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
The fundamental set of assumptions, values, and ways of doing things that has been accepted by most of a company's members is called its:
Select one:
a.
Business process
b. Atmosphere
c.
Culture

d. Mission
e.
Environment
The correct answer is: Culture
Question 51
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
The behavioral approach to information systems focuses on analyzing the psychological, social, and economic impacts of systems rather than
the technical aspects.
Select one:
a.
False
b. True

The correct answer is: True
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MIS Chapter 1 - Test: Attempt review
Question 52
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Creating a marketing plan is not an example of a business process.
Select one:
a.
False

b. True
The correct answer is: False
Question 53
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Middle managers make long-range strategic decisions about the firm's products and services
Select one:
a.
False

b. True
The correct answer is: False
Question 54
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Thomas Friedman's description of the world as "flat" refers to:
Select one:
a.
The increased use of global currencies
b. The growth of globalization
c.
The flattening of economic and cultural advantages of developed countries

d. The use of the Internet and technology for instantaneous communication
e.
The reduction in travel times and the ubiquity of global exchange and travel
The correct answer is: The flattening of economic and cultural advantages of developed countries
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MIS Chapter 1 - Test: Attempt review
Question 55
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Data collected at checkout counters in a grocery store is an example of:
Select one:
a.
Processing
b. Information systems
c.
Feedback
d. Output
e.
Input

The correct answer is: Input
Question 56
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Middle managers make long-range strategic decisions about the firm's products and services.
Select one:
a.
False

b. True
The correct answer is: False
Question 57
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
How many service jobs move offshore to lower-wage countries in a typical year?
Select one:
a.
3 million
b. 300,000
c.

3,000
d. 30 million
e.
30,000
The correct answer is: 300,000
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MIS Chapter 1 - Test: Attempt review
Question 58
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
UPS's use of web-based tools that allow customers to embed UPS functions such as tracking and cost calculations into their own website is
an information systems solution used to achieve customer intimacy.
Select one:
a.
False
b. True

The correct answer is: True
Question 59
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Middle managers make long-range strategic decisions about the firm's products and services
Select one:
a.
False

b. True
The correct answer is: False
Question 60
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
How much did American businesses spend on information systems hardware, software, and telecommunications equipment in 2017?
Select one:
a.
About $1 trillion

b. About $100 million
c.
About $10 trillion
d. About $100 billion
e.
About $1 billion
The correct answer is: About $1 trillion
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MIS Chapter 1 - Test: Attempt review
Question 61
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Psychologists study information systems with an eye to understanding:
Select one:
a.
How new information systems change the control and cost structures within the firm
b. How human decision makers perceive and use formal information
c.

How systems affect individuals, groups, and organizations
d. Mathematically based models and physical technology
e.
The production of digital goods
The correct answer is: How human decision makers perceive and use formal information
Question 62
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Sociologists study information systems with an eye to understanding:
Select one:
a.
How new information systems change the control and cost structures within the firm
b. Mathematically based models and physical technology
c.
How systems affect individuals, groups, and organizations

d. The production of digital goods
e.
How human decision makers perceive and use formal information
The correct answer is: How systems affect individuals, groups, and organizations
Question 63
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
The three activities in an information system that produce the information organizations use to control operations are:
Select one:
a.
Input, output, and feedback
b. Information, research, and analysis
c.
Data analysis, processing, and feedback
d. Data, information, and analysis
e.
Input, processing, and output

The correct answer is: Input, processing, and output
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MIS Chapter 1 - Test: Attempt review
Question 64
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Detailed, programmed instructions that control computer hardware components in an information system are known as computer software.
Select one:
a.
False
b. True

The correct answer is: True
Question 65
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Which of the following may lead to competitive advantage? 1. New products, services, and business models; 2. Charging less for superior
products; 3. Responding to customers in real time
Select one:
a.
1 only
b. 1, 2, and 3
c.

