1
3DS_Document_2015
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Footprint Finder training
Version 6.8.3
November, 2019
Daniel Villa
Director
Caving Business Unit
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Agenda (Footprint Finder)
 Introduction
 Gems project creation
 Block model preparation
 Advanced profile settings
 Input and output sheets in Excel
 Footprint Evaluation
 Sector and sequence definition
 Production Schedule in FF
 Visualization of the results
2
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General Setup
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Create a New Project
File → New → Project
4
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Create a New Project…
5
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Preliminary definition
1. Grade Elements
6
Format  Other Profiles  Grade Names
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Preliminary definition
2.
7
Rock Code
Format  Other Profiles  Rock Codes
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Create workspaces for PCBC
Workspace  Create or Modify a workspace
8
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Editing a workspace
9
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Working with Block Model
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Create new block model workspace
11
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Block Model Geometry
12
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Open a block model
13
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Save changes in the block model
14
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Create new attributes in the block model
15
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Import data
16
 Using block model tools
 Using simple tool from PCBC
 Importing BLK files (Gems format)
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Importing block model from Ascii file
17
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Import block model information
18
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Import data using simple tool from PCBC
19
 This is a quick option to import data into the block model even when the file is
bigger than 2Gb
1.
Create an advanced profile
2.
Use the simple tool
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Create advance profile to import block model data
20
1.
Generate advanced profile IBM
2.
Scan the asci file
3.
Change inputs in Excel and the
Adv. Profile
4.
Import data
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Scan the asci file
21
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Scan the asci file (2)
22
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Create block model variables using Excel
23
1.
Define variables to add in Excel
2.
Import these new variables in the block model
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Import these new variables in the block model
24
 Turn off the option to SCAN_ONLY
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Import report
25
 It took 3min to
import 11.28M
lines
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Block Model Statistics
26
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Create sections and planview
27
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Selecting sections
28
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Display Block Model information
29
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Display blocks
30
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Select blocks
31
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Moving between sections
32
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Block utility tools
33
 Display info windows
 View block data
 Block properties
Display- Values and Outlines
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rockcode
grade
Grade values as block outline
Rockcodes and grades
with black outline grid
34
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Block model mapping
35
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Economic value calculation
Benefit ($/ton) = Revenue – Cost
Revenue = Grade * Metal Price * Met. Recovery
Cost= Operating Cost + Processing Cost
For example Cu:
Revenue = Grade (%)*Metal Price ($/lb)*Met. Recovery (%)*Unit factor= $/ton
Revenue Factor
Revenue = Grade (%)* Revenue Factor = $/ton
For mutli elements:
Revenue = Revenue(Cu) + Revenue(Au) + Revenue (Ag)
36
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Economic value calculation example
37
 Example: To Cooper grade, the metallurgic recovery is 85%, the price is 2.0 $/lb
 The revenue factor is: 2204.6 lb/t*2.0$/lb* 85/100*%/100=39.68$/%
 The total cost is Mining + Processing cost
 The Benefit Value is the revenue minus cost
Cu grade
Cu Price
Cu Recovery
Revenue
1.00 %
2.00 $/lb
90.00 %
39.68 $/t
Operating Cost
Processing Cost
Cost
5.00 $/t
15.00 $/t
20.00 $/t
Benefit
19.68 $/t
Cut off grade
0.50 %
Block Model script
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Block\ Edit\ Simple Manipulation
38
Cu grade
Cu Price
Cu Recovery
Revenue
1.84 %
2.00 $/lb
90.00 %
73.18 $/t
Operating Cost
Processing Cost
Cost
5.00 $/t
15.00 $/t
20.00 $/t
Benefit
53.175 $/t
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Block Model script – Example#2
Block\ Edit\ Simple Manipulation
39
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Block Model script – Example#3
Block\ Edit\ Simple Manipulation
40
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Advanced Profile
41
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Working with Triangulation
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Import information from Autocad
43
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Import information from Autocad (2)
44
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Create a surface from polylines or points
45
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Footprint Finder
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Basic principles of scheduling in a Block caving
47
 The first challenge is to identify where is the
best location for the extraction level:
 Damage in the surface due to subsidence
 One level or Multi-level mine
 Level of investment
 Production target
 Inclined vs Flat layout
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Selection of footprint elevation (example #1)
48
ORE BODY
L1
Two lifts
(400m each)
L2
One lift
(>800m)
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Selection of footprint elevation (example# 2)
Incline
layout
49
Flat layout
(2 elev.)
