Assess Factors Influencing of Family Planning Utilization among Rural
Married women: the Case of Dangila Woreda, Ethiopian
MSc., Alene Eyasu1234
1Textile And Apparel Merchandizing Department, Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion
Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
2Software Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar,
Ethiopia
3Master of Business Administration College of Business and Economics, Bahir Dar University,
Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
4Master of Science in Project planning & Management, YOM Institute of Postgraduate Collage,
Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
eyasualene@gmail.com,
Phone no: +251945558891
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ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to assess factors influencing of family planning utilization among rural
married women: the Case of Dangila Woreda, Ethiopia. The study was conducted by using a random
sample in each factor influencing level in Dangila Woreda. Type of investigation was cross-sectional on
time horizon. The unit of analysis was Dangila Woreda; each selected Kebeles in rural area. Measures of
the study were of good quality after assuring reliability and validity. Data were collected from 356
respondents which was 94.2 % response rate. The study employed Descriptive analysis, Relative
Importance Index, and Regression Analysis. The RII findings of the study indicate that there was high
significant relationship and the regression result indicates that the predictor variables were explained
12.3% on the dependent variable. It is recommended that the management and policy makers in Dangela
woreda family planning utilization office should concentrated efforts in awareness to the women’s, by
follow up their family planning utilization in a quarterly bases to all reproductive women’s, give training
how to implement use of contraceptive methods in advance level, release any information about family
planning information by using different social media platform. The office also prepares training and
awareness about FPU and give in religion place.
Keywords: Contraceptive method, Dangila Woreda, Religion, Knowledge, FPU, Media.
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1.1.Background of the Study
Ethiopia is located in the horn of Africa between three and 15 ranges north latitude, and 33 and
48stages east longitude. It is domestic for assorted people with multi-cultural and multilingual
richness. Over 80 ethnic groups and languages are believed to exist in Ethiopia. Orthodox Christian
and Islam are the two major religions in Ethiopia. Orthodox Christians, Muslims and Protestants
account for 51%, 33%, and 10% of the population respectively. The rest 6% are followers of other
religion inclusive of typical ones. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy. It
accounts for the major share of the complete GDP, in foreign currency earnings and in the
employment creation. Both enterprise and offerings are established on the performance of
agriculture, which gives raw materials, generates overseas currency for the implementation of
essential inputs and feeds the quickly growing population.
In spite of its importance in the national economy, agriculture is based totally on subsistence
farming, whose modes of lifestyles and operation have remained unchanged for centuries. Despite
the great agricultural attainable in the country, the agricultural quarter is dominated through smallscale farmers following a common low enter and low output farming technologies. The small farm
unit, the most essential element of agriculture region happens to be the lifeline for our survival and
prosperity. However, unluckily the circumstance of each the small farm and the agriculture area
in established are not very healthy.
In spite of its importance in the national economy, agriculture is based on subsistence farming,
whose modes of life and operation have remained unchanged for centuries. Despite the great
agricultural potential in the country, the agricultural sector is dominated by small-scale farmers
following a traditional low input and low output farming technologies. The small farm unit, the
most important component of agriculture sector happens to be the lifeline for our survival and
prosperity.
For the purpose of keeping the balance of the population with the level of the economy of the
country, the national reproductive health strategy sets specific targets for the provision of family
planning services, where it has focused on addressing reduction of unwanted pregnancies and
enabling individuals to achieve their desired family size. The intervention areas outlined in the
strategy include creating demand for FP and increasing access to and utilization of quality of FP
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services, as well as delegating services delivery to the lowest level possible without safety or
quality of care(Health), 2006).
Conducting some survey helps to have a look at the effectiveness of the program below
implementation is necessary to consider whether or not it on the supposed route or not. For
evaluating the factors which influences of FP practices, this study will be conducted in Awi Zone
especially in Dangila district which is a traditional instance of rural districts with restrained get
admission to basic offerings and infrastructure. The study designed to address the factors
influencing the utilization of family planning utilization amongst rural society in Dangila Woreda.
1.2. Statement of the Problem
High population growth rate induces increased demand for resources and the rate at which these
resources are exploited. In Ethiopia where technology has not kept pace with the demand for
greater productivity, environmentally harmful and economically counterproductive methods of
exploiting land and associated resources (forests, animal resources, etc,) are resorted in order to
meet immediate needs. As a consequence of this, climatic conditions are becoming erratic and soil
quality is declining at an alarming rate. Furthermore, as population increased the demand even for
fuel and construction materials increased resulting in the practice of reckless tree felling.
High charge of populace growth, excessive fertility, and excessive mortality price are among the most
important demographic points of in Ethiopian(Agency), 2006.). According to (Bureau), 2007b), Ethiopian
population is projected to be 110 million via 2025. This speedy populace increase will proceed to strain the
government’s capability to grant health care and schooling to younger humans and create conditions for
even greater unemployment, poverty and resource depletion. Under the occasions described above,
attaining at such vital nation a desires as meals self-sufficiency, enhancing the accessibility of fitness
offerings to the greatest feasible number in the shortest viable time, increasing employment opportunities,
decreasing underemployment in the labor force and enhancing housing conditions, among others, are
imparting to be highly tough below a scenario of continuing excessive fertility. For promotion the degree
of regularly occurring welfare of the world population: lowering poverty, decreasing maternal mortality,
child and infant mortality via half up to 2025 are some of the 5 necessary areas in MDGs. To acquire the
policy targets and goals of MDGs, Ethiopian authorities has taken policy measures and developed
household planning extension packages. It is clear that rural societies have inadequate get right of entry to
simple services, modern-day information and infrastructures than the city societies. These situations restrict
their knowledge and decrease their confidences toward using the accessed facts and services. It is possible
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to consider Awi zone considered as a whole in terms of vulnerability and the majority of the rural population
lives in poor socio-economic conditions with inadequate access to basic services and infrastructure. Dangila
district is amongst the districts of the Amhara Region. Like the different rural districts in the location
Dangila has restricted get admission to simple services and infrastructures. As end result of these, the FP
program may no longer serve the rural society as intended. In Dangila district there is a lot of problems
regarding to family planning utilization among reproductive women’s, the educational background of the
women’s has a real problems effect to utilize family planning utilization in Dangela woreda particularly in
rural area.
Due to lack of knowledge or inaccessibility of education they do not utilize family planning in an
appropriate manner. Media also other factors either to utilize family planning utilization. The way women’s
has listening information from different source, due to the bias information they are not utilize family
planning in a correct manner. To apprehend the situation and level of FP offerings related to the supposed
coverage goals and objectives within the intended time, reading and evaluating the program is important.
