Chapter 5 – Components and Levels of Abstraction in Nursing Knowledge
1. Which statement does not accurately describe a holarchy?
A. Within a holarchy, a holon coordinates and includes other
holons on subordinate levels.
B. Individual holons only interact with the holons located above or
below them in the hierarchy.
C. Each level within a holography is an independent entity, yet
each is also part of a larger whole.
D. One can think of a holon as a node that functions independently
but also interacts with other holons or nodes.
Ans: B
2. In nursing, the most accepted
beings, environment, health, and nursing.
concepts are human
A. disciplinary
B. philosophical
C. theoretical
D. metaparadigm
Ans: D
3. Enid is a scholar who has focused her research on nursing philosophy. In her work, Enid
is especially concerned with the creation and categorization of nursing knowledge, and she
frequently explores questions such as “What can we know about certain phenomena?” and
“How do we know what we know about these phenomena?” Based on this description, Enid
appears to be most concerned with which area of philosophical inquiry?
A. Epistemology
B. Ontological
C. Logic
D. Ethics
Ans: A
4. Daniel believes that external stimuli are responsible for all human actions and reactions.
Accordingly, he believes that phenomena are not worthy of study unless they can be
objectively isolated, observed, defined, and measured. Daniel’s stance most closely aligns
with which world view of nursing?
A. Reciprocal interaction
B. Reaction
C. Interaction
D. Simultaneous action
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Ans: B
5. Helene is attempting to determine whether a particular set of concepts is best classified as
a conceptual model or as a theory. As she reflects on the concepts, she decides their primary
purpose is to describe and explain a specific, concrete phenomenon commonly encountered
in nursing practice. This conclusion suggests that the set of concepts should likely be
classified as a:
A. grand theory.
B. narrow-scope theory.
C. middle-range theory.
D. conceptual model.
Ans: C
6. Most scholars believe that the goodness of a particular theory depends upon that theory’s:
A. narrowness.
B. structure.
C. utility.
D. broadness.
Ans: C
7. Theory Z states the assumed nature of the cause-and-effect relationship between Concept
X and Concept Y. Theory Z is therefore a(n):
A. explanatory grand theory.
B. explanatory middle-range theory.
C. predictive grand theory.
D. predictive middle-range theory.
Ans: D
8. In nursing, the relationship between theory development and practice is known as the:
A. conceptual–theoretical–empirical formalization.
B. concept–theory–evidence formalization.
C. conceived–theorized–elicited formalization.
D. conceive–test–explain formalization.
Ans: A
9. A(n)
is an instrument, experimental condition, or procedure used to observe
or measure a middle-range theory concept.
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A. quality indicator
B. empirical indicator
C. quality descriptor
D. empirical descriptor
Ans: B
10. University Hospital has just updated its comprehensive code of nursing ethics. In doing
so, University Hospital is engaging in which activity?
A. Translating a philosophy into nursing practice
B. Translating a metaparadigm into nursing practice
C. Translating a conceptual model into nursing practice
D. Translating a theory into nursing practice
Ans: A
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Chapter 6 – Complexity Science and Complex Adaptive Systems
1. Which statement is false?
A. Multiple scholars from the physical and biological sciences predict that complexity
science will become the preeminent approach of the twenty-first century.
B. Complexity science promotes a deeper understanding of living things as dynamic,
adaptive beings.
C. Over the course of the last hundred years, science has primarily employed an
analytic/reductionist paradigm—and it has done so with little success.
D. Complexity science is not a single theory, but rather an emerging model of
interdisciplinary study.
Ans: C
2. In a system that conforms to chaos theory:
A. behaviors may appear to exhibit patterns when analyzed in a linear fashion, but when
analyzed using nonlinear approaches, they are determined to be completely random.
B. behaviors may appear to be random when analyzed in a nonlinear fashion, but when
analyzed using linear approaches, they exhibit dynamic patterned variation.
