NGLISH
T II
.
A NTH OLOGY
N OTES AND I N D I CES
N EW BO LT S
H E N RY
SIR
’
A N T H O LO GY
E N G LI S H
AN
OW ING TH E MA IN S TR EAM O F E NGL I S H
L I T E RA T U R E F ROM TH E FOU R TEENTH TO
T H E NIN ET EE N TH CE N T U RY
SH
.
Impr essio n
S eco nd
.
I t is in dee d n o e x c e ssr ve cl a im t ha t shinin g p ieces h a v e go n e
’
I t 1 3 a n i n e x h a us i b l e d el i g h t o
b y hundr e ds in o his mo sai c
I n hese ho u sa nd p a g e s he e
ur n h e se l e a ve s a t a nd o m
i s s o e fo r t he l eisu e ho u s o f a l ife i me — The M om mg Post
t
t t
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.
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.
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IN this b k S ir H nry N wb lt gi v s us a s l c
fr m th f ur t n th t o
t i n f E ng lis h Pr s
n d V rs
t h e n in t e n t h c n t u y
Th e b
k h as b n c mpiled
f
f t a ch rs a n d s t u d n ts o f E n g l sh : i ts
th e u e
bj ct i t o sh o w th pr gress o f t h E n glish l n gu a ge
a n d lit e ra t ur
as t h
g r a d u l g at h e rin g o f a gr t c n
c o urs o f ch ra ct e rs n d in fl u en ces Th e t ot l fi ct o f
t hi s c o n c urs
m d e cl r by th
a t a n y m m nt i
rr ng m nt Th u th rs in cl ud d a pl ced n t by
rd r f b irt h b ut by th d at s t whi ch t h ir firs t
m o s t d cis iv e w o rk pp a r d By t h is a rra n ge m n t t h
r ad e r W ll ga in a n id o f t h ff cti ve c n t nt o f t h
h t a y m in d a t a ny g v n d a t e a n d wi ll b
bl t
m k his o wn o bs v a t io n of th i n fl u n c
f gr t
wr t rs
g at v ents upo n th g nerati ns which
fo ll w d t h m
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PART I I
.
N OTES AND I N D I CES
H ENRY NE WB OLT
TH IS boo k i s issu ed a s a c o m p ani o n t o th e a b o v e
v olum e I t co ntain s criti cal and a ppre ciati v e c o mment s
o n t h e a u t h o rs a nd t h e ir w o rk s
a nd s h o u l d b e fo u nd
e sp e cia lly v a l u a b l e fo r s t u d e nts
BY S I R
.
,
.
A N EN G L I S H A N T HO L O GY
O F PRO S E A N D PO ET RY
(
CEN
r 4T H
PA RT I I
—
U
T RY I
T
H
O
CEN T URY )
N O T E S A N D I N D I CE S
.
CO M PI LED BY
H EN RY N EW BO LT
2
2
9
x
LO ND O N a TO RO NTO
M
J
.
.
DEN T £5 S ON S LTD
NEW Y O R K :
E
.
.
P DUTTO N a c o
.
.
PR
INTED I N GREAT BRITA IN
I N TROD U CT I O N
purpose of this English A nthology is to show the
progr ess of the English language and literature as the gradua l
gathe ring o f many tributaries into o ne stream or o f many
charact e rs and infl uences into one grea t national concourse
I t places ev e ry write r th erefore no t by the dat e o f his b irth
the moment of b irth is no t the moment of his effec tiv e ent r y
into the world o f tho ught— but by the dat e at which he may be
j udged to have arrived in the concourse as a conspicuous or
influential memb er o f it T he read er is invi ted to op en the boo k
wher ever he will and imagine hims e lf to be the contemporary
of the author ther e exemp lifi ed : he will be ab le to get some id ea
from the preceding pag es of what might then have formed the
lit erary cont en t of his mind and in the succ ee din g pag es he can
look forward to that which was still in the fu tur e This is a con
venient way o f app lying the His tori c M e thod : but in sugg esting
it I am anxio us no t to give a mis tak en v iew of the r ela tio n of
History an d L ite rature
A work of art— a piece o f lite rature— is no t the subj ect of
Hist ory in any but a v e ry limi ted way : it is no t the prod uct of
an O rganis m or a P roc ess in the b io lo gi cal sens e but the uniqu e
time less express ion of a spirit in a world o f spiri ts This time
lessness of Ar t cannot be too cl early stat ed or too co ns tant ly
rememb ered T he worlds of Chauce r S hakespear e Kea ts
Byron Bro wning— and ev en of much less er and l ess fe rtil e
poets — ar e all uni que sep arate self-existent worlds ea ch
created for the firs t time and by the act of a sin gl e p erson But
th ey ar e cr eat ed by a transmuting powe r o ut of experiences
afforded by the world of eve ry day The components of th ese
exp rienc es hav e a his to ry whi ch may be known and stated
in t erms o f Time o r succ ession and ev en of Causation
v
T HE
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203 4 67 5
I N TR O D U C TI O N
The Time is obvious but l ess important than the Causation
Man b ein g wha t he is a spirit and memb er of a society o f spirits
can o nly expr ess hims elf as such ; t ha t is in forms addressed
to or intel li g ib le by othe rs o f his kind
Literary art therefore
is the in t ercours e o f choice r spirits in whi ch th ey receiv e and
give exp eriences : and it is oft en inter cours e which extends
b eyond the bounds of an age or a national society The ex
p er i ence of one (or of many) b ecomes part of the exp e rienc e o f
a nother (or others) and through them of yet others T he
gradual onward flow of th es e trans mitt ed exp e riences is like a
broadening stream: it flo ws thr o ugh the who le lands cape and
no one howeve r origin al can be who lly unaffe cte d by it
But originality do es no t d ep end o n freedo m from influences
( I t could no t for eve ryone has an environment and o ne res u lting
from the past ) These influences this traditio n o f methods and
insight this store of exp e rienc es is a strength no t a weakness
for those who can use it with a degree of mas tery Th ere will
always be as M r Ab ercrombie says the amateur artist who
worries himself with anxiety to create beau ty — tha t is the man
who being fond of figs wishes to be a fig tree as well as a
consumer— but there will also be the g enuine artist whose
imp ulse and vision ar e his o wn though he rec eiv es from oth e rs
the sugg esti on of a s ubj e ct a vocabulary a t echni que or ev en
t he first g ui dance toward s a new point of view
His feelin g
too will in evitab ly be coloure d by t he social and politi ca l life
of his country and by the public or s emi public o pinion of
his g eneration : and it is o n this account t hat private l ette rs
diaries and o ther non literary do cuments have b een included
in o ur coll ection
We may sp ea k then of the history o f literature if we pl ease
but let us at the same time r emem be r what Literatur e r eally is
let us look at the work o f the gr eat initiators and no te tha t the
greater they ar e the more difficult or the less relevant it is to
define them in such te rms Wh en we make o ur survey of
li t erature we ar e no t insp ecting a p e digree herd or a schoo l of
verbal d ext erity : what we see is the sp ectacle of the timeless
immate rial hu ma n sp irit expr ess ing its elf und e r the limitations
of Time and bodily existence We too ar e under those limitatio ns
vi
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INTRODUCTION
vii
and we find a reaso nab le pleasure in co mparin g and pla cing the
wor k of individual artists : but we shall gain a greater experience
of sympathy insight and wonder in proportion as we realise
that the artist though always a p erso n is no t in his essent ial
reality a temporal a national or an individual b eing
The re ar e several
O ne more word of warning is n e cessary
p e riods in which the trib utari es of our great str eam flow in in
v ery rapid succ essio n W hen a number of authors ar e arriving
close tog ether dates should be exa ct : and this is sometimes very
difficult to ens ure I have gone over the whole list with the aid
of The Dictiona ry of Na tiona l Biography the huge Record of
English Liter a ture of Dr Garnett and M r Edmun d Gosse
Professor S aintsb ury s History of English Liter a ture and Pro
fesso r E lton s S ur vey of English Liter a ture All th ese ar e admirab le
books and their differen ces add to the reader s pleasure— ex cep t
when th ey disagree as to dates They frequently vary by o ne
year no t infrequentl y by thr ee ; and no t possessing first edi tions
of the whole company of Englis h writers myself I have b een
fo rced at times to find a verdict o n the evidence instead of
recording a scien tifi c fac t I n thr ee cases (o ut of 230) I have
had to confess mistak es and these shall some day be reme died
But the arrang ement in spit e of any small inac curacies will be
found to j ustify its elf It will be noted o n l ooking down the
column of arrival da tes that there ar e some remarkable years
or short pe riods— c g the p eriod 1 590 9 4 1 61 0 -1 3 1 71 0-1 3
1 81 7 1 9
o r 1 832-33— wh en a kin d of spat e came down the
str eam
To a contemporary or o ne living a few years lat er o r
to us now su ch p eriods mus t have a wonderful appearance
they w ere great times to be alive in But write down these same
authors or tributaries in the order of their birth-da tes and the
spat e d is app ears : while on the oth e r han d when births coin cid e
nei th er in fac t nor in con temporary eflec t is th er e
(e g in
anything to admi re at all Lastly the method over-rides the
o f write rs by the sp ecifi c fo rm of th eir wri tings
grouping
and that alon e is worth doing : for th e re is no do ub t tha t this
device has hith erto saved the histor ian s time and trouble ra th er
than the r eader s
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NO T E
rw c
c ut r s
t t ss g
t
rv
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c s v pp r c
f
u c
wr
tt rs
f cts w c
t
x
gv
t w c f ws but st ct u f r t c t
s cur
c r
st r
t r
rs
st
vs b s
t
ft rw s but
flu c
r t t t
rt up
k sp r
P
s F tc r
up
t
T he yea
hi h p r ecedes ea h a ho
name is ha a i ned as the
— ha is, o f the d e i i e a
ea an e o f his ame
d a e o f his
ar i a
o r infl en e in t he
o ld o f le e
T he a
by hi h the da e is fi e d
i en in the no e
ar e
hi h o llo
ri
ni o mi y anno be
;
may i e in
e
ed
The sky may be lea fo r o ne
a ; ano he
its in en e may
mi and o nly be i i le o me ime a e ar d ,
le he
be as g ea as ha o f No h
ea e o r
hi nea
o n S ha e
o n M il o n
’
.
.
.
A N ENG L I S H A NT H O LO GY
O F PROS E A ND PO ETRY
1 3th
C entury
P o e t ry b efor e C hau c e r
.
Cuckoo S ong (c 1 2 2 6 Anon )
Aliso n (c 1 30 0 Ano n )
This World s Jo y (c 1 30 0 Ano n )
3
P raise o f Wo men (R M annyng o f Brunne)
4
T h l n g and illus trious line o f the E nglis h po ets m y truly
be sai d t hav be n found d by Ch uc r as a family is sai d
to be foun d d by tha t an c esto r who first es tablis h d it in a
fix ed place and influen ce But like v ery such founder Cha ucer
too had orig ins and th se fo ur p ie c es ar e ins er ted h er e to giv e
His narra tiv e po etry owe d littl e
so me indi catio n of th ei r na tur e
to any E nglis h prog ni t r but it is c l ar tha t he was no t the
first by a good c ntury t write E nglis h lyrics no is it to
him tha t we o we th ad p tati n to o ur o wn sp eech o f the lyri c
mod els of the troubadours and trouv eres of France
The Cucxoo S ON G which is g ener lly as crib ed to the midd l
f the thi rt eenth c ntury but m y b som wha t ar lier is th
first English song of whi ch we poss ss th riginal music (British
M useum— for two thr
or f ur voices and chorus) and as
v rs e the first pe rfectly d eli ghtful thing in En glish poe try
(S aints b ury)
ALxS ON is th b st p i ce in a M S co ll ction ls o in the Britis h
M us um (Harl i n M S S
It is specially interes ting f
its vid nt d es cent from th o ld E nglis h allit erativ e mod e as
w ll from the Ang lo N rman rhymed lyric
The w in ter song Tms WORLD S JOY ascrib d lik A lison t
th end of the thir teen th century is ev n mor e m d e rn in fe lin g
and in cad enc e
Any r ead r who has s ucc d d in mastering
the lan guag e and d is r egard in g the obso l t sp llin g W ll ppr ciat e
the p rf c ti n of the workmans hip
The final line anti ci pa tes
the las t lin effec t of the S p ns e rian stanza
A
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WI LL I A M L A N G L A N D
2
[ 1 3 62
RO BERT MANNYNG was a Gilbertine canon born at Brunne
(Bourn) in Lin colnshi r e His date is no t c ertainly kno wn but
he was writin g in 1 320 an d live d into the reign o f E dward III
His wo rk is r emarkab le for t he intro duction no t o nly of French
words but of Fren ch terminations and constructions
,
.
,
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,
1 362 .
.
Wi lli am L an gla n d
Pie rs Plowman ( 1 362)
LANGL AND is plac ed here not as a progenitor of Chaucer but
as an e ld e r contemp o rary— an eld er bro th er it mi ght be said of
e qua l rank but of less fruitful g eni us
It was not from him that
the E ng lis h po ets we r e to d e rive : his gr eat poem ( 1 362) was
the c o ns ummatio n of that s tri ctly n atio nal style o f po etry
which having b een carried by him to the utmost height of whi ch
it was capab le is about to yield to a more p erfe ct form o f ar t
as E nni us an d Lucilius of old gave plac e to Virgil an d Hora ce
(R Garnett)
,
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1 369 .
G eoffr ey Chau c e r ( 1 34
—
of r
oo
4
His D aydr e a m o f a Hunting ( The Book
I
(
)
)
.
f the
o
D uchesse)
Tro ilus and C r iseyd e (Boo ks I , I I
.
.
and V.
)
xtracts here given repres ent CHAUCER S work in
what ar e known as his French and Italian p erio ds Examples
of his English p eriod follow under the d ate 1 388
THE B OO K OF THE D UCHESS E is pro bably the earli es t o f Chauc e r s
extan t p o ems : it is d at e d by the d eath o f Blanche Duchess of
L an cas ter who die d in S ept emb e r 1 369 and upon who m the
ele gy is writt en ; und e r the infl u enc e of the Fr ench po ets
TRO ILUS AND CRIS EY DE app ears (from t he style and the use
of the rhyme ro yal) to have b een written between 1 379 and
1 382 :
certainly after one or both o f his j o urneys to Italy
It owes much to Bo ccac cio s Fi lostr a to and
( 1 373 and
was in turn the sourc e o f Hen rys o n s Testa ment of Cressid
an d of S hak esp e ar e s Tra ins
Cressida and Dryd en s
and
adaptation o f the same
THE two
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1 3 78 —8 4
—
2
3
J oh n Wyc li f ( 1 320 9 1 384)
7
1 37
WY CL I F B I B L E
T HE
]
.
PAGE
M o nas ti c Vow s (A n Ap ology for Lolla r d
D octr ines)
On
It is no t c ertain that the AP OLO GY FOR L OLLARD D oc rNES
It is ho weve r includ ed in a contemporary M S
is by W ycl f
volume which co ntains many o f the treatis s commonly att i
buted to him ; and there ar e in it no p ass ages o r quotations
The extract is
inco ns is tent wi th a b e l ef in hi auth o rs hip
taken fro m J ames H Todd s editio n ( Camden S o cie ty
Wyclif s influ enc e was well estab lished by 1 372 and in th at
year he too k the d egree of Doctor in D ivinity
i
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—
8 8
—
8 8
Th
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Wy
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Bi
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1
(
37
4)
4
Is aiah xxxv and i x v er se 1 0 to end
I I S a mue l xv111 v e rse 2 4
Psalms xc cxxvr and cxxvn
m de
THE WYC LI F BIBLE th first E n glis h tr ns l ti on w
—8
1
8
( 37 4) from the Vu lg te by Wyclif and tw oth e r O xford
I t is oft n
Nicho las f Her f rd and J ohn Purv y
s ch lars
def ctiv as a translation but its influenc u pon the English
It form d dir ctly
nation an d l nguag e canno t be over stim t d
f th s urc es of ll th gr eat v rs ions whi ch
n
nd in d ir ct ly
f llow d it and the sound of its magnific nt cad nc s was carried
by them ll into th A uth rise d V rs i n A c mp ris n of the
p ssag s h r giv n with th p rall ls fr m C v rdale and the
—
-8
uth
r
s
d
rs
i
pp
d
V
n
n
86
i
A
2
2
5
) will sh w that the
(
ss nti lly th mus ic of th Wyc lif
mus ic f our gr t st pr s
B ble and that in p l c s wh r it h d b n d stroy d in th
ccur t tr ns l tion fr m th H br w it w ft n
l bour of m r
r stored again in th fi nal v rs i n On xample may b g v n
th y schul n have j oy n d gl d
Wyclif wr t in Is ai h xxxv
w y In C v rdal
n ss and so rr w n d wa ling s chu l n fl
this be c m s p l sur nd gl dn ss shall be am ng th m
And as f
all s o rr w and h
vin ss it shall vanis h w y But
in th Authoris d V rs n it r pp ars in its original b uty : th y
shall btain j oy nd gl dn ss and s rr w n d sighin g shall fl e
aw y The Ps lms n th th r hand lost littl nd gain d
much in C v d le hands nd it is main ly to him th t w
ow the v e rsion us d ev ry day in the Book of Co mmo n Pra yer
1 37
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E O F F R E Y C HA U C E R ( I I )
[ 1 38 8
.
G e o ffr ey Chau c e r (I L)
The C a nte rbury T al es
.
P rolo gue
T he D e ath o f Ar cite (Knight s Tale)
'
Br e d and Myl k fo r
Children ( Tr acta tus de Con
clusionibus Astr ola bit
)
34
c ar for p rpo of th co p la o
para
C au c r work o
par how g
r of
d ff r t
r a of fl c
Tr
Cr
d d poch
k g a
a pur
rar
th
I al a
t
r
g h p tr to
g al prov
rfi
t
w th
r r
gl h
p op
tr
po tr b co
tr
at o al
Gar tt
r wh ch
p gr
pp d s ar for
Ca t rb r
part at
rat of
po
how
hav
b co po d
at r tha
o of ddl
b rg
olla d
a of
wool apl
par
p rhap arl r
G
Cha c r
a ha
alr ad wr
lov of
hr
l
K
wh ch how
b o dq t
ha th tor
or g a
t d d for
C r
adapt d a r for
p rpo
ga
or of Gr da
od
Cl r of Ox ford who
a
Pad a fro
P ra
laur a
po t
fact
wh Cha c r
fir
Ita tha P rarch ad
ra a o of
to a fro
occac c
or g a
h th r Chauc r th
Ital a
db
pla
dv
a o j t d
r put d flu c of
c f Cha c r a rad t v r c
t w th
pc r
ch rch
ch rch m dr w
co o r d
C
T
h
fl c c ud
hav t k ff ct
af r Chauc r s a r p
w wr tt
t hav co
b for
h
h r how
ord r
It was ne ess y
the u
se
is
m i ti n to se
te
'
int two
h
e s
ts, s
in the ise
two i e en
oilus a nd
in uen e
st e ms
isey de is in ee e
ely lite
ma in in sense, but in
Wi it the
y sense
its si n im
o e y,
t i n elemen ente s E n lis
ement
But
i
and
e nemen
The Cante bu y Ta les the En is
e
le en e , and
e y
e
mes uly n i n
ne )
(R
i
the il ims ar e su
os e
1 38 7 is the yea in
to t t
u y, and
e
the
any
n e
em is s
n to
e
m se not l e
n 1 388, by th e menti n
Mi
e en
e
-s t
the
But
u
in H
n
as the se t
e
ts ar e
s e
ie
I n The Legend of
ood Women ( 1 38 5)
u e
e
t he has
e
itten
e
s ys t
al the
Palamon and
y
'
"
Ar cyte, and t e e ar e ines in The
night s Ta le
i
s
ey n
ues io n t
is s
i in lly in en e
t
y was not
The ante bury Ta les, but
e
l te
the
u
se
A in,
the st y
isel
is t l by the
en
e k
,
u ,
m Fr auncys et k the
e t
s ys he go t it at
e e
and in
it was in 1 373,
en
u e was
s t in
ly,
t
et
m e a t nsl ti n
it in
L tin
m
'
i in l
B
io s
W e e
e
en saw the
i n
M S o r no t, his e t to it is
in
i ision is ls
us ifie
The
by the e
e
in en e
i io n e y o nsis ent i
Wy li o n
u e ;
t
the i tu es
of
u
men and
u
o
a n and
l u e in The
cials
a les
anter bury
S uc an in uen e o l o nly
e a en e e
'
e r lie
o ems
e
i en, but mus
te
er e
e
me
e e s
e
e 1 388 ; and t is is
n by the
e
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
J oh n Gow e r ( 1 32 55 1 40 8)
The S tory o f Phcr bus and D aph ne ( Confessio
-
1 39 0 .
Amautis, I I I )
35
.
ER
fl c
d d c pl
ar probab rather older than Cha ucer but
p ac d later both as Chaucer s con
b ca
only a chievement in Englis h
ly
GOW
was in ye s
l e
as an in uen e he must be
ess e
is i e and e us e his
f
,
'
,
c 1 4 2 5]
J O H N LY D GA TE
5
poetry the Confessio Amautis was no t completed until 1 390
It contains among many ther stories the tale o f Floren t told
also by Chau c r as The Wif of Ba th s Ta le and the tal e of
Emar or C nstanc e whi ch is The M an of Law s Ta le in The
Canterbury T les and is there pr faced by a remarkable speech
Chauc r s o wn work with a side glan ce at the C nfessio
on
I t is clear from t his that Cha ucer had r ead Gower s
Amautis
work before it was completed and it is a possible inf rence tha t
he borrow d the two stories from it ; but it may eq ually w ell
be tha t the two frien ds had r ead the o ld romanc es tog eth er
and tha t th ei r cho ic e of mat rial co in cid e d in th ese two cases
though Chaucer s taste rej ect d (as the M an of L aw says) othe rs
"
which were not too strong for the moral Gower
In any case Gower s r epu tation and influ enc e w er e v e ry gr eat
though far inf ri r to Ch uc r in g nius he was his coadj ut r
in th f rm tion of E nglis h as a literary lan guag e His enormo us
poem— it has m re lines than Homer— was the first English
poem eve r translated into oth r lan guag s ; and in E ngland its
influ nce is s en in the work of many poe ts includ ing S hake
s pe are ( ee the Prologue to P er ic les Act L)
.
.
,
,
o
,
,
'
o
,
a
e
,
'
e
e
e
,
e
,
'
-
o
,
'
.
e
,
e
,
e
'
,
e
.
'
e
e
o
o
a
e
e
o
,
a
.
o
e
e
e
e
,
s
,
.
Ri chard th e R e d el e ss (Author u n c e rtain
1 39 9 )
m ,
The Ho use o f C o mmo ns in 1 39 8
37
T he attr ibu tion of RI CHARD THE REDELEss ( 1 399 ) to L an gland
is d ubtfu l— Prof s sor S aints b ury s ys
o ne of th e l east doubt
"
ful of such thin gs
but the vocab ulary is d iffer ent and the
p culiar ly vig rous humour still more
The p un g nt realism
f this p ict ure of the Ho use of Co mm ns if it comes from the
auth r of P iers P l wman would g ive us a new idea of his poe tical
range On the other hand it is not asy to imag ine that L ng land
had a co nt emporary who use d the same sty le with s u ch e ff ct
nd y t l ft n othing but th is fragm nt of 87 lines
The xtrac t
h r g iv n is fr m the dition of Thomas Wright ( Camden
S ociety
1 399 .
o
e
a
,
o
e
so .
o
o
o
o
e
,
,
e
.
a
e
a
e
e
e e
e
e
o
0
,
e
.
e
,
Joh n Lydgat e ( 1 370 9 1 4 51 )
D es crip ti o n o f a Me d iae val S c h o ol bo y ( Testament)
38
LYDG AT E (like his l ess accomplis hed double Hoc cleve for
whom we have no room here) was a pro fess ed disci p le imi tator
and co ntinuator of Chauce r : and tho ugh he is a much infe rior
c . 1 42 5.
.
,
,
,
,
J O H N M A N D EVIL L E
story t ell r h h s m thing f hi Eng lish humour and delight
in t h ch r ct e rs f m n
w ll in th p l sur s f th
c untry H i l ss acc mplish d v rs wr t r than Gower
but to a m d rn r d r f b tt r w rth th tro ubl H i
kn wn to h v e produc d impo rtant wo rk b tw n 1 4 2 and 1 430
6
S IR
-
e
e
e
o
a a
o
s a
e
.
o
e
o
o
o
c
as
e
e
e
o
as
e
e
ar
e
ea
a
as
,
e
s
e
e
e
e
ea
e
i e
o
,
e.
e
e
o
e
e
s
e
1
ee
.
Si r Joh n Ma nd evill e ( 1 4th C entury)
“G
T he Lad y o f the L an d ( Tr a vels of S ir j ohn
1 42 5.
.
B
M a ndeville)
39
The W a tc hing o f the S parrow haw k (I bid )
41
.
J O HN M A ND EVILL E was lmos t c rtainly the ps ud nym
f n E n glishm n n m d J hn d Burg yn
B urgign n wh
di d t Lieg in 372 ; but h was hardly n Engl s h uth r
f
hi b k f Tr v ls ( 356) w
wr tten rigin lly in Fr nch
nly tr ns lat d int
E nglish (fr m L tin v ers i n) ft r
and
hi d eath
T he d t i n t kn wn but it i c rtain ly n t l t r
than 43 nd m y b
rly as 1 400 I ts p pul rity in th
m di val world was u n par ll l d— th thr hundr d M S copies
which surviv include ve rs ions in tw lve E uro p e n l n gu g s
n d its imp o rta n c e as a m d el can h rd ly b ove r stim t e d :
it
is the first boo k of b lles l tt es in E ng lish pros e
(S aintsbury)
S IR
a
a
o
a
e
a
or
s
s
o
a e
0, a
o
e
e
e or
e
1
as
i
o
o
s
a
e as ea
a
a
e
a
e e
e
e
e
a
,
e
a e
a
e
e
a
e
a
o
o
ee
o
e
e
e
o
a
o
.
o
,
a
s
e
a
o
a
,
o
i
o
o
a e
o
a
o
e
.
1
e
1
a
o
e
e
oo
o
a
e
.
a
e
a e
a
r
.
Ch e st e r Play s
T he S a c rifice
of
I saa
c ( i 1 4th Centu ry sp elling
,
la te r)
T HE CHES TER PL AY S w re n o t print e d u ntil 1 59 1 but they a e
ascri b e d t
the fo urteenth c entury o r p o ss i b ly t he thi rt eenth
C onj ecture bas ed on the inflectional fo rms of words is mad
doubtfu l by the fact tha t th ey a irregularly us ed and th
t xt m y have b een ta mp ered with by copyists : the sp elling
is c e rtainly lat e
e
r
,
o
.