One Lift
(Flat layout)
 Enables a quick study of different footprints at different
elevations.
 Sequencing factored into discounted cash flow
 Multiple sector scheduling (including multi-lift)
 Allows varying parameters to be tested in batches
Tons
Elevation (m)
50
1070
990
1030
950
910
870
-
830
100
-
790
10
750
200
710
300
20
670
30
630
400
590
40
550
500
510
600
50
470
60
430
700
390
70
310
800
350
metal prices, mining rate, etc.
Dollar value
80
Dollar value (M$)
 Can apply to many factors, max HOD, mixing, costs,
Tonnage (Mt)
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Footprint Finder
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Footprint Finder Concepts
51
Clipping
polygon
Level
evaluated
Block model
$, Dens, grades etc
Development Cost
One column
from Block
model
Mixing
Process
After Mixing
Process
Best height
of draw
Economic value for one column
52
Density
2.58
2.62
2.73
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.68
2.68
2.68
Level NomixDolval ($/t) VmixDolval ($/t)
78
12.89
12.44
77
10.4
9.38
76
5.68
6.97
75
7.34
7.22
74
11.39
7.9
73
6.52
7.64
72
9.44
6.55
71
5.67
6.23
70
4.6
5.87
69
9.31
5.11
68
5.03
4.81
67
4.67
4.53
66
5.24
3.57
65
4.32
3
64
1.66
2.32
63
3.52
1.93
62
-0.35
1.78
61
2.39
1.64
60
4.12
1.11
59
2.12
0.86
58
-1.03
0.2
57
-0.45
-0.65
56
-3.03
-1.23
55
-3.07
-1.64
54
-1.84
-2.27
53
-2.97
-2.49
52
-6.49
-2.51
51
-4.75
-2.66
50
-3.28
-3.06
49
-3.65
-4.01
48
-4.38
-5.07
47
-15
-6.27
46
-15
-7.45
45
-15
-8.47
Tonnes
$Val($) $Val($)_Cum
15,480
192,571
192,571
15,720
147,454
340,025
16,380
114,169
454,193
16,620
119,996
574,190
16,620
131,298
705,488
16,620
126,977
832,465
16,620
108,861
941,326
16,620
103,543
1,044,868
16,620
97,559
1,142,428
16,620
84,928
1,227,356
16,620
79,942
1,307,298
16,620
75,289
1,382,587
16,620
59,333
1,441,920
16,620
49,860
1,491,780
16,620
38,558
1,530,338
16,620
32,077
1,562,415
16,620
29,584
1,591,999
16,620
27,257
1,619,255
16,620
18,448
1,637,704
16,620
14,293
1,651,997
16,620
3,324
1,655,321
16,620 10,803
1,644,518
16,620 20,443
1,624,075
16,620 27,257
1,596,818
16,620 37,727
1,559,091
16,620 41,384
1,517,707
16,620 41,716
1,475,991
16,620 44,209
1,431,782
16,620 50,857
1,380,925
16,620 66,646
1,314,278
16,620 84,263
1,230,015
16,080 - 100,822
1,129,193
16,080 - 119,796
1,009,397
16,080 - 136,198
873,200
$Val($)_Cum
VmixDolval ($/t)
1,800,000
15
1,600,000
10
1,400,000
1,200,000
5
1,000,000
800,000
0
600,000
400,000
-5
200,000
-
-10
15 45 75 105 135 165 195 225 255 285 315 345 375 405 435 465 495
HOD
VmixDolval ($/t)
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255
270
285
300
315
330
345
360
375
390
405
420
435
450
465
480
495
510
$Val($)_Cum
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HOD
Footprint Finder Results with Vertical Discounting
$8,000
1,000
Dollar value
$7,000
900
800
600
$4,000
500
400
$3,000
300
$2,000
200
$1,000
100
$-
-
Tonnes (Mt)
700
$5,000
Elevation (m)
53
Tons
$6,000
Discounted Dollar Value ($M)
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Economic value per level
• Using Footprint Finder is possible to evaluate
incline footprint just utilizing a surface as a base
of evaluation. It provides enough flexibility to
assess any possible inclination.
