Reading & Writing
Skills
DESCRIBING WRITTEN
TEXT AS CONNECTED
DISCOURSE
text
A text is generally
considered as written
material, especially
longer pieces of
writing as in a book, a
letter or a newspaper.
text
A group of ideas put
together to make a
point or central idea;
and also made up of
words, phrases, and
sentences
qwertyuiop
asdfghjkl
TEXT
READER
AUTHOR
DISCOURSE
verbal interchange of
ideas such as:
utterance, talk,
speech, discussion, and
conversation. Generally
regarded as spoken.
discourse
A lengthy discussion
(sometimes formal) of a
topic where concepts and
insights are arranged in an
organized and logical
manner
discourse
it convey meanings, propel
actions and provoke a
specific response or
feedback.
discourse
TEXT
READER
AUTHOR
response
PURPOSES OF
DISCOURSE
TO INFORM - in this
purpose, we provide indepth and complete
discussion of the topic. We
give points on what to know
about the topic.
PURPOSES OF
DISCOURSE
TO PERSUADE - in this
purpose, we try to
influence the readers that
the arguments better. Thus,
the claim should be
considered.
PURPOSES OF
DISCOURSE
TO ENTERTAIN- this aims to
provide readers with
captivating amusement to be
more motivated to the
topic.
PURPOSES OF
DISCOURSE
TO CREATE - this intends to
produce output through
imagnative skills.
The following are the
examples of written texts:
non-fiction, fiction,
advertisements,
announcements, directions,
messages.
ADVERTISEMENTS
Commercial
Personal "want ads"
ADVERTISEMENTS
Commercial
Personal "want ads"
NON-FICTION
Reports
Editorials
Articles
FICTION
Novels
Jokes
Poetry
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Lesson 2
SELECTING AND
ORGANIZING
INFORMATION
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BRAINSTORMING
PART 1
01
is a powerful group creativity technique by
which efforts are made to find a conclusion
for a specific problem by gathering a list of
ideas spontaneously contributed by its
members.
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BRAINSTORMING
PART 1
01
an informal way of generating topics to
write about, or points to make about your
topic.
-Process of writing down specific topics
from different sources
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LISTING
Contents
02
a brainstorming technique
many people find useful.
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01
GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS
PART 2
graphic organizer comes in a variety of formats depending
upon the task. These can be applied across the curriculum
to enhance learning and understanding of a topic.
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VENN DIAGRAM
used to compare
ideas or events to
show similar and
different attributes.
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BEN DIAGRAM
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HEIRARCHICAL ORGANIZER
used to represent
hierarchy, classification,
and branching or
showing relationships of
scientific categories,
family trees and even
lineages
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THE 5 W'S
When students want to
gain knowledge on a topic
or get a deeper
understanding of a story,
it’s a great tool to gain
information.
V
V
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THE 5 W'S
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THE K-W-L CHART
- help students organize information
before, during, and after a unit or a lesson.
- used to engage students in a new topic,
activate prior knowledge, share unit
objectives, and monitor students’ learning.
V
V
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THE K-W-L CHART
V
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OBSERVATION LOG
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OBSERVATION LOG
-a document that outlines specific
areas or skills that need improvement,
and it is used to record observations of
a person's behavior or performance
over time.
V
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CAUSE AND EFFECT
It visually
represents the
relationship
between various
ideas or events.
V
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CAUSE AND EFFECT
helps students clarify and
organize complex
information and ideas. With
this technique, you can figure
out the effects of any cause
and causes of any effect.
V
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CAUSE AND EFFECT
V
Jeremiah cheated on
his examination and
was caught redhanded.
As a result, Andrea
failed to pass the
exam.
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STORY MAP
helps teachers and students focus on
identifying essential elements of a
story.
-Story maps discuss different
significant aspects involved in the story
or the book.
V
V
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STORY MAP
characteristics of a
well-written text
A. COMpleteness
The written text must be
able to achieve its
purpose. Effective writing
explains its thesis —
complete with supporting
details.
B. UNITY
A unified paragraph makes
a clear reading. The
discussion of the topic
starts with the beginning
sentence ends with the last
(known as I-B-C).
C. orderly movement of ideas
Refer to the relationships
of the sentences in the
paragraph.
5 Types of orderly relationships of
sentences
1. time or chronological relationships
~ events are presented in the natural
order by which they occur, like- first,
second, mext, and so on until the last.
5 Types of orderly relationships of
sentences
2. Space relationship
~ the description shows movement or
action- from a designated beginning to a
logical or natural progression, from
descriptive detail to the next.
5 Types of orderly relationships of
sentences
3. particular to general
~ the particular details are enumerated
before the pronouncement of the thesis.
5 Types of orderly relationships of
sentences
4. general to specific
~ the writer begins with the general
statement, and then moves on to details or
proofs of the statement.
5 Types of orderly relationships of
sentences
5. Cause-effect relationship
~ the writer tells an action and the
conquences of it: can be done in two ways.
D. Coherence and cohesion
are the two (2) basic
features that
facilitate textual
continuity.
Cohesion
cohesion refers
grammatical and lexical
in which elements of a
text are linked
together.
coherence
Coherence describes the
way that the elements in
our sentences and
paragraphs hang together
to produce meaning.
HERE IS A TEXT THAT IS COHESIVE, BUT NOT VERY COHERENT.
My favorite color is yellow. I love
yellow motorbikes because they look
cool and they can go very fast.
Driving fast is dangerous and may
cause accidents. Actually, I had an
accident just this summer and I broke
my arm. Because of that, I wasn’t able
to go with my friends to the beach.
Patterns of
Development in Writing
1
NARRATION
This sort of paragraph
requires chronological
ordering. It’s like telling a
story.
1
NARRATION
What have you done so far?
Share us something the moment
you wake up!
2
Description
In this paragraph, you convey
how something sounds, smells,
tastes, feels, and/or looks.
2
Description
Durian
2
Description
Texture: rough, spikey
Smell: strong or
unpleasant smell
Taste: delicious
Looks: green on the
outside, yellow in the
inside
3
Definition
A paragraph demonstrating this
technique will include a
definition of the term, the class to
which it belongs and its details.
3
Definition
The durian is the edible fruit of several tree
species belonging to the genus Durio. There
are 30 recognised Durio species, native to
Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and
Thailand; at least nine of which produce
edible fruit.
4
exemplification
This paragraph uses specific
illustrations to clarify a general
statement. Using transitional
words and phrases that signal
examples are recommended.
5
comparison & contrast
A paragraph that demonstrates
comparison and contrast examines
how the given subjects are either
similar or different.
5
comparison & contrast
Vs.
6
process analysis
A paragraph using process
describes how something works,
presented by a series of steps in a
strict chronological order.
6
process analysis
skincare routine reveal!
using process analysis, share us
the step-by-step process of your
skincare routine!
7
problem-solution
This pattern presents the
connection between the problem
and the solution.
7
problem-solution
Problem: two members from your
group in Research are not
participating and have no plans of
contributing anything.
8
persuasion
This sort of paragraph requires
convincing the readers that the
opinion of the writer on a subject
is the right one.
8
persuasion
Choose your President! Then,
convince us why we should vote for
him/her.