Most the women are living in rural area, due to this; they cannot get enough information from media for
instance about family planning utilization principles and procedures. Hence, this study will be planned to
fill the gap in information and evidence toward the influence of FPP practices by using rural women in
Dangila district. As I observed in Dangila district there was a lot of factors that influence family planning
utilization such as women’s education, media exposure, cultural and religion opposition, husband approval
and use of contraception are among the major factors to effectively utilize family planning. In other
problem, religion is one of the main drawback for women’s to utilize family planning utilization, the dignity
of Ethiopian orthodox church principles and rue has not allowed to teach for women’s to utilize family
planning g utilization. Husband also another main factors to utilize family planning in the rural area
reproductive women, almost 70-80% everything included to family planning utilization practice has
decided by husband. If the husband not approved to utilize FPU for wife, the women are also restricted to
utilize family planning utilization. Lastly, most of rural reproductive woman are not used contraceptive
method techniques rather they try to used natural ways.
In this study, the author will try to investigate the factors influencing family planning utilization
(education background or knowledge, media exposure, husband approval and contraceptive
method) and family planning utilization to seek direct effect of factors on FPU was not conducted
yet. On the other hand, this study in Dangela woreda on a particular rural Keble were not conducted
so far and this paper put contribution to the problem of identifying variables that improve family
planning utilization in Dangela woreda.
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1.3.Research Hypothesis
H0: Null hypothesis
H1: There is a significant positive relationship between knowledge or education and Family
planning utilization.
H2: There is a significant positive relationship between media exposure and Family planning
utilization.
H3: There is a significant positive relationship between Religion or culture and Family planning
utilization.
H4: There is a significant positive relationship between Husband approval and Family planning
utilization.
H5: There is a significant positive relationship between use of contraceptive and Family planning
utilization.
1.4.Objectives of the Study
General objective
The general objective of the study Assess Factors Influencing of Family Planning Utilization
among Rural Married women in the study area.
The specific objectives of the study were:

To assess the level of women’s education affects family planning utilization among rural
households in the study area.

To evaluate the level of media exposure affects family planning utilization among rural
households in the study area.

To measure the level of cultural and religion opposition affects family planning utilization
among rural households in the study area.

To assess the level of husband approval affects family planning utilization among rural
households in the study area.

To assess the level of use of contraception affects family planning utilization among rural
households in the study area.
REVIEW LITERATURE
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2.1. Theoretical Review
Family planning is the ability of amen or woman or couple to decide when to have children, how
many teenagers they wish in a family and how to area their children. It is a capability of promoting
the health of female and families. Family planning is section of approach to decrease the high
maternal, baby and infant mortality and morbidity. The rational for households planning includes;
Family planning achieves these improvements in fitness and pleasant of existence very cost
effectively in contrast with investments in most unique fitness and social interventions.
Committing human and monetary aid to improving family planning serves no longer totally
improves the fitness and well-being of lady children, alternatively it also helps implementation of
the countrywide and international polices. The family planning has been blanketed as an integral
critical phase of the transport of health care to communities and the offerings should be without
difficulty accessible, inexpensive and suited.
Family planning is "the ability of individuals and couples to anticipate and attain their desired
number of children and the spacing and timing of their births. It is achieved through use of
contraceptive methods and the treatment of involuntary infertility. (Butler, 2009)Family planning
may involve consideration of the number of children a woman wishes to have, including the choice
to have no children, and the age at which she wishes to have them. These matters are influenced
by external factors such as marital situation, career considerations, financial position, and any
disabilities that may affect their ability to have children and raise them. If sexually active, family
planning may involve the use of contraception and other techniques to control the timing of
reproduction.
Family planning is a basic component of the sexual and reproductive health package. Fertility by
choice, not by chance, is a basic requirement for women's health(Mahmoud F. Fathalla, 2017) . A
woman who does not have the means to regulate and control her fertility cannot be considered in
a ‘state of complete physical, mental and social well-being,’ the definition of health (shown
previously) in the WHO constitution. She cannot have the joy of a pregnancy that is wanted, avoid
the distress of a pregnancy that is unwanted, plan her life, pursue her education, undertake a
productive career, and plan her births to take place at optimal times for childbearing, ensuring
more safety for herself and better chances for her child's survival and healthy growth and
development. A woman with an unwanted pregnancy cannot be considered in good health, even if
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the pregnancy is not going to impair her physical health, and even if she delivers the unwanted
child alive and with no physical disability.
2.2. Empirical Literature Review
Contraceptive use in developed and developing countries.
The United Nations report(Organization, 2004)claims that men and women in developing nations
are marrying later, having fewer children and having them later in life. As a result of these trends,
average fertility in poor countries has fallen below three children for each woman. The United
Nations report (2004) shows that investment in reproductive health programs including family
planning have helped reduce fertility in developing countries from six children per woman in 1960
to around three in 2000. Further declines in fertility are contingent on the ability of couples
worldwide to realize their desire for smaller families. UNFPA (2003), on the other hand, reports
that growth rates and fertility are falling much more slowly in the poorest countries than elsewhere.
The 49 least developed countries are expected to grow from 668 million people today to 1.7 billion
by 2050 (United Nations, 2004) and their share of the world’s adolescent population will increase
from 14 to 25.6 per cent.
Young women’s fertility is also reported to be high in developing countries Mturi & Hinde, 2001).
UNFPA (2003), on the other hand, highlights that young women from poor societies are more
likely to not complete schooling and hence they are deprived of the education on reproductive
health and sexuality that is provided at higher grade levels and do not know how to find health
information. (Product, 2003) also reports that poorer young women are likely to marry earlier,
which contributes to them bearing more children, thus contributing to high fertility levels among
young women. However, UNFPA highlights that differences in young women’s fertility are driven
by many factors, including life opportunities, service access, providers’ attitudes, socio-cultural
expectations, gender inequalities, education aspirations and economic levels.
The belated fertility transition in sub-Saharan Africa is now definitely underway not only in
Southern Africa but also more widely (Caldwell &Caldwell, 2003). By the standards of the rest of
the world, fertility in Africa as whole is still high. However, Southern Africa has a remarkably low
fertility rate (total fertility rate (TFR) = 2.9) as shown in Table 2.1, compared to the other regions
of Africa (World Population Data Sheet, 2006). In addition, for the period 2000-2005, fertility at
the world level stood at 2.65 children per woman.
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The percentage of all births to young women under age 20 is also high in most of the sub-Saharan
African countries as compared to the developed countries and demographers project that this
number might increase over the next few decades. This is primarily due to an increase in the
number of young people in the region. (Dickson, 2003)argues that fertility has been declining over
the past two decades in most countries of Africa and teenage birth rates show some decline too.
However, the fertility gap between the rich and the poor has widened. Poor rural women and men
lack access to modern birth control methods and to condoms that will prevent sexually transmitted
infection (STIs) and AIDS, and in most countries of the region, there are still a high percentage of
sexually active young women with unmet needs for contraception.