,
e
re
e
,
e
a
.
Jam e s I o f S cotla nd ( 1 39 4 437)
T he G re a t C ha nge ( T he Kingis Q uha ir )
50
The immediate fo ll win g o f C hauc e r was stro n g e r in S cotland
than in Engl nd Th Kingis Q uba ir is no t nly Chaucerian
an d supr em ly e l g ant but t li fts the spring s o n g o f lo v e from
—
1 42 4
37
.
—1
.
o
a
e
.
e
o
e
,
i
-
,
c 1 4 62 ]
R O B E R T H E NR YS O N
7
th e ins trumen ta l mus ic of words to the e cstasy o f a n ew v is io n
Though the typ o f the poem and its language— a mixture of
north e rn and southe rn dia le cts — ar e of a mark ed fo urt eenth
ce ntury brand such a passage as that her e quo ted be lo ngs to
the poe try w hi ch is timeless
King James died in 1 437
.
.
e
,
,
.
.
Th e P asto n Le tt e rs
1 4 52 .
J oh n Amend all ( 1 452 )
In for ma tio n a gai nst Rob e rt Le dha m
An E to n Bo y s W oo ing ( 1 479 )
-
'
T HE P A T N L TT
i
but t ey e i i
S O E ERS e n t in the strict s ens e lit r ture
h xh b t w th gr t vividness th lif of the E ng lish in
th fift en th c ntury
nd th r b y fo rm n in valu bl link be tw e n
th
g of Ch uc r nd L n g lan d and the age of th e T udors
Th y should b r m mb red s ide by s ide with M lory s M t
D thur in ny stimat o f E nglis h char ct r
As histo rical
m t rial f lit r tur th ey hav b e n us d by s v ral n ovelis ts :
l st by R L S t v ns n wh bo rr w d fr m th pr c edings
c nc rning R b rt L dham
her xtr cted th gr en
woo d p rt f The Bl ck A row nd s m f th names f his
charact rs with m ny th r hints It is difficu lt n w (as pe rhaps
in 4 52 ) t mak o ut wheth r L edham hims elf or Rog er Chirch
was act ua lly Jo hn Am nd all
I n the E t n boy s l tt er the figur e of the squir s yo u ng er
bro ther in his search for a wife appears for th first time in
E nglish
e
e
e
e
a
a e
a
.
o
e
1
a
a
e
o
o
,
r
o
a
e
e
e
e
e
'
e
o
-
or e
.
e e
o
e
e
a
e o
o e
e
,
e
e
o
o
.
e
e
o
e
e
o
'
e
a
a
o
a
e
e
o
,
a
.
e
e
,
e
e
e
e e
.
e
a
e
e a
e a
,
a
e
or
,
e e
a
e
e
ar
o
e
o
ea
, a
a
e a e
ar
e,
,
.
e
e
'
e
.
c . 1 462 .
Rob e rt H enry so n ( 1 5th C entu ry)
Rob in and Makyne
.
HENRY S ON is the s eco nd great S co ttish p o et of the Chauce rian
S choo l Dr Garn ett calls him
a g eni us who with o ne asp e ct
loo ks b ack t o Chauc e r with the o the r fo rw ards to Burns and
Allan Rams ay
He was pro b ab ly bo rn a bout 1 42 1 but th e re
is no thin g to fix his d at e e xc e pt the fact th at he was admitt ed
t o G lasg o w U niv e rs ity in 1 4 62 as “ Vene rab ilis vir M agist er
Ro be rt Hen rys o n
the ti tle p ag e o f his boo k ( lo n g aft e r his d ea th )
"
calls hi m S choo lrnas ter in Dunfe rmline
The po em he r e
g iven is the first p asto ral po em or eclo gue in E nglish
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
-
.
.
P I L G R I M S S E A V O YA G E
8
'
[ 1 5t h C e n t
.
'
th C entury Th e P ilgri ms Sea Voyag e ”68
6
A
uthor
u
n
k
n
ow
n
3
(
)
THE P IL GRI MS VOYAG E is the earli est sea song in E nglish ; but
it is no t the first app earan c e of th s a t radi ti on S ee the descr ip
tion of th S hipm n in The C nt bury Ta les (Prologu e) and the
na uti ca l metaphors in th
las t thr e lines of the extr c t from
Richa rd the Red less ( 1 399 p
Th ere ar also (though not
her ) two poems by Lawrenc Minot dat d 1 352 on the vic
tori s of S luys and Les Espagnols sur M er republished by
Professor Fi rth in his Na val S ongs and Ball ds (Navy Record
S o ciety
15
.
'
e
e
a
a
e
e
e
.
er
a
e
,
e
.
e
e
,
e
,
e
a
,
—
1
1
4
2
2
( 4
9 9)
1 484 .
Wi ll iam Caxto n
65
P ro em to Ca nte rb ury Tales ( 1 484)
CAXTON print ed and pub lish ed his transla tion of The Recuyell
of the H istor ies of Troy e in 1 474 but t he memo ry of his exc ellent
pros e has b een k ept alive by hi s e ditio n o f M a lory which he
printed with his own Pro em in 1 484 M alory s o wn r eputatio n
dates from the s ame event and year though the M or te Dar thur
was actua lly comp le t e d in 1 469
,
,
'
,
.
,
,
.
1 484 .
Si r Thomas Malo ry
How by M isadv entur e o f an A dd e r the Batt le
began
How King Ar thur c o mma nd e d to c a st hi s S wor d
E x calibu r into the Wa te r
,
,
Joh n S k elto n ( 1 460 1 52 9 )
To Mistr ess M argar et Hussey
This pie c e is the b est proof that S KEL T ON could write grac e
fully : in the main he was a jovial b urlesque po et who lik e
"
Butle r ( 1 663 p
wro te do ggerel with g enius Caxton in
1 49 0 sp eaks of him as Poet L aur eate in th e U ni vers i ty of O xford
-
1 49 0 .
,
,
.
,
.
.
Wi lliam D unbar 1 465
In Ho no u r o f t he City o f Lo n do n
La ment fo r t he M a ke rs
1 50 3.
S TE P HE N H A WE S
1 0
[ 1 52 3 t
1 52 3 ?
S t eph en H aw e s
An E p it aph
ST EP HEN HAW ES who s e dates ar e unk nown continu ed the
Chaucerian tradition in the early sixte nth century an d seems
to be feeling his way towards a S p ens e rian kind of all egory
In a s in g le p ass ag e o f his o ne r ememb ere d poem he s tr uck a
b ell whos e tone has never ceased to vibrate
,
,
e
,
.
.
—
6 1
L ord Be r ners ( 1 4 7 533)
The Ba ttl e o f O tt e rburn
JO H N BOURCHI ER L O RD B ERNERS as a trans lator of Fren ch
ro mance is the co unte rp art o f M a lo ry a gifted writer of pro s e
but his to rically rath r than p o etically chivalrous His style is
highly p erso nal and hi ghly acco mplished ; its s ecrets r emain
u nexhausted to this day Willi m M o rris drew upon Bern rs
F oissar t ( 1 52 3) in his pros e and v erse : in The Hollow Land
and The D r e m of j ohn Ba ll ; in Love is Enough an d in the
Prologue to The Ea r thly Pa r a dise
1 52 3.
,
,
,
,
e
.
e
a
.
’
r
a
.
—
0f 1
Si r Thomas E lyot ( 1 49
6
54 )
P ar ents and E d uca tion ( The Govemour )
1 07
With The Govemour ( 1 531 ) b e gins the lo ng list of English
treatises o n E ducatio n Next comes Cheke a p edant ( 1 5 1 4
who feared ar t
an d then As ch am a d istin guis hed prig ( 1 5 1 4
an d lite ratur e : the r e is no roo m h e r e for eithe r
1 53 1 .
,
.
,
.
Si r Thomas Mor e ( 1 478 1 535)
The D ea th o f Ha stings (History of King
Richa r d I I I )
Co mmunism in Utop ia ( Utop ia)
1 14
Military Disci pline in U top ia ( UtOp ia )
M O RE S Utop ia was written in L atin
p ublished abroad
and no t trans lat ed until sixteen yea rs afte r his d eath ; its infl uence
therefo re must have b en gradu al and eff ctive not upon the
style o f his succ sso rs but upon their thought It was profo und
Cf Bacon s N ew A tlantis 1 62 7; Harrington s
an d lastin g
Oceana 1 656; Bellamy s L oking Backwa rd 1 889 ; Wi lliam
M o rris s News fr om Nowher e 1 89 0 ; W D Howells A Tr a veller
fr om A ltr ur ia 1 89 4 ; H G Wells s A M oder n Utop ia 1 9 0 5
1 51 6 1 535
-
-
.
'
,
,
e
,
e
e
,
.
,
'
'
,
.
.
'
o
,
,
'
'
.
,
.
'
,
.
.
,
.
1 54 0 t
HE NRY H O WAR D
]
1 1
Th e Co v erdal e Bibl e
I s aiah xxxv an d ML v e rse 1 0
I I S a muel xvm v er se 2 4
Psal ms xc cxxvi and cxxvn
Bis h p f Ex ter
MIL ES COVERD AL E ( 1 488
so m tim
th first
the tra ns lator of this v ers i n of the B b l
w
Commissi n had in
ev r publis h d in E ng la nd
(Hen ry VI I I
but
1 530 r port d in f v ur of a n w tr nslati n b ei ng m d
f
agains t its b in g issu d to th pub li c ) The M tth w B b l
which was als ag in us d in th
1 537 in corp r t d Co v dal
"
pr p r ti n f C nm
Gr t Bibl 1 539 C v rdal w
th us thoug h no t
" lot fortun t nd p ers v ring nough t
succ
d wh r Tyndal p rished in the strugg le gai ns t th
Pap l party for th public ti n of th B bl in Engl nd 1 535 is
th erefo r a crucial point in the his to ry o f th English lan gu g
W ca nnot u ndo th past E ng lis h Lit r t ur e w ill v er ha v
be n Prot st nt
( C rd in l N ewma n)
1 535.
,
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
e
as
e
o
e
e
a o
e
e
a a
o
o
ea
a
o
ea
a
o
e
as
e
o
a
o
e
i
e
a
e
.
a e.
e
e
e
e
1 540 ?
e
e
,
e
e
i
e
e
e
e,
e
o
.
a e a
e
a
e,
a
e
a
e s,
e
e
o
'
,
e e
,
o
.
er s
a
a
,
e
s
a
e
'
a
ee
e
er
ra
,
.
e
e
i
.
o a e
e
o
'
e
e
o
e a
.
a
e
e
.
Sir Thomas Wyatt ( 1 50 3 42 )
—
F orget no t Yet
1 540 ?
H enry H oward E arl o f S urr ey ( 1 51 74 47)
T he M e ans to a ttain Happ y Life
1 21
Virgi l lEneid I I
Th po ms of WYATT nd S URREY c n o nly b dat d conj
tu ally Wy tt w
th
ld r by about fift n y rs and has b n
d es cribe d as stand ng t S urrey in the r l ti n f master to pup l ;
but the work of both shows th s m rigin and d v lop m nt
though it were th r su lt of a j int trad with Italian po try
carried o n by tw p rtners who h d b th g n t sch l t
Ch uc r Th eir most rem rkab l imp rts int Engl nd wer
th
so nn et nd (in S urr y s case) bl nk ve rs
I n S urr y s
tr nslation of Virg l h re giv n lin s l k
U t th
us th g dd
n f V
L g t furr w l rg sp c
f st rmy s s
Itali n nd as Ch uce ri n s m o f th t n syll bl
lines in W yatt s s o nnets :
W t h h h r di ss t k s displ sur
,
,
e
r
.
e
a
a
.
as
e e
i
o
a
e
e a
as
e
o
e
a
e
a
e
i
e so
o
o
a
e
en
e
a
i
,
as
is
a
ne
a e
e
,
oo
o
e
a
e
e.
e
o
'
o
o
es,
ea
e
e
'
i
,
e
a e o
a
o
e
o
a
o
a
o
o
'
,
e
e e
o
e
e
n o
on
a
e
i
o
e
a
a
ee
e o
o
a
,
as
e
.
a
ar e
a
o
ee
ea
ee
e
e
e
ea
e.
e
-
a
e
J O H N F OXE
[ 1 5 63
But S urr ey s work is an advanc : th er e is a wid er s tr etch b e twee n
Wyatt s s nn ts and S hak sp r e s than b tw en S urrey s Virgil
Rhythms such as
and Par a dis L ost
H lding b ckw d th st ps wh r w h d c m
In t h d rk ight l king l l r und b ut
exa ctly p rall l d by Milto n
who was not working in
the dark
12
'
'
e
o
e
e
e
'
ea
e
e
e e
e
'
.
o
a
e
a
n
a
e
ar
,
e
oo
a
e e
o
a
e
o
a o
,
.
—
16 8
1 563.
Joh n Fox e ( 1 5
7)
pm
The Burnin g o f C ra nme r (A cts and M onuments)
1 23
The Eng lis h Lit erature as Cardinal Newman s aid is histo r i
ca lly a Protestan t Lit e rature ; and F o xe s A c ts and M onuments
( 1 563) ( kno wn si gnifi cantly as Fox e s Book of M a r tyr s) had an
immens e e ff e c t o n the mind and emo tion of sixt eenth and
sev enteenth c ent ury England
,
,
'
’
,
-
.
Wi ll i am C e cil L ord B url ei gh ( 1 520
I S 9 8)
Ten P r e cepts
BURLEI GH S name was a s ynonym fo r grav e wis dom He appears
here as a Polonius sententious and commonplace but on his
o wn p lane i rre futab le
The Precep ts ar e like The P aston Le tter s
doc uments rather than lit eratur e : but they read li ke an an tici
p ation of Bacon s Essays :
Be no t se rved with kinsmen or friends or men intr eated
to stay ; fo r they exp ect much and do little ; nor with s uch as
ar e amoro us for th ei r heads ar e intoxicat ed
Cf pp 2 36 7
The Precep ts mus t have b een writt en d ur ing the early youth
"
of so n Ro be rt whose dates ar e not certainly kno wn but who
is sta te d to have ente red at Cambri dg e in 1 58 1
1 570
,
'
.
,
,
,
.
,
'
,
,
.
,
-
.
.
.
,
,
.
1 572 .
—
Kn o x ( 1 50 5 72 )
Joh n
His Defence to the Q ueen (History of the Re
for ma tion of Religion in S cotland)
1 30
another great Puritan influence ; but a political
His
an d co ntrov e rs ial write r rathe r t han a man o f lette rs
The History of the Reforma tion in S co tland
o ne grea t bo ok
appe are d aft e r his d eath in 1 572
KNOX is
.
,
,
.
1 5 79
J O H N LYLY
]
1 3
Rapha el Holin sh e d ( 1 52 5—78)
pm
T he J udgment o f King Ri c hard I I
1 33
HO LI NS H ED is a chroni cler with more di tinction in his styl
But his importance to lite r ture lim
than mos t o f his class
mainly in the copious m te rial whi ch h supp lied to S hak e
an d even his p hras es oft en
speare for his his torical p la ys ;
rea ppear in glory His Chronicle was published in 1 576
1 576.
.
s
e
a
.
a
e
.
.
Sir Thomas No rth ( 1 535i
The End o f Anto ny and C l eopa tra ( P lutar ch s
1 579 .
'
Lives)
1 40
NoRTH s transla tion o f Pl utar ch ( 1 579 ) was a stro ng reinforce
'
ment of the classical influ ence in England, and was quarried
for moral sen timents and political and patriotic examples by
I t supplied also the mater ial for S hak e
su cce
s siv e g en er a ti o ns
.
p are s classi cal plays and no insignifican t part of their mag
nanimi ty
Comp are the passage here gi ven with S hak esp ea re s
transmutation of it on pp 2 37—43
s e
'
'
.
.
,
.
John Lyly
Of the Educatio n o f Yo ut h (E uphues)
1 4a
Ap ell es S o ng
1 44
P an s S ong
1 45
LYLY s essay o n ed uca tion is contained in his A na tomy of Wit
but fo rms a separate division un d e r the ti tle of Eup hues
It is bas ed on Plutarch s trea tise
and his Ep hebus
Lyly s pros e was a d elib e rate att emp t to cr ea te a highly
o rnate style in E nglis h accordin g wi th the hi gh flown spirit of
It was followed up by Lodge and Philip S idn ey
the time
(A rca dia ) ; but fad ed b efore the mo re di gnifi ed and pers onal
ar t of Drummo nd of Hawthornd en an d S ir T homas Browne
T he Euphuis t fashi on was parodi ed by S hak es p e ar e in Love s
Labour s Lost and by S ir W alt e r S co tt in The M onastery
Chapte r X a sketch imitated from Ben J onson s E very
M an out of his Humour Act IV S cene vi and after all
He was also
Lyly is r ea d to—day wi th a new admiration
and
the author of roman ti c
an ac co mplish e d lyri cal poe t
plays whi ch lead o n to the Forest of A rden and the wood
of the M idsummer Night s Dream
1 579 .
'
'
'
'
.
.
'
-
,
.
.
'
'
,
'
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
'
.
S IR FRA
N C I S D R A KE
[ 58 8
—
1 588
Si r Fra n ci s D rak e ( 1 545 9 6)
c
L ette r to Lord Hen ry S eymou r
1 46
L ette r to [f] Walsyngham
1 47
If we had no m r than th s tw l tt rs w sh u ld still know
f En gl sh p t
much of th fight with th Armada of Dr k
r io ti m and of th
Englis h s s rvic But b y nd this th y
hav th styl of th g and th m n The p ragr ph f th
r nge tr s b l n gs t th lit r tur of hist ry Th inten
siv un d rstat ment in s om gri f (cf S hak sp r s S ome
"
danger l ) is char ct ris ti cally E nglish and has b en wi d ely
r vived d urin g th war 9 4— 8
1 4
1
.
pA E
o e
e e
e
s
e
e
e
o a
e
e
ea
e o
o
a
e a
e
e
o
a
o
e
e
.
1
1
1
e
o
a
e
e
.
ea e
'
e
,
,
a
i
e o
.
e
e
e
1 589 .
e
e
e.
e
e
a
e
a e, o
e
e a e
ee
e
,
e
,
e
o
.
Rob e rt Gr eene ( 1 560 —9 2)
J ames IV
1 48
A L as t W arnin g
1 49
S winb urne has r emarke d tha t in Richa rd I I t he s p irits of
Greene and M arlowe ar e visib ly co nten din g for the mastery
"
s c en c e
o f S ha k e
s p ear e s poe ti c an d dramati c ad o le
The lines
here given sho w where S hakesp eare learnt the trick of inter
sp e rsing his b la nk v e rs e wi th rhymed coup le ts ; and in Love s
La bour s Lost the us e o f oth e r metr es in di al ogu e is cl ear ly
traceable to the influ ence of the same writer ; but the res emblance
e xt ends furth e r to the ima gination and t o n e o f cou n try scenes
Gr eene s Fria r Bacon was produced in 1 589
an d humour
The r emarkable o utb urst called A L AS T WARNI N G is famous
s p eare and his re lati on to his
fo r its clear r efe ren c e to S hak e
b ett er educa ted rivals in playwritin g There is an upstart cro w
beauti fied with our fea th e rs that wi th his tiger s hea r t wr ap t i n a
p lay er s hide supposes he is as w ell able to bombas t o ut a blan k
vers e as the b est o f yo u ; and b eing an abso lute j ohannes fa"ctotum
The
is in his o wn c o n c ei t the only S hak escene in a co un try
tiger s heart line is paro died from one in S hak esp ear e s
3 Henry V] ( I iv
.
.
'
.
'
'
,
'
.
.
,
.
'
,
'
,
.
'
'
.
.
.
—
8f
G e org e P eel e ( 1 55
9 7f)
A Far e w ell to Arms
Hi s blan k v erse
PEELE was ano th er of the U nive rs ity Wits
is at leas t as good as Gr een e s but had less effe ct ; his lyri cs ar e
1 590 .
.
'
,
L O D GE
1 5
better The Fa rewell to A r ms has fo r three c enturies helped to
keep fresh the musical note of chivalry It was written in 1 590
1 59 0
T H O MAS
]
.
.
1 590
.
—
E dmu n d S p ens e r
.
The F a e ry Q ueen, Boo k I
9 9)
.
C anto i
.
E p ithala mio n
E aste r
palac e of S P ENS ER S mind was adorned by co llections from
many poe ts Latin I talian and E nglish The S hep herd s Ca lend r
is the work of o ne who rememb e rs Virg l Chauc e r an d P iers
P lowma n The Februar y part of it The Oak a nd the Brere is
in a me tr e whi ch S p ens er may have mad e for hims elf o r tak en
(as Professor S ain tsb ury thinks) fro m an early paraphras e o f
Genesis and Exodus ; and it may again have b en b o rro wed or
reinvented by Co leridge for his Chr istabel If we have here a
se ries o f influ enc es o r b e q uests it is a r emarkab le o ne str etchin g
from the thi rt eenth to the nineteenth century
us e d in The Faery Q ueen may als o
The
S p enseria n stanza
have b een S p enser s o wn discove ry achi eved by addin g a lon g
ninth line to o ne of the I talian eight line forms
The p e culiar
efi ect of this might w ell have be en sugg est e d by the final line
of the stanza in the anonymo us th irteenth century poem This
A s imilar
World s Joy ( S ee abo v e English A nthology p
use is foun d in the Ep itha lamion
The Faery Q ueen marks
S penser s full tid e as 1 59 0 the year in whi ch he return e d wi th
it from Ireland
'
The
'
,
,
,
a
.
i
,
,
,
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,
,
e
.
,
,
.
'
,
-
.
'
-
'
.
,
,
.
.
'
,
.
1 59 0 .
Thomas L odg e ( 1 556
Ros alin d s M adrigal
'
T he Wr estling M a tc h
af
pro cla
d
co d t l of
E
G
k
s tr
p a wr gh
xp r
t r ro a t c pr s
a ov wh ch g v hak sp ar
o
at r al
ar
whol at r al for
a d a l d co par o of
d p sb
tud t of hak p ar s dra at c thod
r
gv
o ad rab of l r c t rsp rs d
tor
Lo DGE s fi nity is
ime by the se n
it e
his Rosa
'
lynde,
up hues
he was , li e Lyly, a a i is t
olden Lega cie :
l y i t, an d an e e imen e in
m ni
and
o e
Rosa
i
lynde ( 1 590 ) is
e no t
nl y th e
n
el,
a e S
e
e
m e i , but n e ly the
his A s You Lik e I t
e m e i
and
et i e
m is n
the two is in is en a le fo r any
'
en
s
The M a dr igal he e
S
es e
e
m i me
i en is the m s t
le
e
in the s
e
mi
the y i s in e
y
'
.
.
.
I L IP S I D NEY
[ 1 59 1
—
1 59 1
Si r P hili p Si d ney ( 1 554 86)
PAGE
As tr oph el and S tella
1 72
xxx1 LXIV
A Dir ge
1 74
D efen c e o f P o esie
1 75
S I R PHILI P S IDNEY was a bri lli an t E uphuis t who died in 1 586
at the h ei ght of an almost un equalle d r e p utati on ;
but the
infl uenc e of his literary work mus t be dat ed fro m its posthumous
publi cation Astr op hel and S tella was printed in 1 59 1 the
Defence of P oesie (Ap ology for P oetrie) in 1 59 5 The former is
the firs t example of a series of E nglis h sonn e ts writt en in accord
ance with the rule given in the famous line Fool said my
"
M use to me look in thy hear t and write
T he D ir ge (incl uded
in the same work) gav e Tennyson the first not e of his Ring o ut
"
wild b ells and one of the sonn ets is e cho ed in the same poet s
"
line And if you kissed her feet a thousand years
The D EFEN CE O F P OESI E is in a somewha t ornat e and wan d e rin g
"
s tyle but it often mov es the h eart
more than with a trump et
and is a lways of gr ea t inte r es t for its th eory or th eories
of
poetry Wordsworth must have approved the remarks o n
rhyming and versing (English A nthology p
and Pop e
those o n v erse and
the knittin g up of the memory
(p
S IR P H
1 6
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
'
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
Thomas Camp i o n ( 1 5675 1 61 9 )
La ura
1 80
D e vo tio n
1 81
1 81
Vo bis cum est I op e
1 82
O C o me Q ui ckly
CAMPI ON was a learn d th o ris t in v ers writin g and published
O bservations o n the Ar t of E nglish P sy The prae
so me
tical result was the maste ry of rhythms qu it p cu liar to hims elf
and spe cially sui t d for musical use
Th vari us c ll ctio ns
in the E lizabe than son g books of whi ch C mpi n s ar e the
fines t numb rs f rm region of po try hardly nt red th s
two hun dred years past : in whi ch the wo rds c ll up and e
th emselves transform d by th sou n d of instrum nts no long r
Car ew and Herrick had the t uch of this art ;
in our han ds
but it seems to hav e died wi th our mus ical supr macy
H rk all y u l di es
O n of Camp ion s m st be autifu l lyrics
that do sleep
was pub lish d witho ut his name in an app endix
His Books of A irs followed
to S idn ey s Astrop hel and S tella
-
1 59 1 .
e
e
e
,
"
oe
e
e
,
o
a
o
e
e
e
e
'
a
o
e
'
.
.
'
e e
e
a
ar
e
e
e
in 1 60 1 - 1 7
e
o
.
e
o
o
a
,
e
e
e
.
.
.
o
a
R I C H AR D H O O KE R
1 8
1 59 3.
[ 1 59 3
Ri chard Hook e r ( 1 554 1 600 )
-
E ccl esia sti cal P olity
H OOKER S is a class ical and monu mental style but it is the
p e rfe ct expression of the man who wro te it : sincere and human e
lea rned and lively bro ad an d mass iv e p atrioti c an d well balance d ;
adorned with fine phras es but o nly with such as a ris e naturally
fro m the matt er and the appropriate moo d A comparison with
the work of any or all of the E up hu is ts will sho w th e importance
of Hook er to the mod ern prose of his to ry science and po litics
The firs t e dition ( four books ) o f The La ws of Ecc lesiasti ca l P olity
was lic ens ed in 1 59 3 ; the fifth book app eare d in 1 597 and the
remain d er after Hooker s d eath
'
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
'
.
Wi ll iam S hak e sp e ar e ( I ) ( 1 564—1 61 6)
Ro meo and Julie t
Ric hard I I
S o nne ts : xv111 xxix xxx LIII Lxx 111 xcvn 1
1 59 4.
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
I
CIV , CVI , CIx ., cxv1 , cxx ix , CXLV .
.
.
.
.