Footprint Finder Results with Vertical Discounting
$6,000
700
600
$5,000
500
$4,000
400
$3,000
300
Tonnes (Mt)
Discounted Dollar Value ($M)
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Working with Incline footprint
$2,000
200
$1,000
100
$-
-
Series2
Series1
Elevation (m)
54
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Visual Tools
55
• Pause each step of every
elevation being sequenced
• Draw-point opening and
closure
• Column heights
• Block model outputs and
inputs
• Spread-sheet inputs and
outputs
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How to run Footprint Finder
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
56
Setup of block cave area
Prepare block model
Create an advanced profile
Add attributes in the block model for FF outputs
Digitize a clipping polygon
Setup Excel file
Run Footprint Finder
Analyze results in Excel
Visualize results in the block model
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Setup of block cave area
57
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Setup of block cave area (2)
58
This is not important for
Footprint Finder
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Create an advanced profile
59
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Block model geometry level
60
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Level to cover in FF run
61
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Mixing parameters for FF (Laubscher)
62
 HIZ must be multiple of
the block size, for
example if the block
level is 15m the HIZ=150
Mixing model (Laubscher)
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 Height of Interaction zone (HIZ)
63
 First dilution entry (PED)
510
495
480
465
450
435
420
405
390
375
360
345
330
315
300
285
270
255
240
225
210
195
180
165
150
135
120
105
90
75
60
45
30
15
0
HIZ= 15
PED=99%
Y1
Y2
510
495
480
465
450
435
420
405
390
375
360
345
330
315
300
285
270
255
240
225
210
195
180
165
150
135
120
105
90
75
60
45
30
15
0
HIZ= 15
PED=50%
Y1
Y2
510
495
480
465
450
435
420
405
390
375
360
345
330
315
300
285
270
255
240
225
210
195
180
165
150
135
120
105
90
75
60
45
30
15
0
HIZ= 150
PED=50%
Y1
Y2
510
495
480
465
450
435
420
405
390
375
360
345
330
315
300
285
270
255
240
225
210
195
180
165
150
135
120
105
90
75
60
45
30
15
0
HIZ= 300
PED=50%
Y1
Y2
D.H. Laubscher’s Volumetric Model
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Vertical mixing (1) : Column of rock above 1 draw point
Vertical mixing (2): Shows Grade in each slice
0.20
Case 1 : If no vertical mixing, all ore is drawn
before the first waste appears in draw point
Waste
Waste
0.50
0.10
0.20
Hc
100% Draw height
Hc
100% Draw height
1.20
1.50
2.00
Ore
Ore
1.50
1.20
Material above 1 draw point
Material above 1 draw point
GEMCOM 1994
PC-BC User Guide
GEMCOM 1994
PC-BC User Guide
Vertical mixing (5) : Grades in each (mixed) layer
Vertical mixing (4) : Mixing of each layer
0.20
Case 1 : Showing grade of each layer shifted
to show spread due to vertical mixing
0.20 0.40
Waste
100% Draw height
0.50
Waste
0.50
0.10
0.20
0.50
0.10 0.20
1.20
0.10
1.20
1.50
0.20
Ore
1.50
1.50
2.00
1.20
100% Draw height
2.00
2.00
1.50
1.50
1.20
1.20
Material above 1 draw point
Material above 1 draw point
GEMCOM 1994
Case 1 : Showing grade of each layer shifted
to show spread due to vertical mixing
including grade values
0.10 0.20
0.40
PDE
PDE
0.10
0.40
0.20
Ore
0.50
0.20
1.50
64
Case 1 : Showing grade of each layer
(Predicted from PC-MINE block model)
(Assume 1.0 % cut off grade here)