C. behaviors may appear to exhibit patterns when analyzed in a linear fashion, but when
analyzed using nonlinear approaches, even more intricate patterns are discovered.
AN
D. behaviors may appear to bTeEraSnT
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using nonlinear approaches, they exhibit dynamic patterned variation.
Ans: D
3. Which term is not a major concept of nonlinear mathematics?
A. Fractals
B. Insensitivity to initial conditions
C. Scaling
D. Focus on simple rules
Ans: B
4. In the context of a complex system, emergence is best defined as:
A. new and unexpected behavior that arises from the unpredictability of the system itself.
B. the appearance of patterns as one examines the behavior of the many individual elements
within the system.
C. identification of a structure that is self-similar and repeating.
D. the study of patterns of coordinated behavior in living things.
Ans: A
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5. Which choice is the best example of a complementary pair?
A. Random – chaotic
B. Isolated – alone
C. Objective – subjective
D. Reductive – analytic
Ans: C
6. “The activities, behaviors, and patterns within a CAS arise without the imposition of an
overall plan or the presence of a central control mechanism.” This statement reflects the fact
that CASs are:
A. self-organizing.
B. characterized by embeddedness.
C. sensitive to initial conditions.
D. governed by complex rules.
Ans: A
7. Why is diversity critical for a complex adaptive system?
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A. Diversity means that no oT
neEaSspTeBctAoNf K
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t eE
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particular initial event or condition.
B. Diversity prevents the system from developing deterministic patterns.
C. Diversity prevents the elements of the system from engaging in self-organization.
D. Diversity provides for novelty and is a source of the capability for adaptation.
Ans: D
8. According to Plsek, organizations that function as CASs need only three types of simple
rules. Which statement is not one of those rules?
A. Rules that point to a general direction or set of goals
B. Rules that concentrate decision-making authority in the hands of the organization’s
leaders
C. Rules that set boundaries and/or prohibit certain behaviors
D. Rules that grant permission and provide incentives for certain behaviors
Ans: B
9. “In health care, the personhood of the participants is an important part of all relationships,
as are affect and emotions. In addition, genuine relationships between patients and clinicians,
between multiple clinicians, between clinicians and the community, and within clinicians
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themselves are essential to humanistic care.” This statement most closely reflects the
approach known as:
A. relationship complexity care.
B. responsive relationship care.
C. complex-responsive care.
D. relationship-centered care.
Ans: D
10. With
, researchers change organizational patterns by actively engaging
stakeholders in the change process.
A. appreciative inquiry
B. action research
C. reductionist inquiry
D. positive deviance
Ans: B
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Chapter 7 – Critical Theory and Emancipatory Knowledge
1. Which is not a fundamental pattern of knowing in nursing?
A. Ethics
B. Epistemologics
C. Aesthetics
D. Empirics
Ans: B
2. Which statement accurately reflects a fundamental assumption of emancipatory knowing?
A. Language carries power meanings.
B. All knowledge is value-neutral.
C. Social oppression is natural and unavoidable.
D. Research is an apolitical activity.
Ans: A
3. As a nurse, Sheila works hard to establish caring relationships with her coworkers, her
patients, and her patients’ families. According to Habermas, this activity is most directly
related to which area of human in te rest?
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A. Technical interest
B. Emancipatory interest
C. Political interest
D. Practical interest
Ans: D
4. According to Freire’s theory of human liberation, the members of the dominant group in a
society:
A. lack a sense of unity with one another.
B. are barred from realizing their full human potential.
C. deny the self and internalize the consciousness of others.
D. work to preserve the status quo.
Ans: D
5. Freire’s theory of human liberation states that disadvantaged groups must accomplish
several steps in order to move toward freedom. The first of these steps is:
A. consciousness of emotion, or developing love for self and for those who are privileged.
B. consciousness raising, or coming to realize the actual circumstances of one’s own
situation.
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C. consciousness of unity, or acknowledging that others are also disadvantaged and joining
with them to take action.
D. consciousness of actions, or identifying what potential courses of action are feasible but
have not yet been tried.