Table 2. 1: The Total fertility rates and births by region of the world
Patterns of contraceptive use in Africa
In Africa, a large proportion of teenagers and even young adolescents are having children. Among
sexually active adolescents there has been a very low level of contraceptive use despite widespread
knowledge(Weisz, Schiff, & Lishner, 2001). This, in part, may reflect both a lack of interest in the
use of contraception among those who wish to bear children as well as socio-cultural barriers that
attach a stigma to the use of contraception by young women, and thus prevent them from having
access to contraceptive methods. Speizer et al. (2001) report that only a small minority of
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adolescent women could identify their fertile period. The lack of understanding of the fertile period
is a reflection of general deficit in basic knowledge about human reproduction. Such knowledge
is particularly relevant to sexually active young people many of whom may have no access to
contraceptives, and for whom the use of the rhythm method may be one of their alternatives.
In addition, today’s adolescents attain puberty earlier and marry later. They are more likely to
engage in premarital sex than members of their parents’ generation were (UNFPA, 1999; UNFPA,
2003). Adolescents who have premarital sex often fail to use contraceptives thus exposing
themselves to the risk of unintended pregnancy and of sexually transmitted infections, including
HIV. Globally, more than 15 million adolescents younger than 20give birth each year, contributing
roughly 10% of the total annual number of births (World Population Data Sheet, 2004). Moreover,
about one-half of all HIV infected individuals are younger than 25 and the majority of these young
people are women (Speizer et al., 2001). In many developing countries, data indicate that up to 60
per cent of all new HIV infections are among 15-to 24- year olds (Bremner et al., 2010).
Unprotected premarital sex is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa. For example, Speizer et
al. (2001) report that a study of female senior high school students in Nigeria found that mean age
when engaging in sex for the first time was 15 years and that 23% of those who were sexually
experienced had already experienced pregnancy. The vast majority of these pregnancies
ended in abortion. Another recent analysis conducted in Cameroon demonstrates that by age 18,
the majority of adolescents, regardless of their marital status, are sexually experienced and have
been exposed to risky sexual practices, including exchanging sex for money, having multiple
partners and failing to use condoms (Speizer et al., 2001).
The contraceptive use rate in Africa is comparatively lower than other regions of the developing
world (Gbolahan & McCarthy 1990; United Nations, 2004). This is also supported in Figure 5
below. In sub-Saharan Africa, high birthrates have been the norm (Mturi & Hinde, 2001; Ntozi &
Ahimbisibwe, 2001). Some factors that have contributed to sustained high fertility are a large
percentage of the population living in rural areas where there are markedly low contraceptive
prevalence and low levels of socio-economic development.
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Figure 2. 1: contraceptive use levels among women are of childbearing ages by regions of the world.
Women’s education and family planning utilization
Education confers a range of benefits to individuals and societies.(Buchman, 2003) find that “countries
with better-educated citizens tend to have healthier population, as educated individuals make more
informed health choices, live longer, and have healthier children. In addition, the populations of countries
with more educated citizens tend to grow more slowly, as educated people are able to lower their fertility.”
(J. E. Cohen, 2006.) Also cite a range of benefits of secondary education in the developing world, including
lowering fertility and population growth. Education affects a range of factors associated with the
socioeconomic development of women, including fertility, health, and economic achievement(W. Lutz,
2008. ).
Female education, particularly completion of primary school and into secondary school, has
emerged as strongly related to lowered fertility(Rutstein, 2003). In a study of the spread of primary
schooling in sub-Saharan Africa, Lloyd et al. used contraceptive practice as a marker of the fertility
transition and found that “all countries that have achieved mass schooling also show evidence of
having entered the fertility transition.” Only two countries in their study started the transition prior
to mass education. While variations have been found, for example, by Cochrane (Cochrane, 1979),
that small amounts of education can result in higher levels of fertility, leading to an inverted U
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shape relationship, and that the relationship varies across countries and within educational groups;
generally, higher levels of education are associated with lower levels of fertility.
Media exposure & family planning utilization
Globally, it has been observed that family planning issues are highly influenced by the scientific
use of mass media, especially television, radio, newspaper, and internet(S, 2008). Similarly,
the last three decades have shown that indicators of family planning such as contraceptive use,
unmet need for family planning, and demand satisfied regarding family planning have significant
association with media exposure(Naugle DA, 2014). Furthermore, the world has noticed an
increased trend regarding these indicators of family planning. For example, worldwide data in
2017 indicates that the rate of contraceptive use among married or in-union women of reproductive
age rose to 63% from 35% in 1970. Likewise, an increased trend (78% from 75% in 2000) has
also been observed concerning the demand for family planning satisfied by modern methods
among married or in-union women. However, 12% of women have an unmet need for family
planning, which has declined from 22% in 1970. A study suggests that the SMS-based
communication coverage regarding family planning is higher in Africa than Asia(Hu Y, 2020).
However, the percentage in terms of contraceptive use in Central and West Africa is very low
(25%) and in Asia, the rate is 66.4%, which is considered low compared to Thailand, Vietnam,
and Singapore(Utami Ds NKAD, 2019).
Cultural or religion opposition and Family planning utilization
Despite the wide range of effective contraceptive options available to women in developed
countries, unintended pregnancies continue to occur in large numbers, and rates of sexually
transmitted infections remain high. (Canada, 2006)A number of factors can affect a woman’s
access to, or effective use of, contraception. The barriers to effective use of contraception have
been well documented (MA, 2007)and will not be reviewed here. Among these barriers are
personal beliefs and values that can be shaped by both culture and religion.
When a couple’s most fundamental assumptions of a faith are dissimilar to those of the health care
provider, medical recommendations may be made that are not in keeping with the couple’s
religious or cultural values. Health care providers in culturally diverse nations must understand the
possible influences of culture and religion on a couple’s willingness to use contraception, and they
should be familiar with a range of contraceptive options in order to address such situations in the
most appropriate way. Of Canada’s 30 million citizens, the majority identified as Christian in the
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2001 Census, with Roman Catholicism being the most predominant denomination. However,
adherents of Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Chinese religious traditions also constitute
a significant number of individuals, with hundreds of thousands of devotees in Canada.
Husband approval and Family planning Utilization
Men involvement is one of the important factors in family planning (FP) service utilization. Their
limitation in the family planning program causes a decrease in service utilization as well as the
discontinuation of the method which eventually leads to failure of the program. Family planning
uptake is low but there is no enough study conducted on the parameters of husband involvement
in Ethiopia. Hence, this study focused to assess men’s involvement in family planning service
utilization in Kondala district, western Ethiopia.
Male involvement in family planning refers to all organizational actions focused on men as a
distinct group to increase the acceptability and uptake of family planning among either sex. Despite
the growing evidence of male involvement in increasing family planning uptake among couples,
a little success has been achieved in Ethiopia, especially in rural areas. Hence, this study aimed to
assess male involvement in family planning and its associated factors among currently married
men in selected rural areas of Eastern Ethiopia.
Spousal family planning communication plays an important role in making better reproductive
health decisions, number of children, and timing of births, understands advantage and disadvantage
of family planning methods, choice of contraceptive methods, and increased contraceptive
use.(Islam MA, 2010) Spousal communication about family planning also enables women to
understand about their husbands’ attitude towards family planning and hence encouraging
contraceptive use. The importance of spousal communication is often emphasized in family
planning programs and research. In some researchers’ views, it is considered the first step in a
rational fertility decision-making process(Sharan M, 2002).