2 09
S HAKES PEARE S
appren ti ce years were en d ed by 1 59 4 and
great comedy p e riod : see
Richa rd 11 is the firs t p l y of his
note
s o n Gr eene and M ar lowe sup r a fo r the infl uen ces un d e r
which it was written The sp eech o f Gaunt as the dying English
patriot has had an u nending reverb e ratio n
R OMEO AND JULI ET is assigned to 1 596: the dialo gue in the
flatt er passages (e g English A nthology p
an d the ab un dant
rhyming co up lets ar e still reminis cent of Gre ne Plo t and
characters ar e partly borrowed fro m a po em by one Bro k e called
Romeus and j uliett The S onnets w ere not pub lis he d till 1 609
but th ey mus t belong to this p e riod
'
,
a
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
e
,
.
,
.
,
.
Mi cha el D rayto n ( 1 563—1 631 )
The P a r ting
214
Aginc o ur t
214
DRAYTON S sonn et -s e quenc e I dea app eared in 1 594 and
was r eprint ed with addi tional n umbe rs in 1 599 1 60 2 1 60 5 an d
1 61 9
The sonnet h ere giv en is o ne of thos e add ed in 1 61 9
1 59 4 .
'
,
,
.
,
,
1 59 8
F R A N C I S M E RES
]
19
fi t
best I ts authorshi p has b een dis puted but
without pr oof Agincour t again is much the bes t o f his his torical
and p atriotic poe ms an d evid ently set the t im e fo r T ennyson s
Cha rge of the Light Br iga de It was its elf appar ently founded on
A ginco urt Ag in court know ye no t Agin co urt
an o lde r b l lad
whi ch may be foun d in Wa r S ongs by
o f co nsi d e rab le me r t
Christo pher S tone and General S r I an Hamilto n
and is in ni ely his
.
,
,
.
,
'
,
.
a
,
i
,
-
,
,
i
.
—
2 5 1 61 6
1 59 8 .
Ri cha rd Hakluyt ( 1 55
)
T he P rin ci pal Naviga tio ns o f the E nglis h Na tio n
HAKLUYT S huge co llec ti on app ear ed in 1 59 8, aft er an in cuba
'
tio n which no doubt covere d the who le sea life of Drak e and
his con temporary adventur e rs
It is the muniment chest of the
English sea se rvice : Hak luyt hims elf co ntributes little en ough
in his o wn han d but writ es an exc ell en t s tyle in a spirit so
charact eris ti cally E nglis h as to app ear almost an ana chronism
.
,
.
1 59 8 .
Fran ci s Mer e s ( 1 5 5
—
6 16
47)
Co mpara tive Dis co urse o f o ur E nglis h Poets
with the Gr eeke La tin e and I talian P o ets
MERES though no gr ea t writ r r nd er d an immense service
to lite ratu re wh n h r e cord e d his es timat e of th En glis h poe ts
an d es p ci ally of th s e
f hi o wn tim
Th l s remarkab le
th man hims elf
the b ett e r is his
videnc of cont mporar y
A
,
,
e
,
e
e
e
e
e
e
,
o
,
e
o
s
e.
e
e
e
s
e
e
ARA I E
a s h k sp ar gh
s
f r c s wh ch
draw
a
obv o
d t of tw v p
th fix d b for
o
of
o t fa w th
a l
t t o to ak p ar
ck ow dg d pr c
o co v c g b ca
pr s d
a app a
f r t
t wh r
p c d a st d c
at
a o g
b r of oth r o c
gv a
car at o
w t
o of Ov d
o c
o g our b t po t for co d
o c
t xc
t
b t k d co d
trag d for
tag I c d ta
dd
rb
t c tha
wo d p ak
w h hak
r
l d hra
th w d p ak gl h
The CO MP
T V D i sc o uRsE ( 1 59 8) n me S a e e e ei t
time , and the in e en e
i
may be
n ar e m ny and
i us
The a e
el e
lays is
us
e
e 1 59 8 :
e
an d s me if no t all
th e S nne s
i in the s me ine
ll
'
The es im ny
S h es e e s a n
le e s u ema y is the
m re
n in in
e
us e it is no t
es e
His n me
e rs
ou
imes in lis s
la e
e e he is
lmo
in is r imin ely
m n a num e
i en lo ne as the r e
e s:
n e he is
"
in
n i n oi
the
i t i e swe ete s ule
i
n e as
;
am n
es
me y ; and n e as the mos e ellen
e s
in o h in s ( me y and
e y)
the s
e
n i en lly
is ad e the memo a le se n en e
the M uses
ul
t
s e
'
"
it S
e
s
ea e s fine fi e
s e, if
En is
ey
oul s e
p
p
.
.
.
.
.
A N O NY M O U S S O N GS
20
[ 1 6t h C e n t
An o nymous S o n gs a nd B allads o f th e
.
th or
16
e arly 1 7th C entury
As ye ca me fro m the Holy L an d
2 26
The New J e rus al em ( 1 60 1 )
2 28
I c arus
2 29
T ears
2 30
T h e r e i s a Lad y S w eet an d Kin d
2 31
T he first of th ese p iec es is of un kno wn da te
It used to be
g enerally as cri be d to S ir W alter Raleigh but wi thout good
reason : it is of too distin ctive beauty to be by any of the well
.
,
Quota tions from the S ong of M a ry or v ers io ns of it have been
but for some curious reason the
inc lud ed in many hymna ls
bes t stanzas—«i otably the one be ginning Thy gardens and
— have almos t alwa s be en amon g those
thy gallant walks
y
omi tted The thr ee remaining pieces come from the Elizabethan
son g -books alread y remark e d upon un d er Campion
.
,
—
61 1 62 6
Fra n ci s B a c o n ( 1 5
1 59 7.
)
His Acc ount o f P oe try (A dvancement of Lear ning)
P araphrase o f Psalm xc
.
Of Lov e
2 31
2 35
2 35
b ga
app ar
w a dd
lat r d t
c
p bl h d
Th
pa ag
ct d ord r to s g t
a co p r o b w
co a
hak p ar a Po r
v
aco wrot a tt v
wh ch
surv v d
th r
co t
Po tr
cou d hav co fro
uthor of
k p ar po
pla
po l t
of gath r g
fro th t how v r
o
st ll cl ar r wh
E a
ov r ad
d at b fo
c wh ch f ow fro
t
C
t
xr
of pro a c c
o s s at r al t c
ra t c co tra d
w th
xtr
of p r g pa o
po t c v o
e
in 1 59 7, but
Baco N s Essays e n to
er e
d e to
The A dvan e ment of Lea r ning was u is e
in
e
e i io ns
ese tw o
ss
es ar e sele e
in
e
in 1 60 5
u ges
m a is n et een Ba ni n an d S
es e
e n
et y and
li le ers e,
B
n
e
i
has
Lo e
i e : nei e
"
e y
l
Ac un o f
e
it nor his
me
m the
ems an d
the S ha es e ean
a
ys The im ssi bi i y
m is les (
e e
fine and nutri ti us) is
e in
figs
e n the
ss y o n L
e is
imme i ely e r e
e
e
e
i
m An ony and leop a r a — the e t eme
o ll
i
s
th e s en e
o mm n en e , m e i is i an d mo lis i ,
n
s te
s i
eme
uns a in
ssi n and
e i
isi n
the e
i
’
.
.
.
.
.
Willia m S hak e sp ear e ( I L)
Anto ny and C l e opa tra
Fid ele
S o ngs fro m The Tempest
1 59 8 .
J O NS O N
21
It was n c ssary to divid S HAKES PEARE S work into two parts
un d r two s p r t d t s n t b c us th n tur of his influ en ce
Changed mat rially aft r it had b n n ce st blis h d but be ca us
it wou ld n t th rwis hav be n p os s ib l t put M r es nd
Bacon in th ir right p l c s w ith r g rd to him
Thi s s ec nd
pe riod r uns fr m 59 8 t 1 61 an d in clud s all th gr t com dies
and trag d i s
In 6 4 tw y rs befor e his d eath h w
addr ss d
f ll ws by Thomas Freeman in his Rabbe and Gre t C t :
S h k sp r th t mbl M rcury thy br in
Lu lls m y hu dr d Argus y s
l p
S fit f
ll th u f hi n t thy v in
At i h h rs f t f unt i n th u h st d ru nk full d p
V rtu s
vic s th m t th ll
i
B s id s in pl i s thy wi t wind s l k M nd r ;
Wh n dy n w c mp s
b rr w m r
Th n T r nc d th fr m Pl utus M n nd r
But t pr is th
right I w nt thy st r
1 59 9
BE N
]
e e
e
e
e
a a e
a e
e
o
e
o
1
e
e
e
1
o
e
a
e
a
o
e
e
e
e
a e
o
1
e a
ee
e
e
o
,
e
o
e
’
o
e
e a
a
o
.
1
e
e
ea
e
.
o
,
ea
e
,
o
as
a
a
ni
an
n
e
or a
o
as
a e
ea e,
o
'
o
e
e
e
e
'
e- oo e
e
or
e
-e
o
'
e
e
en
ee
a
e e
a
o
e
e
e
ee a
o
e
o
ee a
as
e,
ee
o ne
s.
e
ea
e
i
o
o
o e
or
e a
a
as
e
a
o
e
e,
a
o ers
o
as e e
es
a
o
e
e
a
a
e
a e
,
o
1 59 9 .
e
,
a
e,
e
e
.
o e.
Ri c hard Bar nefield ( 1 574— 1 62 7)
Philo mel
good po
so g d
plac ust f u d for
f ct
fact hat
for rl
ppo d
fi
pp ar d a o o
P
fa o ha a
judg d fr
hak p ar It
P
BARNEFI ELD S o ne
e m is
oo
an d so
m us t t
e m
be o n
it
I ts e f e
may be
o m th e
e
t
it was
se
me y su
to be by S
es e
e
rs t a
e
e
n nym usly in The
assiona te
i lgr im
'
.
.
Ben Jo nso n ( 1 573— 1 637)
E v e ry Man in his Humo ur
Hymn to Dian a
To C elia
An E l e gy
E p itaph
To the M e mory o f my B
elov e d M as te r
1 59 9 .
S haks pear e
ad
hak p ar
a gr at r
BEN JONS ON s nam e was m e by 1 599 ,
Humour was a ed by S
es e e at the
end
1 59 8
He was
e e ma n
his
of
ct
.
i i
2 52
On E d uca ti o n an d S tyl e (Discover ies)
'
Wll am
to
2 54
for E very M an in his
Glob e be fo r e the
contempo raries than
B AL L A D S
[ c 1 60 0
he can ever be to la te r g enerations His plays ar e learned and
origin al but they lead nowhere ; they ar e for an age no t for all
time ; an d to all but an tiqua rians they ar e du ll
His lyrics ar e
e le gan t and often fe li ci tous but neve r insp ir e d
They have had
ho wever a cons iderable populari ty and some influence To o ne
of th em— the E legy here gi ven— T ennyson seems to have
owed the metre of I n M emoriam The li ttle Epitaph is so
cha rmin g that Jonson was for generati ons cr edit ed also wi th
William Bro wn e s lines o n the Co unt ess of Pembro ke
S idney s
sis te r Pembrok e s mo th e r
The
(English A nthology p
lines To the M emory o f my Beloved M as ter William S hak
sp eare
prefix ed to the F ir st Folio
ar e unev en but of
th e hi ghes t inter es t an d r epu ta tion
22
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
'
'
'
,
,
.
,
.
c. 1 600 .
B allads (Authorship u nk nown)
PAGE
The Wife o f Ushe r s We ll
2 57
Tho mas the Rhyme r
2 59
'
Clerk S aund ers
The Twa Corb ies (S c o ttish v e rsio n)
Wal y Waly
2 62
Binno r ie
2 68
The D owie Ho ums o f Yarrow
2 70
Hel en o f Kir co n nell
2 72
S ir P a t rick S p e ns
2 73
2 66
2 67
,
of u k w d t
p c h r ss g d
ha
wh ch th r fi a t rar for s s to t t t
O f h r r g th r
f ur d ff r t th or s
pr cla
h
c
u al
put t g th r fro
pro ptu
v rs c tr b t d p r
rou d g
th r a s
h
rad t o a
d g ra v rs s of p
d val ro c
a t rd a r but s th to p t
fift th c tur who
cr
p c t
g h r
ack owl dg d work
f urth Op o that
Prof r
that th w r
ad
s g
h rs
brought to h r pr
fr
tho who ha d d th
dow
u cc s
Th h r a o wou d accou t bo h th r po t c a t r
th r p c v w
f
a pr t v or h f c v l s d
th
g d
xtraord ar d g co rag
dr
pt
ark r a
s
a wor d
THE BALLADs ar e
n no n a e ; the la e e e a i ne
en i le hem
i
m eem
is t t to
ei
n l li e
y
ims
o
e
ie : o ne
i e en
e e ar e o
t e i o i in
— ie
m
e
m the im
o mm n
o e
t em to be
n
ame
Ano e m k e
e
es
on i u e
by laye s in a
o ems by the
i i n l and
e ene
te
e io n
t em t
em
o e s o f the
e
man ers :
hi
tt i
me ie
een
en
did no t a e to la e hem amo n t ei
y,
—
i
n
i
n
of
esso
h
e
o
n
e
e
T
e
by in le aut o
ey
e e m
and
Gummer e — is
se
n e
o m by
em
t ei
esent
n in s
es io n
ei
n for
t
e i m s e y
l
is t eo y l ne
imi i e
al - i i i e
co m
e i
ei
i e o f li e in
and
in y e r ee
u
e
munity I n em ar e min le in an e
l
i y and st
e lism— the sen e o f
and ten e ness,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
J O H N D O N NE
2 3
full of trag dy significanc nd h roic b eauty Th ir singularity
li s in th ir artis ti c form and di cti n— th latt r l ng inh rit d
nd read y t
th
and partia lly outworn the f rm r still vital
han d that can use it Th ir influ enc has b en v ry gr t : th y
have k pt alive tr di tion kin to th chivalrous but dis tinct
from it and they h ve from time to time carried their infl uence
into li t r ture— they haunt d th m m ry o f S hak sp r stirred
th heart of S idn y and ins p ir d both the po etry and th prose
of Walter S co tt
1 61 0 - 1 2
]
e
e, a
,
e
e
e
o
o
,
e
a
a
e
e
e
o
e
e
e
a
e
o
a
e
.
e
.
e
ea
e
ea e,
e
e
e
a
,
e a
e
e
e
e
e
o
e
,
e
.
1 61 0
-
John D o nne ( 1 573 1 631 )
-
1 2.
The Annive rsary
T he E cs ta cy
S ta nzas fro m a Litan y
To S ir Hen ry Goodyer e
Visi o n (A n A na tomy of the Wor ld)
D ONNE is a supreme e xa mp le of the poet who hands on in
co mparab ly more than he received He summed up many
infl uen ces of the E lizab etha n age but transmitt e d to poste rity
s sion of th em more mod e rn by thr ee h undr e d years
an e xpre
than the work of any of his contemporaries Naturally therefor e
he has b een r e gard d by many as a r evolutionary o r a d e cad ent ;
and by so me the rui n of En glis h v e rs e has b een laid to his charg e
On the othe r hand his admire rs co un t him among th e few still
livin g forc es of the pas t Th e re is no midd le position : a dmirable
or regr ettable Donn e is a portent the s udden revelatio n of the
human mind as no simp le subs tan ce but the union and unrest
o f a mu ltit ud e of ato ms : a sc ene no t me re ly of co nflictin g mo tives
but of co existi n g and co nt ndin g p ersonalities He is at the
same time and in the same extr eme degree mys tical and melan
witty and u ncouth subtle and
cho ly
sens ual and tend e r
tremendous ly dire ct bruta lly sati rical and profo un dly r eligious
Expe rience of such a range and d epth belo nged no doubt to
S hakesp eare too — his e ld e r by only ni ne years— but in S hak e
spear e s plays it was subdu ed to the harmony o f an art beyo nd
Donne : it lies conce aled in that immens e charity as in the
no r mal life of hum an so ci ty
There ar e many modern poe ts who cannot be read without
a reco llection of Donn e : Browning for example and M eredith ;
and of the late r g en erati o n R up er t Brooke who fe lt himself to
b e no t me r ly Donn e s dis cip le but a rein carna tion o f his s pi rit
.
,
,
,
.
e
.
.
,
,
-
e
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
'
e
.
,
,
e
'
.
T H O M A S D E K KE R
24
o
b ga
[ 1 61 0
p bl h prose in 1 61 0 and v erse in 1 61 1
r but the bulk of his poems we re
l pr t d a r
d ah
D nne e n to u is
(An A na tomy of the Wo ld) ,
on y
in e
fte his e t
,
.
—
1 575 1 64 1
1 61 0 .
Th o mas D e kk e r (
)
S w ee t Co ntent
28 3
The full muste r o f the E nglis h dram tists co uld only be
represented by a se ries f lengthy extracts which would alone
suffice for a separat e an thology
D ekk r is among those whos
plays must here be passed o ver ; but his songs ar e good en ugh
to kee p his name in r emembranc e ev en b s id e thos of S hak
l
spear e a nd F le tch er
Littl e is known of his lif though h
labo ated with Ford M assing er and oth ers ; but his work was
all done by 1 61 0
a
o
,
e
e
.
o
e
,
e co
e,
.
r
e
e
,
,
.
1 58 t—1 62 3
1 61 0 .
G il es Fl etch e r (
)
Christ s Triumph after Death
2 84
G ILE S FLETCHER (the Yo un g er) son of Gil es the a uthor of
the s onn e t-se q uen ce Licia was a follow er of S p ense r but wi th a
s pe cial intensity and magnificenc e of his o wn
His metaphysical
passages match Donne s : compar e hi s conception of a timeless
spiritual existen ce in th ese pag es with the las t ten lin es from
the A na tomy of the Wor ld o n the pag e b efore ( English A nthology
Christ s Victory was published in 1 61 0
pp 2 84-5 with p
'
,
,
,
.
'
,
,
'
.
.
.
Auth o ri s e d Ver si o n of th e Bi bl e
1 61 1 .
I I S amuel xvm
.
Is aiah xxxv
f r
.
24
.
and x
x . 1 0 to end
b
c
a hw b
T dal
Cov rdal
Gr t b or Cra
r
b
G va
b
P r a rv o
p b
F al
ra lat o
c r
for t
propo d
Dr Joh
old
r d of Corp Chr t C g O xf rd
k ggv
da
ppor
w rk
carr d out fort
chol
dv
a g who w r pro
Dr
od
h l
Joh p r
uc c or Pr d t of Corp
l
th
hop of G uc t r o t
br
of
a coll g
a o Da
Fa rclough a oth r of
Ox ord o
h
p r had d t d
Co ver dale s Bi le ( 1 535) ame the M tt e Bi le
ea Bi le
n
e
e, the
( 1 53'7) by yn e and
"
“
n Bi le,
2
u it n e is i n
me s Bi le
the
ene
'
and the
in l y a new t ns i n
Bis ho s Bi le
to se u e uni
mi y was
n Reyn
s,
se in 1 60 4 by
o
in
a e
P esi ent
us
is i o lle e,
, and the
-s ix
by
t
The o
was
ie
his imme i te su
y
i ines , mon
Reyn l s
s
ar s and
m e e
minent
n S ense , his s
as
esi en
imse f, D r
ess
us,
lo es e , s me i me mem e
and Dr Mi es S mi , Bis
the s me
e e (as was
ls
niel
i
e
n
,
Of t ese, D r S ens e
e i e
and
the
f
c mmitt ee)
“
'
A te
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
P U R C HA S
[ 1 61 3
app ears in Twelfth Night Those who read Beddoes (English
Antho logy p 738) h ear the last e cho o f this mus ic
S AM UEL
26
.
,
.
.
1 61 3.
—
f 16 6
S amu el P ur chas ( 1 575
2 )
In Xa nad u did Kubla K ha n ( P ur chas
PAGE
His
Pilgr imes)
294
PUR C HAS continued the vas t work o f Hakluyt with somewhat
less dis tin c tion
The p assag h re giv n and another in the
same p ag es
sugg est ed to Co le ridg e the famo us frag men tary
poem Kubla Khan (English A nthology pp 631
P urchas
His Pilgr imes app ear ed in 1 61 3
,
e
.
e
e
,
,
.
,
.
—1 6
1 61 3
.
Willi am B row ne o f Tavi sto c k ( 1 588
I 643)
,
S o ng
On the C ountess D owa ge r o f P embro ke
This famous E pitaph lo ng b elieved to be Ben J onson s is
Pro fesso r S aintsbury
no w g ene rally admitt ed to be by Browne
however maintai ns that this is entirely r efut ed by intern al
"
The same kind o f e vi d nc e leads to the conj ecture
evid ence
that Keats was familiar with Browne s longer wo rks The d at e
is that o f the first app earan c e of Britannia s P astorals
'
,
,
,
.
,
e
.
'
.
'
.
—
88 1 66
G e org e Wi th er ( 1 5
7)
The L ov e r s Res ol utio n
29 6
This much praised and much imi tated p oem is said to have
been written in the M arsha ls ea pris on to which Wither was
c ommi tt e d in 1 61 3 fo r pub lis hin g his s ati r e Abuses S trip t a nd
Whip t In the Civil War he too k the side of the Par liament
and at th e Restoratio n his v e rs e fell und e r th e co nd emn ati on o f
D r yden into undeserve d but lo ng lasting contempt
1 61 5.
’
,
,
.
,
,
-
.
G e org e C hapma n ( 1 559
The S p irit o f Ho me r
The C am p at Nig h t
CHAPMAN as a dramatist was contemporary with S hakes p eare
but his trans lation o f Ho mer was no t comple ted till 1 61 6 The
1 61 6.
.
WI LL IAM
1 62 3
]
D RU M M
OND
27
plays help ed Dryden to some of his bo mbast : the Homer inspired
Keats and drew fro m him a splen did so nnet The passag e from
the I liad V III h e re giv en may be co mp ar ed with T enn ys on s
ver s ion of the same lin es whi ch stands evid ently in the same
re lation to Ch pman s wo rk as some of Turner s pictures
to C laude s
.
'
.
,
'
'
a
'
.
—1 6 0
Rob e rt B urto n ( 1 577 4 )
“ GB
The P o tio n o f Lov e (A na tomy of M ela ncholy)
2 99
H umo ur is larg ly r pr s nted in this Englis h Anthology
I t m y be s i d t be of five kinds The first is
as it ought to be
that whi ch is natural ly incid nta l to any study of English so cial
life : it is common t Ch uc r s Canterbu y T les his Troilus
and Cr isey d
an d m n y of th
grea t novels such as Tom Jones
m S handy Near t this is the more po inted sa tirical
and Tr ist
humour in Richa rd th Red less G ssip M ine Every M an in his
Humou H udibr as The W y of the Wor ld Gulliver s Travels
A dd iso n s Es ays The R pe of the Lock B rk el y s Essays and
passag es lik e The Dinne r Party in Cowp er s poems D e
li be rat e or instincti v e humour fo r its own sake is ex empli fied
in Henryso n s Robin nd M akyne Bea um nt and Fl tcher s
Knight of the Bu ning Pestle S ucklin g s poe ms G y s Q uid
S h ridan s Riva ls D ick ens s P ickwick P apers and
nunk ies
M red ith s Eg ist S imp ler and more ro llicking is the mood
f The P ilgr im S a V y ge and S ylo s f
my M ney The
fifth nd mos t li te rary is the learn d nd whimsical humour
of the conn isse ur in human lif The earli st in this kind is
R b ert Burt on ; an o ccas iona l o utburst in his l tt ers brings
Gray into the s m cla s ; nd Lamb and Peacock ar brilliant
an d acc mplish d memb ers of it But The A n t my of M el ancholy
( 62 1 ) has given life to many mor than can b h re en umerated
1 62 1 .
e
e
e e
a
.
o
a
.
e
o
e,
a
a
e
.
o
ra
e
r,
e
s
r
o
,
,
,
'
,
a
,
a
,
a
,
'
e
'
,
,
e
'
e
'
.
,
,
'
a
'
e
a
,
s
'
'
,
o
o
,
'
e
e
'
r
,
o
,
'
,
.
'
e
o a
a
o
a
r
e
a
e.
or
o
.
e
o
e
a
o
e
s
a
e
e
a o
.
1
e
e
1 62 3.
e
.
Willi am D rummo n d o f Hawt hornd en
( 1 58 5 1 649 )
On D ea th ( The Cyp r ess Gr ove)
30 1
DRUMM OND wr o te imita tive vers e with occasional grace but
mo r e frequ ent sti ffness
His pros e is e q ually d elib e rate but
mu ch more succ es sfu l : it might be d escrib ed as the E uphuism
of a mo re se rio us ag e and it leads o n to the far gr eater
achievement of S ir Tho mas Brown e The Cyp ress Grove was
publis h d in 1 623
-
.
,
.
e
.
J O H N W E BS T E R
28
Joh n We bst e r (
1 62 3.
—
t 16 o€
’
3
[ 1 62 3
)
The D uc h ess o f M alfi ( 1 61 8)
WEBSTER was a gr eat p oe t and might possib ly hav e be en a
great dramatist If o nly certain fragments of his two most
famous plays had survived we should have placed him wi th
As it is his r eputation has lon g
S hak esp eare and no oth er
o utlas te d his influ en c e
The po ignan t and dazzling b ea uty
of his lines is b eyond all learning ; and no o ne but Tourne ur
attempted to follow him to the extr eme of inhuma n cru elty and
piled up ho rror Even in The Duchess of M alfi ( 1 62 3) upon
whi ch hi fame now r es ts he fo rces his wonderful imagination
do wn attempting unnatural means and
to a co mp le t e br eak —
failing doubly to a chieve the end o f tragedy
.
,
.
,
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-
.
s
,
,
.
1 62 4 .
Sir H enry Wotto n ( 1 5684 639 )
E liza be th o f Boh emi a
The C hara c te r o f a Hap py Life
WOTI ON was an accomplis hed g en tleman whose v erse lives
’
'
so much by its po etica l quali ty as by the charm and wit
of its author express d in forms of a classical traditi on The
Character of a Happy Life descends from M artial through
S urrey s po em o n the same theme (English Antho logy p
and the lin e is no t yet extin c t
W ritt en in looser ve rs e Wo tto n s
reflections and compliments would probably have b een for
gotten in a month In 1 624 he retir ed from diplo macy to the
Provostship of Eton and his literary influ en ce is da ted from
this pe rio d
not
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,
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,
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1 62 5.
Fra n ci s Q uarl e s ( 1 59 2
—1 6
44)
A M edita ti o n o n J ob (j ob M ilitant)
QUARLES wro te vo lumino us ly and his Emblems ( 1 634) had an
but his popularity b egins with his S ion s
immense success
S onnets i n 1 62 5 Coleridge read him w ith care and the marginal
anno ta tions in his own copy show that he foun d hfe in hi m
,
'
.
,
.
1 62 9
J O H N M I L T O N ( L)
]
1 62 7.
