Prepared By
Engr. Myrna A. Cabrera
Engr. Ma. Elena A. Noriega
Engr. Roel D
D.. Cabrer
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Republic of the Philippines
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Office of the Vice President for Academic Affairs
College of Engineering
ELECTRONICS E NGINEERING (ECE) DEPARTMENT
COURSE GUIDE
I.
Course Code: ECEN 30012
II.
Course Title: BASIC ELECTRONICS 1
III.
Course Overview
A. Course Description
This introductory course includes basic electrical and electronic principles, the
types and behavior of passive such as resistor, capacitor and inductor. Later,
active devices such as diode will be tackled. Experiments on series, parallel and
combination will apply the principles of Ohm’s Law, Watt’s Law and Kirchhoff’s
Law. At the end of the semester, the student will design and build the basic power
supply circuit
B.
Course Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the student should be able to
•
•
•
•
•
C.
Classify the different electronic components and their functions.
Demonstrate the key ideas of basic electronic components and circuits.
Implement simulations and interpret electronic circuits using Multisim.
Understand how to use test instruments like multimeter and oscilloscope.
Design and troubleshoot basic electronic circuits
Course Topics
To ensure the accomplishment of the learning outcomes, this course will cover
the following topics:
• Electronics Fundamentals
• Ohm’s Law
• Multisim
• Resistors
• Series Circuits
• Parallel Circuits
• Series Parallel Circuits
• Capacitance
• Inductance
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• Diodes
• Power Supply
IV.
Course Study Guide
This material was prepared for students to be equipped with theoretical and technical
know-how for the subject ECEN 30012 Basic Electronics 1.
It is a self-paced material; hence, please be guided to 1. Manage time well. Schedule properly reading the material and doing the
activities set. It is targeted that at the end of the semester, all activities set will be
sent back to the Electronics Engineering Department.
2. Focus. Make sure that you do things one at a time. Read the material over and
over until you are able to get the point of the lesson. If some areas are not clear
enough, you can refer to related books, the suggested readings, and videos as it
may deem necessary.
3. Give your best. In doing the assessment task whether formative or summative,
target the highest standards because you are a better student. You have the
knowledge and skills that you need to finish with the quality of work.
4. Submit on time. Once you are finished with the instructional material, it is
expected for you to send back your answers to activities and assessment.
5. Answer Assessment. Copy the question in a separate sheet and show
solutions and answers neatly complete, legibly, and concise. Also, Box in Final
Answers
6. Work independently. It is expected that you work on the material on your own.
You can ask help from others but do your best to do it first.
7. Motivate yourself. Whatever knowledge or skill you are gaining from the course
will definitely help you take a step closer to be an Electronics Engineer. Enjoy
what you are doing and everything else will follow.
8. Reach Out. If any part of the lesson, you need help and guidance, do not
hesitate to contact your respective professors or to the ECE Department.
V.
Course Requirements
Multisim Circuit Simulation Experiments
Design Project (Paper Design)
Major Exams
VI.
Grading System
➢ Multisim Circuit Simulation Experiments
➢ Design Project (Paper Design)
➢ Major Exams (Seatwork + Final Exam)
40%
20%
40%
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Instructions:
➢
➢
➢
VII.
All requirements will be submitted two weeks before the end of the semester.
As much as possible work independently.
If you have any question/s, you may send an email to macabrera@pup.edu.ph or to our FB
gc or MSTeam
References
1. Malvino, A. P. (1999). Electronic principles. New York: McGraw-Hill.
2. Meade, R. L., & Diffenderfer, R. (2007). Foundations of electronics: circuits and
devices (electron flow version). Australia: Thomson/Delmar Learning.
3. Meade, R. L., & Diffenderfer, R. (2004). Foundations of electronics: circuits and
devices: conventional flow version. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Learning.
4. Nashelsky, L., Boylestad, R. L., Boylestad, R. L., & Boylestad, R. L.
(2008). Electronic devices and circuit theory. Indianapolis, Ind: Prentice Hall.
5. Ponick, W., & Schultz, M. E. (2016). Experiments manual for Grobs basic
electronics. New York , NY: McGraw-Hill.
6. Schultz, M. E. (2007). Grobs basic electronics. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher
Education.
VIII.
Contact Informations
Engr. Myrna A. Cabrera
ECE Department
ECEN20013@gmail.com
dece_chair@pup.edu.ph
Prepared By:
Engr. MYRNA A. CABRERA
ECE Faculty
Recommending Approval:
Approved:
Engr. GEOFFREY T. SALVADOR
ECE Faculty & Chairperson
Dr. REMEDIOS G. ADO
Dean, College of Engineering
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Course Topic 1. Electronics Fundamentals
History of Electronics & Basic Electrical Principles
Overview:
This history of the different milestones of Electronics is discussed in this topic. The
charged particles like proton and electron are included to further understand the effect of the
valence electrons in determining the characteristics of different materials. Basic principles of
electricity like current, voltage and resistance are also explained to help the student
understand their relationship with each other.
Learning Objectives:
After successful completion of this topic, you should be able to:
➢ Understand the history of electronics.
➢ Explain the basic electrical principles including the review of atomic theory.
➢ Differentiate the different materials according to its characteristics.
Course Materials:
2.a. History of Electronics
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2.b. Basic Electrical Principles
Types of Electronic Components:
1. Passive electronic components- are components that do not generate energy, but
can store or dissipate it. It includes resistors, inductors, and capacitors.
2. Active electronic components – are components that rely on an external source to
control or modify electrical signals. It includes diode, transistor, SCRs, etc.
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Common Electronic Components:
Resistor is a component that limits the flow of current. Resistance is the
characteristic of resistor which determines how good the resistor can oppose current
flow, measured in ohms. Fixed resistors are components that have resistances that do
not change when subjected to different situations.
Variable resistors are resistors that can change its resistance. They are usually
rated at its maximum value.
The capacitors are components that can store electrical energy. This ability of the
capacitor is measured by its capacitance in unit of farad.