Use of contraception and Family planning Utilization
Unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases are the major problems in street women
because of the non-utilization of modern contraceptives. To the best of our knowledge, no studies
have assessed the utilization of modern contraceptives and associated factors among street women
in the study area. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the utilization of modern contraceptives
and its associated factors among street women.
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Family planning (FP) refers to the use of contraceptive methods to prevent unintended pregnancy,
limit the number of children, and space childbirth. Contraceptive methods are classified as modern
or traditional methods. Modern methods include female sterilization, male sterilization,
intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD), implants, inject table, pill, male condoms, female
condoms, emergency contraception, and locational amenorrhea method (LAM), whereas
traditional methods include rhythm (calendar), withdrawal, and folk methods(ICF, 2016).
Unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases are the major problems in street women
Because of the non-utilization of modern contraceptives. To the best of our knowledge, no studies
have assessed the utilization of modern contraceptives and associated factors among street women
in the study area. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the utilization of modern contraceptives
and its associated factors among street women.
Women’s Attitude & Family planning Utilization
To predict the need of family planning methods, family planning managers often rely on unmet
need derived from measure of contraceptive demand. However women's intention and her
background knowledge of family planning methods not received as much attention as a measure
of family planning methods demand.
2.3.
Literature Gap
From the above empirical studies, the family planning utilization as an important aspect for social
change and development in both developed and developing countries are evident. The above
literature review shows a lot have been said and studied from different angles of the globe on the
family planning utilization Ethiopia being among them. From the literature available; the factors
of family planning utilization have been studied slightly and put well.
However, the literature does not clearly show the factors of family planning utilization particularly
in reproductive women’s in a rural area. The above literature also has not briefly addressed the
factors of variable which are education background, media exposure and husband approval on
family planning utilization. This study has therefore addressed this gap focusing on addressing the
variable which are education background, media exposure, religion and husband approval and use
of contraceptive method on the consequence factors of family planning utilization.
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2.4. Conceptual Framework
From the review of related literature, different factors which are women’s education or knowledge,
media exposure, culture or religion opposition, husband approval, use of contraceptive and
women’s attitude were found to affect family planning utilization. Based on the review of related
literatures, discussions with experts and personal information; the following conceptual frame
work is developed to analyze the influences of different variables on the FPU. The definitions of
the variables in the conceptual frame work and their expected influences are described
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Women’s education
Media exposure
Family planning
Utilization
Religion opposition
Husband Approval
Use of contraception
Figure 2. 2: Conceptual frame work of the study.
Source: Own Construction, 2022
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
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3.1. Research Approach
To describe and evaluate the factors influencing family planning utilization of Dangila Woreda
Quantitative approach was applied. Quantitative data was the numeric value that are expressed in
numbers by respondents and analyzed by descriptive statistics and regression.
3.2. Research Design
Across sectional study will be conducted from March 06/2014 E.C to August 30/2014 E.C in
Dangila woreda. According to the data of Family planning currently there are married women.
This cross sectional and explanatory study was carried at a specific period to assess the factors
influencing family planning practices or utilization.
3.3. Sources of data and Data collection Techniques
For this study both primary and secondary data will be collected from different sources. Primary
data will be gathered regarding women’s education or knowledge, media exposure, culture or
religion opposition, husband approval, use of contraceptive and women’s attitude. Secondary data
will also be collected on current level family planning services utilization, socio-economic and
other general information about the woreda from sources like health office, health centers, health
posts, finance office regional office of population and statistics bureau.
3.4. Sampling Design
The target population was married women in the reproductive age group of 15-45 years, residing
in rural area of Dangila woreda. The sampling frame was list of married women in the reproductive
age group of 15-45 years with the required number of sample size drawn, which were available in
Dangila woreda. The sampling frame will be made by merging the list of married women from all
kebele.
3.5. Sample Size determination
The sample size was calculated by taking the prevalence rate of contraceptive use (56.3%) and
assumptions will be 95 % confidence interval (Z= 1.96 at 5% significance level and 5% error).
The sample size was determine by using Godden (2004) formula
N=
𝑃𝑄𝑍 2
𝑈2
=
𝑃(1−𝑃)𝑍 2
𝑈2
Where, N= is the total sample size
P= is the sample proportion
Q= is (1-P) U= is the acceptable error term, that is (0.05)
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Z= 1.96 when confidence interval is 95%
n = (0.563)(1-0.563)(1.96)2
(0.05)2
n = 378
Therefore, the estimated sample size for survey will be 378 married women.
Combination of purposive and random sampling procedures was used to select sample kebeles and
married women respondents respectively. At the first stage, from existing 29 kebeles five kebeles
that are neighbors of Dangila town will be purposively selected because of its relative convenience
and accessibility for the researcher to conduct the study close to my working area.
As shown in table below, Gult Abishka, Dengeshita, Agaga, Dimisa and Misrak Zelesa are the
kebeles that are selected. From the total of 6872 couples 67, 78, 76, 76, and 81married women
was selected from Gult Abishka, Dengeshita, Agaga, Dimisa and Misrak Zelesa respectively, The
selection procedure will be designed by picking some random point in the list until the desired
sample size is secure through simple random sampling accordingly. Finally, this sampling
procedure is useful when sampling frame is available in the form of a list. The list of the households
or couples will collected from the kebele manager of each site.
Table 3. 1: Distribution of total married women in the selected kebeles and sample size
Name of Kebeles
Gult Abishka
Dengeshita
Agaga
Dimisa
Misrak Zelesa
Total
Total number of
couples
1216
1415
1378
1380
1489
6878
Sample size
67
78
76
76
81
378
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
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4.1. Relative Importance Index (RII)
Relative importance index was used in the study to rank Assessment of the determinants factors
for implementing usage of solar energy in Amhara region, Awizon, Banja wereda, AseraAmbesena kebele.
∑𝒇𝒙
𝟏
Relative Importance Index (𝐑𝐈𝐈) = ∑𝒇𝒙 × 𝐊
Where,
∑fx = is the total weight given to each attributes by the respondents.
∑f = is the total number or respondents in the sample
K = is the highest weight on the Likert scale.
Ranking of the items under consideration was based on their RII values. The item with the highest
RII value is ranked first (1) the next (2) and so on. The rating of all the factors for degree of
significance was based on the value of their respective relative importance index (RII).
(Mkumbwa, 2012)Interpreted of the RII Values as follows:
RII < 0.60 item is assessed to have a low significance.
0.6 ≤ RII < 0.80 item assessed to have high significance.
RII ≥ 0.80 item assessed to have very high significance.