0.40
PC-BC User Guide
GEMCOM 1994
PC-BC User Guide
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Mixing Horizon - Fictitious, but
useful
65
Uniform movement
assumed here
Mixing Horizon
Non-uniform movement
occurs here
composed by a vertical and
a horizontal movement
© Copyright Gemcom Software International Inc. 2000
Denis Laubscher’s Theory
Fracture Frequency
Rating
Fracture Frequency
Rating
Curves derived by Laubscher
Draw Tons
0
50
450
100
200
66
Height of
Interaction
Zone (HIZ)
280
Draw Control
Factor
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Draw Point Spacing
150
© Copyright Gemcom Software International Inc. 2000
Mixing Horizon
Std dev. of
tons drawn
Swell Factor
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Other FF parameters
67
 Development cost = $/m2
 HMAX and MODEL_HMAX are
defining the maximum height of
draw
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Other FF parameters (2)
68
 Poly= clipping polygon
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Other FF parameters (3)
69
 Premium cost
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Other FF parameters (4)
70
 Outputs details in Excel
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Other FF parameters (5)
71
 Block model outputs
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Add attributes in the block model for FF outputs
72
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Digitize a clipping polygon
73
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Info window utility for advanced profile
74
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Run Footprint Finder
75
 Use a Planview
 Run Footprint Finder
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Results in Excel
76
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HOD in Excel
77
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Results in Gems
78
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Results in Gems (2)
79
 Blocks used in FF
 Dollar value calculated in FF
80
505-305
525-325
545-345
565-365
585-385
605-405
625-425
645-445
665-465
685-485
705-505
725-525
745-545
765-565
785-585
805-605
825-625
845-645
865-665
885-685
905-705
Area + Elev
Mining Factors
10
Seq, NPV , etc
505-305
525-325
545-345
565-365
585-385
605-405
625-425
645-445
665-465
685-485
705-505
725-525
745-545
765-565
785-585
805-605
825-625
845-645
865-665
885-685
905-705
Block model
adjusted for
upper level
60
$, Dens, etc
40
Tonnage Mt
Footprint
Dollar Value M$
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80
Footprint analysis combining two levels
Tonnage
Dollar value
Lift1
Lift1
Lift2
50
30
20
Lift2
600
500
400
300
200
100
-
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Batch mode runs in FF
81
 Multiples analysis could be done using a batch mode
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Control Sheet for Batch Runs
82
• Allows varying parameters to be
tested in batches
• Can apply to many factors, max
hod, mixing, costs, metal prices,
mining rate
Sensitive analysis results
83
Run
1245
1215
1170
1260
37
35
32
38
Z-offset Tons
Dollar value
area
Premium CU
540
972,358,144
9,395,759,104
834,000
0
510
617,721,984
5,430,334,464
588,000
5
465
330,122,880
3,036,456,192
389,200
10
555
190,685,312
1,426,618,624
297,200
15
0.86
1.00
1.16
1.25
1,200
1,000
Cu (%)
800
600
400
200
-
0.50
0.63
0.76
Cut off
NSR
Cut off
14.19
0.50
19.66
0.63
26.17
0.76
29.58
0.88
CU
Tons
Tonnage (Mt)
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Best Elev.