Ans: B
6. Darla has just been hired as the chief nurse practitioner at a community health clinic.
Upon starting her new job, Darla notices that the clinic serves a disproportionately large
percentage of female immigrants, many of whom have sexually transmitted infections and/or
appear to be victims of sexual and physical abuse. Darla immediately begins to analyze
various factors that may be contributing to this phenomenon, including the possibility of sex
trafficking in the neighborhood. Then, she compiles a list of some of the political and social
structures that appear to support these factors. In taking these steps, Darla is most directly
demonstrating which trait of critical emancipatory practice?
A. Context
B. Dialectic analysis
C. Critique
D. Reflexivity
Ans: C
7. Steven is a nurse at a d ru g Tr eEhSa bTi lBi tAa tNi oKn Sf aEcLi l iLt yE. R
In.oCrdOeMr to better understand his patients’
experiences, Steven asks them to share stories about their daily lives, including how and why
they began using drugs and what sorts of events compel them to use on a daily basis. Using
these stories as a starting point, Steven next encourages the patients to brainstorm some ways
that they can work to avoid and prevent situations that trigger their drug use. In taking these
steps, Steven is most directly demonstrating which trait of critical emancipatory practice?
A. Reflexivity
B. Context
C. Critique
D. Dialectic analysis
Ans: B
8. In critical emancipatory nursing practice, reflexivity involves asking which question?
A. “Do I know what I do, and do I do what I know?”
B. “What do I know, and how do I know it?”
C. “Are the subjects central to the research, or are the researchers central instead?”
D. “What is wrong with the situation, and why does this injustice exist?”
Ans: A
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9. Helen has just finished reading a new research report. In reflecting on the report, Helen
first considers whether the researchers’ methods were sound. Next, she asks herself what
ideology the researchers appeared to be working from, as well as who will truly benefit if the
researchers’ findings are used as a basis for nursing practice. Here, Helen’s activities
illustrate how the emancipatory approach can strengthen which essential of advanced nursing
practice?
A. Organizational and systems leadership for quality improvement
B. Policy for advocacy in health care
C. Scientific underpinnings for practice
D. Interprofessional collaboration for improving health outcomes
Ans: C
10. When examining a policy initiative from an emancipatory perspective, which question
would the nurse least likely ask?
A. Is this initiative good for the state of nursing as a profession?
B. Who benefits from this initiative?
C. Which social values does this initiative reflect?
D. From which motives does this initiative arise?
Ans: A
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Chapter 8 – Feminist Ethics: Some Applicable Thoughts for Advanced
Practice Nurses
1. Care-focused feminists are particularly concerned with:
A. taking political action to eliminate or ameliorate unfair and systematic discrimination.
B. the moral implications of personal relationships.
C. taking political action to limit the power of the dominant group.
D. the moral implications of power relationships.
Ans: B
2. According to Carol Gilligan, when women are in the first level of moral reasoning, they
tend to:
A. overemphasize others.
B. overemphasize self.
C. overemphasize both self and others.
D. place proper emphasis on self in relation to others.
Ans: B
3. According to philosopher Nel Noddings:
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A. men are more capable of rational moral reasoning than women are; however, women
surpass men in their ability to incorporate their feelings and sense of personal ideal when
making moral decisions.
B. both men and women are equally capable of rational moral reasoning, although most men
prefer to consult their feelings and sense of personal ideal when making moral decisions.
C. women are more capable of rational moral reasoning than men are; however, men surpass
women in their ability to incorporate their feelings and sense of personal ideal when making
moral decisions.
D. both men and women are equally capable of rational moral reasoning, although most
women prefer to consult their feelings and sense of personal ideal when making moral
decisions.
Ans: D
4. “A person cannot truly care for someone if she is economically, socially, or
psychologically coerced to do so.” This statement best meshes with the philosophy of which
feminist theorist?
A. Sheila Mullett
B. Carol Gilligan
C. Sara Ruddick
D. Virginia Held
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