29
P hine as Fl e t ch er ( 1 580 —1 650 )
The G r ea t Co nsul t o f S a ta n and his Pee rs
PHI NEAS FLET CHER was th eld er broth er of the auth r f
Ch ist s Victory (ante) but as a p t he cam o ut cons iderably
lat r
His po ems li k e his broth er s w er f the S pense rian
family and kn wn to Milton M or th an this : it is plain that
th e pass ag e h r e g iven from The Ap olly onists contains the s ugg
tion and in som d egr ee the inspir tion of the S tan of P adise
Lost
S cene chara ct r style and phrase form so obvious
parallel th t if Fl tch r s work had been published in 1 672
instead of 1 627 it would have be en marked as a p lagiarism
e
o
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oe
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e
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e
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o
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a
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1 62 9
.
Joh n Mi lto n ( I ) (
.
—
1 60 8
74)
Hymn o n the M orning of C hrist s Na tivity
'
'
L Allegr o
Il Pens e ro so
M I LT ON S first p eriod da tes from the Ode on the Na tivity
written in 1 629 when he was twenty-one His early work
La tin and Englis h v ers e shows him as
a gentle and sociable
youth a lov er of mus ic, gaiety, women boo ks , plays, and
countr y pleasures : at the same time studious religious , and
"
"
high minded : a temperament ex cep tionally happy
Then
s udd e nly co mes the g r ea t Ode fu ll of the n at ural magi c
whi ch
takes common words and in so me way beyond explanation
mak es o f th em a strang e and memorab le picture, a strang e and
"
haunting melody
M ilto n s own a ccoun t of the writing of
this poem is giv en in a L atin E legy addresse d by way of l ett e r
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to his friend D io dati After a playful passage o n the connection
of poetry with drinking music d ancing and ladies eyes he
tells of his new Ode and gives the subs tance of it compressed
into three couple ts mad e up of phras es whose E ng lis h e qu ival en ts
ar e easily re co gnisable
L ALLEGRo and Ir PEN S ERO S O ar e of the same p eriod wri tten
shortly after Milton left Cambridge ( 1 632) and while he was
living in his fath e r s coun try ho use at Horton in Bu ckinghamshire
Th ey too sho w clearly that he was by bi rth far from Puritanism
his s ens e of bea uty an d his reli gious ins tin ct w er e naturally at
o ne ; his min d had as yet no b itte r or se lf righteo us habit
.
,
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'
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,
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.
F U L K E G RE V I L L E
3c
1 633.
[ 1 633
Fulk e Gr evi ll e, Lord B roo k e (
M yra
—
1 554 1 62 8
)
32 8
e
Ga eli ca , cx
32 9
.
FUL KE GREVI LLE was born in the same year s Philip S idney
and may ha v
writt n hi sonn ets and songs as early ; but they
were no t publis hed ti ll 1 633 five years after his o wn death and
more than fo rty years aft r Astr op h l a nd S tella first b came
famous Greville s prin ci pal part durin g his life was that of a
diplo matist s tate o fli cial and wealthy p eer ; but he survives
as the in timate friend fellow poe t and b iographe r of S i dn ey
a
e
s
e
,
,
e
e
e
'
.
,
,
,
1 633.
.
G e org e H erb ert ( 1 593 1 632 )
-
Virtue
The Pulley
GEORGE HERBERT died at 39 and his po ems were p ublished
in the fo llowin g year
His influence has b een gr eat and
lastin g but most of his followers (Keb le the b est of them) have
resembled him rather in piety than in originality
,
,
.
Joh n F ord ( 1 586—1 639 )
1 633.
The Bro k en Hear t
FORD is admitt d to be the b est of the Jacobe an dramatists
has
and The B r ok en Hear t
o ne of his two b est p lays
been r evived for a f w nights within living memory But it is
no lo ng e r eas y t o find an audi en c e fo r p lays whos e stro ng est
The climax of The
si tuatio ns ar e o bvio us ly im poss ib le ones
Broken Hear t h ere gi v en is not mer ely imit ation but a parod y
of drama : an d the would be great emo tional scene in whi ch the
heroine smitten by successive messag es of disaster calmly goes
o n with h er c er emoni al dan c e is wh n comp ar ed wi th g enuin e
Fo r the sak e of such an
t rag e dy an e qually ho llo w sho w
effe ct Ford will sacri fic e the br adth o f view sa ni ty and trut h
to human nature whi ch give dramatic fitn ess and a lasting
powe r ove r th e emotions
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1 64 0
T H O M AS CARE W
]
31
Martin P ark e r (c 1 635)
S aylors fo r my M o n ey
T his sp lend id s o ng has reapp ear ed in many v ersions or
adaptatio ns of whi ch the o ne be g inn ing Y G en tlemen of
"
Eng lan d was the b est kno wn u nt l eclips ed by Campbell s
a d aring but en ti ely justifiab le
Y e M arine rs of En g lan d
transfo rmation But the original r emains the best— g enius blows
thro ugh it in a gale wi thout a lull
Fo r the dat e 1 635 see S ir C harles Fi rth s Na val S ongs and
1 635.
.
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Balla ds
.
Sir Wi lli am D avena n t ( 1 60 6—68)
Aubad e
337
D AVENAN I was a Royali st po e t an d playwr ight who suc cee ded
was r escued fr om Puritans in
Ben Jonson as Laureate
He
the Civil W ar by M ilton and was late r a frien d of Dryd en
surviv es in this o ne son g of the co urtly trad iti o n
1 637.
‘'
.
.
Sir Joh n S u c klin g ( 1 60 9 42)
W hy so P al e and Wan t
338
S UC KL I N G was a Cavalie r poe t with the tradi ti onal charm ;
but to this was add ed a g ift of un u sually exq uis ite humour
His co llecte d po ems and p la ys were pub lis h ed afte r his d eath
but in 1 638 app eared A gla u a from whi ch the song Why so
pal e and wan fo nd lo v et t is taken
1 638 .
—
.
,
r
,
,
1 640 .
.
Thomas Car ew ( 1 59 5 f
wrote a masqu e und er the influ en ce of Ben J onson
but his po e ms w ere not published till ( 1 640) aft er his
d eath S even o r eight o f them ar e of the finest poe try of his
age ;
Ask me n o mo r e
is one of th os e mag ical p ie ces o f
supremely artful simp li ci ty whe re
Fear
as in S hak espear e s
no more the h eat o f the s un
the so und and n o t the sense
app ears to give the meaning
CaREw
.
'
"
,
.
,
“
S IR
32
1 642 .
T H O M A S BR O W N E
[ 1 64 2
Si r Thomas B rowne ( 1 60 5—82 )
On Happ iness ( Chr istia n M or a ls, P art I I I )
.
On Re v enge ( Chr istian M or a ls, P ar t I I I )
.
On Futu rity ( Chr istian M or a ls, P art I I I )
34 1
On S pi ritu als ( Chr istia n M or a ls, P ar t I I I )
342
.
.
On Visio n ( hr istia n M or a ls,
C
Par t I I I )
343
S I R TH O MAS BRO WNE S influ nc dates fro m the pub lica ti on of
his firs t and most pop ular book R ligio M edici in 1 642 : the
Christian M or a ls was written later p erhaps no t fina lly revised
and only publis h d ( 1 71 6) long aft r his d eath
But if it la cks
anything of th gr av humour the continually surprising quaint
ness and exqu is it ly carven phras ing o f the R ligio it gains by
a m r vid nt sinc rity and its philosophy is not less pro found
for b ein g more eas ily int e lligi b le
'
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1 60 8- 74
Joh n Milt o n ( I L) (
)
G oo d and E vil In Boo ks (A r eopagitica)
The P r epara tio n o f P ara dise L ost ( The Reason of
Chur ch Gover nment ur g d against Pr ela ty)
346
The Re tor t Co ur te o us ( Colaster ion)
347
M ILT ON in his se cond p eriod was an entirely chang ed man
The youn g and happy poet the court ly gent leman and zs thetic
churchman had disappeared and in his pla ce there had entered
a strenuous and a lmost lawless controversialis t a Parliamentar ian
He wrote in prose— loftily
an d offi cia l of the Commonw ealth
and so noro us ly for L ibe rty of U nlic en s d Prin tin g (A reopagitica
furio usly and scurrilous ly for Freedom of Divorce (English
How far the transformation had gone
A nthology pp 344
is S hown even more strikingly by a passag e in the trac t against
"
Prelaty Ther e b etween fierce S trokes at the inquisito rious
of bishops and the writing of the
and tyrann ica l d un c e ry
vulgar Amorist o r t iming Parasite o f the Royalist party
he thrusts in an auto b iographica l paragraph of the gr eat est
a kind of prosp ectus of
int er es t ( English A nthology p
P a radise Lost not free fr om o sten tation and self-cons ciousness
ev en in its e loquent piety ; but when we rememb er the chan ces
o f the time and th e ev entual issue o ne of the highes t chall eng es
ev er t hrown down to h uman fate
1 644 .
'
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O BE R T H E R R I C K
[ 64 8
Passion i wh lly abs n t fr m th m but th r e s m pl s in g
pi c
f whi ch The Wish is p rhap s the best It is ith r th
so urce
th amp lification f a p h as in a l tt r of his wn
also quot d h r Cowl y s pr s
p cially that in his Essay
to his v rs that he
is b tt r t han hi v e rs ; but it w
o w d his influ n c
Hi ce l br ted P indar ic Od intr oduce d
fashi n whi ch f fifty y ars aft rwards l d his f ll w rs away
fr m sinc rity f xpr ssi n But th y als made poss ible som
f th fin st w rk
f Dryd en Gr y Collins Wordsw rth
S h ll y nd T nnys n
It has so m tim s b n th ught that M ilt n m y hav tak n
a sugg stion f his Great Co nsu lt in H ll fr m the op ening of
Cowley s D videts s cred epic writt n f r th most p rt wh le
"
n d th r for
C wl y was a yo ung stud n t t C mbridg
so me y
rs b efor M ilt n s pro sp ctus
f P r dis Lost
But the r s emb lanc e is s light
( e abov und r d t
n d M i lton
rs was pr bably
who w
th
eld r by ten y
f mi liar lon g be for this with Phi n Fl tch r s mu ch m r
co ng ni al po m ( ee ab v
st of the
The r al int
D vi deis lies in its us of rhym d c up l ts oft n p ithy but m r
ft n grot squ ely bsurd which p int with s tartlin g dir ctn ss
t th fl tt t l v ls of th sch
l f Dryd n many y ars h ead
R
34
1
,
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e
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es
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eas
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es
or
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a
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ea
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e
or
o
.
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o
e e ar
,
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oo
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a
.
1 648 .
Rob ert H e rri c k ( 1 59 1 — 1 674)
The Night Pie c e : To Juli a
Corinna s Going a M aying
To the Virgins to ma ke much o f Time
To Viole ts
To D affo dils
To An th e a who may c o mma n dhim Anything
To M e adow s
E p itaph
Litany to the Holy S p irit
HERRI C K was tw m n o f whom nly one has s urviv d
Th
ne wh
di d was n imitat r f Marti l in his tri vial and
c rs e v in and f B n Jons n at his off nsive m m nts
Th
ther th H rrick f th N bl Numb and the Hesper id
has p l ce by hims lf in E ng lish lit rature as the writ r
f th larg st c ll cti n f th m st xq ui si t poems
Of t h s
s m hav lik Campi n s b st a p culiar sing ble q uality
-
'
-
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,
o
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oa
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es
er s
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a
e e
,
E D WARD HY D E
35
and we re p e rfe ctly s et by H en ry L awes and o th ers ; but the mos t
o f th em hav e the mus ic o f po e try a music whi ch b e lon gs to
t hems elves and is the s o und o f the meaning and no t sugg estive
o f an y sin gin g vo ic e or ins tru ment
Like Car ew the only p oe t wi th whom he can be g r oup ed
Herrick suffere d a long e clips e be hin d the c lo uds o f po liti ca l
d sturbanc e His r eputatio n only shone o ut again two c enturies
aft e rwards an d may poss ib ly in an age o f ev en gr eat e r chao s
survive to correct current misunderstan din gs o f the meanin g of
fo rm in ar t
1 65 0
]
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1 61 8—58
Si r Ri chard L ov ela c e (
)
PAGE
To Lucasta go ing to the Wars
364
To Lucas ta go in g beyo n d the S eas
364
To Al th ea fro m P riso n
365
L OVELA C E the typ ical Cavalie r poe t p ub lis h ed his volume
Lacosta in 1 64 9
His b es t po e ms lik e the man hims elf we re
"
to his o wn t ime
in co mp arab ly grac eful
and E n glis h chival ry
going to the w ars has eve r since gone in the remembrance
o f th e m
1 649 .
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
H enry Vaugha n (
1 650 .
1 62 1 - 9 5
)
The Ret re a t
366
F riends D e parte d
367
VAU G HAN
the S il uris t
(S outh Wels hman) publish d his
volume S lex S cint llans in 1 650 Olor I scanus in 1 65 1 He w
conf ss ed foll w r f G rge Herbe rt whom h f r s urpass s
(when t his b es t) in d pth of th ought and fe lin g as w ell as
in int ens ity of expr ess i n
“
e
i
a
i
e
o
e
o
eo
a
e
,
e
o
1 650 .
as
.
,
e
a
e
,
.
E dward H yd e, E arl o f C lar en do n ( 1 60 8
I6
74)
Cro mw ell (History of the Rebellion)
368
CLAREND ON S His tory of th Gre t Rebe lli n was no t pub
lis h d till 1 70 4 when he h d be en d d thi rty years
But th
bo k w b gun in 1 646 and is a p liti cal r c rd : his influ enc
m y w ll b d t d from 1 65
when th d th of Charl s I
h d l ft him in th pos iti n f chi f minist r of the Royal is t
p rty in x il His Hist ry i l ngthy nd un tidily writt n but
vivid nd well c nc iv d
g ll ry of cont mporary p rtraits
'
e
as
e
a
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e
a
ea
a e
e
o
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s
as a
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e
e
o
o
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a
a
a
,
o
a
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o
,
.
T H O M A S H O B BE S
[ 1 65 2
it is unsurpasse d ; and this of Cromw ell is p erhaps the bes t
The fr ank partis anship of the last s ent en c e o nly s ets o ff the
wonderful civility generosity and bo unty of the whole picture
36
.
,
.
1 652 .
Thomas Hobb e s ( 1 5538 1 679 )
”G
Of C o mmo n w e al th
371
HO BB ES was ctu lly th last f the E lizab thans : h was
born in the year of th Armada ( 1 588) nd di d in 1 679 His
mas terp iece the fam us Levia than did no t app ar till 652
when he was already 64 and had waste d time on mathematic l
books of no r pute and a v ers e translation of Hom r His
styl e is r eminiscent o f the pros e o f Bacon and Ben J onso n ; but
its combined vitality cl earness and ri gi d t erseness ar e his o wn
contribution to scientifi c literatur e and have had a lasting ffect
-
E
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a
a
e
o
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a
o
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e
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e
,
1
a
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,
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—
1
8
n
d
r
e
w
M
ar
v
e
ll
6
1
A
2
(
7 )
T hough ts in a G ard en
375
To his Coy Mistr ess
377
MARVELL S living po ems wer e ne arly all writt en b etw een 1 650
Up to this time he had b een a fri end of Lovelac e
and 1 652
I n 1 653 he was pro pose d by Mi lto n
and an admir er of C har les I
as his coadj utor in the L atin S e cr etarys hi p to the Commo n
wealth and the appoin tment was made in 1 657 He followed
Milto n in be coming a fierce politi cian ; sat in the Roun dh ead
Parliament and held his seat after the Res to ration as a membe r of
the O p pos iti on His v ery b ea utifu l po ems ran g e from the Cavalie r
"
piece To his Coy Mistress to the Puritan Bermudas and
two mindedness
ar e th ereby p e culiarly char a ct e ristic o f the
of the mod ern Englishman
1 652 .
'
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.
,
,
,
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,
-
.
Sir Wi lli am T e mpl e ( 1 62 8—9 9 )
Na tio nal Genius P o etr y and Musi c
1 654 .
,
1 654 .
D oroth y Osbor ne
(m arrie d
1 654:
I 69 5
die d
)
To S ir Will ia m T empl e
38 1
TEMPLE o f a Parliamentarian family fell in lov e in 1 647 wi th
Dorothy Osbo rne da ughter of the Ro yalist Governo r of Gue rn
His l ett ers
sey and marr ied her in 1 654 afte r b itt e r oppositi o n
,
,
,
,
.
I C H A R D BA X T E R
37
and essa ys ar e a d is ti nguish e d infl uenc e in E ng lis h life and thoug h
they were no t publishe d till long afte r his d eath thei r effect was
felt much earlier He had a gr eat position as confidential adviser
to William III and S wift and Esther Johnson ( S tella) were
both inma tes of his hous e
DOROTHY O S B ORNE lives by the charm of her letters and
one o f the most d e lightful o f th em writt en no t long be for e her
marriag e is her e pla ced si d e by side wi th her lover s most famous
pages though the a ctual date of the la tt er is not asce rtainable
R
]
1 65 7
,
.
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,
.
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,
Je r e my Taylor ( 1 61 3 67)
“ GE
On Wo men as F riends (A D iscour se of Fr iendship) 383
JEREMY TAYL OR was durin g his most fe rtile p eriod a Royalist
living a lternately in a Parliament prison and in retirement in
Wal es und er the protection of the Ear l o f Carbe ry His influence
may be supp ose d to have r each ed its fu ll force by 1 656 by whi ch
time he had published his Liber ty of Prophesying Holy Living
Holy Dy ing and A D iscour se of Friendship
and co uld
venture to return to a L ondon congregation He was a splendid
o rator oft en too fu ll of fan cy to p lease his co nt emporaries ; but
his mind was s imp le and g entle and he had the gr eat merit of
bein g the earliest gr eat divine to free himself completely fro m
the subtl e ti es an d sp inosities o f the S chools
( Goss e)
1 656.
-
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
Tho mas Full e r ( 1 60 8 61 )
1 656.
-
S ea men ( The Wor thies of E ngland)
386
FULLER S huge Chur ch H istory of Brita in ( 1 656) is his gr ea tes t
work ; but The Wor thies of England publis hed aft er his death
is equ ally volu mino u s and p erhaps ev en mor e chara ct e ris tic of
him He was a great E ng lis hman and lov ed his c o untry s earth
almost as much as her p eople and her fame
'
,
,
'
.
,
.
Ri ch ar d Baxt e r ( 1 61 5—9 1 )
E nglan d s M e r cies ( The S a int s E ver las ting Rest) 387
BAXTER was a no n co nforming clergyman pe rse cute d by
Charl s II nd James II and ins ulted by J udg e J effreys His
S a int s E v rlas ting Rest ( 1 650 ) and Ca ll to the Unconver ted
( 657) have had an imm ns e influ nc o n many g n r ti ns
and w re t extboo ks of the grea t E van ge lical r evival of th e
ninet nth c entu ry
1 657.
'
'
-
e
.
'
a
,
.
.
,
e
1
e
e
ee
.
e
e
e
e a
o
,
HE NR Y
38
KING
[ 1 65 7
H en ry Kin g Bi shop o f C hi c h e st e r ( 1 59 2
1 669 )
A Renun ci a ti o n
389
BIS H O P KI N G was like H bb s a lat e E lizab than but died
ten y rs b f r e him
H w th friend of Ben J ns n nd f
D onn e wh se p o tical dis cip l he was He lack d D nn s
int ens ity and originality but a grav e and t end r n t g iv s him
beauty of his own It is hardly t b d ubt d tha t T nnyson
wh n h wrote his Love and D uty was m tching his wn ar t
g ins t King s R nunci ti n; and if th v rdict must go in
f v ur of the Cavalier bish p King s p ms w r publ hed
1 657.
,
o
,
ea
e o
e
.
o
e
as
e
e
,
e
o
e
.
e
,
a
o
.
e
,
e
o
e
o
,
e
o
o e
e
a a
e
a
a o
o
so
o
e
'
oe
.
'
e
e
e
a
'
o
a
o
e
rs
e e
in 1 657
.
1 660- 70 .
J ohn Wilmot, E arl o f Ro ch e st e r ( 1 648
1 680 )
Return
39 0
O CHESTER was the typ e of all that was wo rst and witti st
among the rak es of the Revo lution ; but b et ween 1 660 and 1 670
he wrot e a few exc ellent son gs of whic h Retur n is both touching
and memorab le
R
e
,
.
—
1 61 2 80
1 663.
S amu e l B utl e r (
)
The Pu rita n Knight E rra nt (Hudibr as)
39 1
In 1 663 was publis hed the first part o f H udibr as Wr itten in
the Time of the La te Wa rs ; in 1 664 the s e co n d part and th
conclus ion in 1 678 I t is the mo st characteristi cally English
o f satir e s and p erhap s the mo s t s ucc es sfu l b eing at on c e e ntir ely
p ersonal and Sincere and entirely r epresentative o f the natio nal
feeling o f reaction I ts modernity the concentration o f its
scornful e ne rgy an d the in exhau sti b le hu mour o f its rhym es
and rhythms
ar e mo r e tha n eno ugh to explain its immens e
popularity and lastin g fame
,
e
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
—1
1 664 .
S amu e l P ep y s ( 1 633 70 3)
Diary J anuary 1 663—4
39 3
PEPYS D iary was no t published till 1 20 years after his death ;
vents t
the ext ract h e re g iv en is p lac e d at the d ate o f the
corded as a historical document (like The P aston Letters) But
,
'
e
e
,
.
T H O M AS T RAHE R NE
39
it be lo ngs to lite rature in a v e ry unus ual b ut u nd eniab le fas hion
The wr t er has the gift of co n fess io n carrie d to th e point o f
g enius : he confess es the truth the whole truth and nothing
but the truth— and yet no t o bj ectively but in a style invariably
marke d with the st amp o f a u ni que p ersonality
1 670
]
,
.
i
,
,
.
1 665.
— 1 68
Izaak Walto n ( 1 593
3)
M r D o nne s Visio n (Lives)
'
.
WAL T ON S Comp lea t A ngler was prin t ed in 1 653 and r evised
'
book
f t grac rath r ha of co sc us
t rar art
dr w
gs d
av
a
for
plac
fil
a t
cow p
r al fl u c
ra ur d t fro
wh
b g publ h g f ou
tha of chard
kr
aft rw rd t os of Do
G org
rb r
a d rs
w th
or
ott a r ad pr d
in an i l e
e
in 1 655— a
of
e
t n
n io
li e
y
(An e L an ai o f hi m He en me nt him
the
e he
l s, as it me n the
sli
and the
But his e
in en e in li te t e a es
m 1 665,
e n he
e an
is in his am s Lives— fir s t
t
Ri
Hoo e ,
and
e
a
s h
e
nn e,
e
e He
e t and S n e o n,
i
the mem i o f W
on
l e y
inte in his Reliquie
.
Wottonianae
1 668 .
Si r Charl es Se dl ey ( 1 639 70 1 )
To Celia
S EDLEY S lit e rary reputation was mad e by The M ulber ry
Garden a comedy in 1 668 but he is remembered for two
so ngs this o ne To Celia and
Phyllis is my only j oy
—1
'
,
,
.
,
—
1 6 6i 1 6
Thomas Trah e r ne ( 3
74)
The Child s Visio n o f the World ( Centur ies of
1 670 .
'
M edita tions)
400
W o nd e r
40 1
p s w r d cov r d
publ h d
rtra D b
w th o
xtra c fro a o h r
po
app ar
t d C r
hav b wr t
o t par
ar f
b tw
wh Trah r
v g
s of
O r do r dg a
chap
publ h g
c trov rs al w rk
F
pr p r g
C
pr ss
ppr x
dat
th r for
b
ss g
h r but
ust bor
d that
pr s xtract
rg
of
p
r but
is e by
TRAHERNB S o e m
e e
is
e e
in M S an d
m n t e
M r Be
ts
m o ell in 1 9 0 3, i s me e
to
e
M S , e nti le
The
e ms
entu ies of M edita tions
e
e en
i t en fo r the m s
t in e ly li e, and the M edita
tions
e ne was li in
in the
e
en
een 1 667 an d 1 674
ho u e
is in his
lain ;
S ir
lan
B i em n as
on
his hr i stian
e i
o
e a in
Roman o rger ies, an d
Ethicks fo r the
e e
e
e 1 670 has
e
T he a
o ima te
een a i n e d to hi m
n e in min
it m
be
e e;
th e
an
o e e
the oem Wonde
is no t the o i inal
'
.
.
.
.
.
J O HN M IL T O N ( I I I )
[ 1 671
e xpand e d v e rsi n or me di tati o n upo n it
Both the pros e and
verse ar e strongly influenced by Vaughan
40
.
o
,
.
.
1 671 .
Joh n Milto n ( I I I )
.
The E xiles ( P a r adise Lost, Bo o k X I I )
.
Co ns ola tion ( S amson Agonistes)
On his Blind ness
M ILT ON b egan t write P a radi e Lost in 1 657 ft r some y rs
of pr parati n n d it was publish d t n y rs lat r ; P a adis
This date marks no doubt th
R ga ined foll w d in 671
c mpl tion f th achi ev m nt to which F me will alw ys
point ; but w have alr ady s en that Milton s p tical power
rly y uth Th influ nc f his thi rd
w supreme from his
p eriod has b n gr t r but less favourable : his L atini sm
threaten d t p etr fy th diction f English poe try Of all
his su cc ss rs Ro b rt Bridg s al on has b en abl to w ear th
M iltonic dignity wi th ut ill coming f it
S am on Agonistes
has be n far less kn wn but is p erhaps
gr ter po m than
P a dis Lost I t h b e n r d lately by a g n rati n smitt n
with the j ust but unhappy ang r of war and desir in g at o n
and the same time to be lik e th e bli nd Gi n t
o n his enemi s
fu lly revenged and t have p eace and conso la tion
And
"
calm of mind all passion sp ent
o
e
o
e
o
e
,
a
o
e
o
s
e
1
e
as
ee
i
o
ea
ea
e
e
e
e
ea
o
a
e
.
r
e
,
e
a
'
e
e
e
e
e
,
oe
e
e o
o
e
.
.
e
o
ar
a
ea e
o
e
e
.
e
e
e
,
e
o
o
,
as
e
e
s
.
a
ea
ea
e
e
e
e
e
o
e
,
a
,
e
e
,
o
,
.
—
1 62 8 88
1 678 .