The inductor is also called coil. If the
capacitor can directly stored energy from
the source, the inductors can only induced
or store energy when changing current is
flowing in the component. Transformers
are examples of inductors.
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Basic Materials Used in this Course:
Breadboard is used to construct the circuit without the need of soldering the components.
Soldering means we are attaching an electronic component to another electronic component by
using a soldering iron and soldering lead. While the multitester is a test instrument that can
measure resistance, voltage and current.
In practical activities (due to the Covid pandemic, practical activities are only advised to be done
at home with the supervision of people with the required knowledge to avoid accidents), some
tools are needed like the pliers to hold components while being soldered. Desoldering tool is
used if you want to remove the joint between components.
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Wire stripper is used to remove the cover or insulation of the wire. Soldering lead is the
chemical we used to join components. Printed circuit board is where we put the components to
form the circuit we designed. Ferric chloride is the chemical we used to make the printed circuit
board design (pcb design).
Safety Reminders:
Make your connections clear and can be easily removed so that if accident happens,
you can easily remove the power. You know that water is a good conductor of current so do not
drink in your work area to prevent any spill of liquids in the circuits that you are doing,
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This what happens when current flows in your body:
As you can see from the figure above, a current of 30-75 mA is already affecting our
body. It can make you lose your consciousness due to respiratory paralysis. Take extra
precautions when dealing with high values of current.
Basic Electricity:
electrons
nucleus
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The red part of the figure represents the nucleus where we can find the proton and
neutrons. Electrons are the tiny dots in the orbits.
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Supplemental Materials
-
https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/technical/electronics-dc/dce19218/methods-ofproducing-electricity
https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/career-clusters/stem/dce19318/how-current-requiresvoltage
https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/career-clusters/stem/dce15911/conductors-insulatorsand-resistors
Meade, R. L., & Diffenderfer, R. (2007). Foundations of electronics: circuits and devices
(electron flow version). Australia: Thomson/Delmar Learning.
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SEATWORK # 1 History and Basic Electrical Principles
1. Why is the capacitor considered as a passive electronic component?
2. What will happen to the current when the resistance increases? Why?
3. Describe the difference between analog ang digital multi-testers.
4. If a current of 4 amperes should be passed through a wire for 2 seconds, how many electrons will
be needed? Show your solution.
5. Give two examples of materials which are not given in this IM, that does not allow current flow
Course Topic 2. Ohm’s Law
Overview:
George Simon Ohm, a German scientist and mathematician discovered the relationship
between current and voltage while using the new electrochemical cell which was invented by
Alessandro Volta. He found out that there is a direct proportionality between the voltage applied
in a material and current (moving charges). This phenomenon is then named after him - Ohm’s
Law, an important founding principle used in analyzing circuits.
Learning Objectives:
After successful completion of this topic, you should be able to:
➢ Discuss the characteristics of Ohm’s Law.
➢ Make use of the multitester.
➢ Measure voltage, resistance and current using the multitester and verify the
measured value based on Ohm’s Law.
Course Materials:
Reference Materials:
- Please read Chapter 3 Resistors p. 72
Basic Electronics 9th ed. by Bernard Grob and Mitchel E. Schultz
Supplemental Materials:
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/technical/electronics-dc/dce11904/ohms-law-practiceproblems-1
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/career-clusters/stem/dce3902/ammeter-circuitconnections
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/career-clusters/stem/dce7204/analog-voltmeter-operation
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/career-clusters/stem/dce6903/watts-law
In the previous topic, circuit is defined as an interconnection between devices or
electronic components. The basic parts of a circuit are the potential differential or voltage, the
wires to make the connection and the load (the one that uses the power) which is represented
by a resistor. Open circuit is described as a connection between components that does not
allow current flow because the switch is open. Therefore if there is an open path in any part of
the circuit no current will be produced. On the other hand, closed circuit is a circuit with
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complete path that allows current flow.
The current in the circuit is dependent on the amount of voltage applied in the circuit. If the
voltage is low, the number of charges that can move is also low and thus, resulting to low
current. If the voltage is increased, current is also increased. Relationship of current to
resistance is opposite of that of the voltage. Resistance is the ability of the material to limit
current. With this relationship, we say that if we use higher resistance, the current produced is
becoming less, and vice versa.
The figure above represents the three parameters in the Ohm’s Law principle. As you
can see, the voltage is the power needed to push the charges in the material, unit of
measurement is volts. The moving charges, represented by the green figure is the current,
measured in amperes. While the one limiting or blocking the flow of current is the resistance of
the material, measured in ohms. Based on the discovery of George Ohm, voltage is directly
proportional to current. It means that as we increase the amount of voltage we apply in the
circuit, the amount of current also increases. However, resistance is inversely proportional to
current. When the resistance is increased, the current will be less since more restriction is
applied.
Below is the summary of the equations based on Ohm’s Law:
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Example 1.
The circuit has a resistance of 10 Ω and its current is 1 A. What is the voltage in the circuit?If
the resistance is doubled, how much is the current in the circuit?Solution 1:
Given:
R = 10 ΩI
=1A
V=?
V = IR = 10 x 1 = 10 volts
If the resistance becomes 20 Ω and the voltage remains the same,
I = V
R
The resistance becomes doubled so the
current is cut into half proving that the
resistance is inversely proportional to
the current.
= 10_ = 0.5 A
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Example 2:
A potential difference of 40V is connected to a resistance of 2.2 KΩ, how much current will bein
the circuit?
Solution 1:
Given:
R = 2,2 KΩ
V = 40V
I=?
Resistance must be in ohms so we have to convert kiloohms (KΩ) to ohms (Ω)1
KΩ = 1000 Ω
2.2 KΩ x 1000 Ω = 2200 Ω
1 KΩ
I=V
R
=
40
2200
= 0.018 A
Example 3:
A current of 500 milliamperes resulted from a circuit that is connected to a 12 volts power
supply. What resistance does the circuit has?
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Solution 1:
Given:
I = 500 mA
V = 12 V
R=?