0.88
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.50
0.63
0.76
Cut off
0.88
84
705
750
795
840
885
930
975
1020
1065
1110
1155
1200
1245
1290
1335
1380
1425
1470
1515
1560
1605
1650
1695
1740
1785
1830
1875
1920
705
750
795
840
885
930
975
1020
1065
1110
1155
1200
1245
1290
1335
1380
1425
1470
1515
1560
1605
1650
1695
1740
1785
1830
1875
1920
705
750
795
840
885
930
975
1020
1065
1110
1155
1200
1245
1290
1335
1380
1425
1470
1515
1560
1605
1650
1695
1740
1785
1830
1875
1920
705
750
795
840
885
930
975
1020
1065
1110
1155
1200
1245
1290
1335
1380
1425
1470
1515
1560
1605
1650
1695
1740
1785
1830
1875
1920
Tonnage (Mt)
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800
600
400
200
-
Elevation (m)
Elevation (m)
Elevation (m)
Elevation (m)
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Dollar value
9,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
-
700
8,000
600
500
200
100
-
Dollar value
Cut off=0.76
FF results using vertical discount
6,000
5,000
4,000
400
3,000
300
2,000
1,000
-
400
3,500
350
FF results using vertical discount
3,000
300
250
2,500
200
2,000
150
1,500
100
1,000
50
500
-
Dollar value
250.00
200.00
150.00
1,200.00
100.00
1,000.00
800.00
50.00
600.00
400.00
200.00
-
Dollar value
Dollar value (M$)
10,000
Tonnage (Mt)
Cut off=0.63
Dollar value (M$)
FF results using vertical discount
Tonnage (Mt)
Cut off=0.50
Dollar value (M$)
1,000
Tonnage (Mt)
1,200
Dollar value (M$)
Sensitive analysis results (level 1245)
Cut off=0.88
FF results using vertical discount
1,600.00
1,400.00
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Simple production Schedule in FF
85
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Simple production Schedule in FF (Results in Gems)
86
87
90,000
600
3,500
3,000
500
2,500
400
2,000
300
1,500
200
1,000
Elevation (m)
Tons
Dollar value
Levels value using a circular sequence
1920
1875
1830
1785
1740
1695
1650
1605
1560
1515
1470
1425
1380
1335
1290
1245
1200
1155
1110
1065
975
1020
930
885
840
795
750
500
705
100
Production (tpd)
4,000
Dollar value (M$)
700
1.20
80,000
1.00
70,000
60,000
0.80
50,000
0.60
40,000
30,000
0.40
20,000
0.20
10,000
-
1
3
5
7
9
11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
Period
Production (tpd)
CU (%)
Production schedule for Elev.1245
CU (%)
FF results using vertical discount
Tonnage (Mt)
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Simple production Schedule in FF (Results in Excel)
Detailed production Schedule in FF
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Define sectors in block model
Define sequence and the production target in Excel
Setup advanced profile
Run Schedule
Sector1
Sector2
Sector definition
88
Sequence by sector
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Define format line
89
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Define format line
90
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Defining sectors in the block model
91
1. Digitize lines
3. Select blocks with clipping polygons
2. Create clipping polygons with
digitized lines
4. Initialize blocks selected
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Select blocks with clipping polygons
92
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Defining sectors in the block model (2)
93
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Defining sectors in the block model (2)
94
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Define sequence and the production target in Excel
95
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Export from block model to ascii
96
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Setup advanced profile
97
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Setup advanced profile (2)
98
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Setup advanced profile (3)
99
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Example of Production Schedule with multi sectors
100
Economic value
Sector2
Sector1
Sector definition
Height of draw
Sector3
Sequence by sector
Example of Production Schedule with multi sectors
101
50,000
25
40,000
20
30,000
15
20,000
10
10,000
5
Sector definition
-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Year
Period Target_tons
Method
1
3,650,000 AUTO
2
7,300,000 AUTO
3
10,950,000 AUTO
4
14,600,000 AUTO
5
18,250,000 AUTO
6
21,900,000 AUTO
7
25,550,000 AUTO
8
29,200,000 AUTO
9
29,200,000 AUTO
10
29,200,000 AUTO
11
29,200,000 AUTO
12
29,200,000 AUTO
13
29,200,000 AUTO
14
29,200,000 AUTO
15
29,200,000 AUTO
16
29,200,000 AUTO
17
29,200,000 AUTO
New
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
52
Area nueva (m2)
Sector30
60,000
30
20
90
90
90
90
90
13
10
Tons
Area nueva (m2)
30
Run01: LOM 80ktpd (1245 elev.)