Joh n B u nya n (
)
To his Read e r ( The Pilgr im s Pr ogr ess)
408
The T rial o f Faithful ( The P ilgr im s Pr ogr ess)
40 9
The C ro ssing o f the Riv e r ( The P ilgr im s P r ogr ess) 4 1 3
BUNYAN the thi rd with L angland and S p enser of the gr eat
English allegorists published his P ilgrim s Progr ess (the First
Part) in 1 678 I t has b een said to owe something to a Peler inage
de I A me Huma ine tho ugh Bun yan cou ld hardly have read this
What is no t doubtful is that he had rea d the Autho rised Ve rsion
of the Bible and wi thout cons cious art had acquired a style
familiar and dignifi d fit to express his extrao rdinary sin ceri ty
wit and insight His v e rs e is e qually a wo nd e r : no thin g c o uld
to his Reader in rhymed co uplets ;
be better than his pr eface
and his S h ephe rd Boy s son g in the Vall ey of H umilia ti on is
a hymn as p erfect as the finest so ngs o f the Cavalie rs
'
'
'
,
,
,
'
,
.
'
,
.
e
,
,
.
'
.
J O HN L O C KE
42
[ 1 69 0
1 69 0 .
Joh n L o c k e ( 1 632— 1 70 4)
PAGE
Of the Asso cia tio n o f I d e as (A n E ssay Concer ning
Huma n Under standing)
434
O C KE S Essay Concer ning Human Under standing appeared
A ccording to o ne j udge
in 1 69 0
to g ive a j us t id ea o f th e
influ en ce of Lo ck e it wo uld be ne c ess ary to write the histo ry
"
o f p hilosophy fro m his time to our o wn
According to another
the
obs tinate Philis tinis m o f tho ught and expression which
i the b es e tting s in o f the eight eenth c entury was due to him
mo r e than to any oth er
He r emain s an e asy and agreeab le
wri te r
'
L
,
.
,
.
s
,
.
.
—
16 0 1
Wi ll i am Co n gr ev e ( 7 72 9 )
S t J a mes s P ar k in 1 700 ( The Way of the Wor ld) 4 35
CON GREVE— a yo ung gent leman o f 2 3 b efriended by Dryd n
— g aine d his first succ ess with his p la The Old Bachelor
y
an d r eache d the h eight of his lit e rary p o w e r in The Way of
the Wor ld
though it was at the moment so little appro ved
that he abandoned the stage It is a world of almost tragic
real world
imagination with brillian t p ic tures from th e
For Dryden s estimate see above (English A nthology
inwo v en
p
1 700 .
'
.
e
.
,
'
,
.
.
1 70 5.
I saa c Watts ( 1 674 1 748)
-
T he D ay o f Jud g ement
WATTS pub lished his famo us hymns — Hor se Lyr ica — ih 1 70 5
and his
Psa lms of Da vid in 1 71 9
,
.
—
16 2 1
Si r Ri chard S t eel e ( 7 72 9 )
Lette rs
I n 1 70 7 S TEELE who had faile d as a dramatis t was app o int d
by Harley th Tory lead e r to the impo rtan t pos t o f Gaz ett ee r
"
D ear Prue a b eautifu l
In the same year he marr ie d his
W elsh lady o f some prop e rty To her he wrote the famo us
as goo d
lette rs o f which a selection is her e giv en : le tters
"
acted by a reb ellious bibu lo us adoring and yielding
as a p la y
1 70 9 .
,
e
e
,
,
.
,
“
,
.
,
,
,
J OS EP H AD D IS O N
43
husban d and the torm nting p evish beauty who f ug ht
full power as his bs lute gov rnor
nd won
I n 1 7 9 S teel b egan t iss u The T t l r whi ch r an till 1 71
nd w
succeed d by The S p ct to produc d in allianc with
Add is on ; The Gu rdi n f ll w d in 1 7 3
In
7 5 he was
knight d and ent r d the H use o f Commons
1 71 1
]
e
e
a
a
a
0
e
o
as
e
a
a
o
a
o
.
e ,
r,
1
e
e
1
e
1
.
o
1
.
Jo natha n S wi ft (
1 71 0 .
e
e
e e
e
o
e
a
o
1 667—1 74 5
)
Jo urnal to S te lla 1 71 1
The Brobdi ngna g Vie w o f E urop e ( Gulliver s
PAGE
,
'
Tr a vels)
To M r
.
44 7
.
P op e
4 52
M r Gay to Dr S wift
452
.
.
WI FT wh had first be n s cr tary to S i William
T empl th n h edge parson and Whig p mphlet r went ov r
to the Tories and was ve ry f vour b ly r c ived by Har l y ; h
mad e his r pu tation immedia t ly in th Tory Examiner and b g n
Th T l
in 1 71 1 his J u n l to S tell
f a Tub had b een
publis hed anonymous ly in 1 70 4 and Gulliver s T vels ppear d
th gr tes t book of
in 72 6 E ach o f th es e has b en ca lled
"
the c n tury
The s imu ltaneo us lett e rs from S wift to P p
n d fr m Gay
t
S w ift show the method of con c e lm nt practis d by S w ift
upo n his lit r ry intimates and th foredoom d futili ty of it
l ss subt le and m re successful
S cot t wi th W ve l y w
In
1 71 0
S
e,
e
o
,
e
e
-
r
a
a
e
a
a
ee
e
e
a.
a e o
e
ra
,
e
.
e
e
a
e
ea
.
o
o
a
e a
a
1 71 1 .
e
e a
'
1
e
,
e e
e
o r
e
r e
as
o
e
e
e
,
e a
e
e
.
o
J os eph Addi so n (
1 672 —1 71 9
.
)
Hymn
4 55
The O p era ( The S pecta tor )
455
S ir Ro ge r and P ar ty S pir it ( The S pecta tor )
4 59
.
DDISON who had he lped S tee le In The Ta tler j o in ed
him in fou nd in g The S pecta tor I n this he bro ught to p e rfe ctio n
the typ e of essay orig ina te d by S t ee le
Who eve r wishes to
atta in an E ng lis h s ty le
familiar but not coarse and elegant
but no t ostentatio us must give his d ays and nights to the
volu mes o f Addison (Dr Johnson) But he wo u ld give them
in vain if he had no t th e t emp e r o f the man— Addison s pro s e
tho ugh without imaginatio n ar e the expression of
and v e rs e
an exqu is ite kindn ess and sinc erity
I n 1 71 1 A
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
'
,
,
.
AL
44
E XA ND ER P OP E
[ 1 71 2
Al exa n d e r P op e ( 1 688- 1 734)
1 71 2 .
The Rape o f the L o ck ( First E d iti o n)
To H S t
.
Lor d Bolin gbro ke (Epis tl e I
J ohn
.
,
)
.
( Essay on M a n)
472
To D r S wift
474
476
.
To a Lad y
To S ir Ric hard S teel e
477
478
Fro m S ir Richard S teele
To S ir Ric hard S teel e
479
T HE RAP E O F THE L o c x was publis hed in Linto t s M isc ll ny
( 1 71 2 ) in the f rm h r giv n : two years late r it r eapp ar d
with th additi n of an elaborat ma chinery of gno m s nd
As to th e ff ct f this opini on differs s tr ng ly ; the
sylphs
Simpl r o rigin l p l s ed Addison and lifted Pop e at onc
to the first rank of livin g Europe an poets S wift in the y ar"
following said th t the b st po et in England was M Pop e
He continued to ar n the titl an w with his H mer ( 71 5)
Dunciad ( 72 5) nd Essay on M an ( 733
I t has b e n oft n d eb t d wh the r Pop s v erse is po et y
In the Intr ductio n t
the Ess y on M an he himself says
This I might have done in pros but I ch s e verse and ev n
rhym f two reas ns : th one
tha t prin ciples maxims
or prec epts so written bo th S trike th r ader more strongly
I f und
at first and a
more easily retained The oth er
I could express th em mo re sho tly this way than in prose its elf ;
and
much of the f r c as well as gr ace of ar gument
ins tructi ons d p ends o n their concis ness
This is cle r an d
fin l ; but a little po try has cr ept in and The Rape of the Lock
is a comp l te p ti ca l cr eation
Th lett rs here g iv n illus trate P p e s wit (whi ch d s no t
spar even th Roman Church) his relati ns with S teele and The
S pec ta tor and his own patheti c cons ciousness of his bodily
d f rmity (English A nth l gy p
'
o
e
e e
e
e
e
.
a
e
o
o
ea
e
,
a
e
r.
e
e
e
e
a e
e
o
e
o
r
o
.
e
,
e
,
,
e
,
,
re
,
'
a
e,
or
1
1
o
e,
.
o
e
a
e
e
a
.
1
a
e
e
o
e
e
e
o
.
r
o
or
e
e
e
a
e
e
e
,
oe
.
e
e
a ,
.
e
'
o
e
oe
o
,
,
e o
o o
1 71 3.
,
.
Joh n Gay ( 1 685—1 732)
The Q uidnunkies
S w eet Willi a m s F ar ew ell to Bla ck
'
-e
'
a
y d S us n
480
48 1
t r d the literary society of London in 1 71 1 as th e
friend and protégé of S teele and Pope His Rura l S por ts had a
GAY
en e e
.
1 71 8
] L A D Y M AR Y W O R T L E Y M O N T A G U
45
success in 1 71 3 The S hepher d s Week in 1 71 4 The Wha t d ye
Ca ll I t in 1 71 5 his Fables in 1 72 7 The Begga r s Opera in 1 728
an d P olly in 1 72 9
The immense pop ular ty o f The Begga s
Op r a has held goo d to the pres ent day; in 1 72 8 it was reg r ded
as an attack on the Italian O pe ra and ev en o n th e Court
Polly
was forb idd en th e stag e an d appe are d as a privat e pub li ca tio n
and a wid e r s ca nda l
T he two sho rt e r poems he re giv en ar e
p e rfect examples of Gay s wit and vers atility
'
'
,
,
'
,
,
i
.
r
e
'
a
.
,
.
'
.
—1
Bi shop G e or g e Be rk el ey ( 1 68 5
1 71 3.
753)
p
m
P hiloso phic al S nuff ( The Guar dian No xxxv )
4 83
BERKELEY came from Ireland to L ondon in 1 71 3 in ord e r t
publis h his Dia logues between Hy las and Phil nous (M atter and
Mind ) He be came the intimate friend of S te le S wift Add ison
and Pop e and was lov e d by all for his chara ct e r charm intel
lect ua l d is tinction and
very virtue und r Heaven (Pope)
His styl is as flawl ss as A ddiso n s ; it is the expression f an
eq ually urbane temp er with mor e p e rso nal flavour
,
.
.
o
,
o
e
.
,
,
,
,
,
e
,
e
e
.
'
e
o
.
,
M atth ew P ri o r ( 1 664—1 72 1 )
On my Birthday Jul y 2 1
A Le tte r
1 71 8 .
,
PRI OR after being for years in high place as a To ry U nder
S e cr etary of S tat e and Ambassador was imp e ch e d and im
prisoned At his release in 1 71 7 his poems w ere collected and
they were p ublished by subscription in 1 71 8
,
a
,
,
.
.
L ady Mary Wo rtl ey Mo ntagu ( 1 689
1 762 )
To M r P
[P op e]
L AD Y M ARY WORTLEY M ONT AG U th e friend o f Addis o n
S t le Co ngrev e an d (for a time) Pop e left E ng lan d f r Co n
s tan tino p le in 1 71 6 an d in the fo llowing two years wrot e some
of the bes t of her famous letters includin g the o ne here quo ted
1 71 8 .
.
,
,
ee
,
,
o
,
,
.
DANIEL DEF OE
46
1 71 9 .
[ 1 71 9
D anie l D efo e ( 1 659—1 731 )
C rusoe
DEF O E was a contr o v rsial j urn lis t wh sudd nly inv nt d
in hi s ixti th y r an n tir ely n ew kin d f r m nc
R bins n
Cu
His oth r mem r b l bo o ks w r M ll F land s
nd R
n d The H ist ry f the P la gue (both in
n in 1 724
Th f m
f R bin on C u oe is w rld W d
and its d tail d
r lis tic m thod has influ nced m ny— n tab ly R L S t v nson
Rob inso n
o
e
s
r
ea
e
e
a
e
ea
o a
o
e
o
o
e
o
e
o
o
e
soe
a
a
a
e:
e e
o
s
r
e
s
-
o
e
a
i
o
o
a
.
e
e
e,
o
.
e
er
oxa
a
o
e
e
.
e
.
J am e s Thomso n ( 1 700 —48)
T he S n ows torm ( Winter )
49 5
TH OMS ON came to Lo ndon from S cotland in 1 72 5 to make
his fo rt une and mad e it in 1 72 6 by th pub li catio n of his poem
Winter follo wed by the o th er S easons S ummer
S p r ing
Their me rit and great popularity
( 1 72 8) an d A utumn
fo rmed for the remainder o f the century a chief bulwark o f the
poe ti cal ag ains t the encroachment of the prosaic in v rs e The
rhyt hm o f his blank v ers e is frequ ently reproduced by Tennyson
1 72 6
.
.
e
,
,
,
e
.
.
Bishop J os eph B utl er ( 1 69 2 1 752)
On Res entment an d Re v en ge ( S er mon up on For
1 72 6.
-
giveness of I nj ur ies)
I SHO P BUTLER S positi n as a p hilosophi cal divine was s cur d
In 736 th
by th pub licati on in 1 726 f F ft n S er m ns
Bis h p
A n l gy f R l gion pp r d
n d in 1 738 he be c m
f Bris to l
'
B
e
o
o
e
a o
o
o
e i
a
ea e
,
i
o
ee
1
.
a
a
e
e
o
e
.
H enry S t Joh n Vi s cou n t B olin gbrok e
—
( 1 678 1 751 )
Le ad e rs o f M en ( On the S pir it of P a tr io tism)
500
that f a po litician nd r t r
BO LI N GBRO KE S c r r w
pp r d in 1 735 nd
His book A D is rt t i n n P rti
The I d
P t i t King th ugh u nd t d is assign d to
f
sm dt
th
1 735.
.
'
a ee
se
ea
e
a
e
o
a
a e.
,
a
a r o
as
o
o
o
a
,
o
es
a
a
ea e
a e
o a o
,
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e
a
.
D AVI D H U M E
47
—
1 739 40
S amu e l Ri c hardso n ( 1 689 1 761 ) P GE
T he Vir tuo us L ad y s M ai d ( P a mela)
50 2
In 1 739 RI CHARDS ON attra cte d the att en tion o f some pub
lishe rs who engag e d him to writ e a set o f Familiar L etters as
From this roo t sprang in 1 740 1 Pamel :
a p o pu lar han dbo o k
no v el of mann e rs
o
Vi tue Rewa r ded th e first E ng lis h
Clar issa : or the History of a Young La dy ( 1 747—8) and S r
Cha rles Gr andison ( 1 754) a chieved an incredib le popularity
1 73 9
]
-
.
A
'
,
-
.
“
r
r
a
.
,
i
.
1 70 9- 84
Samu e l J oh nso n (
)
Addis o n (Life of A ddison)
50 4
The Life a cc ording to Na tur e
50 8
On e and-tw en ty
51 0
J OHN SON came to L ondon with Garrick in 1 737 : in 1 738 he
publis hed his po em London which was successful enough to
a ttract Pop e s favourab le no ti c e and by 1 739 J ohnso n was o n
the staff o f The Gentl man s M agaz ine
The P lan of a D ictiona ry
was iss u e d in 1 747 an d The Vanity of Huma n Wishes app ear ed
in 1 749
I n t he same year I r ene a trag ed y whi ch had be en
refus ed in 1 738 was successfully produced by Garrick at Drury
L ane
The D ictio na ry was finis h ed in 1 754 ; The I dler b egun
in 1 758 ; Rasselas app ear e d in 1 759 ; J o hnson s S hakesp ea re in
1 765 ; and his Li ves of the P oets in 1 78 1
In 1 763 he be gan to be a ttend e d by Boswell : in 1 764 he
fo u nded with a group o f friends the literary society called
wh ch has l sted to the pres en t day It was
The C lub
sugg es ted to him by S ir Joshua R ynolds and among o ther
o rig in a l m mbe rs w e re E dm u nd Burk e and O liv e r Go lds mi th
The pow e r of J ohnson s char act er an d c o nv e rsatio n w e re so
gr eat tha t his influence may reaso nably be dated not fro m his
ea rlies t s ucc ess but fro m his entry into th e wo rld of le tt e rs
For a cou nter attack o n his auto cratic judgments see the le tters
by Cowp e r (English A nthology pp 572
1 739 .
-
,
'
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,
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D avi d H um e ( 1 71 1 —76)
1 739 .
A S ce p ti c o n S c ep ti cism (A Tr ea tise of Human
Na tur e)
51 2
HUME S first work , the Trea tise of H uman Na ture, was writt en
'
1 734—7 in
Franc but no t publis hed ti ll 1 739 ; and his Essays
e,
,
FIELD ING
[ 1 742
M or a l and P olitica l appear ed in 1 742 anonymously But he was
alr eady known and highly es timate d by Butl er and Adam S mith
HE NR Y
48
.
,
.
—
1 70 7 54)
H enry Field in g (
P G
The Bro ken Ar m ( The History of Tomj ones)
51 6
In 1 742 F I ELDI N G p ublis hed j o p h A ndr ews as n ironi c l
parall l to Ri chardson s P amela— th virt uous footman b sid
th virtuous lady s mai d
This enrag d Richardson but in 1 749
th
app earanc of Tom j ones infli cted a f r m re f tal com
parison upon him This time C rvant s w Fi ldin g s m od l
an d th e r esult w
if no t the first Englis h nov l c ertainly the
first Englishman s novel
1 742 .
A E
se
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e
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e
a
e
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e
a
,
a
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e
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e
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o
as
a
'
e
as,
e ,
e ,
'
.
1 747- 8 5.
H o ra c e
(
—
Walp ol e,
of
E arl
Orford
)
1 71 7 9 7
War an d Was te (Memoir s of the Reign of King
Geor ge I I )
52 1
To the Co unt ess o f U p per O ssory
52 3
.
HORACE WALPO LE durin g his life was a virtuoso and a p er
so nage ra th e r than a lite rary man ;
but he was an admirable
lett er-writer and amateur chronicler, from 1 747 to 1 785
.
—
1
1
1 72
7
1 748 .
Tob i as S moll e tt (
)
To m Bowling (Roder ick Random)
52 4
S MOLLETT was a surg e n s m t e in th navy and aft rwards
a surgeon at Westminster After failing in s ti rical poetry he
chieved success in 1 748 with Roder ick R nd m a nov l in
imi tati on o f D on Q uix ote an d Gil Blas P egr in P ickl follow d
S ir W alt e r S co tt s fav urit
in 1 75 1 and Hump hrey C link
'
o
a
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e
,
a
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a
a
er
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o
e
e
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er ,
,
e
,
e
o
e,
i n 1 771 .
For a descen dant and namesak e of Tom Bowlin g see Dibdin
(English Anthology p
,
,
.
—
16
1
Tho mas Gray ( 1 7 7 )
E legy written in a Co untry C h ur c hyard
52 7
To D r C lar ke
53 1
To M r Nic holls
532
GRA Y a v ry early fri n d of Horac Walpole wrote po ems
from 1 742 but his famous El gy was p ublished in 1 75 as a
1 751 .
.
.
e
,
,
e
e
e
,
1,
C HR I S T O P H E R S M AR T
[ 1 763
1 763
Ch ristoph er S mart ( 1 72 2-70 )
“G
F rom The S ong to D avi d
540
S MART a s cho lar and fe llow of P embroke Co ll e g e O xford
b ecame ins ane at the age of tw enty nine and twelve years later
( 1 763) wrote in the asylum at Be d lam his o ne poem The S ong to
David It is a breath less rhapso dy and was uni qu e u ntil 1 9 1 3
when M r Ralph Ho dgson s S ong of Honour app eared— a sin gular
instan c e of one mas te rp i ce d ire ctly insp iring anoth er of e qual
b eauty and orig ina lity
50
.
B
,
,
,
-
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,
.
,
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'
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.
1 766.
—
( 1 72 8 74)
Oli v e r Go ldsmi th
The D ese r te d Villa ge
543
Johnso n pronounced GO"LDSMI TH to b one of the
firs t men w now hav as an au thor and so ld for him his novel
The Vica r of Wak efield which app ear ed at las t in 1 766 and mad e
In 1 767 he mad e £ 500 by his co m dy The
his name at onc
Go d Na tu d M an ; in 1 770 app ear d his much-quote d poem
I t was d ed icated in the charming l tt er
The Deser ted V llage
here given with it to his friend and f llow-memb r of The
Club S ir Joshua Reynolds
In 1 762
e
e
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,
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,
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e
'
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,
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,
e
.
,
Thomas C hatt erto n ( 1 752 70 )
S o ng fr o m IElla
547
In 1 758 when h was und e r 1 6 C HATT E RT ON produc d the
forg d R wley Pap ers nd quasi fift nth c ntury poems
n d W a lpo l
hand d them on to
He s nt th m to W lp o l
Gray who imm di t ly pron unc d gainst their auth enti city
a
I n 1 769 Chatt e rton cam to Lo n don an d so ld his R v ng
musica l farc e for £ 5 ; but in 1 770 poison d hims lf to avoid
d eath by starvation Hi po ms r e in parts b utiful but hi s
fame is in r ea lity kind of charitab le subs cripti n ca ll d forth
desper t app eal to
by sympathy for his mis rab l lif and his
fr m the co ld c nvention li ty of his time
the roman ti c pas t
1 769 .
-
e
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a e
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e e
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,
s
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e
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ea
a
o
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e
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,
,
e
a e
e
o
e,
a
o
.
Si r Joshua R eyn olds (
)
Ar t and I mita tio n (Discour se X I I I )
549
REY NOLDS was unan imo us ly elec ted fi rs t Pr esid en t of the Royal
Academy in 1 768 and dehver ed the first o f his c ele brated D is
Fo r his lite rary friendshi ps see the notes on
courses in 1 769
Johnson and Goldsmith sup r a
1 769 .
1 72 3- 9 2
.
.
,
.
]
E D W A R D G I BB O N
1 770 .
E dmu nd B urk e ( 1 72 9 9 7)
1 776
5:
—
D es po ti c Revo luuo nan es (Reflecti ons on the Fr ench
Revolution)
PAGE
552
URKE S brilliant career open ed in 1 770 with the anonymo us
pub c o of his Thoughts on the Ca uses of the Present D is
contents at firs t attr ibuted to J unius His immense popu larity
was no t gained by his fine pamphle ts o n Ame rican affairs ( 1 774
but by his Reflec tions on the Revo lution in France ( 1 790 ) and his
The s triking
Thoughts on the P r ospec t of a Regicide Pea ce
para llel betw een the E urop ean situa tion in his age and in ours
has be en v e hemently mad e to prov e both the valu e and the
futili ty of arguments drawn from his torica l e xamples
'
B
li ati n
.
,
.
S ta nhop e E arl o f
—
C h e st erfie ld ( 1 69 4 1 773)
On Vul garity and Vul garisms (Letter s to his S on on
E duca tion)
On the P ow e r o f S tyl e (Le tter s to his Son on
E duca tion)
557
CHESTERFIELD S Letter s to his S on p ublis hed ( 1 774) after his
d ea th ar e his title to lite rary fame though he had also written
a few excellent political essa ys
P hi li p
D orm e r
,
'
,
,
,
.
—
1 1 81 6
Ri c har d B rins l ey S h eri dan ( 1 75
)
The Rival s Ac t I S ce ne 11
559
S HERIDAN S lit e rary car ee r be gan and end ed wi th The Riva ls
The S chool for S canda l ( 1 777) and The C r itic
all
produce d when h was b etween 24 nd 2 8
1 775.
.
,
.
'
e
a
.
E dward Gi bbo n ( 1 737—9 4)
1 776.
The D efea t o f the Huns (Decline and Fa ll of the
Roma n E mp ir e)
562
G IBBON S Decline and Fa ll of the Roman Empir e was planned
in 1 764 and be gun in 1 770 T he first vo lume finishe d in 1 773
was pub lis he d in 1 776 and had a r esoun din g succ ess in London
The who le boo k was finis h ed in 1 787 and pub li ca
and Pa ris
tion was completed in 1 788
’
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
"
F RA N C E S BU R NE Y
—
Fra n c es B ur ney ( 1 752 1 848)
52
1 778 .
[ 1 778
PAGE
He ro and Villain (E velina)
566
F ANNY BURNEY (M adame d Ar blay) was the daughte r of Dr
Charles Burney a friend o f Johnson Burke and Reynolds and
a memb er of The Club
Her novels E velina ( 1 778) and
Cecilia
mad e her famo us though her name did no t app ear
o n them and she r ec eiv e d the appointment of S e co nd K ee pe r
of the Ro b es to Qu een Charlo tte Her ent ertaining Diary was
p ub lished ( 1 8 42—6) aft e r her d eath
'
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
—
1 748 1 832 )
1 78 1 .
Jer e my Ben tham (
The S ee d o f An ar c h y (A Cr itica l E xa mina tion of
the Dec lar a tion of Rights)
569
BENTHAM S F r agment on Government pub lis he d anonymous ly
m 1 776 when he was only 2 8 was at first at tributed to Lord
M ansfield and gaine d for its au thor the frien ds hip an d interes t
o f Lo rd S helb urne and th e Whigs
For fo ur years he was a
cons tant inmate of Bowood and by 1 78 1 had reached a positi on
o f great import anc e both in the pub li c vi ew and in his own
His I ntr oduction to the Princip les of M or als and Legisla tion
written an d printed in 1 780 but unpublished till 1 789 contains
"
the b edrock of his ph losophy
and Professor E lto n in hi
S ur vey of English Litera tur e a lso comments o n the linguis ti c
whi ch gave us such
e xp e rim nts in Bentham s la te r wor ks
"
"
wo rds as international
codify and minimis e
'
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,
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,
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,
1 731 —1
Wi lli am Cowp er (
800 )
To the Rev Wil lia m Un win O c tob e r 1 779 an d
January 1 782
572
The Dinne r P ar ty ( Ta ble Ta lk)
576
COWPER S first Poems (includin g Table Talk) were p ub lished
His j ohn Gi lp in app eared ano nymous ly in 1 783 and
in 1 782
inco mpar
in 1 78 5 The Task achie v d a great s ucc ess His
"
ably witty tender and graceful Letters as M r Go sse has well
called them w ere published in 1 80 3 af ter his d eath The
two h er e ar e select e d for the in t er est of th eir comments o n
the po ems of M ilto n Prior and Dryd en and th eir Lives
“
by J ohnson ( King
1 78 5.
,
,
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'
,
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,
,
,
,
,
.
,
WILL IAM
1 78 7
]
1 786.
.
KE
53
1 759—9 6
)
Rob e rt B ur n s (
To J s
BL A
P AGE
578
583
.