The current in milliampere (mA) must be converted first to ampere (A) before using the
equation.
500 mA =
ampere
Since 1000 mA = 1 mA
500 mA
x
1A
1000 mA
= 0.5 A
R=V
I
R = 12
0,5
R = 24 Ω
What is a Multitester?
Multitester is a test instrument that can measure voltage, resistance and current. Some
types can also test diodes and capacitors.
There are two types of multitester- the analog and the digital type.
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scale
range
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Using the 0.1 range:
It means that the maximum value that
the range can measure is up to 0.1V
only. If you will measure more than
that value, the test instrument might
be damaged.
To get the values for each interval,
just divide the maximum value by 5.
Example:
0.1/5 = 0.02 – starting point
Example using the 0.1V range:
•
0.04
•
0.02
•
0.06
•
0.08
•
0.1
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Using the 50 µA range :
It means that the maximum value
that the range can measure is up
to50 µA only. If you will measure
more than that value, the test
instrument might be damaged.
To get the values for each interval,
just divide the maximum value by
5. Example:
50 µA /5 = 10 – starting point
Reminder: This type of test
instrument is used only for dc
current. Do not measure values
greater than 250 mA to prevent
damage.
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20 µA
30 µA
40 µA
10 µA
50 µA
SEATWORK # 2 Ohm’s Law
1.
Referring to the given resistance reading, give the scale used and the
value of the resistance if the range used is X 1K.
2. If a 20MΩ is to be measured, what resistance range must be used and what must be the reading?
3. The circuit with a 50 KΩ resistor is connected to a 125 volts power supply, what range and scale must be
used to conveniently read the value of the current?
4. A resistor has a current of 3 mA, when its resistance is doubled and connected to a 3 volts power supply, its
current becomes half of its initial value. What is the original value of the resistance?
5. You connected your ammeter in parallel, what do you think will happen and why?
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EXPERIMENT 1
OHM’S LAW
Objectives:
After performing this experiment, you will be able to:
1. Analyze the relationship between voltage and current using Multisim.
2. Plot the graph of current-voltage and determine the resistance using it.
Materials Needed:
Resistors:
One 1.0 kΩ, one 5 kΩ, one 15 kΩ
One dc ammeter, 0 – 10 mA
Variable Power Supply
Procedure:
1. Using the Multisim, construct the circuit shown below.
2. Connect the circuit shown in the diagram above. Notice that the ammeter is in series
with the resistor and forms a single “loop” as shown in the printed circuit board wiring.
The voltmeter is then connected directly across the resistor.
Caution! In actual, ammeters can be easily damaged if they are incorrectly connected.
Have your instructor check your connections before applying power.
3.
Adjust the power supply for a voltage of 1.5 V. Read the current that is flowing through
resistor R1 and record it in Table 1 .
4.
Adjust the power supply for 3.0 V and measure the current. Record the current in Table
1. Continue taking current readings for each of the voltages listed in Table 1
For 1 KΩ Resistor : Table 1.1
VS =
1.5 V
3.0 V
9.0 V
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I=
5. Replace R1 with R2 and repeat steps 3 and 4. Record the data in Table 2
For 5 KΩ Resistor Table 1.2
VS =
1.5 V
3.0 V
9.0 V
I=
6. Replace R2 with R3 and repeat steps 3 and 4. Record the data in Table 3
For 15 KΩ Resistor Table 1.3
VS =
1.5 V
3.0 V
9.0 V
I=
Note: You have to draw/ or take the screenshot of the diagram of at least one
resistor.
7. Graph all three I-V curves using the data from Tables 1,2 &3. .Plot the dependent
variable (current) on the y-axis and the independent variable (voltage) on the x-axis.
Choose a scale for the graph that spreads the data over the entire grid.
mA
10
8
6
4
2
0
Conclusion:
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6
8
10
V
2
Questions:
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1. (a) If the resistance is halved and the voltage is not changed, what will happen to the
current in a resistive circuit?
(b) If the voltage is doubled and the resistance is not changed, what will happen to the
current in a resistive circuit?
2. If the current in a resistive circuit is 24 mA and the applied voltage is 48 V, what is the
resistance?
3. What current will flow through a 10Ω resistor with a 5.0 V applied?
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Course Topic 3. Multisim
Overview:
Multisim is a free, online circuit simulator that includes SPICE (Simulation Program with
Integrated Circuit Emphasis) which is a general purpose, open-source analog electronic circuit
simulator. This software tool is used to create circuits where you can change the circuit or its
components anytime without having any problems with cost and safety. All the experiments and
the design project in this course will be done using this software tool.
Learning Objectives:
After successful completion of this topic, you should be able to:
➢ Explore the contents of the library of components
➢ Apply the knowledge in creation and simulation of circuits.
Course Materials:
You may watch the following videos to help you understand how to use this tool.
-
How to download and install Multisim
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0J1Xtr1AqC8
First Multisim Tutorial
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KrOqpavFt4
Requirements to download the software:
•
•
•
•
Pentium 4/M class microprocessor or equivalent
512 MB of memory (256 MB minimum)
2 GB of free hard disk space
1024 x 768 screen resolution
The free Multisim software tool should be downloaded iin order to fully understand on
how to use this simulation software. As you open your computer, look for the symbol below to
open the application.
MULTISIM TUTORIAL
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The tutorial in this module came from;
http://www.ece.mtu.edu/labs/EElabs/EE3010/revisions/Summer2009/Multisim%20Tutorial/MULTISIM%20Tutorial.pdf
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SEATWORK # 3 Multisim
Using the Multisim software, connect the following components in series.
a. 9 DC volts battery
b. 220 ohms resistor
c. LED (red light emitting diode)- this should be turned on
d. SPST switch
1. Show the voltmeter display in measuring the voltage in the resistor.
2. Show the ammeter display in measuring the current in the circuit.
3. Show the ohmmeter reading in measuring the resistance of the resistor.
4. Remove the LED and connect it in the reverse way, show the ammeter display measuring the current in
the circuit.