77
90
90
90
90
23
67
90
90
90
90
90
52
35
1.40
30
1.20
25
1.00
20
0.80
15
0.60
10
0.40
5
0.20
-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Year
Tons
CU
CuT (%)
Sector20
Tons (Mt)
Sector10
Tons (Mt)
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Run01: LOM 80ktpd (1245 elev.)
35
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Sensitivity analysis – Copper price
CuT=1.5 $/lb
104
CuT=2.0 $/lb
CuT=3.0 $/lb
Sensitivity analysis
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Copper price vs NPV
105
Copper grade vs NPV
Operation cost vs NPV
Capital cost vs NPV
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Sensitivity analysis
106
Copper price
1.5 $/lb
13 $/t
4.0 $/lb
Op.cost 7 $/t
CuT grade
CuT-0.3%
5,000 M$
Capital cost
2,000 M$
CuT+0.2%
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Sequence Optimization
107
Sequence Optimization
Flat
Vshape45
Best
Worst
Center
$325
$320
$315
$310
NPV (M$)
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 Using the “Best and Worst Case” concept
$305
$300
$295
$290
$285
$280
$275
$270
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
Azimuth (deg)
108
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
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Advanced keyword in FF
109
 Report generation CSV files
 Control sheet
 Table sheet
 CSV Suffix
 AUTO_OPEN option
 Comments
 Mining recovery factor
Period Target_tons
Method
New
1
29,200,000 AGE_SLOPE 120
2
29,200,000 AGE_SLOPE 120
3
29,200,000 AGE_SLOPE 120
4
29,200,000 AGE_SLOPE 120
5
29,200,000 AGE_SLOPE 120
6
29,200,000 AGE_SLOPE 120
7
29,200,000 AGE_SLOPE 120
8
29,200,000 AGE_SLOPE 120
9
29,200,000 AGE_SLOPE 120
10
29,200,000 AGE_SLOPE
88
11
29,200,000 AGE_SLOPE -
1
120
120
120
102
2
18
120
120
120
120
120
88
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Outputs from batch runs
110
 Results will be saved in
different Excel files
 Summary result will be
dump in Control file:
 Periods
 Schedule
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Report generation
111
 Two CSV files will be
generated:
 foot_sched.csv
 foot_summary.csv
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CSV Suffix
112
Running with a control file then you
need to add a name only in the first
column and you leave empty the
rest columns, Footprint Finder (FF)
will assumes everything will be
saved in the same ascii file and
named as foot_sched_Run2015.csv
& foot_summary_Run2015.csv,
using this option you can have more
than one CSV file with information
for a group of run if you want.
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Comments
113
 3 lines of comments
These columns were added in FF_SCHED and FF_SUMMARY csv files
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Methods for scheduling:
114
 AUTO (Panel cave)
 EVEN (Block Cave)
 AGE_SLOPE (Control by the age of the block)
 HOD_SLOPE (Control by the HOD of the block)
 FULL (old)
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Changing inputs for batch runs
 Create an Excel file for
inputs
 Control sheet
 Table sheet
 Sequence sheet
 New options to read
different block models
 DOLLAR
 MODEL_SECTOR
 MODEL_G1
115
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Mining recovery factor
116
 Create a XY-curve
In this example, at 75ft height
we are getting 30% recovery.
This increases up to 100% at
525ft height and then remains
constant at 100%. Values of
greater than 1.0 (100%) should
not be used.
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Mining recovery factor examples
117
 Example#1: MINREC
 Example#2: M.REC0.5
Recovery% Tons
$val
CU_ENG MO_ENG AG_ENG PY_ENG CPY_ENG NSR1404B NSR1404C NSR1404P20
No MinRec
1,889,497,472
24,724,361,216
1.46
0.03
2.97
7.96
2.49
75.14
75.83
57.34
MinRec Var
1,716,723,840
24,721,170,432
1.50
0.03
3.05
8.26
2.47
77.08
77.79
58.82
MinRec 0.5
944,052,352
14,380,724,224
1.46
0.03
2.97
7.96
2.49
75.17
75.85
57.36
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AUTO_OPEN option
118
This option was designed to open enough draw points to sustain a reasonable
production over the next few years using forward averaging
119
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