Table 4. 1: Relative importance index
strongly
Disagree(5)
Disagree(4)
Neutral(3)
Agree(2)
Strongly
agree(1)
Total
Total
number(N)
A*N
RII
K1
590
440
198
44
40
1312
356
1780
0.737
K2
230
76
69
304
116
795
356
1780
0.447
K3
570
424
141
92
43
1270
356
1780
0.713
K4
520
324
183
108
56
1191
356
1780
0.669
M1
370
172
87
220
100
949
356
1780
0.533
M2
335
84
96
264
104
883
356
1780
0.496
Question
16
Average
0.641573
0.510562
M3
310
52
258
248
71
939
356
1780
0.528
M4
410
56
153
214
102
935
356
1780
0.525
M5
335
48
129
184
142
838
356
1780
0.471
C1
295
116
165
206
110
892
356
1780
0.501
C2
245
72
114
246
128
805
356
1780
0.452
C3
515
324
264
118
25
1246
356
1780
0.7
C4
550
336
300
88
18
1292
356
1780
0.726
C5
480
212
117
176
80
1065
356
1780
0.598
C6
625
392
261
50
21
1349
356
1780
0.758
C7
560
368
198
130
21
1277
356
1780
0.717
H1
1070
360
93
28
7
1558
356
1780
0.875
H2
620
360
105
84
65
1234
356
1780
0.693
H3
715
488
192
44
5
1444
356
1780
0.811
H4
415
316
117
144
83
1075
356
1780
0.604
H5
150
112
327
168
105
862
356
1780
0.484
H6
1275
128
99
54
9
1565
356
1780
0.879
UC1
340
152
198
186
91
967
356
1780
0.543
UC2
565
388
309
44
21
1327
356
1780
0.746
UC3
160
40
117
276
137
730
356
1780
0.41
UC4
140
24
60
302
151
677
356
1780
0.38
UC5
480
364
360
52
23
1279
356
1780
0.719
FPU1
645
360
318
42
10
1375
356
1780
0.772
FPU2
565
408
297
66
9
1345
356
1780
0.756
FPU3
525
348
333
68
19
1293
356
1780
0.726
FPU4
675
372
264
64
8
1383
356
1780
0.777
FPU5
320
240
189
170
84
1003
356
1780
0.563
FPU6
120
16
96
322
135
689
356
1780
0.387
Source: own survey (2022)
Where,
K=knowledge of women or education background
M= Media exposure
C=Religion or culture
H=Husband approval
UC=use of contraceptive
FPU=family planning utilization
17
0.636116
0.724532
0.559551
0.66367
Based on the average of each dimensional variable on relative importance index knowledge of
women’s is 0. 641573, media exposure is 0. 510562, religion or culture is 0. 636116, husband
approval is 0. 724532, use of contraceptive is 0. 559551 and FPU is 0. 66367. As an average of
all variable RII is 0.6226 the result is showed the data has high significant which means 85 % of
the data is high significant the average of all variable of RII value is between 0.6 ≤ RII < 0.80.
4.2. Results of Inferential Statistics
In this section, the results of inferential statistics are presented. For the purpose of assessing the
objectives of the study, Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and Regression
analyses were performed. With the help of these statistical techniques, conclusions are drawn with
regard to the sample and decisions are made with respect to the research hypothesis.
4.2.1. Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient
In this study Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used for factors and family
planning utilization. The following section presents the results of Pearson’s Product Moment
Correlation on the relationship between independent and dependent variables. The table below
indicates that the correlation coefficients for the relationships between variables are linear and
positive correlation coefficients and there are statistically significant relationships between the
variables. The Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation matrix for the five variables is presented as
follows in Table.
4.2.1.1. The Relationship factors of FPU and Family Planning Utilization.
Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used for factors of FPU sub scales and
Family Planning Utilization. Table 4.6 below indicates that the correlation coefficients for the
relationships between(Muzaffar, 2012) in independent and dependent variables are linear both
positive and negative correlation coefficients and there are statistically significant relationships
between the variables.
Bivariate correlation is used to find relationship between two variables. (Pallant, 2020). The study
was investigated the relationship between the two variables i.e factors of FPU (knowledge, media,
religion, husband approval and use of contraceptive) and Family planning utilization, that is why
the researcher selected bivariate correlation for this study.
18
The strength of relationship between variables was obtained through Pearson product moment
correlation coefficient (r). The value of Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r)
normally varies between -1 to +1. The sign indicates whether there is a positive correlation (as one
variable increase, other also increase) or negative correlation (as one variable increase, other
decrease). The strength of relationship is indicated by the size of the absolute value. +1 or -1 shows
a perfect correlation, it also indicates that the value of one variable can be determined exactly by
knowing the value on the other variable. If a scatter plot is form for this perfect correlation it will
be a straight line. Similarly a correlation of 0 shows that there is no relationship between two
variables, it also indicates that knowing the value of one variable provides no assistance in
predicting the value of other variable. A scatter plot would show a circle of points, with no pattern
evidence (Pallant, 2020).
Table 4. 2: An interpretation of the size of the coefficient of correlation has been described by
Cohen (1992) as:
Correlation coefficient value
Relation between variables
-0.3 to – 0.3
Weak
-0.5 to -0.3 or 0.3 to 0.5
Moderate
-0.5 to -0.9 or 0.5 to 0 .9
Strong
-0.9 to -1 or 0.9 to 1
Very strong
Source: Masri Masdia B. (2009)
Generally, correlations greater than 0.7are considered as strong, Correlations less than 0.3 are
considered weak. Correlations between 0.3 and 0.7 are considered moderate; a significant
correlation indicates reliable relationship, but not necessarily a strong correlation. With enough
participants, a very small correlation can be significant(County & County, 2008).
The results regarding the correlation between factors of FPU and FPU were calculated below with
the help of bivariate Pearson correlation coefficient.
Table 4. 3: correlation between factors of FPU sub scale and FPU
Correlations
Knowledge
Media
19
Religion
Husband
Approval
Use of
Contraceptive
FPU
1
.196**
Knowledge Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
N
356
356
Pearson Correlation
1
Media
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
356
Pearson Correlation
Religion
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Husband
Approval Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Use of
Contracept Sig. (2-tailed)
ive
N
Pearson Correlation
FPU
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Source: Field survey, 2022
.141**
.008
356
.149**
.005
356
1
356
.014
.797
356
.043
.419
356
.123*
.021
356
1
356
.034
.526
356
.081
.127
356
.240**
.000
356
.142**
.007
356
1
356
Pearson correlation analysis shows the non-directional relationship between independent and
dependent variables. The relationship between the factors and FPU was investigated using Pearson
product-moment correlation coefficient.
As shown in the table 4.4 above, the value of Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r),
number of cases (N) and significance level (p) for knowledge are indicated as [r = .696, N =356,
p< 0. 01]. For the media exposure was [r = .285,N =356, p < 0.001)], for the media exposure was
[r = .285. p < 0.001)],for the religion or culture opposition was [r = .159,N =356, p>0.001)]. For
the husband approval was [r = .023, N =356, p > 0.001)],for the use of contraceptive was [r =
.240,N =356, p< 0.001)].