5. What happens when the circuit to be simulated has no ground?
Course Topic 4. Resistors
Overview:
One of the most important electronic components is the resistor. Resistors can be found
in different forms- big sizes are normally used for large powered circuits while the small
packages are used in lower powered circuits. This device is rated according to its resistance,
the ability to limit current, and can be read using the Resistor Color Code. This code will be
discussed in this topic.
Learning Objectives:
After successful completion of this topic, you should be able to:
➢ Define resistor and resistance.
➢ Identify the different types of resistors.
➢ Explain the functions of resistor.
➢ Learn how to read the resistance by using its color code.
➢ Analyze the effect of defective resistor in a circuit.
Course Materials:
Reference Materials:
- Please read Chapter 2 Resistors p. 48
Basic Electronics 9th ed. by Bernard Grob and Mitchel E. Schultz
Supplemental Materials:
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/technical/electronics-dc/dce1002/resistor-color-codepractice
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Resistors
What is a resistor?
A resistor is a two-terminal passive device that limits the flow of electrical current in an
electronic circuit.
What is resistance?
Resistance is the ability of the resistor to limit the flow of electrical current, measured in ohms
(Ω).
The following are the symbols used for resistors:
There are two basic types of resistors
• Linear Resistors
• Non Linear Resistors
Linear Resistors:
These resistors, will always provides the same resistance regardless of the input
voltage level. Generally there are two types of linear resistors
➢ Fixed resistors
➢ Variable resistors
Fixed Resistors
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As its name implies, fixed resistor is a resistor that has a specific value and cannot be
changed.
Types of Fixed Resistors
➢ Carbon composition
➢ Wire wound
➢ Thin film
➢ Thick film
➢ SMD
Variable Resistors
The values of these resistors can change through a dial, knob, and screw or manually by
a proper method. These includes the sliding arm type. The arm is connected to a shaft
and resistance can be changed by moving the arm. Usually used in the radio receiver for
volume control and tone control resistance.
Types of Variable Resistors
➢ Potentiometer
➢ Rheostats
➢ Trimmer
Non Linear Resistors:
Resistors whose current change according to the voltage drop or temperature
across the component.
Types of Non Linear Resistors
• Thermistors
• Varistors (VDR)
• Photo Resistor or Photo Conductive Cell or LDR
Application of Resistors
• For current control and limiting
• Control the voltage drop
• Change electrical energy in the form of heat energy
• For protection purposes, e. g. fusible resistor
Pneumonic Code
Big
Boys
Race
Our
Young
Girls
But
Violet
Gracefully
Wins
Black 0
Brown 1
Red
2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Gray 8
White 9
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Examples: \
25 x 1000 0 = 25000 ohms ± 5% or 25 KΩ ± 5%
5%
X1000
5
Yellow, blue, black, orange, brown
2
4
6
0
x 1000 ± 1 % = 460,000 ohms ± 1%
= 460 KΩ ± 1%
R represents the decimal point. Unit is in ohms.
Example 1.
R47 = .47 ohms = 0.47 ohms
K represents the decimal point. Unit is in kiloohms
Example 1.
K47 = .47 kiloohms = 0.47 kiloohms = 470 ohms
The resistors are rated according to the following:
• Resistance – determined by its color code or rating on its body
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•
Power rating – determined by its size. The power rating tells how much heat the resistor
can handle.
Power – is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric
circuit, measured in watts.
P = VI
Replace V = IR :
P = IR x I
P = I2R
Remember if the dissipated power is
asked in the problem, you have to
use the power formula in terms of
the resistance. Supply power is in
terms of voltage and current.
Or Replace I = V/R
Type of Resistor
Surface Mounted Device (SMD)
Metal Film
Carbon Composition
Wirewound
Potentiometer
Available Power Rating
0.05 to 0.5 watts
Less than 3 watts
Less than 5 watts
Up to 500 watts
Up to 25 watts
If you will replace a damaged resistor, as much as possible, you have to use the same
resistance or resistance within its limit values, otherwise, the performance of the circuit will
change. Power rating should be the same or higher to withstand the heat that the circuit
generates.
How to know if the resistor is within the limit values?
Example: The 1000 Ω resistor is to be replaced, but only 980 ± 20% resistor is available
in the market. Is it ok to use it to replace the damaged resistor?
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Solution:
Given : 980 ± 20%
Change the percentage to decimal : 20% / 100 = 0.2
980 x 0.2 = 196 ohms
980
- 196
784
980
+ 106
1176
The limit values : 784 - 1176 ohms
It is ok to use it. Since the 1000 ohms resistor is within the limit values, therefore you may
replace it with a 980 ± 20%.
What will happen to the resistor if you use a lower power rating?
If you replace your resistor with a lower power rating, the resistor might not handle the
heat due to the current in the circuit, and if not removed, it will burn and thus causing the
resistor to open.
What are the common troubles of resistor?
•
•
Open - Resistance in the resistor is infinite. if the resistor is open, no current can
flow in the resistor since the resistance is very high.
Shorted – Resistance in the resistor is zero. If the resistor is shorted, maximum
current will flow in the resistor because no resistance is offered by the resistor.
Assuming that the switch is turned on:
If the resistor is open, no current will flow in
the circuit so the light bulb is off.
If the resistor is shorted, the bulb is still on
since current can flow in the resistor. The only
difference is that the bulb will be brighter because
the current is higher. There is no resistance to
limit or decrease the amount of current in the
circuit.
Referring to the diagram above:
SEATWORK # 4 Resistors
1. A resistor with a current of 44 amperes is connected to a 220 volts power supply, determine the value and
type of resistor used.
2. Give at least two characteristics of SMD resistors?
3. Determine the resistance and tolerance of blue, black, gold, gold.
4. Convert the 3200 ohms with a tolerance of 1 percent into five color code.
5. What do you think will happen to the current in the circuit if a M47 SMD resistor is replaced by 471 SMD
resistor?