The Banks 0 D oo n
'
For a tha t and a tha t
584
Ae F o n d Kiss
585
Auld La ng S yne
58 6
To M ary in He av en
587
BURN S pub lis h d in J uly 786 his immortal P oems chi fly in the
the r es erv e and qu etis m of
S cottish D i l c t and with th em
th eight eenth century brok e up
0 y d uc f lk th t liv by ru l
Gr v tid l ss bl d d c lm nd c l
C mp d wi y u— O f l "
f l "f l "
H w muc h unhk l
j ust St ndi g p l
Y ur h rt
dyk l
Y ur liv s
(E gl h Anth l gy pp 578
'
'
1
e
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ar
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a
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o
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a
oo ,
oo
oo
oo
e
o
n
a
a
ea s ar e
o
e , a
o
n
1 787.
William B lak e (
oo ,
e
o o
is
.
,
1 757— 1 82 7
)
To the M uses
Hear the Vo ic e
588
588
The Tige r
589
S o ngs o f Inn o c en c e
590
Infant Jo y
59 1
The Lan d o f D r ea ms
59 1
F rom M ilton
59 2
F ro m j er usalem
59 2
BLAKE en grav ed and pub lished his S ongs of I nn c nce in
787 The Book of Thel in 1 789 and The M ar r iage f Hea ven
nd H ll in 1 79 0
In 1 794 h publis h d in the ord nary manner
his S ong of E xp i nce and s v ral of his pr ph e tic books
In 1 80 4 he n grav d his j r u a l m nd M lt n
L mb first
h rd of hi m in 8 24 ( e English A nthol gy pp 664
Blak s
poetry is th w rk o f n d ply r d in Ch uc r the Bib l
th E lizab ethans an d O ss ian an d in the S p irit
f th s he s n g
ut of s ight an d h ear ing
f the class ical ag
But his d p t
ins pir tion cam from w ithin h ims lf ; his po e try has a timeless
qua lity which be longs only t the gr ates t Th s epa r ate but
o e
1
a
o
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,
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e
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s
er e
e
ea
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i
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1
se
o
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ee
ea
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es
G I L BE R T W H I T E
54
[ 1 78 9
S imultan eous app earance of Burns and Blak e was the most
portentous conjunction eve r seen in the po et ic sky O f Blake s
many fo llowe rs W B Yea ts and M ary Co leridg e ar e the most
remarkab le (see post p
'
.
.
.
.
,
Gilb e rt Whi t e ( 1 72 0—9 3)
Pm
Goss ame r (Na tur a l History of S elbor ne)
59 4
GILB ERT WHI TE wrote The Na tur a l History and A ntiquities
of S elbo r ne b etween 1 780 and 1 78 8 and pub lis he d it in 1 789
I t was the firs t book of its k ind in En glis h and is still a classic
bo th of science and literat ure
1 789 .
.
,
.
—
0
Jam e s B osw ell ( 1 74 9 5)
His I ntrod uct io n to J ohnson (Life of Dr j ohnson) 59 6
BO SWELL came to L on do n in 1 760 but did no t s ucc eed in
mee ting Johns o n t ill
M o nday the 1 6th of M ay
1 763
as
here related He then travelled ; o n his return in 1 768 he be gan
his uniq ue co llec tion of n ot es for The Life of D r Johnson which
he publis hed in 1 79 1 : the mos t minut e fas c inatin g and fa mo us
biography ever writt en and the work of a man who had at
"
l east a genius
1 79 1 .
.
,
“
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
C harl e s Dibdin ( 1 745—1 8 1 4)
To m Bowling
59 9
D I BDIN S first song Blow High Blow Low was produc ed abo ut
1 776 an d he wro te t ill 1 8 1 0
He r eache d his great es t popularity
and p atriotic influ en c e dur ing the wars of 1 79 3 8 — th e p e rio d
"
of the First of June S t Vincent Camp erdo wn and the
For the
Nile His ex emplars w ere M artin Parke r and Gay
name Tom Bowling see S mo ll ett ante
1 79 8.
'
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,
.
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,
—
1 770 1 8 50
1 79 8 .
William Wordswo rth (
)
E nglan d 1 80 2
The S olita ry Re ap e r
Ode : I ntima tio ns o f Immort al ity fro m Reco lle c
ti o ns o f E arl y C h ildhood
Tal es an d Ro man ces ( The Pr elude Boo k V )
P oe t ry and S cience (Prefa ce to the Lyr ica l Ba llads)
,
.
,
.
YL OR C OLERI D GE
55
WORDS WORTI I was living t Alfo den nd Co l ridg at Neth r
S tow y in c lose intima cy w ith hi m wh n in 1 79 8 th y publis hed
th eir famous and poc h making volum of Lyrical Ballads : se
Hazlitt ve ry in teresting ac count o f them (English Anthology
pp 74 1
Words worth th sam y r l ft f
Germ ny
whi ch was no t pub lished till
and th ere b egan The Pr lud
afte r his death in 850 In 1 80 2 he m rri d M ary Hutchins on
and in 80 3 trav ell d w ith her and his ins parab l sis te r Doro thy
Highlands ; The S lit ry Reape b elon gs to thi
thro ugh th
The H ppy Warri r in 80 5 co mmemorat es Nels on
epis od e
n d in some d egree his own bro th er C p tain J ohn Wordswor th
lost at sea In 1 8 1 2 h m ved to the L ake country wh re h
wro te The Excursion in 8 4 n d the S onn ts to the Riv r Duddon
n d in
8 43
in 1 820
In 1 831 h v is it d S cott t Abbotsf rd
The Pr ef c to the s c n d dition
he b came P oe t Laureat e
of th e Ly r ic l B ll ds ( 800 ) places W ordswo rth in the highest
rank of English literary critics
1 79 8
S AM U EL TA
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1
1
e
ea
or
a
e,
a
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e
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e
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e
o
a
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e
o
e
a
r
s
1
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a
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e
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1
o
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e
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e
a
a
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e
a
o
,
a e
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a
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a
1
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e
1
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1 79 8 .
S amu el Taylo r Co l eri dg e ( 1 772 1 834)
P AGE
61 1
The Rime o f the An cient M arin e r
Kubla Khan
631
8
W ha t 18 P o etry (Biogr aphia Liter a r ia)
633
-
.
COLERID GE was two years young r than Wordsworth and
was attracted to the poe ti cal partn ers hip by r eading the firs t
fr gm nt of The Excu sion in 1 79 7 His contribution to the
Ly r ica l Ba llads cons ist d f only four poe ms to W ordsworth s
iner e which
nin et een but in cl ud d The Rime of the A ncyent M
in orig inality and b auty as w ell as in len gth cli ps ed all the
rest In 1 798 he b gan Christab l (whi ch has an important
Pref ce on th us of stress in English verse) and wrote the
fragment Kubla Khan By these poems he proved himself
though we k r than Wordsworth in p urpos e dignity and moral
po w r a grea ter mast r of m tr nd of m gical charm T
g th r they brought th cl r light of day ba ck to English
po ts long strait n d and stifl d by th stony monum nts
b uilt by thems lves nd th ir pr d c ssors of th Augus tan
F
th
origin of Kubla Khan
age
n ot e
n Purchas
f
L amb s vi w
and f
( 61 3 E ngli h A nthology p
it
th
lett r t
Wordsw rth Engl h A nth l gy p 663
an owl tha t w n t b ar
e
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e
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see
e
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or
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o
T H O M A S C A M P BE L L
[ 1 79 9
—
1 79 9
Thomas Campb ell ( 1 777 1 844)
Ye Marine rs o f E nglan d
635
Hoh enlin d en
636
In 1 79 9 CAMP B ELL p ublishe d at E dinb urgh his P leasur es of
Hop and the demand for copies was unpre ced ented
S cott s
frien dship fo ll owed imme diately and g eneral r eco gni tio n
H ohenlinden was written in 1 800 ; The Ba ttle of the Balti c
( 1 80 1 ) app eared in its presen t much r evise d fo rm in 1 80 4 ;
Gertr ude of Wyoming in 1 809 ; from 1 820 to 1 830 Campbe ll
e d ite d The N ew M onthly M aga z ine
He die d in 1 844 and was
buried in W es tmins ter Abbey
For the origin o f YE MARI N E RS O F EN GLAND see note on
Martin Parke r ( 1 635) and English A nthology pp 335—7
Campb ell had heard an intermediat e version sung (to music
writt en by Dr Calcott) in 1 80 4
56
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1 800 .
Thomas Moor e ( 1 779- 1 8 52)
The Ligh t o f O the r D ays
638
At the Mid Ho u r o f Nigh t
639
THOMAS M OORE a mus ical Irishm n of diminutiv stature
published his Odes of Anac eon in 1 800 and P oems of th l te
Thomas Little in 1 80 Th y w r a f shion ble succ ss but
his Odes and Ep istles ( 1 809 ) w r cut up in The E dinbu gh R view
M oore chall ng d Jefi y to fight and th er by gain d his friend
ship and an xc ll nt adv rtis m nt His I ish M el dies pp ear d
betw n 1 80 7 nd 1 834 n d Lalla Ro k h in 1 8 1 7; th es brought
h b came
him the th n u np rall l d um f
In 1 8
nd L tt rs f
Byr n s fri nd and in 8 30 publis h e d his Lif
a
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r
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ee
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re
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Lor d By r on
.
T HE M I D HOUR o r NI G H T is an expe riment in stress ed
his Pr efac e to Christabel
vers e S ee the note o n Co le ridge
and the not e o n Rob e rt Bridg es ( post p
AT
,
.
,
.
—
6 18
Maria Edg ewo rth ( 1 7 7 49 )
639
T he End o f S ir Co n d y ( Castle Ra ck r ent)
M ARI A ED G EW ORT H a born story t ller pub lished h r firs t
I r ish Bulls in 1 80 2
an d b es t n ov el Castle Rack r ent in 1 80 0
1 800 .
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,
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e
,
C HARL E S L A M B
[ 80 7
The famous lines S OUND S OUND THE CLARI ON w e re lo n g
attribut ed to S co tt but have lately b een disco vered to be
a single stanza of a poem by General M ordaunt us e d by S co tt
as a cha pt e r head in g with t he slight chan g e in the s e c o nd line
"
of To all instead of Throughout
58
1
,
,
,
,
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,
,
.
Charl e s L amb ( 1 775- 1 834)
PAGE
To T ho mas M anning
659
To Willi am Word swort h
662
To Be rnard Bar ton
664
The O ld F a miliar F a c es
666
CHARLES L AMB whose farce M r H had b een hiss ed in 1 80 6
made (with his sister M ary) a popu lar s uccess in 1 80 7 Wi th
In 1 80 8 app ear e d The A dventur es of
Ta les fr om S hakespea r e
I n 1 82 0
Ulysses and S p ecimens of the English Drama tic Poets
The London M agaz ine invited L amb to con tribu te the pap ers
afte rwards republished as The Essays of E lia
These were
ve ry favourably r eceived and The Last Essays of E lia were added
in 1 833 But ev en th es e famous boo ks ar e fo r many surpassed
by Lamb s charming lette rs the most d elightfu l eve r written in
Englis h It is unfortunate that they have b een much garbled
by ed itors and the origin a ls ar e now in Ameri ca By the kin d
n ess of Mr
N Haske ll Do le the second edition o f the English
A nthology gives for the firs t time in this co un try the tr ue (and
very chara cte ristic) reading o f the s entence in the L etter to
Thomas M anning (English A nthology p 660 ) on the eleven th
grade of Lamb as a p o ssible access ion o f dignity
1 80 7.
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G e or g e C rabb e ( 1 754—1 832 )
667
The Library
670
The Villa ge
CRABBE brought up in poverty first as e rran d bo y and then
came to London at 24 and p ub lished
as s urg eon s appr en ti c e
It failed but
The Candida te an o nymo us ly in 1 780
a p oe m
he wrote to Burk e who in tro duc e d him to Reyn o lds Thurlo w
I n 1 78 1 he pub lis hed The L ibr a ry a no nymo us ly and
and Fox
in 1 783 The Vi llage w ith his name Thes e ar e admirab le but
they did no t help him and he too k Holy o rders In 1 80 7 he
made a success with a vo lume of P oems an d a lon g p oem The
Finally The Borough
Tales in Ver se
Pa r ish Register
1 80 7.
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J A NE A U S T E N
59
( 8 2 ) and T les f th Hall ( 8 9 ) mad e him f mous nd
widely popular His ve rse d scends from tha t of Dryd n but
e mod e rn : his stories ar e nat ura l ad mir b ly t ld
his themes
n d oft en with gr ea t h umo ur
1 8 1 1
1
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C harl e s Wolfe ( 1 79 1 —1 82 3)
pm
The Bur ial o f S ir J o hn M oor e a fte r C oru nna
673
W OLFE a young Iris h cle rgyman who prod uc e d only o ne well
known poem and die d at 3 1 is ign ored by some histo rians
of Englis h literature But The Bur ia l of S ir John M oor e was
immens ely pop ular from the first and was att rib uted to Byron
who in dis claimin g it told S helley that he should have tak en
"
it for a rough sk etch of Campb ell s
For a more j ust and
genero us ac count o f it see Pro fesso r E lton s S ur vey of English
Litera tur e 1 780 —1 830
D ifferent da tes ar e ass ign e d to the first
p ublicatio n of the poem (Profess o r E lton 1 8 1 4 M r Gosse 1 8 1 7
It is possibly therefore misplaced here
1 81 0 .
,
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Rob e rt S outh ey ( 1 774 1 843)
674
The Pil g rimage to Wa te rloo
Ne lso n Dea d ( The Life of Hor a tio Lor d Nelson)
676
S OUT HEY S r ep uta tion r ests upo n his Curse of Keha ma
the fin es t of n imme nse se ries of immens e p ic po ms pub lished
be tw en 1 80 1 and 1 8 1 4 He wrote much f the n w Q ua r terly
In th
Review; and in 1 8 1 3 s ucc e d d Pye as Poe t Laureate
same y ar app are d his prose mas te rp iece The Life of Nelson
THE PI LGRI MAC E T o WATERLOO is o ne o f his bes t minor po ms
nd has a cu rious and fr es h in t er est for the pr sen t pos t-war
g neration
1 81 0 .
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—1 8 1
Jane Aust en ( 1 775
7)
Anne E llio t s C laim ( P er suasion)
678
In 1 8 1 1 JANE AUSTEN mad e her first app earan c e in print
with S ense and S ensibility (writt en
This was followed
in 1 8 1 3 by Pride and Prej udice (writt en
M ansfield P a k
E mma
and P er uasion (writt en 1 8 1 7) an d N or th
a nger Abbey (wr i tt en 1 79 8 ) w e re p ublis h ed in 1 8 1 8
afte r h r
S he is the moth e r o f the ninet een th -c entury n ov el as
d eath
S cott is the father o f it ( S ain tsbury)
1 81 1 .
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60
L
E I G H HU N T
1 8 1 4.
[1 81 4
—1 8
L ei gh H u n t ( 1 784
59 )
m
Abo u Ben A dh em
684
L EI GH HUNT editor of The Exa miner 1 80 8 to 1 82 1 was im
prisoned in S urr ey Gao l 1 8 1 3—1 5 He made a poeti cal reputatio n
with The Feast of the P oets
The D escent of L iberty
The S tory of Rimini ( 1 8 1 6) an d F oliage
He was taken up
by K eats L amb S helley an d Byro n and b e came the leade r o f
"
the Cockn ey S choo l
Fro m 1 82 8 to 1 838 he made s uccessiv e
failures wi th p eriodicals but r egained su cc ess as an essayist
with I magina tion nd Fancy
M en Women a nd Books
A Ja r of Honey from M ount Hy bla ( 1 848) and his
p
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A utobiogr aphy
M aj o r G eneral Si r W F P Nap ier
—
1
( 78 5 1 860 )
T he D ea t h o f S ir J ohn M oor e (History of the Wa r
in the P eninsula)
684
NAP I ER serve d through the P eninsu lar W ar in the O xfordshi r e
Light Infantry o f the f m o us L ight D ivis io n
He b egan his
his torical n ot es in 1 8 1 6 and his H istory of the Wa r in the P enin
sula when it app ear e d in succ ess iv e vo lumes ( 1 82 8
pro v ed
him to possess a g enius for mili tary history sup e rior to that o f
S o uth ey and even of S cott
1 8 1 6.
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E b eneze r E lli ot ( 1 78 1 —1 849 )
1 8 1 6.
Pl aint
689
ELLI O TT was kn wn f s m int r sting ve rs by 8 6 and
chieved a S p ecial r putati n by his C m Law Rhym in 1 828
H
w d som thin g t Campb ll nd more to Crabb H
hu m n rag e
admir ed by C r lyl
w
o
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a
a
1 8 1 7.
e
e e
o
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is
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— 1 86
John Clar e ( 1 79 3
4)
T he W ood Cutte r s Nigh t S o ng
69 0
T he S h e ph e rd s T r e e
69 1
W ritten i n Northamp to n Co unty Asylum
69 1
Cl re the Northampto nshire Peasan t Po et who liv d in the
d e p es t pove rty and died after havin g b e n many years in an
asylum cannot be s aid to h ve ever reach d a p os tion o f literary
infl u ence His strange po etical career b egan in 1 8 1 7 when he
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G E O R G E G O R D O N BY R O N
61
“
printed Pr Oposals for publis hing by subs cription a Coll ection
Religi ous and
o f O rig in al Trifl es o n M is c e llaneo us S ubj e cts
"
M o ral i n ve rse by J ohn C lare of H lpstone
The poems w ere
inquir ed for and a t las t p ublis he d in 1 820 an d w ell r e view d
Ne gle ct and finan ci al troub les fo llow ed the brie f succ ess ; the
po e t w en t back to the land an d tried to sell his poems from hous
I t was no t un til 1 9 0 8
to hous e ; illnes s and ins ani ty follo wed
that a real estimate of his work was published by M r Arthur
In 1 9 20 John Cla r e
P oems chiefly fr om M S was
S ymo ns
published ( by M r Blund en) and the Englis h publi c recognised
the p ec uliar charm minu tely b ea utifu l vis io n
and pathe ti c
power o f an almost forgotten poe t
1818
]
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1 8 1 8.
G e org e
Go rdo n Byro n , L o r d Byro n
—
( 1 788 1 82 4)
“ GE
69 2
Wh en We Two P art e d
69 3
On Himse lf and his E p ic (Don Juan)
T he Isles o f G r e e c e
69 7
BYRON S life might be di vid e d into two p eriods : the firs t
be gan with his Hours of I dleness
d erided in The Edi nburgh
a p iec e
Review ; English Ba rds and S co tch Reviewer s
o f succ essful
but crude satire mos tly reca nted afterwards ;
a piece of s entimental
some cantos of C hilde Ha r old
autobiography eag erly d evoured by the public ; and a s eries
of ta les in ve rs e The Giaour The Br ide of A bydos and others
Then came scandal unpopularity and exi le during
(1 81 3
whi ch M anfred was writt en and an oth er canto of Chi lde Ha r old
A t the h eight o f this pe rio d of pr eco cio us notoriety Byro n was
in E ng lan d the rival of S cott an d his repu ta tio n at any rat e
mi ght well be dat ed from 1 8 1 2
But his wid e r and more las ting fame be gan la ter in the p eriod
of his reckless and wilfq roman tic Itahan wanderings the
birth hour of his d eep er soul and genius In 1 8 1 5 he published
Beppo finish ed M a zepp a and b e gan D on Juan
In 1 8 1 9 th e
Guic cioli adventure followed In 1 820 he wrote M ar ina Falier o
The Prop hecy of D ante and the fo urth and fifth cantos of Don
Juan In 1 82 1 his Cain and in 1 82 3 his fine satire The Vision
of Judgment outr ag e d and exas pe rate d pub li c fee lin g in En g land
But it was durin g th ese five years of amazing Vi gour and growth
tha t his genius established on the Conti nent an empire only
paralleled by that of S hakespeare himself Professor Elto n in
his d etai led stud y of Byr on ( S ur vey of English L iter a ture 1 780
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J O HN K EA TS
[ 81 8
1 8 30
pp 1 35
attributes this to the combined effect of
his Titanic reb elli us ness hi s satiric but powe rfu l bs rv ti n
of lif in Don Juan and his fame as the l b rator of Gr c
an d champi n
f ins urg ent nati on lities
S uch fam as this
i
ut f S g ht f the pr e co ci o us audacities of the oun g nob leman
y
62
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o f 1 8 0 9 an d 1 8 1 2 .
J ohn Ke ats ( 1 79 5— 1 82 1 )
On first loo king into C hap ma n s Ho me r
E nd ymio n
Rob in Hoo d
1 81 8.
'
To Autumn
O de to a Nigh tingal e
A Lette r fro m Win cheste r
70 6
The Eve o f S aint M ar k
70 7
Hyp e rio n
71 1
La Bell e D ame sa ns M e r i
71 4
His Las t S o nnet
71 6
c
KEATS was ado pted by Leigh Hunt and the Co ckney S choo l
in 1 8 1 6; his firs t Poems fai le d in 1 8 1 7 I n 1 8 1 8 he burs t into
full flower with unparall eled suddenness publis hed Endymion
and wrote The Eve of S t Agnes and Hyper ion
In 1 8 1 9 he wro te
the Ode to a Nightinga le the Ode on a Gr ec ian Ur n the Ode
to A utumn I sabella La mia the Eve of S a int M a r k fragmen t
an d the r evis e d portion o f Hyp er ion ; th ese w ere p ublished in
J u ly 1 820 In F ebruary 1 82 1 he died in Rome
Keats assimilated many influences : the outline of the Greek
art the romantic co lour o f the Ballads Ariosto and the Eliza
bethans the me trical style o f Cha uce r D ryd en and Gray Hi s
o wn influ enc e o n E ng lis h poe ts is une qualle d— he is o ne of
"
t he
fu ll we lling fo untain heads of change
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P e r cy Byssh e S h e ll ey ( 1 79
—
2 1 822
)
To a S kylark
Remo r se
A Voi ce in t he Ai r S in ging ( P r ometheus Unbound)
Asia s Reply (Pr ometheus Unbound)
'
'
E mpir e and Vict ory (P r ometheus Unbound)
C horus (Hellas)
T H O M AS L O V E P E A C O C K
63
S HELLEY came sudd enly to p ub lic noti c e in 1 8 1 9 wh en he
was vio lent ly attack ed in The Q ua r ter ly Review He had al ready
publis hed witho ut any eff ect o r attentio n Q ueen M ab
The Cenci ( 1 8 1 9 )
A las tor ( 1 8 1 6) and La on and Cy thna
P r ometheus Unbound ( 1 82 0) wer foll owe d by A d nais
and
M any oth er po ems includin g t he S ix wo nd e rful lyrics
he re given were only p ub lished after his death He inh erited
an d b equ eath e d far l ess of his qua liti es than many lesse r poets :
"
fir e an d air
natural ly for he is essentia lly
and th ese ar e
1 822
]
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not tr ans mismble .
—1 86
Walt er Savag e L a ndor ( 1 775
4) PAGE
I mmor tality
724
I anth e
724
Rose Aylme r
72 5
Byro n an d the Rest
72 5
Y o uth and Age
726
M usic
726
Mil ton in I taly
72 6
The Dying Fir e
72 7
P etrar ca s Advice to Bo cca ccio ( The P entamer on) 727
LANDOR is no t e asy to p lac e for he had an ineffe ctiv e
poe tical p eriod o f nearly a quart er o f a century He had made
a name in one way and ano ther by 1 82 1 when he settled in
Florence and entere d upon his vas t ente rprise the I maginary
Conversa tions These appeared between 1 824 and 1 829 and
brought him the recognit on o f the Cl t S The Penta meron was
pub lis hed in 1 8 37 His prose is still read but his las tin g fame
rests upo n his small gem like poems whi ch have in the highes t
d egree the classical and Jonsonian elegance
1 82 1 .
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Thomas L ov e P ea co c k ( 1 785—1 866)
M r Cyp r ess Far e w e ll (Nightmar e A bbey)
730
The G r eenw o od T r ee
737
PEACOC K wrote imitativ e vers for s me years and th en S pen t
fift en y rs in p rf cting n w type o f sati rical n velett
Th s ries H dl ng H ll
M lin u t ( 8 1 7) and Night
ma e A bb y
was crown d by Crotche t Castle in 1 83 1
1 8 22 .
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1
,
T H O M A S L O V E L L BE D D O E S
[ 1 822
and this las t year in the bes t opinio n of to day is the dat e of
P acock s arri val at maturi ty But his contemporaries took less
p l asure than we do in these exquisite classics and were mo re
ttracted by M aid M a r ian ( 1 8 22) a comi c romance o r rather
c mi c Op eretta in prose and v ers e whi ch has a double inte rest
it links The Begga r s Oper a with The P ira tes of P enzance
an d it giv es a mos t en te rtaining trans position o f I vanhoe which
app ear ed in D ecemb e r 1 8 1 9 and (in spite of Pea cock s mistaken
re collecti on) evidently su ggested a great part of it
64
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82 2
Thomas Lo v ell Beddo es ( 1 80 3 49 )
-
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D re a m-Pedlary
738
EDDOES p ublished The Bride s Tragedy in 1 8 22 ; his Dea th s
Jest Book and P oems were both p ub lis he d aft e r his d eath by
sui cide in 1 849 The Ja cobean dramatists Co wley and S helley
were his masters
'
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—
1 80 2 39 )
Win throp Ma ckwo rth Pr aed (
The Vica r
738
a schoo lboy and u ndergradua te of genius had
PRAED
mad e a repu ta tio n by 1 8 22 and in the following year p ublished
hi L ilian
His popular and inimitab ly witty light v e rs e was
only co llecte d in 1 844 five years after his premature d eath
He is the anc estor of Barham and also of the more mode rn
K S tephen Quiller Couch Owen S eaman and
s choo l of J
Alfr ed Cochrane the last of whom r es emb les him in o utl ook
as w ell as in ver sification
1 82 2 .
,
,
,
s
.
.
,
,
.
.
-
,
,
,
.
—
( 1 788 1 830 )
Willia m H azli tt
Nethe r S tow ey an d Linto n ( Winter slow)
LI TT was d iv e rt e d from the minis try to l ett er s by the visit
HA"
to Coleridge and Wordsworth re co rded in the extract given her e
He pro d uce d articl es and le cture d o n the po ets till he was w ell
He th en wro te at Winte rslow the two famo us vo lumes
o ver 40
Ta lk publis hed 1 82 1 —2 The Liber A mar is ( 1 823)
o f Table
a nd The S p ir it of the A ge ( 1 82 5) w e r e fo llowe d by a c o mp let e
failure with a Life of Nap oleon Buonapa r te ( 1 8 28 30 ) and by
his d eath in the la tt er year
1 822 .
.
.
.
-
.
F RA NC I S J E F F RE Y
[ 1 82 9
G erman romance Later came his A utobiogr ap hic S ketches and
a se t o f articl es o n his friends Wordsworth Co le ridg e and L amb
The Confessions he gr eatly en large d and r epublishe d in 1 8 56
66
.
.
,
.
1 82 9 .