Information about the sample, from the correlation table 4.4 above, the sample size, N = 356
implies there was no missing value. The value of correlation coefficient (r) was positive except
religion in both cases; these implied there was a positive relationship between FPU and knowledge,
20
.696
.000
356
.285**
.000
356
-.159**
.003
356
.020
.703
356
.240**
.000
356
1
356
media, husband approval and use of contraceptive. This positive relationship mean that increase
in knowledge, media, husband approval and use of contraceptive will also increase FPU or in other
words if the factors which are knowledge, media, husband approval and use of contraceptive is
provided to women’s they will feel effectively utilize family planning utilization. On the contrary
there was a negative relationship between FPU and religion. This negative relationship mean that
increase in religion will also decrease FPU or in other words if the factors which are religion is
provided to women’s they will do not recommended effectively utilize family planning utilization.
The correlation coefficient value shows the strength of the relationship. For this case the
correlation coefficient (r) value for the variables knowledge were between 0.5 and 0.9 which was
strong and significant value (p ≤.01), this implied that knowledge had a significant strong positive
correlation with FPU. The table also indicates that the r value for knowledge is greater than the r
value of other variable; this implied knowledge showed more strong relationship with FPU as
compared to other variable. The correlation coefficient (r) value for the variables media and use of
contraceptive were between -0.3 and + 0.3 which was weak and significant value (p ≤.01), this
implied that media exposure and use of contraceptive had a significant weak positive correlation
with FPU. The correlation coefficient (r) value for the variable husband approval were between 0.3 and + 0.3 which was weak and insignificant value (p >.01), this implied that religion and
husband approval had insignificant weak positive correlation with FPU. The correlation coefficient
(r) value for the variables religion were between -0.3 and + 0.3 which was weak and insignificant
value (p >.01), this implied that religion and husband approval had insignificant weak negative
correlation with FPU.
Assumption Test
In this study multiple linear regression analyses has been carried out to show the factors that affect
family planning utilization in case of Dangela woreda. Before conducting the factors analysis,
multiple regression model should be tested using four assumptions; these are multi co-linearity
assumption, linearity assumption, normality assumption and homoadasiticity assumption(Osborne
& Waters, 2002) each of these were discussed below.
21
Multi co linearity Test
Multi co linearity in regression analysis refers to how strongly interrelated the independent variable
in a model are. When multi co linearity is too high the individual parameters estimates become too
difficult to interpret. In statistical conversation, tolerance is a statistics used to indicate the
variability of the specified independent variable that is not explained by the other independent
variables in the model.
Hence, before presenting the regression models, it should be inspected for none existence of
excessive correlations between the independent variables in the model. The correlation matrix in
conjunction with co linearity statistics can be scanned as a preliminary look for multi-co linearity
in this case. To avoid multi co-linearity in the research variables, there should be no substantial
correlations (R > 0.9), tolerance value should not be below 0.1 and variable inflation factor (VIF)
should not over 10 between the predictors(Field, 2005).
In examining the correlation matrix of independent variables in table 4.6, the results found no pair
correlation coefficient in excess of 0.9. Similarly the results in table 4.7 revealed that no tolerance
value found below 0.1 and all variable inflation factors (VIF) values are well below 10 .This result
suggested that multi co linearity was not serious problem.
Table 4. 4: Multi co linearity Test
Model
1(Constant)
Knowledge
Media
Religion
Collinearity Statistics
Tolerance
VIF
.949
.944
.906
1.054
1.059
1.104
Husband Approval
.971
Use of Contraceptive
.928
a. Dependent Variable: FPU
1.030
1.078
Normality Test
The researcher conducts a test of normality assumption, the results exhibit that the value of
skewness for all the independent variables ranges from -1.600 to .407. In contrast, the kurtosis for
22
all the variables is ranging from -0.171to 2.708 Based on the result, it is clearly shown that all the
independent variables and dependent variables are acceptable in terms of normality.
This is because the value of skewness and kurtosis for all the variables conform to the rule of
thumb where all the value is less than two and seven respectively(West, Finch, & Curran, 1995).
Table 4. 5: Normality Test (Skewness & Kurtosis)
N
Knowledge
Media
Religion
Husband Approval
Use of
Contraceptive
FPU
Valid N (listwise)
Statistic
356
356
356
356
Skewness
Kurtosis
Std.
Std.
Statistic
Error
Statistic
Error
.089
.129
-.171
.258
-1.600
.129
2.708
.258
-.155
.129
1.089
.258
.407
.129
.149
.258
356
-.346
.129
.439
.258
356
356
-.369
.129
.138
.258
According to(T. Kline, 2005)skewness and kurtosis values should not exceed three and ten
respectively. It implies as the research haven’t a problem of normality The distribution of scores
on the dependent variable should be “normal” describing a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve, having
the greatest frequency of scores around the mean, with smaller frequencies towards the extremes.
In order to test normality of the data, observation on the shape of the histogram was checked,
kurtosis and skewness value was also checked using SPSS 23. Skewness measures the degree to
which cases are clustered towards one end of an asymmetry distribution and kurtosis measures the
peakedness of the distribution. For this research, the histogram and the ratio of skewness to kurtosis
were checked and the result indicates that data used in the study is normally distributed. This is
because almost all responses lie in the plus or minus 3 standard deviations from the mean.
23
Figure 4. 1: Histogram as Test of Normality
Test of linearity
Regression assumes that variables have a linear relationship(Berry, Feldman, & Stanley Feldman,
1985). Then the researcher conducts a test of linearity assumption. Linearity assumption of
multiple regressions was tested using normal p-p plot test and it was found that there is linear
relationship between independent and dependent variables. There are several pieces of information
that are useful to the researcher in testing this assumption: among those visual inspection of P-Plot
was used by the researcher to have information about linearity. The linearity result depicted the
distribution of residuals near to the mean zero and as indicated on the figure of linearity and there
are no outliers from the regression line. This implies as the linearity assumption is fully satisfied.
24
Figure 4. 2: Test of linearity
Test of Hetroscedacity
Homoscedasticity test was conducted to see a situation in which the error term is the same across
all values of the independent variables. Accordingly the assumption of homoscedastic is not
violated as seen in figure 4.3.
25
Figure 4. 3: Test of Hetroscedacity
Test of Autocorrelation
Perhaps the most popular test for autocorrelation is the Durbin –Watson test /DW/. The DW
statistic can be easily found from most statistical packages. Then from this point of view the DW
statistics lies in the range zero to 4, it can be shown that 0 <=WD<=4. When we see the summery
of the model in the table the WD result is 1.823. So we can see that the model is free from
Autocorrelation. Generally the mode result is less than 2 there is positive and high autocorrelation.
Table 4. 6: Durbin –Watson test Autocorrelation
Model Summaryb
Model
R
1
.368a
R Square
.135
Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of
the Estimate
.123
.63854
26
DurbinWatson
1.823
a. Predictors: (Constant), Use of Contraceptive, Knowledge, Husband Approval,
Media, Religion
b. Dependent Variable: FPU
4.6.3. Regression Analysis /Effect Analysis
Multiple regression analysis is used to explore the relationship between one dependent variable
and a number of independent variables or predictors(Pallant, 2020). Multiple regression also tells
that how much of the variance in dependent variable can be explained by independent variables.