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EXPERIMENT 2
RESISTOR
Objectives:
After performing this experiment, you will be able to:
3. Identify the nominal resistance and tolerance of the resistor by its color code
4. Using the Multisim, measure the resistance of the resistor using the multitester.
Materials Needed:
Resistors:
One 1.0 kΩ, one 5 kΩ, one 15 kΩ
Multimeter
Procedure:
8. Using the Multisim, measure the resistance of each resistor and record in Table 2.1. .
TABLE 2.1
RESISTOR
COLOR
CODE
1.0 KΩ
NOMINAL
RESISTANCE
TOLERANCE
MEASURED
RESISTANCE
5 KΩ
15 KΩ
Note: You have to draw/ or take the screenshot of the diagram of at least one
resistor.
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Conclusion:
Questions:
4. What is the equivalent color code of 680 Ω ± 10%?
5. What is the equivalent nominal resistance and tolerance of orange orange blue gold?
6. What are the limit values of red red gold gold? (SHOW YOUR COMPUTATION)
7. Explain how to calibrate the ohmmeter.
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Course Topic 5. Series Circuit
Overview:
The series circuit is the foundation of the circuits that we have right now. It is a circuit
where the components are connected end to end. The current will go first to the first component
and goes to the next device and so on and so forth. The amount of current in the one device is
the same for all the other components of the circuit. In this topic, we will be using the software
tool to understand the characteristics of the circuit.
Learning Objectives:
After successful completion of this topic, you should be able to:
➢ Discuss the characteristics of the circuit..
➢ Explain the Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
➢ Solve problems and verify the results using the software tool.
Course Materials:
Reference Materials:
- Please read Chapter 4 Series Circuits p. 100
Basic Electronics 9th ed. by Bernard Grob and Mitchel E. Schultz
Supplemental Materials:
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/manufacturing-engineering/man-engelectronics/dce302/current-in-a-series-circuit
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/manufacturing-engineering/man-engelectronics/dce202/shorts-affecting-current-in-a-series-circuit
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/technical/electronics-dc/dce1702/voltage-sources-inseries
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/technical/electronics-dc/dce2202/power-calculationsin-a-seriesparallel-circui
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/technical/electronics-dc/dce3402/voltage-divider-rulevdr
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/technical/electronics-dc/dce2102/total-powercalculations-in-a-series-circuit
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/career-clusters/stem/dce18618/total-resistance-of-aseries-circuit
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Series Circuit Characteristics:
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Example 1:
Solution:
a. RT = R1 + R2 + R3
= 20 + 30 + 50
= 100 Ω
b. IT = VT / RT
= 125 / 100
= 1.25 A
c. The circuit is in series so the total current of 1.25 A is the same current that
will flow in all resistors.
d.
V1 = i1 x R1
= 1. 25 x 20
= 25 volts
V2 = i2 x R2
= 1. 25 x 30
= 37.5 volts
V3 = i3 x R3
= 1. 25 x 50
= 62,5 volts
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Example 2:
Referring to the same problem in Example No. 1, find the voltage drops using
voltage divider
V1 = 25 volts
V2 = 25 volts
V3 = 25 volts
You will notice that the answers in Example 1d and Example 2 are the same.
SEATWORK # 5 Series Circuit
A series 500 ohms, 2500 ohms, and 5000 ohms resistors is connected to a 12 volts supply.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is the voltage drop of the 5000 ohms resistor?
What is the current of the circuit?
Compare the voltage drops of 5000 ohms and 500 ohms resistor? Explain your answer.
If the 5000 ohms resistor is shorted, how much current does the circuit will have?
If a 2000 ohms resistor is added in series, how much total resistance does the circuit has?
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EXPERIMENT 3
SERIES CIRCUIT
Objectives:
After performing this experiment, you will be able to:
5. Identify the characteristics of a series circuit using the Multisim.
6. Measure the voltages and currents of a series circuit
Materials Needed:
Resistors:
One 1.0 kΩ, one 5 kΩ, one 15 kΩ
9 Volts battery
Multimeter
Procedure:
9. Using the Multisim, connect the three resistors as shown below
2. Measure the voltage drops in all the resistor and record in Table 3.1.
3. Measure the currents in all the resistor and record in Table 3-1
4. Compute the voltage drops and currents in each resistors .( Use separate sheet ).
TABLE 3.1
RESISTOR
VOLTAGE
Vmeasured
CURRENT
Vcalculated
Vmeasured
Vcalculated
1.0 K
5K
15 K
Note: You have to draw/ or take the screenshot of the diagram of at least one resistor.
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Conclusion:
Questions:
8. If one of the resistors is removed from the circuit, what do you think will happen to its
current?
9. If the source voltage is reduced to 3V, what will happen to the current in the circuit?
10. When one of the resistors is open , what do you think will happen to its current?
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Course Topic 6. Parallel Circuit
Overview:
The parallel circuit is also one the basic circuits in understanding complex circuits.. Just
like the series circuit, its characteristics are important in analyzing and modifying designs.
Learning Objectives:
After successful completion of this topic, you should be able to:
➢ Discuss the characteristics of the circuit..
➢ Explain the Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
➢ Solve problems and verify the results using the software tool.
Course Materials:
Reference Materials:
- Please read Chapter 5 Parallel Circuits p. 132
Basic Electronics 9th ed. by Bernard Grob and Mitchel E. Schultz
Supplemental Materials:
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/technical/electronics-ac/ace9904/parallel-rl-circuitpractice-problems
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/technical/electronics-dc/dce2702/total-resistance-in-aparallel-circuit
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/technical/electronics-dc/dce2202/power-calculationsin-a-seriesparallel-circui
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/technical/electronics-dc/dce6803/opens-and-shortsin-a-parallel-circuit
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/technical/electronics-dc/dce19819/parallel-circuitanalysis-practice-problems-c
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/career-clusters/stem/dce3502/current-divider-rule-cdr
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CURRENT DIVIDER
Example:
Find the currents of the resistors in the circuit above using the parallel characteristics equations
and current divider formula.
