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L1 READING (1)

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UPDATED TO 2022 SYLLABUS
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SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE READING SYLLABUS
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1. # Literary Techniques
Imagery-Vivid descriptions of senses
‘The sunset was the most gorgeous thing I have ever
seen; the clouds were outlined with pink and gold
glitter.’
Simile-Direct comparison between two things
‘You fought like a lion on the field.’
Metaphor-Indirect comparison between two things
‘The snow is a white blanket.’
Personification-Giving a human quality to something nonhuman
‘The lightening danced across the dark night sky.’
Alliteration: Repeated consonant sounds occurring at the
beginning of words or within words
‘She sells seashells on the seashore.’
Exaggeration/Hyperbole: A statement that represents
something as better, bigger, worse etc than it really is
‘I have a million assignments to complete today.’
Onomatopoeia: The use of words that mimic sounds
‘The corn went pop in the microwave.’
Irony: A result opposite to what might have been
expected o ‘Yesterday the police station got robbed!’
Sarcasm: Words that are contrast of their usual meaning
A man replies to a telecommunicator, who calls him
while he is having his dinner, “Thanks for calling! I
hate having my dinner when it is hot!”
Having a good grip over vocabulary is important, hence, it
is advisable to know synonyms of basic words you might
be asked to give synonyms for a word or words from the
text.
Strong adjectives are used to emphasize or arouse a
particular mood.
Reading
1.2. Overview
To score well in Section A(Reading) of the Paper 1 and
Paper 2 it is important to be able to critically read the
passage and recognize the purpose, tone, language,
structure, and effect of it.
When you are answering comprehension questions
remember:
Some questions require answers in your own words.
Some questions need you to support your answer
with evidence/quotes from the text.
Some questions want you to use both.
Use full sentences where necessary.
Don’t spend more than 30 minutes on this section!
The three common purposes of a text are:
To Inform-Provide information about a topic(Usually
in Paper 1)
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To Persuade-To convince the reader to agree with the
author’s views on a subject(Usually in Paper 1)
To Entertain-To amuse and fascinate the
readers(Usually in Paper 2)
Understanding an outline, which is made up of a primary
idea followed by a numbered list of supporting details,
makes it easier to understand the purpose of the text. An
outline can be found out by looking for list words and
addition words like:
Several kinds of
Various causes
One
First of all
Also
A writer’s tone displays his or her view towards a subject,
which is often expressed through his or her choice of
words.
Identifying the genre of the text can make it easier to
understand the tone.
Here are a few genres:
Adventure
Comedy
Fantasy
Horror
Mystery
Science Fiction
Informal Style
Addresses the reader directly
Simple sentences
Formal Style
Third person
Complex sentences
Here are a few possible tones:
Admiring
Amused
Angry
Bitter
Confused
Concerned
Cruel
Excited
Frustrated
Pessimistic
Urgent
Worried
Understanding the explicit meanings
Explicit meanings are obvious meanings.
Techniques such as Skimming (briefly reading) and
Scanning (closely reading) can help identify the main
ideas of the text, useful for the summary.
Understanding the implicit meanings
Implicit meanings are underlying or indirect meanings.
Writers use various stylistic features of language
1.3. Punctuation and Structures
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Brackets – Used to give additional information that stands
out.
Capital Letters (The whole word) – Are used to lay
emphasis.
Colon – Is used to make the reader pause or start a list. It
is also used for relating to or expanding on information
before it.
Commas – They are used in lists; they are used to mark
clause divisions.
Dash – It is to insert additional information.
Ellipsis – Are used to make the reader continue reading;
the intentional omission of words; a pause in speech; an
unfinished thought; a sentence that trails into silence.
Exclamation Mark – Used to excite the senses and show
something is surprising or forceful.
Semicolon – It can join two clauses to substitute a
conjunction and to separate information in a sentence.
Speech marks – Used to show dialogue.
Long sentences- To create a feel of relaxation or reaching
a climax.
Short sentences- To quicken the pace.
Connectives- to sequence events and to show the order
of occurrence.
Passive form- It describes the process, highlighting it than
the character
Active form- To describe the subject in detail.
Sub-headings- To draw attention to or highlight specific
information in a text and make it easier to follow.
Sentence types- Simple, Compound and Complex
Simple- Create tension and quicken pace.
Compound- It joined by a conjunction such as ‘and’ or
‘but’, providing more information or give an extra
viewpoint.
Complex- Provides extra detail and information.
Poetry
Stanza is a sequence of poetic lines grouped together.
Rhyme is the repetition of similar sounds.
Rhythm in the poetry is made by the arrangement of
stressed and unstressed syllables in a line.
Meter is the simple rhythmic structure of lines in a
verse.
Couplet is a two line stanza.
Tercet is a three line stanza.
Quatrain is a four line stanza.
Cinquain is a five line stanza. o Sestet is a six line
stanza.
Octave is an eight line stanza.
Types of poems:
Narrative- Tells a story and has a plot.
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Lyric- Portrays powerful emotions.
Descriptive- Describes the atmosphere and society
the poet is living in.
Types of poem structures:
Free verse- Does not have definite structure and
rhyme scheme.
Sonnet- Consists of 14 lines and has a specific
rhyme scheme.
Elegy- Poem lamenting the dead.
Ballad- Story narrated in form of a lyrical poem.
Villanelle- It has fixed form has 2 rhymes and 19
lines.
Ode- Praises a specific person, thing or event.
1.4. Features of Important Formats
Diary:
Written in informal style.
Uses opinions and facts.
Uses first person pronouns.
Magazine Article:
Has a headline and subheadings.
Newspaper Report:
Written in third person.
Has a headline.
Descriptive/Narrative:
Uses imagery.
Usually in third person
1.5. Extra Tips
While solving the comprehension:
First, briefly read through the passage.
Read the questions and underline information which
seems important in the passage.
Answer the questions
If you do not understand the meaning of a word, stay
calm. You can get contextual meanings by:
Punctuation- Meaning of unfamiliar words are given after
the word separated by commas, dashes or parenthesis.
Contrast or Antonym- The unfamiliar word is shown to be
different from or unlike, another word and is often
opposite. They use words like ‘although’, ‘however’ and
‘otherwise’.
Example- The unfamiliar word is cleared up by using
signal words, like, ‘such as’ and ‘for instance’.
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These notes have been created by Navya Sheth for the 2022 syllabus
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