It also determines the statistical significance of the results, both in terms of model and the
individual independent variables (Pallant, 2020). This study has one dependent variable (FPU) and
five independent variables or predictors (knowledge, media, religion, husband approval and use of
contraceptive) and its purpose is to find the effect of these five independent variables on the
dependent variable (FPU), therefore the study used multiple regression analysis because it is
appropriate for this kind of study.
The strength of relationship between one dependent variable and one or more independent
variables is determined by coefficient of determination r² (also called regression coefficient). The
regression coefficient varies between -1 and +1. -1 represents complete negative relationship while
+1 represents perfect relationship(Saunders, 2012)
Table 4. 7: Multiple Regression Model Analysis
Model Summaryb
Model
1
R
R Square
a
.368
.135
Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of
the Estimate
.123
.63854
DurbinWatson
1.823
a. Predictors: (Constant), Use of Contraceptive, Knowledge, Husband Approval,
Media, Religion
b. Dependent Variable: FPU
From the table 4.8 it is indicated that the value of adjusted r square (regression coefficient) is .123
(.123x100=12.3%) indicated that how much of the variance in the dependent variable (FPU) is
explained by the model (which includes knowledge, media, religion, husband approval and use of
contraceptive). This also means that the model (which includes knowledge, media, religion,
husband approval and use of contraceptive) explains 12.3% of the variance in family planning
utilization or in other words 12.3% variation in planning utilization was explained by knowledge,
media, religion, husband approval and use of contraceptive.
27
Table 4. 8: ANOVA table for regression model
ANOVAa
Sum of
Squares
Model
1
df
Mean Square
Regression
22.326
5
4.465
Residual
142.705
350
.408
Total
165.031
355
F
10.952
Sig.
.000b
a. Dependent Variable: FPU
b. Predictors: (Constant), Use of Contraceptive, Knowledge, Husband Approval, Media,
Religion
An analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows whether the regression model is significance better at
explain family planning utilization (dependent variables) then using the means as the best
predictor. The ANOVA gives a significant result F=10.952 at p/sig =0.000, there by indicate
knowledge, media, religion, husband approval and use of contraceptive can significantly influence
family planning utilization.
Table 4. 9: Coefficient table for FPU
Coefficientsa
Standardize
Unstandardized
d
Coefficients
Coefficients
B
Std. Error
Beta
.736
.329
.231
.053
.190
.210
.042
.253
-.097
-.072
-.071
-.039
.068
-.029
Model
t
Sig.
1
(Constant)
2.237
.026
Knowledge
2.592
.000
Media
4.948
.000
Religion
-.960
.675
Husband Approval
-.573
.567
Use of
.262
.066
.206
3.990
.000
Contraceptive
a. Dependent Variable: FPU
The contribution of each independent variable to the dependent variable included in the model was
determined by the value of standardized coefficient (Beta). The greater value of beta and less value
of significance level (p<.05) of each independent variable shows the strongest contribution to
dependent variable (Pallant, 2005).
28
Table 4.10 above showed that the beta coefficient for Knowledge was 0.231 at sig. = 000 (p< 0.01)
the largest beta coefficient for knowledge was 0.231 at sig = 0.001 (p<.01). This implied one unit
increase in the positive effect of knowledge and education of women, there was 0.231 units
increase in family planning utilization practice in Dangela woreda. The beta coefficient for Media
was 0.210 at sig. = 000 (p< 0.01) the largest beta coefficient for Media was 0.210 at sig = 0.001
(p<.01). This implied one unit increase in the positive effect of media exposure, there was 0.210
units increase in family planning utilization practice in Dangela woreda.
The beta coefficient for Religion was -0.097 at sig. = 0.675 (p> 0.01) the lowest beta coefficient
for Media was -0.097 at sig = 0.675 (p> 0.01). This implied one unit increase in the negative effect
of religion and culture, there was 0.097 units decrease in family planning utilization practice in
Dangela woreda.
The beta coefficient for Husband Approval was -0.039 at sig. = 0.567 (p> 0.01) the lowest beta
coefficient for Media was -0.039 at sig = 0.567 (p> 0.01). This implied one unit increase in the
negative effect of Husband Approval, there was 0.039 units decrease in family planning utilization
practice in Dangela woreda.
The beta coefficient for Use of Contraceptive was 0.262 at sig. = 000 (p< 0.01) the largest beta
coefficient for Use of Contraceptive was 0.262at sig = 0.001 (p<.01). This implied one unit
increase in the positive effect of Use of Contraceptive, there was 0.262units increase in family
planning utilization practice in Dangela woreda.
It was also indicated that knowledge and education of women (independent variable) made the
strongest unique contribution to explaining family planning utilization (dependent variable) as
compared to other independent variable.
4.7. Hypothesis Testing
H1: There is a significant positive relationship between knowledge or education and Family
planning utilization.
29
The decision rule is that we reject the null hypothesis (H0) if the significance level is less than 0.05
or 5% and accept the alternate hypothesis From Coefficients regression model in table 4.10 above
indicated that the unstandardized coefficients beta value for knowledge was 0.231 at p value 0.00
hence it was significant at p< 0.01. From this analysis the null hypothesis was rejected and
alternative hypothesis was accepted. I.e. there was a significant positive relationship between
knowledge or education and Family planning utilization in Dangela Woreda.
H2: There is a significant positive relationship between media exposure and Family planning
utilization.
The decision rule is that we reject the null hypothesis (H0) if the significance level is less than 0.05
or 5% and accept the alternate hypothesis From Coefficients regression model in table 4.10 above
indicated that the unstandardized coefficients beta value for media exposure was 0.210 at p value
0.000 hence it was significant at p< 0.01. From this analysis the null hypothesis was rejected and
alternative hypothesis was accepted. I.e. there was a significant positive relationship between
media exposure and Family planning utilization in Dangela Woreda.
H3: There is a significant positive relationship between Religion or culture and Family planning
utilization.
The decision rule is that we accept the null hypothesis (H0) if the significance level is greater than
0.05 or 5% and reject the alternate hypothesis From Coefficients regression model in table 4.10
above indicated that the unstandardized coefficients beta value for Religion or culture was -.097at
p value .675hence it was insignificant at p< 0.01. From this analysis the null hypothesis was
accepted and alternative hypothesis was rejected. I.e. there was insignificant negative relationship
between religion and Family planning utilization in Dangela Woreda.
H4: There is a significant positive relationship between Husband approval and Family planning
utilization.
The decision rule is that we accept the null hypothesis (H0) if the significance level is greater than
0.05 or 5% and reject the alternate hypothesis From Coefficients regression model in table 4.10
above indicated that the unstandardized coefficients beta value for Religion or culture -.039at p
value .567hence it was insignificant at p< 0.01. From this analysis the null hypothesis was accepted
30
and alternative hypothesis was rejected. I.e. there was insignificant negative relationship between
Husband approval and Family planning utilization in Dangela Woreda.