In parallel circuit VT = V1 = V2 = V3 = 9 V
By Ohm’s Law:
I1 = V1 / R1 = 9/90 = 0.1 A
I2 = V1 / R2 = 9/45 = 0.2 A
I3= V1 / R3 = 9/180 = 0.05 A
By current divider:
1/ RT = 1/ R1 + 1/ R2 + 1/ R3
RT = 25.71 ohms
1/ RT = 1/ 90+ 1/ 45 + 1/ 180
IT = VT / RT = 9/25.71 = 0.350 A
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I1 =
45 (180)
x 0.350 = 0.1 A
90(45) + 45 (180) + 90 (180)
I2 =
90 (180)
x 0.350 = 0.2 A
90(45) + 45 (180) + 90 (180)
I3 =
90 (180)
x 0.350 = 0.05 A
90(45) + 45 (180) + 90 (180)
SEATWORK # 6 Parallel Circuit
Resistors with values 175 ohms and 225 ohms are connected in parallel to a 10 volts supply power
1. What is the voltage drop of the 175 ohms resistor?
2. What is the current in the 225 ohms resistor?
3. How much is the total current of the circuit?
4. If the 225 ohms resistor is open, how much total current will be in the circuit?
5. If the 225 ohms resistor is shorted, what happens to the current in the circuit?
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EXPERIMENT 4
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Objectives:
After performing this experiment, you will be able to:
7. Identify the characteristics of a parallel circuit by using Multisim.
8. Measure the voltages and currents of a parallel circuit
Materials Needed:
Resistors:
One 1.0 kΩ, one 5 kΩ, one 15 kΩ
9 Volts battery
Multimeter
Procedure:
10. Using the Multisim, connect the three resistors as shown below
2. Measure the voltage drops in all the resistor and record in Table 4.1.
3. Measure the currents in all the resistor and record in Table 4.1.
4. Compute the voltage drops and currents in each resistors. (Use separate sheet ).
TABLE 4.1
RESISTOR
VOLTAGE
Vmeasured
CURRENT
Vcalculated
Vmeasured
Vcalculated
1.0 K
5K
15 K
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Conclusion:
Questions:
11. If one of the resistors is removed from the circuit, what do you think will happen to its
current?
12. If the source voltage is reduced to 3V, what will happen to the current in the circuit?
13. When one of the resistors is open , what do you think will happen to its current?
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Course Topic 7. Series-Parallel Circuits
Overview:
As the name implies, this is circuit is the combination of series and parallel combined
into a circuit. Techniques are discussed on how to analyze the complex circuits using the
characteristics of the two simple circuits. This is simplify or modify complex circuits in order to
easily understand how it operates.
Learning Objectives:
After successful completion of this topic, you should be able to:
➢ Discuss the different techniques used in analyzing series-parallel circuits.
➢ Solve problems and verify the results using the software tool.
Course Materials:
Reference Materials:
- Please read Chapter 6 Series-Parallel Circuits p. 162
Basic Electronics 9th ed. by Bernard Grob and Mitchel E. Schultz
Supplemental Materials:
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/manufacturing-engineering/man-engelectronics/dce10504/series-parallel-dc-circuits-analysis
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/career-clusters/stem/dce18118/series-parallel-circuitanalysis-practice-pro
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/career-clusters/stem/dce10704/series-parallel-practiceproblems-circuit-4
SEATWORK # 7 Series-Parallel Circuit
R4
R1
120Ω
120Ω
R3
V1
12V
120Ω
R2
120Ω
R5
120Ω
Find the following:
1. V5
2. I3
3. V4
4. V2
5. V1
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EXPERIMENT 5
SERIES- PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Objectives:
After performing this experiment, you will be able to:
1. Apply the concept of equivalent circuits to simplify series-parallel circuit analysis.
2. Compute the currents and voltages in a series-parallel combination circuit and compare
your computation with software -simulated measurements.
Materials Needed:
Resistors:
R1 - 1.0 kΩ,
R2 - 5.0 kΩ,
R3 --15 kΩ,
R4 -- 30 kΩ
9 V battery
Multimeter
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 5.1 by using the software tool.
2. Measure the voltages of the resistors and record in Table 5.1.
3. Measure all the currents in the circuit and record in Table 5.1.
Figure 5.1
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TABLE 5.1
RESISTOR
VOLTAGE
Vmeasured
CURRENT
Vcalculated
Vmeasured
Vcalculated
R1
R2
R3
R4
Conclusion:
Questions:
1. If R1 is open , will there be a current in the circuit?
2. If R2 is open , what happens to the total current in the circuit? ( Increase or decrease)
3. When R2 is shorted, what will happen to the total resistance of the circuit?
4. Calculate the total current of the circuit when R2 is shorted.
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Course Topic 8. Capacitance
Overview:
Capacitance is the ability of the capacitor to store charge. Capacitor is a device
composed of two metal plates with an insulator or dielectric in between them. Insulator is a
material that does not allow current flow, and therefore it stores this electric charges. This
device is a very important part of any circuit because of its main function. In this topic, you will
understand how capacitor works, its uses and how to know the effect of damage capacitors in a
circuit.
Learning Objectives:
After successful completion of this topic, you should be able to:
➢ Define capacitance and learn its importance
➢ Classify the types of capacitors.
➢ Learn how capacitors operates according to its types
Course Materials:
Reference Material:
- Please read Chapter 17 Capacitance p. 488
Basic Electronics 9th ed. by Bernard Grob and Mitchel E. Schultz
Supplemental Materials:
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/manufacturing-engineering/man-engelectronics/ace14119/discharging-time-constants-of-an-rc-circuit-s
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/technical/electronics-ac/ace14019/charging-timeconstants-of-an-rc-circuit-scre
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/technical/electronics-ac/ace11805/the-electrostaticcharge-of-a-capacitor
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60
0
0
The tutorial in this module came from;
http://www.ece.mtu.edu/labs/EElabs/EE3010/revisions/Summer2009/Multisim%20Tutorial/MULTISIM%20Tutorial.pdf
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SEATWORK # 3 Multisim
Using the Multisim software, connect the following components in series.
a. 9 DC volts battery
b. 220 ohms resistor
c. LED (red light emitting diode)- this should be turned on
d. SPST switch
1. Show the voltmeter display in measuring the voltage in the resistor.
2. Show the ammeter display in measuring the current in the circuit.
3. Show the ohmmeter reading in measuring the resistance of the resistor.
4. Remove the LED and connect it in the reverse way, show the ammeter display measuring the curren
the circuit.