Fra n ci s Jeffr ey ( 1 773 1 8 50 )
-
“ GE
Feli cia Hemans (E dinbur gh Review Oct 1 829 )
754
JEFFREY cannot be said to have any separate lit rary existence
in th ordinary sens e but he put forth from 1 80 2 to 1 82 9 a kin d
f
offi cial criti cism and may be cons ider d t have estab
li h d his c laim t remembranc e bef re he gav e hims lf up to
t h law which mad e a judge an d a p e r f hi m
He furnish es
this Anthology with a review and sample of Mr s Hemans
nc e famo us work n t o th e rwis e e emp hfied her
,
.
e
e
,
o
o
e
s
e
o
e
o
e
e
,
o
.
'
.
o
,
o
x
e.
1 82 9 .
C aptain Fr e d e ri c k Mar ry at ( 1 79 2- 1 848)
The G enteel Boa tswain ( P eter S imple)
757
M ARRYAT S first and one of his most famous stories was Frank
M ildmay
Perhaps Peter S imp le ( 1 834) is his master
piece— o r M r M idshipman Easy
but he enj oyed a
d es erv ed and still unexhausted popularity from the first and
has nev er had a rival
'
.
,
.
1 832 .
Benj amin D isra eli , E arl o f Beaco nsfield
1
1
8
0
8
( 4 )
Tadpole and Ta pe r ( Coningsby)
760
D ISRAEL I mad e a s ensation in 1 82 6 with Vivian Gr ey but his
real reputation be gan with Contar ini Fleming in 1 832 O f the
others those which have worn b es t ar e Venetia and Henrietta
Temp le
Coningsby
S ybil ( 1 84 5) and Lotha ir
and th ey enjoy to day an even mor e se rio us admirati on than
when their insight had yet to be approved by the course of
history
,
.
,
-
.
1 832 .
E dward B ulw er Lyt to n, L ord Lytt o n
(
1 80 3—73
)
The Final S ho ck ( The Last Days of P ompeii)
L
763
YTT ON is chiefly rememb ered for his novels Eugene A ra m
The Last Days of P omp eii
The Last of the Barons
C HARL E S K I N GS L E Y
1 8 53
]
67
K
C
My Novel ( 1 8 53) and enelm hil
The Cax tons
lay The La dy of Ly ons
and his
He
lingly
"
is
i
tus e y,
and so
the
o m By ni s
ss e
i
o io
a
s
S yle was his es ,
: his
o me i
and
u
th e e li es t the m s
p
ro c to h tor c
hr
aut b gr ph cal
la t t
o t pop lar
pa d fr
d st c
ar
1 833.
to
b t but
.
H enry Wadsworth L o n gfellow ( 1 80 7—8 2 )
M y Lost Yo uth
767
ONGFELLOW gave up poe try very ear ly— he had been imi tating
favo urite poets from Gray to Byron — and at 24 had
be gun writin g ess ays in The North A mer ican Review
By 1 833 he had mad e a n am e an d was publishi n g travel ske tches
in The New England M aga z ine— reprint ed in 1 835 as O utr e-M er :
a P ilgr image b y ond the S ea
He turned again to v erse in 1 837
and wi th The Reap er and the F lowers and The Psa lm of Life at
o nce co nvin ce d the publi c o n both s id es of the Atlan tic
He
liv e d to write far b ette r poems than these and b e came im
mensely popu lar Opinion is no w less favo urable to him ; but
My Lost Youth h ere given is an irr esistibl e example o f
L
his
,
e
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
1 79 5—1 88 1
1 8 33.
Tho mas Carlyl e (
)
The D ea t h o f the P ro te c tor (Letter s of Cr omwell) 769
CARLYLE wrote f r the Edinburgh fr m 1 827 and in 1 833
hi S r tor Res tus be gan to app e ar s rially in Frase s M agazine :
th
first step in his lif long mission of brin gin g the Ge rman
mind to the und rstan ding of th E ng lish The Fr ench R v
luti n
the Lif a nd Letter s f Oliver Cromwell ( 1 84 5)
nd the Life
prov ed him the firs t
f Fri drich I I ( 1 858
hist rical g enius of his time
o
a
s
o
ar
,
e
e
r
'
e
e
e
o
e
a
o
o
1 8 53.
e
.
e o
o
.
.
C harl e s Kin gsl ey ( 1 8 1 9- 75)
E v e ry Man to his o wn Pla ce (Hypa tia)
774
The S an ds o f D ee (A ndr omeda and o ther P oems)
780
KING SLEY S fame will always rest o n his two brilliant novels
Hypa tia ( 1 853) an d Wes twar d Ho "
By a r e gr ettable
'
,
P H WAL D O E M ERS O N
[ 1 8 33
mis take o f o ne figure he has b een p laced in the English
Anthology at the d ate 1 833
68
RAL
.
1 833.
Ralph W aldo E m erso n ( 1 80 3—82 )
Bra hma
.
The O v e r -S o ul (Essays)
EMERS ON r esigned the pastorate of the S econd Chur ch Boston
,
,
had b
wr t g po tr
so
r
fa o G
P
g r
b vd
to r f r to h cha g
car r d a
b publ h d
ca
x
c of
g d prov s
r put
at th
t d at Co cord wh ch th r upo
b ca
D ph
E g d
x a
of
Co cord fight pub sh
c br t d v r
ba t d f r r who fir d
S ho h ard ro d
wor d
aft rward k ow
ov r
E g h
p a g world a ph o oph r
a t
at
fr d of o gf llow Carl l ow l
Thor au
he
een
i in
me yea s, and his
e y for
m us ood-bye, r oud Wor ld was in 1 833 ene ally elie e
e e
t is
n e in his
ee
A eni l has een
is e :
but in any
se the e is ten e
the le en
e
his e
e
is time
In 1 835 he se tle
n
i
e e
n
,
"
e
me The el i o f New n lan , an d o n the ne t nni
li ed the ele a e
ver sar y
the
n
he
e ses
the em
on
t le
a me s
e
the
t
e
un
"
l
the
He was
e
s
n
n all
e
t he
n lis
il s
s e kin
as
e and ess yis , and was an intim e
ien
L n e
e
el and
,
y e, L
in
1 8 32 :
.
.
.
.
1 833.
Al fr e d T enny so n, Lord T enny so n ( 1 80 9
1 89 2
)
M ariana
784
786
T he L ad y o f S halo t
n
o
h
t
o
f
o
o
s
E a te rs
t
e
L
S g
79 1
0 tha t twe re p o ssible
79 5
TENNYS ON was only 24 when his fame was es tablished by
I t contained among m any
his se cond volume of P oems
wonderful piec es glowin g with a kind of Pr e Raphaelite beauty
the seco nd and third h ere g iven The La dy of S ha lott and the
choric song of The Lotos Ea ters ; o ur first M a r iana had b een
published in 1 830 The fourth an echo of Webste r appeared
I n his boyhood Tenn yson worshi pp e d Byro n :
in The Ger m
but he was soo n seen to be far ne ar er to Keats Afte rwards he
ransacked the classics (e g Lucretius and Tithonus) Dan te (for
Ulysses) and the gr ea t En glis h lyrists (see note o n S idn ey and
"
Car ew s Ask me no mor e English Anthology p 338
'
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,
-
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,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
'
,
,
.
,
]
C HARL E S D AR W I N
1 8 39 .
E dgar Alla n P o e ( 1 80 9- 49 )
1 8 39
69
PAGE
Annab e l Lee
79 5
r
POE p bl h d
o to
T
r
fo ow d
G
rt c
Cr pt graph
publ h d a pr d ct o of
p t of
d d c d fro
trodu c or chap rs
wh ch
a d hav ca d D ck to
v
r r
r app ar d
s
ar
ad
po t c fa w th
d at
r pr t d a vo
w h
a
a
aft rward
rpa d
popu ar t
Po v w of po tr
a p rv r
d c ar d hat b au
o obj ct
a tha a o g po
a co tr d ct o
r s
h
f a d
ll a tor but pr d c
ff ct
po t
c v
da
a
pr ss
flu c of th th or
cl ar rac d
t v o s wor
a les of the G otesque
I n 1 839
u is e
in B s n his
old Bug and an a i le
and the A abesq ue,
ll
e
by The
on
the
is e
e i i n
In 1 84 1 he
y o
y
lo
Ba r naby Rudge, e u e
te ,
m the in
t y
i
is s i to
us e
i ens
as k Poe if he was the
e
d e il
The M u de s in the Rue M o gue
e
e
the ame ye
In 1 84 5 he m e his
The Ra ven, imme i ely
e i
me i
e
in e in
lume
it the s me n me ; but Annabel Lee
'
e
s su
e y
l i y
ie
ss e
e s
it in
was
e ,
e
e se o ne ; he
e l
e
t
e
ty was its s le
"
lso
an d
He
l n
n a i i n in te m
t
em is
“
ims el
:
ime
o u e an e e
no t to te
s
to
y
"
an d in
e io n
e ry not to o n ey an i e , but to m k e an im
T he in en e
ly t
in R L
is
e
e
e
y may be
'
S e ens n
k
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Charl e s D i ck ens ( 1 8 1 2—70 )
1 837.
Mr
Pickwick o n the I ce (P osthumous P aper s of
the P ickwick C lub)
797
D I C KEN S took his place among th gr at creators wh n h
pub lish d The P osthumous Pape s of the P ickwick Club in 1 837
H was for the remainin g years of his lif by far the m st popular
writer of th age and his books a e pow rful to d ay as far
R uss ia and t he cities of China
.
e
e
e
r
o
e
r
,
.
,
e
e
e
e
as
e
.
1 839 .
Charl e s D arwin ( 1 80 9- 82 )
The C o c o s I slands ( Voyage of the
“
Beagle
DARWI N S first p ublication was A Na tura list s Voyage Round
"
the Wo rld
be tter kno wn as the Voyage of the Beagle
This is from the literary poin t of view as good as anything he
ev e r wr o t e ; the passag e h e re
given is a vivi d d es cription of the
is lands where the Emden me t her fat e o n Nov embe r 9 1 9 1 4
An id ea whi ch had occ urr e d to Darwin durin g his voyag e in
t he Beagle was aft rwards fo llo w ed o ut in The O r igin of S p cies
a boo k of world wide and las ting fame
'
'
.
.
,
e
e
-
.
WAL T W HI T M A N
70
[ 1 84 3
—
W
alt
W
h
i
tm
n
1
a
1
( 8 9 9 2)
43
A S igh t i n C a mp
80 4
As t o ilso me I wander d Vir ginia s W oods
80 5
0 Cap tain "
my C ap t a in "
80 6
In 1 843 W HI TMAN who had b een a prin t er schoo lmas t er
ed itor
carp enter and builder published a won derful po em in
a wholly new moo d and manner with the title o f Bl od M oney
Here in lin es o f the now famous unpr oso dical cad enc e is the
d emocrati c or humane passion expressed alr eady with p er fect
simp li city and success R m emb ering this I have made the
mis tak e of assigning W hitma n s first influ enc e to the same yea r
He wo u ld be mor e co ns is ten tly
as tha t o f R us kin an d o f M ill
placed in 1 855 when his Lea ves of G ass brought him fame
and vi tup e ration at o nc e
and g av e him pot ent influenc e
for both good and ill— in the d ev lopm n t o f E n glis h poe try
(Professor S antayana writes of The P oetry of Bar ba rism [ Whitma n
and Browning] in P oetry and Religion
18
.
'
'
.
,
,
,
,
,
o
,
,
-
.
,
e
.
,
'
.
r
,
,
e
e
.
,
—
1 80 3 8 1
1 843.
G eorg e B orrow (
)
80 6
At T a ngie r ( The Bible in S pa in)
BORRO W made hi s r eput ation in 1 843 with his Bible in S p ain
His more imagi native
an origin al an d en t e rtainin g bo o k of trav el
wo rks La vengr o ( 1 85 1 ) and The Romany Rye
ar e both
pict uresqu e and valuab le fo r their scenes o f g ipsy life
,
.
,
.
1 8 1 9- 1 9 00
Joh n Ruskin (
)
81 1
The G r eek s No ti o n o f a G od (M oder n P a inter s)
Ge rman P hi losophy (App en d ix to M oder n Pa inter s) 8 1 3
RUS KI N S M oder n P a inter s ( 1 843) was pub lish ed with o ut his
name but sp eedily g ained for hi m a r eputati o n gre at er than
that ever enj o ye d by any o ther writer on art in this country
Vo ls III and IV w er e add ed in 1 8 56 and Vol V in 1 8 60
1 843.
'
'
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 80 6—73
Joh n S tuart Mi ll (
)
81 6
On T ho ught and D is c ussio n ( On Li ber ty)
M ILL lives by his S ystem of Logic Ra tiocina tive and I nductive
his P r incip les of Polica l Economy ( 848) and his L ber ty
works n t only scientifically importan t but writt e n
with admirable clearness and vigour
1 843.
,
1
o
.
i
E M I L Y BR O N T E
1 847
]
1 844 .
7:
E lizab e th B a rr e tt B row nin g ( 1 80 6—61 )
PAGE
S o nne ts fro m the P ortuguese
82 1
E LI "ABE TH BARRETT S two volumes of P oems publishe d in
1 844
placed her for the first time among the foremos t living
poets (E Gosse)
There is scarcely any writer in English
d es e rvin g the name of poe t who il lustrat es by d efec t th e import
an ce of po eti c style so well as M r s Brownin g ( G S aints bury)
But her S onnets fr om the P or tuguese writt en to Rob ert Bro wning
during thei r en gagement ( 1 846) have never suffere d d etra ction
an d t he ear lier p ar t of A ur ora Leigh ( 1 856) r emains d elightful
readin g
'
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
C harlott e B ro n t e ( 1 8 1 6—55)
J ane E yr e s Ho me (Jane Eyr e)
822
T he vivid o bs cure p atheti c liv es of the three Bront e s ist e rs
make up one Of the great s to ries of the lit e rary world In 1 846
as
Curr er Ellis and Acton Bell they faile d with a joint
volume o f P oems In 1 847 in circums tances of great distress
Charlo tte (Currer) published Jane Eyre Emily (Ellis) Wuthering
Heights and Ann e (Acto n) Agnes Gr ey (which she fo ll owe d
up in 1 848 with The Tenant of Wi ldfell Hall)
In D ec emb e r
1 848 Emily di ed and Anne in M ay 1 849 ; Char lo tt e in co mp le t e
lo nelines s wrot e S hirley Jane Ey re had b een completely succ ess
ful fro m the first S he no w w ent to Lo ndon and Brussels pub
lis hed Villette in 1 8 53 married in 1 8 54 and died in 1 8 55 Her
boo ks ar e filled with an intensity of feeling and pictorial power
u nknown till th en in English fiction
1 847.
'
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,
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,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
1 847.
E mil y B ro nt e (
—
1 81 8
8
4 )
A P l e as an t F a mily Cir c l e ( Wuther ing Heights)
82 5
T he P riso ne r
829
L as t Lines
830
E MI LY BRONT E was a less comp etent no v elist than Charlotte
but an even more powe rful o ne There is no forgetting that"
sinis t e r and in co ngruous but infinit ely fas cinatin g t rag ed y
Wuthering Heights Greate r still and mo r e c e rtain o f p erp etual
fame ar e her poe ms : the two here given ar e among those which
for p e rfe cti on o f fo rm e xpr essin g profo un d spirit ual emotio n
mus t always be co unte d among the greatest we poss ess
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
W I L L I A M M A K E P E A C E T HA C K E RA Y [ 1 8 4 8
7:
1 848 .
Will ia m Mak ep e a c e Thac k eray ( 1 8 1 1 —63)
FACE
Esmo nd s Home c o ming ( The History of Henry
Esmond)
'
8 31
THACKERAY wro te from 1 836 in Fraser s M agaz ine and P unch
but it was no t till 1 847—8 tha t he sudd enly achi ev e d an immense
success with Vanity Fa ir P endennis followed in 1 849 50 an d
Esmond his s e cond mas te rp iec e in 1 8 52 The Newcomes ( 8 53
the Cor nhi ll essa ys calle d The
55) and The Vir ginians ( 1 858
Roundabout P aper s ( 1 860 —2 ) and the burles qu e fai ry tal The
all co ntr ib ut e d to gi v e Tha ck eray
Rose and the Ring
a reputation in England and Ameri ca which challenged that
of D ick ens
'
,
-
.
,
1
.
,
,
-
e
.
1 849 .
Arthur Hugh Clough (
—
1 8 1 9 61 )
S ay no t the S tr uggle na ught avail et h
837
W he r e lies the Lan d
8 37
CLOUG H is a mo re interes ting po et than some who have been
more co mpl etely succes sful in express ion
His most popu lar
poem is his original and entertainin g Bothie of Tober na Vuolich
It is criticised for the badness of its hexamete :
but Clough showed in his still mo r e charmin g ve rs e nov el
Amours de Voy age that be thoro ughly un d ers tood L atin pros od y
and us ed it as he chose
The firs t of the S ho rt po ems h ere giv en
has long b een in all antho logies : the se con d mak es an int er
"
es ting comparis on with the
Whi ther O S pl endi d S hip of
Mr Bridg es
Clough died in 1 861 and his friend M atthew Arnold honoured
him wi th his bea u tiful Thyr sis— the elegy whi ch by common
cons ent makes a third with Lycidas and A donais
.
-
-
rs
-
.
,
.
.
,
.
1 8 54 .
The
Car dinal J oh n H enry Newma n( 1 80 1 —9 0 )
D efiniti o n
of
a Gen tl eman ( Univer sity
E duca tion)
NEWMAN S
8 38
reputation during his l fe was rath er that o f a
th eo lo gian and contr oversialist than a literary man : yet bo th
hi s prose and ve rse always had dis tin ctio n His name as a write r
Wi ll be r emembe red fo r his volume on The I dea of a Ca tholic
'
i
.
O NY T R O L L O P E
[ 1 8 55
M n and Women fin ally carrie d co nviction and cast a f vourable
light back upo n the Dr m tic Ly r ics o f
nd Dr ama tic
Romances of 1 84 5— e vid n c es which as M r S aints b ury says
sh uld hav s ttl ed the qu estion b f re The Ring nd the
Book
in f ur vo lumes nd
lines is a dr amatic
story of crim and h lp l ss innocenc tr at d with an in
hausti bl humani ty and a profo und psycho l gica l in ight whi ch
have n v r b n quall d in po etry
Browning was for many y rs pit t d against T ennyson
Dickens was gainst Thackeray by th ir c ntempo rari s n d
partisans The p rf cti n f Tennyson s f rm (which is no
superfici al matter) will save his best but n t prob bly t he l rg r
part of his work Browning s s tr en gth do es n t li there (th ugh
his form is the tr u expr ss ion of his sp irit) but in his xtra
rdina ry int ensity nd s in c ri ty f f lin g and thought W here
Tennyso n looks on and judg s life fro m r fined and t tim s
ven senti m nta l r tir m nt Bro wnin g g s down int the fight
or the carnival sublim tin g p ss i n and cr ating truth
AN TH
74
e
a
a
a
a
e
o
e
,
e
e o
o
,
.
a
.
a
e
e
,
e
e,
e
e
ex
e
s
o
e e
ee
e
e
.
ea
a
e
e
.
e
o
o
e
,
'
o
'
o
o
.
o
e
a
o
e
e
e
e
1 8 55.
e
o
e
o
e
a
e
o
oe
a
e
.
a
,
a
,
a
ee
e
e
a
,
e
a
e
o
e
as
,
"
e
.
An tho ny Trollop e ( 1 8 1 5—82 )
Who shall be Co ck o f the W alk ? (Ba r chester
p
m
Tower s)
NT HONY TROLLOP E b egan the s eries of his admi rable and
successful nov els with The Wa rden ( 1 855) an d Bar chester Tower s
Fr a mley P a r sonage was co mmissio ne d by Tha ck e ray
for the new Cor nhill
and The La st Chr onicle of Ba set
app eared in 1 867 : p erhaps the b es t o f all
A
r
.
8 55
—88
Matth e w Ar nold ( 1 82 2
)
860
The S c ho lar Gip sy
867
T he Fun ctio n o f C riti cism (Essays in Cr iticism)
M ATT HEW ARNOLD s S tr ayed Reveller attract e d li ttl e attention
in 1 849 and his Empedocles on E tna ( 1 8 52 ) was sp ee dily with
drawn from circul tion His position as a po et was secured in
s
1 8 55 when he co mpl e te d the issu e o f hi two vo lum es o f P oem
I n 1 8 57 he be came Pro fessor of Poe try at O xf rd ; and in 1 865
Hi b est ve rs e has a
a pp ear e d his famo us Ess ys in C r iticism
charm of an unusual kind : a mixed descent may be traced from
the Greek trag e dies from S p e nse r and fro m H eine
1
.
-
.
'
,
a
.
s
,
.
o
a
,
.
,
s
.
1 8 59
E D W A R D F I T "G E R A L D
]
75
William (Joh n so n) Cory ( 1 82 3—9 2) PAGE
Mimner mus in C hur c h
869
He ra clitus
870
W ILLI AM CORY ( bo rn Johnson) p ublished in 1 858 the first
part of his I omca — short poems full of classical beauty and
ro manti c ardour
1 8 58 .
.
Nath anie l H awthor ne ( 1 80 4-64)
1 8 59
A Vie w o f Ro me in 1 8 59 ( Tr a nsfor ma tion)
871
HAWTHORNE S greates t book, Transforma tion (originally drafted
'
r
Fa un) was finish ed in 1 859 and p ublished in
ot
o don in 1 860 But he was alr eady famous as the
auth r
ca rlet Le tter a gloomy study of New England
Puri tanism
and of The House of the S even Gables
For the gr ea t influence
and The Blithedale Romance
o f his original and imaginative quality see the not e o n S hort
hous e post 1 880
The M a ble
B s o n and L n
o
o f The S
as
,
,
,
.
,
.
G e org e Me r e di th ( 1 82 8—1 90 9 )
Hymn to Colo ur
Fe rdina nd and Miranda ( The Or dea l of Richar d
1 8 59 .
Pever el)
877
.
GEORGE M ERED IT H made his fame as a novelist with Richard
Fever el ( 1 8 59 ) and as a poe t wi th M oder n Love
a story
of tragic misunderstanding to ld in a sonnet-s equence of extra
ordinary power His novels owed somethin g to the work of
his fath er in law P eacock (sup ra 1 822 and English A nthology
pp 730
His own prose style has influ enced many writer s
(see M r Mau r ice Hewl ett s The S toop ing La dy) : his poetry
towards the end of the c entury suc ce e d e d Browning s as the
gospel of the rising g eneration
.
-
-
,
,
,
.
,
'
.
'
.
1 8 59 .
E dward FitzG er ald ( 1 80 9— 83)
Rubéiyét o f O mar Khayyz
i m o f Naisha
ptl r
'
'
88 5
F IT"GERALD S Rubé iydt of Oma r Khayy dm was published in
Though unsucc essful until re discovered by Ro ss etti
1 8 59
'
.
,
C HARL E S R E A D E
[ 1 8 61
Houghton and S winburn e and not pop ular u n til years afte r
wards it is the everlas tin g monu ment of his fame : a wo rk o f
o rigin al g enius
b uilt o ut o f fragments fro m the Pers ian and
brin ging an entir ely new influ ence into Eng lish poe try
76
,
,
,
,
.
1 861 .
Charl e s R e ad e ( 1 8 1 8- 84)
The M eeting o f E ra smus and his
PAGE
Fa the r ( The
Cloister and the Hea r th)
89 4
S ev eral of CHARLES READE S books achi ev ed wid pop ularity
But The
his I t is N ev r too L te t M end as ear ly as 1 8 56
Cloister and the Hea rth ( 1 861 ) i o ne of the greates t hist ric l
novels ev er written and g iv es him his pla c e in lite ratur e
'
e
a
e
o
,
.
s
o
a
.
1 861 .
C hristina Ross e tt i ( 1 830 9 4)
-
D r e a m L an d
At Ho me
90 1
An End
90 2
S o ng
90 3
CHRI STINA RO SSETTI sister o f D G Ross etti contributed
to the Pr R apha elit e Ger m in 1 8 50 ; but
(as Ellen All e gra
reached her high position by her Goblin M a rket and O ther Poems
whi ch contained all fo ur o f the exquis ite p ieces here
given Her greatness lies no t in her sup e rio rity to all her p r e
o r s of her o wn sex but in the n ew b ea uty and d epth o f
de c
emo tio n which she join ed to the mys ti cal p ie ty of the schoo l
of Vaughan and Crashaw
.
,
.
,
e-
.
es s
,
.
1 860 —5.
Thomas H enry Huxl ey ( 1 82 5 9 5)
What is Ce rta in (Desca r tes Discourse on M ethod)
90 3
HUXLEY S gr at s t and most lasting infl u nce dat es fro m th
nly champi n d th
caus f
y rs 1 860 5 in whi ch h not
Darwin as n one ls could hav don but p ublish d
markab le seri s of ss ys n d addr ss s f rless ly applying th
prin ciples of Cart s i n criticism and contending for fre dom f
thought in tha t dir ecti on
The dir ectness l uci di ty and un on
—
'
'
ea
-
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,
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.
,
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WI LL IA M M ORRI S
1 8 66
]
77
scio us elegance of his style may be judged from the ex tract
here given : no Englishman has ever wri tten or spoken so well
o n sci entific s ubj e cts
.
1 865.
Alg er no n C harl e s S winburne ( 1 837— 1 90 9 )
PAGE
C horus (A ta lanta in Ca lydon)
F ro m The Tr iumph of Time
T ris tra m an d I seul t ( Tr istr am of Lyonesse)
S WI NB URNE firs t intoxicat ed read rs of poe try in 1 865 wi th
his A talanta in Ca lyd n the lik e of whos chorus s had nev er
b en heard in Eng lish v ers In 1 866 his P oems nd Ballads
li k e a b eak er full of the w rm S o uth produc ed an ev en stronger
effe ct
This vo lume containe d The Triump h of Tim fro m whi ch
nin famous s tanzas a e h r e tak en
Tristram of Ly onesse ( 88 2)
should be compar d wi th M atth w A rno ld s Tr istra m and I seul t
Tennyson s Last Tou nament
and M r La ur ence
Binyon s Dea th of Tr istram in his Odes
e
o
e
,
e
e
e.
a
a
,
,
e,
.
e
r
e
1
.
e
'
e
'
r
.
'
Willia m Mo rri s ( 1 834—9 9)
1 866.