H5: There is a significant positive relationship between use of contraceptive and Family planning
utilization.
The decision rule is that we reject the null hypothesis (H0) if the significance level is less than 0.05
or 5% and accept the alternate hypothesis From Coefficients regression model in table 4.10 above
indicated that the unstandardized coefficients beta value for knowledge was 0.262at p value 0.00
hence it was significant at p< 0.01. From this analysis the null hypothesis was rejected and
alternative hypothesis was accepted. I.e. there was a significant positive relationship between use
of contraceptive and Family planning utilization in Dangela Woreda.
4.8. Discussion of the Findings
Factors and Family planning Utilization
The finding from the bivariate correlation conformed there was strong positive relationship
between knowledge of women ‘sand family planning utilization. There was weak positive
relationship between media exposure, religion or culture opposition, husband approval and family
planning utilization. There was weak positive relationship between knowledge or attitude of
women’s and family planning utilization. Furthermore, regression analysis was used to find out
the factors of family planning utilization. The result of the model summery from regression
analysis indicated that the overall motivation explained 12.3% of variance in family planning
utilization.
Knowledge of women and Family planning utilization
The results of bivariate correlation conformed strong positive relationship between knowledge of
women and family planning utilization. The hypothesis was tested using standard coefficient of
regression test, the results of the test confirmed the acceptance of the hypothesis i.e. “There is a
significant positive relationship between knowledge of women and family planning utilization”.
This implied, if knowledge of women is increased it will also increase their family planning
utilization level. Lower knowledge of women will also lower their family planning utilization
level. Furthermore, regression analysis was used to find out the impact of knowledge of women
31
on family planning utilization. The results also confirmed that knowledge of women showed more
strong positive relationship to family planning utilization as compared to other factor variable. By
doing so it answered the research question and met the purpose of the research. As mentioned in
the literature reviewed, the study of Buchman (2003), Cohon (2006), Lutz (2008) and Rutstein
(2003) suggested that there was link between knowledge or education of women and family
planning utilization. Hence the finding of this study also supports these previous findings.
Media exposure and Family planning utilization
The results of bivariate correlation conformed weak positive relationship between Media exposure
and family planning utilization. The hypothesis was tested using standard coefficient of regression
test, the results of the test confirmed the acceptance of the hypothesis i.e. “There is a significant
positive relationship between Media exposure and family planning utilization”. This implied, if
Media exposure is increased it will also increase their family planning utilization level. Lower
Media exposure will also lower their family planning utilization level. Furthermore, regression
analysis was used to find out the impact of Media exposure on family planning utilization. By
doing so it answered the research question and met the purpose of the research. As mentioned in
the literature reviewed, the study of Naugle (2014), Huy (2020) and Utami (2019) suggested that
there was link between social media exposure and family planning utilization.
Religion and Family planning utilization
The results of bivariate correlation conformed weak negative relationship between Religion and
family planning utilization. The hypothesis was tested using standard coefficient of regression test,
the results of the test confirmed the acceptance of the hypothesis i.e. “There is a insignificant
negative relationship between Religion and family planning utilization”. This implied, if Religion
is increased it will also decrease their family planning utilization level. Lower Religion will also
higher their family planning utilization level. Furthermore, regression analysis was used to find
out the impact of Religion on family planning utilization. By doing so it answered the research
question and met the purpose of the research. As mentioned in the literature reviewed, the study
of different scholars and religion dignity suggested that there was an opposite link between religion
or culture opposition and family planning utilization.
Husband approval and Family planning utilization
32
The results of bivariate correlation conformed weak positive relationship between Husband
approval and family planning utilization. The hypothesis was tested using standard coefficient of
regression test, the results of the test confirmed the acceptance of the hypothesis i.e. “There is
insignificant positive relationship between Husband approval and family planning utilization”.
This implied, if Husband approval is increased it will also increase their family planning utilization
level. Lower Husband approval will also lower their family planning utilization level. Furthermore,
regression analysis was used to find out the impact of Husband approval on family planning
utilization. By doing so it answered the research question and met the purpose of the research. As
mentioned in the literature reviewed, the study of Islam (2010) and Sharan (2002) suggested that
there was link between Husband approval and family planning utilization.
4.9. Conclusion of findings
The results of the descriptive analysis it is concluded that majority of the respondents agreed that
reproductive women’s who live in rural area of Dangela woreda on family planning utilization
they are affected by factors which are knowledge or education, religion or culture opposition,
social media exposure, use of contraceptive and husband approval. As compare to those factors
the knowledge or education of reproductive women’s has a higher impacts of effectively utilize
family planning utilization.
The result of correlation analysis there was positive significant relationship between the
knowledge, media exposure, use of contraceptive and family planning utilization. It is also
concluded there were positive and insignificant relationship with husband approval and family
planning utilization. Finally it is also concluded there was negative insignificant relationship
between the religion or culture and family planning utilization.
From the multiple regression analysis, the table of model summary the adjusted R square factors
of family planning utilization explained 12.3% variation in family planning utilization of
reproductive women’s in Dangela woreda.
The coefficients table indicted that for each unit increase in the positive effect of the overall family
planning utilization, there was 1 unit increases in family planning utilization. More over for each
unit increase in the positive effect of knowledge, media exposure and use of contraceptive, there
was 0.231 unit, 210 units and 0.262 unit increase in family planning utilization. It was also
33
concluded that use of contraceptive had more impact on family planning utilization as compared
to other positive factor variable. On the other hand from the coefficients table each unit increase
in the negative effect of religion and husband approval there was 0.097 unit and 0.039 unit decrease
in family planning utilization. Thus the purpose of the study was fulfilled by getting these results.
CONCLUSION
From the findings of the research it is concluded by answering the research questions, there is a
positive significant relation relationship between knowledge of women’s, social media exposure,
and use of contraceptive and family planning utilization. There is positive and negative
insignificant relationship between religion, husband approval and family planning utilization of
reproductive women’s in Dangela woreda. There was also sufficient evidence to conclude that in
addition to these relationship successful
factors had either a positive and negative effects on
family planning utilization of reproductive women’s in Dangela woreda; hence, for the
government, health and aid organization should use greater effort to give an awareness or
knowledge, method of family palling like contraceptive method about family planning utilization
to reproductive women’s in Dangela woreda.
5.1.Suggestion for Future Study
The research was conducted from reproductive women’s in the age 15-45 perspective only about
factors of family planning utilization. It should be interesting to consider from the perspective of
methods and implementation of family planning.
From the findings of the study it is concluded that the model which included knowledge of
women’s, media exposure, religion opposition, husband approval and use of contraceptive
explained only 12.3% of the variance of family planning utilization the rest 87.3% may be due to
the other variables which were not included in this study and left for further study.
34
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