5. What happens when the circuit to be simulated has no ground?
Course Topic 4. Resistors
Overview:
One of the most important electronic components is the resistor. Resistors can be found
in different forms- big sizes are normally used for large powered circuits while the small
packages are used in lower powered circuits. This device is rated according to its resistance,
the ability to limit current, and can be read using the Resistor Color Code. This code will be
discussed in this topic.
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Learning Objectives:
After successful completion of this topic, you should be able to:
➢ Define resistor and resistance.
➢ Identify the different types of resistors.
➢ Explain the functions of resistor.
➢ Learn how to read the resistance by using its color code.
➢ Analyze the effect of defective resistor in a circuit.
Course Materials:
Reference Materials:
- Please read Chapter 2 Resistors p. 48
Basic Electronics 9th ed. by Bernard Grob and Mitchel E. Schultz
Supplemental Materials:
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/technical/electronics-dc/dce1002/resistor-color-codepractice
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Resistors
What is a resistor?
A resistor is a two-terminal passive device that limits the flow of electrical current in an
electronic circuit.
What is resistance?
Resistance is the ability of the resistor to limit the flow of electrical current, measured in ohms
(Ω).
The following are the symbols used for resistors:
There are two basic types of resistors
• Linear Resistors
• Non Linear Resistors
Linear Resistors:
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0
These resistors, will always provides the same resistance regardless of the input
voltage level. Generally there are two types of linear resistors
➢ Fixed resistors
➢ Variable resistors
Fixed Resistors
38
As its name implies, fixed resistor is a resistor that has a specific value and cannot be
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0
changed.
Types of Fixed Resistors
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
Carbon composition
Wire wound
Thin film
Thick film
SMD
Variable Resistors
The values of these resistors can change through a dial, knob, and screw or manually by
a proper method. These includes the sliding arm type. The arm is connected to a shaft
and resistance can be changed by moving the arm. Usually used in the radio receiver for
volume control and tone control resistance.
Types of Variable Resistors
➢ Potentiometer
➢ Rheostats
➢ Trimmer
Non Linear Resistors:
Resistors whose current change according to the voltage drop or temperature
across the component.
Types of Non Linear Resistors
• Thermistors
• Varistors (VDR)
• Photo Resistor or Photo Conductive Cell or LDR
Application of Resistors
• For current control and limiting
• Control the voltage drop
• Change electrical energy in the form of heat energy
• For protection purposes, e. g. fusible resistor
Pneumonic Code
Big
Boys
Race
Our
Young
Girls
But
Violet
Gracefully
Wins
Black 0
Brown 1
Red
2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Gray 8
White 9
39
0
0
Examples: \
25 x 1000 0 = 25000 ohms ± 5% or 25 KΩ ± 5%
5%
X1000
5
Yellow, blue, black, orange, brown
2
4
6
0
x 1000 ± 1 % = 460,000 ohms ± 1%
= 460 KΩ ± 1%
0
0
R represents the decimal point. Unit is in ohms.
Example 1.
R47 = .47 ohms = 0.47 ohms
K represents the decimal point. Unit is in kiloohms
Example 1.
K47 = .47 kiloohms = 0.47 kiloohms = 470 ohms
The resistors are rated according to the following:
• Resistance – determined by its color code or rating on its body
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•
Power rating – determined by its size. The power rating tells how much heat the resistor
can handle.
Power – is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric
circuit, measured in watts.
P = VI
Replace V = IR :
P = IR x I
P = I2R
Remember if the dissipated power is
asked in the problem, you have to
use the power formula in terms of
the resistance. Supply power is in
terms of voltage and current.
Or Replace I = V/R
Type of Resistor
Surface Mounted Device (SMD)
Metal Film
Carbon Composition
Wirewound
Potentiometer
0
0
Available Power Rating
0.05 to 0.5 watts
Less than 3 watts
Less than 5 watts
Up to 500 watts
Up to 25 watts
If you will replace a damaged resistor, as much as possible, you have to use the same
resistance or resistance within its limit values, otherwise, the performance of the circuit will
change. Power rating should be the same or higher to withstand the heat that the circuit
generates.
How to know if the resistor is within the limit values?
Example: The 1000 Ω resistor is to be replaced, but only 980 ± 20% resistor is available
in the market. Is it ok to use it to replace the damaged resistor?
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Solution:
Given : 980 ± 20%
Change the percentage to decimal : 20% / 100 = 0.2
980 x 0.2 = 196 ohms
980
- 196
784
980
+ 106
1176
The limit values : 784 - 1176 ohms
It is ok to use it. Since the 1000 ohms resistor is within the limit values, therefore you may
replace it with a 980 ± 20%.
What will happen to the resistor if you use a lower power rating?
If you replace your resistor with a lower power rating, the resistor might not handle the
heat due to the current in the circuit, and if not removed, it will burn and thus causing the
resistor to open.
What are the common troubles of resistor?
•
•
Open - Resistance in the resistor is infinite. if the resistor is open, no current can
flow in the resistor since the resistance is very high.
Shorted – Resistance in the resistor is zero. If the resistor is shorted, maximum
current will flow in the resistor because no resistance is offered by the resistor.
Assuming that the switch is turned on:
If the resistor is open, no current will flow in
the circuit so the light bulb is off.
If the resistor is shorted, the bulb is still on
since current can flow in the resistor. The only
difference is that the bulb will be brighter because
the current is higher. There is no resistance to
limit or decrease the amount of current in the
circuit.
Referring to the diagram above:
SEATWORK # 4 Resistors
1. A resistor with a current of 44 amperes is connected to a 220 volts power supply, determine the value an
type of resistor used.