The D efen ce o f Guene v e r e
The Fligh t o f the Ar go na uts ( The Life
f Jason)
o
P rolo gue to The Ear thly P a r adise
April ( The E a r thly P a r a dise)
May ( The E ar thly P ar adise)
Nov emb e r ( The E a r thly P a r a dise)
The Hollow L an d
WILLIAM M ORRIS published in 1 858 The Defence of Gu n vere
the fir stf uits of a new and sp len di d g enius whi ch had not yet
rip n d I n 1 866 he r p d a full harvest with The Life and
Dea th of J on : in 1 868-70 he showed himself t be the di r ct
(and the gr at st) d esc end n t of Chauc er by produ cin g the f ur
volumes of The E rthly Pa radis a vast s ries of c lassi cal and
romantic tales th like of whi ch e not to be f und in En glish
In 1 8 73 appe ared the fas cinatin g myst ery pla y Love is Enough
e e
,
r
e
e
ea
.
e
o
as
e
e
a
a
,
e
o
,
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e
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ar
o
-
.
GE OR GE E L I O T
[ 1 8 58
in 1 877 S igur d the Vols ung the mos t h ro ic and fau ltless o f the
few p ics we poss ess I n 1 89 1 he co lle ct e d in P oems by the Way
the sho rt e r p ie ces of his las t poe ti cal p e ri od an d S how ed a n ew
an d ev en d eep e r originality
His s even pro s e ro man ces — The House of the Wolfings etc
— 8 — ar e almos t e quall dis tinguished : th e t oo co mbine
1
8
8
(
9 9 )
y
y
his roman tic charm with his p eculiar in t ens ity o f imagina tion
Thei r Englis h is a fift eenth century 5 1e adapted to scenes
mainly o f a S cand inavian charact er Ano th er mood pro du ced
th e wond rful me die val Dr eam of John Ba ll ( 1 888) an d the
prop hetic dream o f News from Nowhere
e mbod yin g th e
S o cialis ti c faith of a h e art too n ob le for th e w o rld of his time :
the onl y gr eat all ego ri cal p iec es sin c e The P i lgr im s P r ogress
The marv ello us fan tasy o f c o lour and so un d ca ll ed The Hollow
Land he co nt ibut e d to The Oxfor d and Cambr idge M aga zine in
his un d ergrad uat e da ys an d it was on ly r eprinte d aft er his d eath
S ee not es o n L o rd Be rners ante 1 52 3 an d M or e 1 535
78
e
,
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.
,
.
,
.
.
-
.
e
'
.
r
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
—
1 8 1 9 80
(
)
Mi ss Broo ke and M r Casa ubo n (M iddlema r ch)
G eorg e E li ot
1 8 58 .
9 23
.
GEORGE ELI OT (M ary Ann Evans) fulfilled the promise o f
her S cenes of C ler ica l L ife ( 1 8 57) by the complete succ ess o f her
The M ill on the F loss ( 1 860 ) and S ilas
Amos Ba r ton
S he r each e d the summi t o f popularity by the
M ar ner
publicati on of M iddlema rch
a novel of uns urpassed powe r
in the d elineatio n of provin cial E nglis h so ci e ty and the chara ct e rs
movin g in it S he is here place d too late as Kin gsley is placed
too early by a typo graphical e rror o f a S ing le figur e It is greatly
regrett ed that (aft er 9 00 p ages) the proof co rrector S hould have
no dd ed : and e qu lly tha t of many thous an d r ea d e rs no t on e
(in twelve months) should have observed and pointed out
th e mis tak e
,
.
.
,
-
a
,
.
1 869 .
Jam e s Antho ny Froud e ( 1 8 1 8 9 4)
-
An Es tima te o f Dis ra e li (Life of Benj amin Disr aeli)
9 31
FROUD E from 1 867 was writing his admirable S hort S tudies
M ean
on Grea t S ubj ec ts but th ey w er e not co ll ect ed till 1 88 3
whil e he made his rep utation by his History of England from
,
.
D RE W L AN G
79
the F a ll of Wolsey to the Defea t of the A rmada in tw elv e vo lumes
comp leted in 1 869 A mo re po pular success was his English
A brilliant inaccurate pug
S eamen in the S ix teenth Century
nacio us writ e r with a great na tural g ift of s tyle
1 8 72
AN
]
,
.
.
,
,
,
1 8 70 .
.
D a nt e G abrie l Ross e tt i (
—
1 82 8 8 2
)
p Ao E
The Blesséd D a mo zel
9 35
The P or trait
9 39
Lo vesight
9 42
The Bir th -Bo nd
9 42
S e c r e t P ar ting
9 43
O E I (Gabriel Charles Dante kno wn as Dant e Gabriel)
wro te some o f his b est poems b efo re 1 862 but in that year
buried the M S in his wife s grave S even years afterwards it
was disint err ed by p e rmiss io n o f th e Ho me S ecr et ary and the
P oems were pub lish ed in 1 870 Ro ss etti who had be en a co
founder of the Pr e Raphaelite Bro therhood in 1 849 was already
a famous painter and was now rec ognised as a poet of genius
The Blesséd D amozel is his most admir ed S ing le po m ; The
P ortra it his b es t and most profo undly sinc ere ; but his fame
lives in his House of Life a sonnet-sequ ence which S tands near est
to S ha k esp eare s o wn
R SS TT
,
,
'
.
.
,
.
,
-
,
.
,
e
,
'
.
1 872 .
An dr ew L a n g ( 1 844 1 9 1 2 )
-
The O d yssey
Ballad e o f the Boo k-hunte r
DREW LAN G was a many sided and gifted man of letters
ade his mark as a write r of d elicate v ers e in o ld Fren ch
fo rms His Ballads and Lyr ics of Old France
Ba llades
in Blue China
Rhymes it la M ode and Ba llads and Verses
Va in ( 1 884 ) all had an immens e vo gue and with his lit erary
essays stu dies in S co ttis h his to ry th e Gr eek E pic and po li tical
biog raphy gave him the charact er of an Admi rable Crichto n
The firs t s o nn et he r e giv en was first print ed at the beginnin g
o f the mas t erly Transla tion of the Ody ssey
in whi ch
he co llaborated with P rofessor Henry Butch e r
AN
who m
-
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
T H O M AS HAR D Y
1 872
Thomas H ardy (bor n 1 84 1 )
G oing the Roun ds ( Under the Gr eenwood Tr ee)
8o
[ 1 8 72
.
94 5
Hap
9 51
S he , to Him
9 52
F riends Beyon d
9 53
The S lee p wor ke r
9 54
To an U nborn P a up e r C hild
9 55
The Divisio n
9 56
The End o f the E p isod e
9 56
T he Ball ad sin ge r
9 57
His E d u ca ti o n
9 57
The P hanto m Hors ewo m an
9 58
M en who M ar c h Awa y
9 59
On a Midsumme r Eve
9 60
The O x en
9 61
G rea t Things
9 61
In Time o f The Br e aking o f N
atio ns
9 62
MR HARDY S fame as a noveli t b g n with hi Und th
G eenwood T ee ( 1 872 ) and A P ai of Blu Ey ( 872
the
gr at series of s venteen volu m s nd d with Jud the Ob cur
( 89 5) and The Well Beloved ( 1 89 7 a r print) As a poe t h
only be came known in 1 898 when his Wessex P oems (written
865—9 7) app ear ed ; th ey w ere f ll w d by P oems of the P ast
"
a nd Pres nt
Then came the giganti c pic dram
The Dynasts ( 1 90 3 1 9 0 6
th n T me s L ughing S tock s
S a ti es of Ci cum t nce ( 9 1 and 1 9 1 4) nd M oments
The Dyn ts S tands al n in E nglis h li t ratur
f Vision
and no extract of mod rat e l n gth c u ld do it j ustic ; but by
M r Hard y s g en r s ity and p rsonal h lp we have here on
f his mos t char cte ris tic prose sc enes nd a s t of fift en short e r
po ems which w ll illustrate o ne S id and many diff r n t lights
n d shad es of his g enius
He rang s in th s e from the so mbr
lEschylean mood in whi ch h has m ny tim s pp e led for
M n gains t his go ds to a r r j y f life nd an exq uisit
t nd rn s f l v Thro ughout his w rk h is lik S hak sp r
in m r w ys t h n o n : h i ess ntially m ral in his j udgm nt
of li fe ; y t h mak s his un to S hin upo n j ust and unj ust
alik : h is lik him also in two spe cial gifts— in his absolut
posses i n of the lands cape and the hum ur of th Englis h
-
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HE NRY
JAMES
[ 8 75
sty l
and philos phy and b cam
at onc c us b lli m ng
criti cs nd moralists E qu lly origin l f scin tin g nd p
tu bin g w r
his M iu the Ep i ur an
I m gin ry
P o t it
App c ti n
P l t nd P l t n m
T he v rdict f th public
( 1 89 3) nd G k S tudi
was th t h was D c d nt wh gav n ew lif to Eng lish cultur
and
E uphu st whose char ct ris tic Style was of a gr ve and
r ligi us b uty
1 875
H enry J am e s ( 1 843—1 9 1 5)
m
A Visio n o f E nglish S o ciety ( The S acr ed Faunt)
9 74
HENRY JAMES g in d
r putation and a c rtain me sure f
popularity with his n v l R d ick H uds n
aft rwards
conclud d in his Princ C m im
Th s and th rs
of their p rio d a brilliant and lu cid st ries of ch ract r but
J ames s subtl curi ity and mu ltiple insight d emanded a mor
c mp let xpression of shades and valu es which f w but him
s lf p erc iv d His later books were m re and m r r lished
by th e f w n d d rid d by the many Th S ac d F unt
The Wing f the D ov nd The G ld n B wl ( 9 0 5) f rm p rhap s
the S hi bb l th of this b ttle ; but lik e oth er shibb l ths it m y
b disr g rd d (
s uch) by all wh ch s e t be non c mb t nts
H n ry J am s did much f r the n ov l of character ; nd in spit
f hi s bj ctiv
nd almost surgi cal meth d h
h
l ft in his
w rk th r c rd f gre t nd charitable nature as w ll as of
a highly o rig n al artistic impuls
1 878
Rob e rt L oui s S t ev en so n ( 1 8 50- 94)
“
The Lite rary Gymn asti c ( A Co ll ege M a gazine
M emor ies and P or tr a its)
9 77
82
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.
The Vagabbnd
9 80
The Ho use Beautiful
9 81
Req uiem
9 82
C ro ckett
9 83
S TEVEN S ON (R b rt L wis B lfour aft rwards ca ll ed R b rt
L u is) wr t in m g zin s f r s m tim be f r h pub lis h d
Donk y
A n I nland V y ge ( 1 878) and Tra v ls with
E ssays foll wed then th N w A r bian Nights ( 882 ) and
Th s e all formed a c c nd of succ ss
T e u I l nd
t h mos t pop ular writ r of his time wh n he
and R L S w
pr duc d in rapid and pr fitable succ ssion P ince O tto ( 885)
n
d
ll
k
or
g
a
draft
d
i
T
d
D
r
l
S
e
m
a
m
i
s
i
l
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as
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y
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)
J
g
y
(
To S R
.
.
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o
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r as r e
.
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,
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,
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ra e
,
.
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,
1 880
R
]
O BE R T BR I D G E S
83
The Bla ck A r row
K idnapped
M r Hyde
The M as ter of Ba llantr ae ( 1 889 ) and Ca tr iona
In 1 88 7
M emor ies and P or tr a its app ea re d and a v o lu me o f v e rs e Under
.
,
p rs a ch r
w r
wr t
b th fu
,
t v so w t
r b vo
s
t E
t
pub s d
ll o f e o n l
a m
In 1 88 9 S e e n n
woo ds, o
en
he e he
o e two me mo a le
to li e in S amoa,
lume , A
'
oo tno te to H istory ( 1 89 2 ) and I sland N igh s
nter ta inmen s
e i h
l Va i li ma L etter s,
and the
li he in 1 89 5
his e h
e
en he is m s
im el , lea
en
S e en n le s es m s
i n ef e s
tyle
He has
l
he is too is i ly o n
in
ollege M a ga zrne
his e ly a i o f
layin
ay o n A
the
t he ma e s
the a
lo
ap e
He was o nly o in
the se
is e (see the a a e o n yle in nglish
ha Ben
n
n
the
e
l in many la e — an d e en
A n hology,
a men t Weir of H er miston ( 1 89 3—4 ) —is a
d en
in his fine
i io ni o r
e
e d, a j ar to the affe c
i i n o f o me in
his mo
a hed
ea e
o nly he
tio n ate a mi a io n
"
“
i e
A
tn te to the His
S yle 1
ha d li ed
y
F
v
.
d l g tfu
aft r
d at
t v so p a
o t wh
o t h s f st wh
v b c coct g f ct of s
to d us
Ess
C
of
ar h b t
p
g
du us
to
st r of p st
d g
w t
Jo so adv d
p ss g
st
E
t
p
but
r su t
p cs
v
su d
fr g
susp c o
s th g h str c aff ct
d r t of
st att c
r d rs If
v to wr t
Foo o
tor of t
.
.
.
.
.
Wi lli am E r ne st H enl ey ( 1 849 9 0 3) PAGE
On Hazlitt
9 83
Appariti o n
9 87
M ar garita S orori
9 88
HENLEY mad e his name b e tw een 1 8 77 and 1 89 0 as a jo urnalist
His Poe ms ( 1 888
and e di tor o f u n co mmo n S tyle and v ig o ur
His rath r
1 9 0 1 ) ar e sp i rit e d and a t times exq uis it e
1 89 8
o v e rd o n e mascu lini ty was due n o d o ubt to his o wn p hys ic al
disab il ty and suffering endured with exasp erat ed fo rtitud e
—1
1 880 .
.
,
i
.
,
Rob e rt B ri dg e s (bor n 1 844)
S o n ne ts xv1 x 1x xx1x xxxv fro m The Gr owth
1 880
e
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
f Love
o
Lo ndo n S now
On a D ead C hild
A wa ke, my He ar t
Nigh tingal es
M y D e ligh t and thy D e ligh t
E l e gy : T he S umme r -Ho use o n the M o un d
T he F ai r Brass
O p en fo r me the G a tes o D eli h t
T rafal gar S q uar e
f
g
J O S E P H H E NR Y S H O R T H O U S E [ 8 80
M st of MR BRID G ES grea t qualiti s app ear in his sonn t
s qu n ce The G owth f Love ( 876)— his n tiqu e grace his
mod e rn sub tl ety and the grav e b ea uty of his thought nhanc d
almost
by its u ni n with a mas culine j oy and faith But he w
unk nown until aft r th p ub li cat ion f his famo us S hor ter P ms
in thr ee Books ( 873 1 879
to which a f ur th was add d
in 1 89 0 and a fifth in 1 89 3 Thes we re no t only of wid e rang
nd full of cu rio us f li ci ti es but the ori gin lity of both th ei r
subj cts and rhythms brought new fre d m into English po etry
M Bridg es who is th most le rned and acut pr sodist w h v
y t had and an acco mp lis h e d stud nt o f music has a s ns of
rhythm and a love of m trical xp rim nt whi ch hav at times
tak n him a littl in adv nc of the m r o ld f shion d f his
ud i n c :
but he has r c eiv d th fit ting r co gnition of his
g nius in his ppointment t the Po t L ureat ship and in
th
unanimous acclaim of his yo un g e r cont emporaries in th
C mmonw alth of Poetry
84
1
'
o
e
e
.
o
r
e
e
1
a
,
,
,
o
1
e
o
e
o
e
a
e
e
.
e
o
e
e
e
e
e
o
a
,
a
e
a
,
e
a
e
e
e
e
e
-
e
a
e
o
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a
a
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e
e
,
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e
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,
e
r.
oe
,
,
.
a
e
as
.
e
e
e
a
e
e
e
o
e
1 880 .
.
J os eph H enry S ho r tho use ( 1 834
—1
1
0
9
)
i6
gi
Venge an ce is Mine (John I nglesant)
gav to
world
boo wh ch
d s r of
b
ad
a
rs
pr vat pr t d d t o
h
a app ar d
br ght
auth r p rhap
ost u hop d
tr but of
pra
vr
a work fict
od r
ga d
book call d
h s f a Ph o p c o c
add tha
thr ad of
c fl c b tw
C tur
Fa at c
a al s
charact r of
subj c v flu c of
Chr t a
tho t r al Truth
a f st d
Ph o
To
r ad r
a p w rfu
v d cat o of
po t
stor c Ch rch of gla d
ca
t
for
dra t c st r
act
wh ch
d
ga d
Cv
oth r
Ita of
post
s c pr d
wr t r w
obl g t o to awth r s
c rr d p rf ct o but
fu
q all d
od
t r
cho
b aut
s
v surp ss d
to
g h
t r st of
th s
pr fou d
s cr
oqu c
e
the
in 1 880 the
S HORTHOUSE
k
i
(by
no
e i e
his o wn) had een l i by for m ny yea
in a
e
i
ely
in e e i i n W en at l st it
e , John I nglesant
o
e
s the m
t o its
n
e -for
i
ou
e
of
io n in m e n E n l n
ise e e wo n by
The
"
is
e by S ho r t ho us e im e l
il so hi a l R man e,
s
s
e
t the
it ar e
the
on i t
e
an d he
e en
n i ism— the
n ysi
and
e
ul
e an d
S in
en e
the
e ti e in
is i n M y
s (E e n
the
en mena )
e
it is
the e
o
m ni e e in
e
l
i
si io n o f th e hi
u
En n ,
the
in i i n
ma i
o y, the two
m of a
s of
st in o the
i
o f th e
i il War , the
e
ar e lai , o ne in the E n l n
in the
-R enais an e
e io
T he
i e o ns an
ly
t he
'
"
ar t
a ie
to
e e i n,
o ne
i ai n
H
he
his m el in the ma u e and melan
lly e u e
ly
has
a e
him,
the min d o f
e
y o f his tyle, and has e en
his
esi and the
o
most E n lis men, in the in e e
n
in e ity o f his el
en e
.
.
.
.
'
.
M AR Y
1 89 7
]
C O L E RI D GE
85
Mary Col e ri dg e ( 1 861 — 1 9 0 7)
1 89 7.
To M emory
U ni ty
W
itho ut
Nigh t i s Fall en Within,
'
E gyp t s Migh t i s Tumbl e d D own
Ah, I hav e S t riv en, I hav e S triv en
We w e r e no t mad e for Refuges o f Lies
0 the High Vall ey, the Littl e Lo w Hill
ha m)
1 00 7
MARY COLER ID GE
great niece of S T Coleridge mad e her
rep utation in 1 89 7 by her first his to rical romance The King
with Two F a ces Her p o ems app eared in s mall volumes wi tho ut
her nam e in 1 8 9 6—7—8 and in p e rio di ca ls fro m 1 9 0 0 to 1 9 0 7
a co llection fro m th ese an d fro m her M S S
was p ublis he d (in
1 9 0 7) afte r her d ea th
Her work was imme di ately s ucc ess ful
bo th with the general pub lic an d with the bes t living imaginative
writers Their cri ti ca l studies of her po ems noted her affini ty
with Cole ridge Blake Heine and C hristina Ross etti but her
no t l ess strikin g ori ginality her wid e ran g e and intimat e sinc e rity
Th ey will be her p o rtrait an abso lut ely truthfu l picture o f a
wondrously b eautiful and gift ed spirit whom thought could
no t mak e melan cho ly no r so rrow sad ;
n o t in c o nv entional
atti tu d e no r Wi t h fix e d features no r lig htly to be in t e rpr et e d nor
e v en a lways to be u nd e rstood but mys tical rath e r and eni gmati ca l
a po eti c efii gy the o nly li k eness of worth
(Rob ert Bridg es)
-
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
I N D EX
DDISON J s p
A
o e h, 4 3
,
A lison, 1
A L i ttle Geste of Robin Hood
a nd his M eynie, 9
Ano nymo , 1 , 5, 6, 8, 9 , 2 0,
us
22
r
ust
-
3
tt
A no ld, M a hew, 74
A s y e ca me fr om the H oly La nd, 2 0
A
en,
ane, 59
J
Fr c s
c r
tr c r
Er
D sr
j
u t Fr c s
s T
s v
t
Jr
rk
s p G r
r rs r
b
cf
Cvr
ut r s
rs
Baco n,
an i , 2 0
Bar nefield, Ri ha d, 2 1
Bax e , Ri ha d, 37
Beaco ns fie ld,
a l
of
S ee
i
ae li , Ben amin
Bea mo n ,
an i , 2 5
Be dd o e ,
ho ma Lo ell, 64
Be n ham, e e my, 52
Be ele y, Bi ho
e o ge , 4 5
Be n e , L o d, 1 0
Bi le, Wy li , 3 ;
o e dale, 1 1 ;
A ho i e d Ve i o n
.
Bi nnor i e, 2 2
Bla e, W i lli am, 53-4
Bo hn gbr o k e, Vi o n
S ee S t
o hn, He n y
Bo o ,
eo ge, 70
Bo
ell,
ame , 54
B i dge , Ro e , 8 3-4
B o n e , C ha lo e, 71
B o n e , Emi ly, 71
B oo e , L o d
S ee
e ille,
lk e
B o ne , S ir
ho ma , 32
B o ne, Wi lliam, o f
a i o
,
26
B o nin g,
li a e h Ba e , 71
B o nin g, R o e , 73-4
B nyan, o hn, 40
B
e,
dm nd, 5 1
B le i gh,
Lo d
e il,
S ee
W i lli am
B ney,
an es, 52
B n , Ro e t , 5 3
B t o n, Ro e , 2 7
B le , Bi ho
o e h, 4 6
k
sc u t
.
.
r
rr w G r
sw J s
r s b rt
r t
r tt
r t
r k
r
Gr v
Fu
rw
T
s
rw
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rw
Ezbt
rr tt
rw
b rt
u
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ur
r
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ur
Fr c
ur s b r
ur
b rt
ut r s p J s p
J
.
.
ut r
u
r
G r
r
B le , S am el, 38
By o n,
e o ge
o do n,
By o n, 61 -2
Gr
r
Lo d
C mpb ll Th m s 56
C mp
Th m
6
C r w Th m s 3
C rlyl Th m s 67
C t
W ll m 8
l W ll m L rd Bur l igh
C
2
C h pm n G r g 2 6 7
Ch tt rt n Th m s 5
C h uc r G ff r y
4
Ch st rfi ld E rl f S S t n
h p
Ph l p D rm r
Ch t Pl y 6
Cl r J h 6
Cl r d E rl f S Hyd
Edw rd
Cl k S u d
22
Cl u gh A thur Hugh 72
C bb tt W ll m 57
C l ridg M ry 8 5
C l r dg S mu l T yl r 55
C ll ns W ll m 49
C gr v W l l m
C ry W ll m (J h s ) 75
C wl y Abr h m 33 4
C wp r W ll m 5
Cr bb G rg 58 9
Cr s h w Rich rd 33
Cu k S ng
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D i l S mu l 7
D rl y G rg 65
D w
Ch rl s 69
D v n t S
W ll m 3
D f
D m l 46
D kk r T h m s 2 4
D Q u c y T h m s 65 6
D bd
Ch rl s 54
D ick ns Ch rl s 69
D sr l
B j m
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B
n fi ld 66
D bs n Aust 8
an e ,
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-
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of
87
I ND EX
Hum D vid 4 7 8
D
J hn 2 3 4
Hu t L gh 6
Dr k S F
4
H uxl y Th m s H nry 76 7
M ch l 8 9
D r yt
Dr mm d W ll m f Haw Hyd Edw rd E rl f Ci r n
d n 35 6
th n d
27
J hn 4
D ryd
u 2
Dunb r W ll m 8 9
I
J m s H nry 82
Edg w rth M ri 56 7
J
s
I
f
c
t
l
nd 6 7
m
S
8
El t G rg
7
J
fr
F
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6
6
f
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6
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Ell t Eb
l
J
s
S
m
u
h
47
m
Th s
Ely t S
J ns n B n 2 2
68
Em rs n R lph W ld
Ev lyn J hn 4
K ts J hn 62
Kin g H nry Bis h p f
F ldi g H nry 48
h st r 38
F tzG
ld Edw d 75 6
K n gs l y Ch r l s 67 8
F l tch r G l 2 4
Kn x J hn 2
F l tch r J h 2 5 6
F l tch r Phin s 2 9
L mb Ch r l s 58
F rd J hn 3
63
L nd r W lt r S v g
F x J hn 2
L g Andr w 79
Fr ud J m s A th ny
L n g l n d W ll m 2
Full r Th m s 37
L k
J hn 42
L dg
Th m s 5
G Y 1 h“
L
gf ll w H nry W dsw rth
G bb Edw rd 5
67
G ldsm th O l v r 5
L v l c S
Ric h rd 35
G ss Edmund 8
L ydg t
J hn 5 6
G
p M
9
Lyly J h
3
Gwr Jh 45
Lyt t n Edw rd Bu lw r L rd
Gr y Th m s 48 9
L ytt n 66 7
Gr
R b rt
4
Gr v ll Fulk L rd Br k 3
M c ul y Th m s B b ingt n 65
M cp h rs n J m s 49
M l ry S i Th m s 8
H kluyt R c h d 9
M q u ss
f
S
M nd v l l S J hn 6
H lf x
M nn yn g R b rt f Brunn 2
S v l G rg
H r dy T h m s 8
M r l w Christ ph r 7
M rry t C pt in F r d rick 66
H w s S t ph n
H wth rn
N th m l 75
M rv ll And w 36
H zl tt W ll m 64
M y in th G n w d 9
H l n f K
n ll 2 2
M r d th G rg 75
H l y W l l m Ern st 8 3
M r s Fr nc s 9
H nrys
R b rt 7
M 11 J h S tu rt 7
H rb rt G rg 3
J hn 2 9 32 4
M lt
H rr ck R b rt 34 5
M t gu L dy M ry W rtl y 4 5
H bb s Th m s 36
M r Th m s 56
H hn h d R ph l
M r S Th m s
3
H d Th m s 65
M rr s W ll m 77 8
H k r R ch r d 8
H w rd H nry E r l f S urr y
N pi r M j r G n r l S i W
F P 6
2
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.
I ND EX
N wm n C rdin l J hn H n y
S p ns r Edmund
5
S t nh p
Philip D rm r E r l
f Ch st rfi ld 5
N rt h 5 Th m s
3
St l
S i R ch d 42 3
Orf rd E l f
S t rn
L ur nc
S
W lp l
49
S t v n n R b rt L ui 8 2 3
H r c
Osb rn
D r thy 36 7
S ucklin g S i J hn 3
S urr y E r l f
S
H w d
P rk r M ti
H nry
3
S w ft J n th n 4 3
P st n ( L tt rs) 7
P t r W lt r H r ti 8 2
S winburn Alg rn n Ch r l s 77
P tm r C v ntry 73
P c k Th m s L v 63 4
T yl r J r my 37
P l Ge rg 4 5
P pys S mu l 38 9
T mpl S i W ll m 36 7
P
Edg r All n 69
T nny n Alfr d L rd T nny
n 68
P p Al d r 44
T nnys
Fr d rick 73
P d W thr p M ckw rth 64
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T H I N G REA T B R I TA I N