2 and 3
d. 1 and 3
e.
1 and 2
The correct answer is: 1, 2, and 3
Question 66
Incorrect
Mark 0.00 out of 1.00
Output:
Select one:
a.
Is the result of processing raw input data into meaningful information
b. Is feedback that has been processed to create meaningful information
c.
Transfers data to the people who will use it or to the activities for which it will be used

d. Converts raw input into a meaningful form
e.
Is information that is returned to appropriate members of the organization to help them evaluate the input stage
The correct answer is: Is the result of processing raw input data into meaningful information
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MIS Chapter 1 - Test: Attempt review
Question 67
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
All of the following are new technology-related trends in MIS except:
Select one:
a.
IoT
b. The mobile digital platform
c.
Big data
d. Co-creation of business value
e.

Cloud computing
The correct answer is: Co-creation of business value
Question 68
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Approximately how much revenue was generated by e-commerce in 2017?
Select one:
a.
About $2 trillion
b. About $1 trillion
c.
About $700 billion

d. About $229 billion
e.
About $180 billion
The correct answer is: About $700 billion
Question 69
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
The Mandarin Oriental's use of computer systems to keep track of guests' preferences is an example of which of the following?
Select one:
a.
Improved flexibility
b. Improved decision making
c.
Improved efficiency
d. Operational excellence
e.
Customer intimacy

The correct answer is: Customer intimacy
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MIS Chapter 1 - Test: Attempt review
Question 70
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
A business model describes how a company produces, delivers, and sells a product or service to create wealth.
Select one:
a.
True

b. False
The correct answer is: True
Question 71
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Internet advertising is growing at approximately 5 percent a year.
Select one:
a.
False

b. True
The correct answer is: False
Question 72
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Which of the following is an example of an organizational complementary asset?
Select one:
a.
A collaborative work environment
b. Laws and regulations
c.
Strong senior management
d. The Internet and telecommunications infrastructure
e.
Choosing the appropriate business model

The correct answer is: Choosing the appropriate business model
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MIS Chapter 1 - Test: Attempt review
Question 73
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Middle managers make long-range strategic decisions about the firm's products and services
Select one:
a.
False

b. True
The correct answer is: False
Question 74
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Creative work driven by new knowledge and information is a significant part of management responsibility.
Select one:
a.
False
b. True

The correct answer is: True
Question 75
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
A firm that invests in a strong IS development team is making an investment in organizational complementary assets.
Select one:
a.
False
b. True

The correct answer is: True
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MIS Chapter 1 - Test: Attempt review
Question 76
Incorrect
Mark 0.00 out of 1.00
Which of the following would be used as an input for an information system?
Select one:
a.
Marketing costs report for each product
b. Product ID, and price
c.
Sales for stores in a region
d. Year to date sales of products
e.

Sales by region report
The correct answer is: Product ID, and price
Question 77
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Data is information that has been shaped into a form that is meaningful to human beings.
Select one:
a.
True
b. False

The correct answer is: False
Question 78
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
A corporation that funds an employee training program to build computer skills could be seen as investing in which main category of
complementary assets?
Select one:
a.
Managerial

b. Auxiliary
c.
Social
d. Governmental
e.
Organizational
The correct answer is: Managerial
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MIS Chapter 1 - Test: Attempt review
Question 79
Incorrect
Mark 0.00 out of 1.00
Which of the following constitutes a managerial element in the UPS tracking system described in the chapter?
Select one:
a.
Taking inventory
b. Using information to creating plans to deal with competitors
c.

Ability to embed UPS functions in external sites
d. Providing package status reports to customers
e.
In-house package tracking software
The correct answer is: Providing package status reports to customers
Question 80
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Which of the following is the key business objective behind the technologies implemented by PCL Construction, as discussed in the chapteropening case?
Select one:
a.
Reduced delays in document management

b. Higher customer satisfaction levels
c.
Survival
d. Reduced cost of supplies
e.
Improved employee morale
The correct answer is: Reduced delays in document management
◄ Assignments - MIS Chapter 1
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