2. Give at least two characteristics of SMD resistors?
3. Determine the resistance and tolerance of blue, black, gold, gold.
4. Convert the 3200 ohms with a tolerance of 1 percent into five color code.
5. What do you think will happen to the current in the circuit if a M47 SMD resistor is replaced by 471 SMD
resistor?
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EXPERIMENT 2
RESISTOR
Objectives:
After performing this experiment, you will be able to:
3. Identify the nominal resistance and tolerance of the resistor by its color code
4. Using the Multisim, measure the resistance of the resistor using the multitester.
Materials Needed:
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0
Resistors:
One 1.0 kΩ, one 5 kΩ, one 15 kΩ
Multimeter
Procedure:
8. Using the Multisim, measure the resistance of each resistor and record in Table 2.1. .
TABLE 2.1
RESISTOR
COLOR
CODE
1.0 KΩ
NOMINAL
RESISTANCE
TOLERANCE
MEASURED
RESISTANCE
5 KΩ
15 KΩ
Note: You have to draw/ or take the screenshot of the diagram of at least one
resistor.
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Conclusion:
Questions:
4. What is the equivalent color code of 680 Ω ± 10%?
5. What is the equivalent nominal resistance and tolerance of orange orange blue gold?
6. What are the limit values of red red gold gold? (SHOW YOUR COMPUTATION)
7. Explain how to calibrate the ohmmeter.
0
0
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Course Topic 5. Series Circuit
Overview:
The series circuit is the foundation of the circuits that we have right now. It is a circuit
where the components are connected end to end. The current will go first to the first component
and goes to the next device and so on and so forth. The amount of current in the one device is
the same for all the other components of the circuit. In this topic, we will be using the software
tool to understand the characteristics of the circuit.
Learning Objectives:
After successful completion of this topic, you should be able to:
➢ Discuss the characteristics of the circuit..
➢ Explain the Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
➢ Solve problems and verify the results using the software tool.
Course Materials:
Reference Materials:
- Please read Chapter 4 Series Circuits p. 100
Basic Electronics 9th ed. by Bernard Grob and Mitchel E. Schultz
Supplemental Materials:
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/manufacturing-engineering/man-engelectronics/dce302/current-in-a-series-circuit
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/manufacturing-engineering/man-engelectronics/dce202/shorts-affecting-current-in-a-series-circuit
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/technical/electronics-dc/dce1702/voltage-sources-inseries
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/technical/electronics-dc/dce2202/power-calculationsin-a-seriesparallel-circui
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/technical/electronics-dc/dce3402/voltage-divider-rulevdr
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/technical/electronics-dc/dce2102/total-powercalculations-in-a-series-circuit
- https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/career-clusters/stem/dce18618/total-resistance-of-aseries-circuit
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45
Series Circuit Characteristics:
0
0
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0
Example 1:
Solution:
a. RT = R1 + R2 + R3
= 20 + 30 + 50
= 100 Ω
b. IT = VT / RT
= 125 / 100
0
0
1.25 A
c. The circuit is in series so the total current of 1.25 A is the same current that
will flow in all resistors.
d.
V1 = i1 x R1
= 1. 25 x 20
= 25 volts
V2 = i2 x R2
= 1. 25 x 30
= 37.5 volts
V3 = i3 x R3
= 1. 25 x 50
= 62,5 volts
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27. During charging process, the Vc is represented by
a. decay curve b. rise curve c. straight line d. spike
28. The capacitor will be fully charged after
a. 5T
b. 3T
c. 4.5T
d. T
29. Which of the following is used to change AC to DC?
a. rectifier diode b. inductor
c. capacitor
d. transformer
30. Electrolytic capacitor is
a. used to change AC to DC b. used to smoothen the PDC
c.
used to regulate the output d. used to step down the primary voltage
31. Two resistors have color codes of yellow, violet, gold, gold and green, black, brown, gold is
connected in series. How much is the total resistance?
a) 547 Ω b) 504.7 Ω
c) 504.7 KΩ
d) 4.75KΩ
32. What is the accumulated charge in the dielectric of the capacitor if current of 40 mA can
deposit electrons for the time of 0.2 seconds?
a)0.008C
b) 0.02 C
c) 2 C
d) 8 C
33. This five band resistor has color code of green, brown, orange, gold, brown and when
measured with digital VOM it reads 5.12 KΩ. What is the condition of the resistor?
a) out of tolerance
b) with in tolerance
c) shorted
d) open
34. Find the total resistance in the figure shown below.
a) 0.25 Ω b) 1.33 Ω
c) 3.33 Ω
d) 4Ω
35. Which statement is incorrect?
a) Current can exist without voltage.
b) Voltage can exist between two points with potential difference
c) Voltage can exist without current.
d) None of the choices
36.
A 100 Ω half-watt resistor and 50 Ω half –watt resistors are connected in series
to 12 Vpower source. Which one(s) will overheat?
a) 50 Ω
b) 100 Ω
c) both resistors
d) neither resistor
37. Calculate the value of voltage source (Vs) in the circuit shown below.
a) 37.5 V
b) 22.5 V
c) 17.5 V
d) none of the choices
38.A capacitor permits a continuous flow of current in an AC circuit because
a) the dielectric material between capacitor plates is not a perfect insulator
b) electrons jump from one plate to the other plate due to electrostatic force
c) of the charging and discharging effect of the device.
d) None of the above
39. A 1000 µF and a 2000 µF capacitor are connected in parallel to 400V. How much total
charge stored in the parallel connection?
a) 1.2 µC
b) 120 C
c) 1200 C
d) none of the choices
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40. A voltage that continuously varies in magnitude but does not reverse in polarity is called
a) steady dc voltage
b) alternating voltage c) pulsating dc voltage
d) none of the
choices
II. Problem Solving (60 points)
A. determine vx and the power absorbed by the 12 ohms resistor.
B. Compute for the total capacitance of the circuit.
C. Find the total current of the circuit.
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